Natura 2000

The numerical growth of the population, together with the exponential growth of the consumer desire for specific consumption on the background of raising the standard of living, necessarily requires the identification of new solutions for the reconciliation of man-nature. On this background, the present study aims to analyse water quality within the Nature 2000 sites, viewed as strategic reserves, roles and functions in preserving and protecting biodiversity. The data required for the spatial analysis of water quality were obtained following the collecting and analysis of water samples by the Cris Basin Waters Administration from the relevant monitoring network. The spatial analysis implied the use of the ArcGis system in order to obtain spatial images, as well as the evolutionary tendencies of the water quality in the Nature 2000 sites, in Bihor County, Romania.

Indice e bibliografia della tesi di laurea.
Note:
- Menzione speciale “per l’alto valore della tesi” dalla giuria del V° concorso “Laura Conti” 2004 (Ecoistituto del Veneto. Viale Venezia 7 - 30171 Mestre (Ve). www.ecoistituto-italia.org), che mirava a valutare le migliori tesi, provenienti da tutti gli atenei italiani, che sviluppavano temi di carattere ambientale. La tesi, infatti, di carattere sperimentale, mirava allo studio e realizzazione di un prototipo del “Piano di Gestione” per emblematico caso di studio sito in comune di Salzano (VE) anche in relazione alla costruzione del Passante Autostradale di Mestre, il cui tracciato interessa l’area studiata.
- Vincitore ex-equo del “Premio Rete Ecologica: idee per uno sviluppo sostenibile” promosso dalla Provincia di Venezia nel 2006 (Provincia di Venezia. Settore Politiche Ambientali. Info e bando: tel 041 2501201 fax 041 2501257 e-mail: reti.ecologiche@provincia.venezia.it.). Il premio prevede anche la pubblicazione integrale della tesi in internet e la pubblicazione per sintesi nella collana: “La Rete Ecologica: Quaderni di Studio”, entrambi curati dal Settore Politiche Ambientali della Provincia di Venezia.

Per valutare l’impatto che le attività agricole possono potenzialmente avere nei confronti delle specie e degli habitat sono stati applicati una serie di indici per individuare le situazioni di emergenza ove è necessario agire rapidamente
per evitare l’impoverimento o l’estinzione di specie e habitat.

The presentation of the historical and recent distribution of Myricaria germanica in Austria is based upon an evaluation of historic and current literature, floristic databases and public herbaria complemented by authors’ surveys. The illustration follows the grid of the Austrian floristic mapping. The distribution map underlines historically frequent and widespread occurrences as well as a massive decline of the species in the last 150 years. Nowadays indigenous Myricaria germanica can be described as extinct in the provinces of Vorarlberg, Salzburg, Upper and Lower Austria and Vienna; in Styria and Carinthia indigenous occurrences are limited to a few, largely over-aged single individuals. Notable primary populations exist today only in Tyrol and there focused along the rivers Lech and Isel and their tributaries. Thus Tyrol owns a high responsibility for Myricaria germanica and to ensure a  avourable conservation status of their habitats of community interest.

The paper presents phytosociological documentation and habitat conditions of Molinia meadows from the alliance Molinion Koch 1926 in the Kłodzko district (south-eastern central Sