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Institutions and Development: A View from Below. (2005). Udry, Christopher ; Pande, Rohini.
In: Center Discussion Papers.
RePEc:ags:yaleeg:28468.

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  6. Institutions, Culture, or Interaction: What Determines the Financial Market Development in Emerging Markets?. (2022). Khan, Mohammed Arshad ; Haider, Ahsanuddin ; Odeh, Mahmoud ; Haddad, Hossam.
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  21. Does Institutions Matter for Economic Development? Evidence for ASEAN Selected Countries. (2018). Daiari, Elham Heshmati ; Karimi, Mohammad Sharif.
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  27. Geography, institutions and development: a review ofthe long-run impacts of climate change. (2017). López Uribe, María del Pilar ; Castells-Quintana, David ; del Pilar, Maria.
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  41. \The parts and the whole”: Unbundling and re-bundling institutional systems and their effect on economic development. (2015). ROUGIER, ERIC.
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  42. MGNREGA policies and deterrence of development in rural India: An analytical approach. (2015). Gangopadhyay, Partha ; Dube, Partha.
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  48. Technology transfer, institutions and development. (2014). Liberati, Paolo ; Costantini, Valeria.
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  50. Initial endowments and economic reform in 27 post-socialist countries. (2014). Grosjean, Pauline ; ben Yishay, Ariel ; Benyishay, Ariel.
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  51. Bribery solicitations and firm performance in the Latin America and Caribbean region. (2014). Yang, Judy ; Eker, Murat.
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  52. Towards Behavioral Political Economy of Institutional Change: With Field Facts from China. (2014). Zhang, Yongjing ; Wang, Mei.
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  55. Do Property Rights Institutions Matter at the Local Level? Evidence from Madagascar. (2013). Green, Alan ; Moser, Christine.
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  59. Impact of land certification on tree growing on private plots of rural households: Evidence from Ethiopia. (2012). Holden, Stein ; Berresaw, Menale ; Mekonnen, Alemu ; Kassie, Menale ; Ghebru, Hosaena.
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  60. Institutions and FDI location choice: The role of cultural distances. (2012). Tao, Zhigang ; Lu, Yi ; Du, Julan.
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  61. Past Dominations, Current Institutions and the Italian Regional Economic Performance. (2012). Sideri, Marco ; Di Liberto, Adriana.
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  62. Do Institutions Matter for Regional Economic Growth and Development? The Case of Turkey. (2011). Degirmenci, Serkan .
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  63. Do Institutions Matter for Regional Economic Growth and Development? The Case of Turkey. (2011). Degirmenci, Serkan .
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  64. Technology transfer, institutions and development. (2011). Liberati, Paolo ; Costantini, Valeria.
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  65. The Sustainable Livelihood Framework: A Reconstruction. (2011). Mensah, Emmanuel.
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  66. Financial Liberalization and the Brain Drain: A Panel Data Analysis. (2011). Wunnava, Phanindra ; Mitra, Aniruddha ; Bang, James.
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  67. Government Size and Growth: A Survey and Interpretation of the Evidence. (2011). Henrekson, Magnus ; Bergh, Andreas.
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  68. Firm Productivity and Investment Climate in Developing Countries: How Does Middle East and North Africa Manufacturing Perform?. (2011). Véganzonès, Marie-Ange ; Veganzones, Marie-Ange ; Kinda, Tidiane ; Plane, Patrick.
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  69. Firm Productivity and Investment Climate in Developing Countries: How Does Middle East and North Africa Manufacturing Perform?. (2011). Véganzonès, Marie-Ange ; Veganzones, Marie-Ange ; Kinda, Tidiane ; Plane, Patrick.
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  71. Firm Productivity and Investment Climate in Developing Countries: How Does Middle East and North Africa Manufacturing Perform?. (2011). Véganzonès, Marie-Ange ; Kinda, Tidiane ; Plane, Patrick ; Veganzones-Varoudakis, Marie-Ange ; Veganzones -Varoudakis, Marie-Ange.
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  73. Land Certification and International Migration: Evidence from Mexico. (2010). Valsecchi, Michele.
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  89. Real Estate Regulations in Accra: Some Macroeconomic Consequences?. (2008). Mathema, Ashna ; buckley, robert.
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  93. Economic institutions and FDI location choice: Evidence from US multinationals in China. (2008). Tao, Zhigang ; Lu, Yi ; Du, Julan.
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  95. The Impact of European Settlement within French West Africa. Did pre-colonial prosperous areas fall behind?. (2008). Huillery, Elise.
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  96. National policies and the sectoral pattern of economic growth. (2008). Headey, Derek.
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References

References cited by this document

  1. 1) Output per worker: Output calculated as GDP minus value added in the miningindustry (which includes oil and gas). 2) Urbanization: % population living in urban areas with a population of at least 5,000 in 1995. Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators. 3) Stock market capitalization : Market value of all traded stocks as a % of GDP, average over 1990-95. Source: Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, and Levine(2003) 10) Colonial Origin: Dummy variable indicating whether country was a British, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Belgian, Dutch or Portuguese colony. Source: La Porta et al (1999) 11) Ethnolinguistic homogeneity : Percentage of a country’s population belonging to the largest ethnic group. Each ethnolinguistic group is identified by religion, race, or language depending on which of the appears to be the most important cleavage in the given community. Source: Sullivan (1991).
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  2. 1) Protection against expropriation risk: A measure of risk of expropriation of foreign private investment by government, from 0 to 10, where a higher score indicates less risk. Originally used by Knack and Keefer (1995). Source: IRIS Center, also known as Political Risk Services 4) Index of country's openness: Sachs-Warner index which measures fraction years between 1950 to 1994 that the economy has been open, measured on a 0-1scale. A country is open if it satisfies the following criteria: (i) nontariff barriers cover less than 40% of trade, (ii) average tariff rates are less than 40%, (iii) any black market premium was less than 20 % during 1970s and 1980s, (iv) country is not classified as socialist by Kornai (1992), and (v) government does not monopolize major exports. Source: Sachs andWarner (1995).
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  3. 1) Settler Mortality: Log estimated mortality for European settlers during European colonization (before 1850). It is calculated from the mortality rates of European-born soldiers, sailors and bishops when stationed in colonies. It measures the effects of local diseases on people without inherited or acquired immunities. Source: Curtin (1989).
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  4. 11) Legal formalism: Measures number of formal legal procedures necessary to resolve a simple case of collecting on an unpaid check or evicting a non-paying tenant (from 1 to 7). "Check measure" and "Eviction measure" from Djankov, La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, and Shleifer (2003). Source: Djankov, La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, and Shleifer (2002, 2003).
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  5. 13) Liquid liabilities: Currency plus demand and interestbearing liabilities of banks and nonbank financial intermediaries, divided by GDP 16) Institutional Quality: Combines bureaucratic quality, law/order, and property rights protection indices. (Political Risk Services; similar to Knack-Keefer (1995), Hall- Jones (1999).
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  9. 24) These indicators are: (i) ICRG (Knack&Keefer(1995)) (ii) bureaucratic efficiency (Mauro (1995)) 18) Adverseness of policy environment: Measured by black market premium on the foreign exchange rate. (Barro and Lee (1994)). 22) Index of democratization: Measured using the "polity" variable in the Polity IV dataset. Autocrats are defined as having a polity score less than or equal to 0. Democrats are those leaders with a polity score greater than 0. 15) Commercial-central bank: Ratio of commercial bank assets to the sum of commercial plus central bank assets, which has been used by others.
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  103. Household Size Number of Adults Table-10: Responses to Land Scarcity Nonfarm Activity Cultivation of CommerciallyObtained Plots (Hours/Day) (% of total cultivated area) (1) (2) Office-4.169-0.219 (1.078) (0.143) Abusua land per household-2.415-0.392 (0.978) (0.122) Office * Abusua land per household 5.534 0.489 (1.418) (0.319) Number of observations 325 222 Notes: All specifications include full set of plot characteristics, full set of family background variables, and household fixed effects. All regressions also include spatial fixed effects, with radius of 250 meters. Standard errors,corrected for spatial correlations as in Conley (1999), are given in parentheses.
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  104. Huggins, Chris, et al. 2005. Land, Conflict and Livelihoods in the Great Lakes Region: Testing Policies to the Limit. Vol. 14. Nairobi: African Center for Technology Studies.
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  105. Human Rights Watch. 2004. Côte d’Ivoire: Accountability for Serious Human Rights Crimes Key to Resolving Crisis.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  106. i. Land Value ii. Perceptions of Tenure Security iii. Ability to Transfer Land EQUADOR Lanjouw and Levy (2002) Programa Nacional de Catastro, Titulacion y Registro, since 1992, which encourages titling and registration. Full registration increases investment; title without registration has only an insignificant impact. Registration affects plot-level, not household-level, investment, suggesting access to credit is unaffected. Registration increases land values by 30% (same effect as 20 years of continuous possession).
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  107. ii. Fourth Development Plan (1979-1983): approved de facto subdivisions of land.
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  108. ii. Law of National Domain 1964: stopped new registrations. Very few original registered titles, and these were owned by the elite. No surviving investments on titled land but title is used to obtain credit. Areas more affected by the Law of National Domain have greater tenure insecurity. No link between tenure security and farm investments.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now

  109. Imbens, Guido, and Joshua Angrist. 1994. Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects. Econometrica 62, no. 3:467-475.

  110. In 1963 Houphouët-Boigny declared “la terre appartient à celui qui la met en valeur” (the land belongs to those who develop it). This has since changed -- in 2001, one minister declared that land belongs to the owner, not the farmer. Under the 1998 law, land holders must obtain a land certificate within 10 years, and after another 3 years individual registration and private property will be enforced. Only 12 hectares can be individually owned; the rest comes in a 25 year lease from the state, which may be sold, mortgaged, inherited, and renewed. The length and expense of the process implies most land remains under community-based tenure.
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  111. In addition to comparing descriptive statistics, factors that were statistically similar between USAID and non-USAID farmers in 1983 and dissimilar in 1993 were identified. Yield was insignificantly different in 1983, but significantly different in 1993.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now

  112. Jansen, Kees, and Esther Roquas. 1998. Modernizing Insecurity; The Land Titling Project in Honduras. Development and Change 29, 81-106.

  113. Jin, H. H., and Y. Y. Qian. 1998. Public versus private ownership of firms: Evidence from rural China. Quarterly Journal of Economics 113, no. 3:773-808.

  114. Johnson, Nancy L. 2001. Tierray Libertad: Will Tenure Reform Improve Productivity in Mexico's Ejido Agriculture? Economic Development and Cultural Change291-309.
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  115. Kan, K. 2000. Informal capital sources and household investment: evidence from Taiwan. Journal of Development Economics 62, no. 1:209-232.

  116. Kasanga, Kasim, and Kosey, Nii A. 2001. Land Management in Ghana: Building on Tradition and Modernity. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
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  117. Kaufmann, D., A. Kraay, and M. Mastruzzi. 2004. Governance Matters III: Governance Indicators for 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002. World Bank Economic Review 18, no. 2:253-287.

  118. KENYA & TANZANIA Pinckney and Kimuyu (1994) i. Access to Credit ii. Investment iii.Land Market iv. Inequality i. 1906 Regime d'immatriculation: allowed some to apply for registration.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now

  119. Knack, S., and P. Keefer. 1997. Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics 112, no. 4:1251-1288.

  120. Knack&Keefer (1995) I. Annual GDP per capita growth (19741989) II. Private investment/GDP (1974-1989) (all averages) I. ICRG index5 II. BERI index6 No IV estimates.
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  121. Knox, Anna. 1998. Gambia Country Profile. In Country Profiles of Land Tenure: Africa, 1996, edited by John W. Bruce. University of Wisconsin-Madison: Land Tenure Center.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  122. Knox, Anna. 1998. Ghana Country Profile. In Country Profiles of Land Tenure: Africa, 1996, edited by John W. Bruce. University of Wisconsin-Madison: Land Tenure Center.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  123. Kogel, T. 2005. Youth Dependency and Total Factor Productivity. Journal of Development Economics 76, no. 1:147-173.
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  124. Kone, Mariatou. 2002. Gaining Rights of Access to Land in West-Central Côte d'Ivoire. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
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  125. La Ferrara, E. 2003. Kin Groups and Reciprocity: A Model of Credit Transactions in Ghana. American Economic Review 93, no. 5:1730-1751.

  126. La Porta, R., F. Lopez-De-Silanes, A. Shleifer, and R. Vishny. 1999. The Quality of Government. Journal of Law Economics & Organization 15, no. 1:222-279.

  127. Land Code (1954), which created both title deeds and utilization certificates for private land.
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  128. Land Tenure derives from tradition and English Common Law. Allodial, customary freehold, common law freehold, leasehold and customary tenancy are recognized. The 1986 Land Titling Registration Law applies only in a few urban areas.
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  129. Land tenure is in a state of confusion. The 1998 law 98-750 on Rural Land Tenure initiated a transition to private ownership, but tenure issues have become linked with political upheavals since the early 1990s. Critically, more than a third of the population consists of foreigners, and most conflict is over the status of both Ivorian and nonIvorian migrants.
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  130. Land Titling Project, Phase 2, 1991-1994 Credit use increased faster in provinces where the program was implemented. This increase was greatest in provinces that were poorest at the outset. Results for productivity were too sensitive to model specification to be useful. Anecdotal information suggests titles increase land values. The estimated rate of return from the program is 34%. Titles increase capital accumulation, except in Lop-Buri, where there is an ample non-institutional credit, more commercialization, and lower-risk cash cropping. Investment in bunding of land and clearing of stumps are positively affected by land title, but effects are insignificant in Lop-Buri.
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  131. Lanjouw, Jean O., and Phillip I. Levy. 2002. Untitled: A Study of Formal and Informal Property Rights in Urban Equador. The Economic Journal986-1019.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  132. Leisz, Steve. 1998. Zaire Country Profile. In Country Profiles of Land Tenure: Africa, 1996, edited by John W. Bruce. University of Wisconsin-Madison: Land Tenure Center.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  133. Lopez, R. 1996. Land Titling and Investment in Honduras.Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  134. Mahama, Suleimana. 2003. The Ghana Land Administration Project: The Process and Challenges. Marburg, Germany: Philipps-University.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now

  135. Manning, Alan. 2004. Instrumental Variables for Binary Treatments with Heterogenous Treatment Effects: A Simple Exposition. Contributions to Economic Analysis & Policy 3, no. 1:1273-1273.

  136. Masters, W. A., and M. S. McMillan. 2001. Climate and Scale in Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Growth 6, no. 3:167-186.

  137. Mauro, P. 1995. Corruption and Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, no. 3:681-712.

  138. McEvedy, C., and Jones, R. 1978. Atlas of World Population History. New York: Facts on File.
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  139. Miceli, Thomas J., C. F. Sirmans, and Joseph Kieyah. 2001. The Demand for Land Title Registration: Theory with Evidence from Kenya. American Law and Economics Review 3, no. 2:275-287.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  140. Migot-Adholla, Shem E., Place, Frank, and Oluch-Kosura, W. 1994. Security of Tenure and Land Productivity in Kenya. In Searching for Land Tenure Security in Africa, edited by John W. Bruce and Shem E. Migot-Adholla. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  141. Ministry of Lands and Forestry. 2003. Ghana: Emerging Land Tenure Issues.Accra, Ghana.
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  142. Most of the country is governed by a mix of customary rules and legislation (e.g. the 1992 constitution and the 1962 State Lands Act).
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  143. Moyroud, Celine, and Katunga, John. 2002. Coltan Exploration in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In Scarcity and Surfeit. Nairobi: African Centre for Technology Studies.
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  144. N/A Land conflict between Hema and Lendu in Ituri has a long history. ‘Zairianisation’ involved transferring several foreign concessions to Hema, and conflicts over these concessions are frequent. Violence since 1999 has displaced half a million people from Ituri, killed 50,000 and caused the state to lose control of several areas. Forced migration, crop theft by armed forces, and short-run gains to mining coltan, gold and diamonds led many to abandon food production. Illegal resource exploitation by foreign armed groups has affected locals' land access.
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  145. NICARAGUA de Laiglasia (2004) i. Investment ii. Determinants of Registration iii. Credit Access Programa Nacional de Catastro, Titulacion y Registro, since 1992, which encourages titling and registration. Land registration increases the probability of land-attached investment by 35% -- the specific type of title (excluding indigenous forms) is unimportant. No link between credit and land registration.
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  146. North, Douglass C. 1981. Structure and Change in Economic History. New York: Norton & Co.
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  147. One SD increase in contract enforcement (0.24) increases GDP per capita growth by 5.8% (OLS) (includes other institutional quality measures as controls) Glaeser, La Porta, Lopez-deSilanes &Shleifer (2004) I. Log GDP per capita (2000) II. Growth rates of GDP per capita 19602000, overall and by decade III. Years schooling IV. Political institutions (III and IV are 5-year change) Executive constraints I. Settler mortality II. Legal origin III. Log indigenous population density in 1500 One SD increase in constraints on executive (0.185) decreases GDP per capita by 6% (IV), controlling for population in temperate zone (1995) and years of schooling Jones&Olken (2005) Change in annual growth rate of real GDP per capita comparing 5-year growth averages before and after leader deaths Index of democratization22 No IV estimates.
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  148. One SD increase in ICRG index (13.50) increases annual per capita income growth rate by 1.24 (OLS) LLSV (1999) Dependent variables are classified in five groups (data from 1990s): I. Interference with private sector II. Efficiency III. Output of public goods IV. Size of public sector V. Political freedom I. Ethnolinguistic fractionalization II. Legal origin III. Religion No IV estimates.
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  149. Pande, R. 2003. Can mandated political representation increase policy influence for disadvantaged minorities? Theory and evidence from India. American Economic Review 93, no. 4:1132-1151.

  150. Pender, John L., and John M. Kerr. 1999. The Effects of Land Sales Restrictions: Evidence from South India. Agricultural Economics 21, 279-294.

  151. Percentiles of median headcount ratio Panel C: First Stage (Dependent Varibale: Protection Against Expropriation Risk (1985-1995)) Panel B: Two-Stage Least Squares (Dependent Variable: Median Headcount Ratio) The Gambia Ivory Coast Ghana DRC Coding of Institutions Expropriation Risk 8.27 7.00 6.27 3.50 Legal Origin English French English French Urbanization 26% 46% 44% 30% Overview of Land Tenure Urban land legislation only applies to Banjul and Kombo (St. Mary State Lands Act (1990)). Under this, land is state-owned except if held in "fee simple" or subject to grants. Customary land occupiers hold a 99 year renewable lease. The Lands (Provinces) Act 1946, which recognizes customary law holds elsewhere else, and district tribunals may apply Islamic law.
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  152. Peters, Pauline E. 1994. Dividing the Commons: Politics, Policy, and Culture in Botswana. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now

  153. Pinckney, Thomas C., and Peter K. Kimuyu. 1994. Land Tenure Reform in East Africa: Good, Bad or Unimportant? Journal of African Economies 3, no. 1:1-28.

  154. Place, Frank, and Peter Hazell. 1993. Productivity Effects of Indigenous Tenure Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75, no. 1:10-19.

  155. Place, Frank, and S. E. Migot-Adholla. 1998. The Economic Effects of Land Registration on Smallholder Farms in Kenya: Evidence from Nyeri and Kakamega Districts. Land Economics 74, no. 3:360-373.

  156. Raynaut, Claude. 1997. Sahel Diversité et Dynamiques des Relations Société Nature. Edited by Claude Raynaut, Emmanuel Grégoire. London; New York: Routledge.
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  157. Relations between indigenous cultivators and migrants are the most important aspect of Ivorian tenure. The 1998 law bars non-Ivorians from owning rural land. Non-Ivorian farmers can at best hope for a long-term lease from the certificate-holder or the state. The HouphouëtBoigny government encouraged migrants, who obtained land mainly through “tutorat," whereby one remits a debt of gratitude and continuing regular payments to a local patron or "tuteur".
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now

  158. Rodrik, Dani, Arvind Subramanian, and Francesco Trebbi. 2004. Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions Over Geography and Integration in Economic Development. Journal of Economic Growth 9, no. 2:131-165.

  159. Rodrik, Dani. 1999. Democracies Pay Higher Wages. Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, no. 3:707-738.

  160. Roth, Michael, Cochrane, Jeffrey, and Kisamba-Mugerwa, W. 1994. Tenure Security, Credit Use, and Farm Investment in the Rujumbura Pilot Land Registration Scheme, Uganda. In Searching for Land Tenure Security in Africa, edited by John W. Bruce and Shem E. Migot-Adholla. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  161. Roth, Michael, Unruh, Jon, and Barrows, Richard. 1994. Land Registration, Tenure Security, Credit Use, and Investment in the Shebelle Region of Somalia. In Searching for Land Tenure Security in Africa, edited by John W. Bruce and Shem E. Migot-Adholla. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now

  162. Sachs, J. D., and A. Warner. 1995. Economic-Reform and the Process of Global Integration. Brookings Papers on Economic Activityno. 1:1-95.

  163. SENEGAL Golan (1994) i. Investment ii. Credit Access KENYA Cartier, Wiebe and Blarel (1994) i. Input Use ii. Output Table-5: Impact of Land-titling and Registration Programs: Micro Evidence Country (Paper) Outcomes of Interest Data Set Policy Findings Year: 1987 Region: Kigezi District Unit: 228 households with 505 parcels Year: 1979-1993 Region: West Bengal and Bangladesh Unit: District Year: 1993 Region: Aurepalle and Dokur, Andhra Pradesh Unit: Survey of 291 households with 563 plots.
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  164. Several laws, including article the 1992 Constitution (giving Land Commissions a veto over land transactions) and the 1994 Office of the Administrator of Stools Land Act circumscribe chiefs authority. Customary arrangements are not recognized by law. De facto status The state has given customary law legal legitimacy. A “truly muddled and ad hoc system” has resulted from combined assertion of government contol and tolerance of customary systems.
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  165. State Acquisition and involvement The 1994 coup of Yayeh Jammeh mantained the status quo on tenure issues. All land not in freehold in Banjul and Kombo St. Mary is vested in the state, as are resources such as forests, watercourses and expropriated land (State Lands Act, 1990). The Land Acquisition Act permits government appropriation of land for a broad range of “public purposes,” including defense, conservation, and planning.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  166. Sullivan, M. J. 1991. Measuring Global Values. New York: Greenwood.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  167. Taylor, C. L., and Hudson, M. C. 1972. World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators. Ann Arbor, MI: ICSPR.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  168. The 1973 General Property Law made all lands, including forest resources, state property. Edict 81013 of 1981 and Constitution Article 10 make the under-soil, including mineral and petroleum wealth, state property. The Mobutu “kleptocracy” encouraged land tenure “informalization” which allowed favored groups and individuals to expropriate land. The political deadlock between Mobutu and parliament in the early 1990s prevented legal redress to resolve the agricultural crisis or land-related issues.
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  169. The 1973 General Property Law makes all land state property. At the local level, customary rules apply where state power is weak; less than 1% of land in the DRC is registered. In much of the country the dominant factor in determining access to land has been war, which has brought armed occupation and population displacement.
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  170. The 1998 law vests all unregistered land in the state. Though a 1962 law asserted state ownership over all land, the government allowed farmers to retain land used in production. Government attempts to delineate mining, forest and tourist lands have been ineffective. Politicization of the land question has become part of the larger politics of Ivorianness.
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  171. The Role of War During the 1990s N/A The 1998 law 98750 on Rural Land Tenure has not been effectively enacted. Article IV of the Linas-Marcoussis Agreement (2003) reaffirms this law and charges the Government of National Reconciliation with implementation. The Accra III agreement of July 2004 specified changes to land tenure laws in the Linas-Marcoussis Agreement were to be implemented by August 2004. This deadline was not met.
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  172. The World Bank. 2005. 2005 World Development Indicators.Washington D.C. Topalova, P. 2005. Trade Liberalization, Poverty, and Inequality: Evidence from Indian Districts.NBER.

  173. Toure, Mahamane D. 2003. Rural Land Tenure and Sustainable Development in the Sahel and West Africa; Secure Land Tenure Problems in the Sahel and West Africa: Nine Years After PRAIA; Regional Summary Report. Bamako, Republic of Mali: Permanent Interstates Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel.
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  174. Udry, Christopher, and Goldstein, Markus. 2004. Gender, Power and Agricultural Investment in Ghana. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  175. Unit: panel of 4000+ households. Provincelevel data on LUC issuance in 1994, 1998 and 2000.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  176. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. 2004. Cote d'Ivoire Solid Wood Products Annual, 2004. Vol. IV4013.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  177. VIETNAM Do and Iyer (2003) i. Investment ii. Productivity iii. Credit Access iv. Land Transfers Land Law (1993), which allows for transferable leases from the state implemented using Land Use Certificates (LUCs).
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  178. Visaria, S. 2005. Legal Reform and Loan Repayment: The Microeconomic Impact of Debt Recovery Tribunals in India. Ph.D. diss., Columbia University.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  179. Vlassenroot, Koen, and Chris Huggins. 2004. Land, Migration and Conflict in Eastern D.R. Congo. EcoConflicts 3, no. 4:1-4.
    Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
  180. Wily, Liz A., and Hammond, Daniel. 2001. Land Security and The Poor in Ghana: Is There a Way Forward? A Land Sector Scoping Study.UK Department for International Development.
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  181. Year: 1983 Region: Manila Unit: 1688 households Year: 1987 Region: Lop-Buri, Nakhon Ratchasima, and Khon-Kaen Provinces Unit: 48 compounds Year: 1991/92 and 1995/96 Region: National Unit: Household survey Year: 1992-1993 and 1997-1998 Region: Not available.
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    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:10188.

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  32. Consequences of Constitutions. (2003). Persson, Torsten.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:10170.

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  33. Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: A Model of Personal Rule. (2003). Verdier, Thierry ; Robinson, James ; Acemoglu, Daron.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:10136.

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  34. The Form of Property Rights: Oligarchic vs. Democratic Societies. (2003). Acemoglu, Daron.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:10037.

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  35. Geography and Institutions: A Review of Plausible and Implausible Linkages. (2003). Olsson, Ola.
    In: Working Papers in Economics.
    RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0106.

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  36. More on finance and growth: more finance, more growth?. (2003). Levine, Ross.
    In: Review.
    RePEc:fip:fedlrv:y:2003:i:jul:p:31-46:n:v.85no.4.

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  37. Distance, Skill Deepening and Development: Will Peripheral Countries Ever Get Rich?. (2003). Schott, Peter ; Redding, Stephen.
    In: CEP Discussion Papers.
    RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp0572.

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  38. The Roads To and From Serfdom. (2002). Lagerlof, Nils-Petter.
    In: Macroeconomics.
    RePEc:wpa:wuwpma:0212011.

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  39. Mortality and early growth in England, France, and Sweden. (2002). Lagerlof, Nils-Petter.
    In: Macroeconomics.
    RePEc:wpa:wuwpma:0212010.

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  40. The Roads To and From Serfdom. (2002). Lagerlof, Nils-Petter.
    In: GE, Growth, Math methods.
    RePEc:wpa:wuwpge:0212002.

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  41. Does it Take a Lula to go to Davos? A Brief Overview of Brazilian Reforms, 1980-2000. (2002). Moreira, Mauricio ; Campos, Nauro ; Giambiagi, Fabio ; Pinheiro, Armando Castellar.
    In: William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series.
    RePEc:wdi:papers:2003-580.

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  42. Law and Finance: why Does Legal Origin Matter?. (2002). Levine, Ross ; Demirguc-Kunt, Asli ; Beck, Thorsten.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:9379.

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  43. Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions over Geography and Integration in Economic Development. (2002). Trebbi, Francesco ; Subramanian, Arvind ; Rodrik, Dani.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:9305.

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  44. Factor Endowments, Inequality, and Paths of Development Among New World Economics. (2002). Sokoloff, Kenneth L. ; Engerman, Stanley L.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:9259.

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  45. International Financial Integration and Economic Growth. (2002). Slok, Torsten ; Ricci, Luca ; Levine, Ross ; Edison, Hali.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:9164.

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  46. Tropics, Germs, and Crops: How Endowments Influence Economic Development. (2002). Levine, Ross ; Easterly, William.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:9106.

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  47. R&D, Implementation and Stagnation: A Schumpeterian Theory of Convergence Clubs. (2002). Mayer-Foulkes, David ; Howitt, Peter.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:9104.

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  48. Law, Endowment, and Finance. (2002). Levine, Ross ; Demirguc-Kunt, Asli ; Beck, Thorsten.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:9089.

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  49. Distance to Frontier, Selection, and Economic Growth. (2002). Zilibotti, Fabrizio ; Aghion, Philippe ; Acemoglu, Daron.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:9066.

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  50. Property Rights and Finance. (2002). Woodruff, Christopher ; McMillan, John ; Johnson, Simon.
    In: NBER Working Papers.
    RePEc:nbr:nberwo:8852.

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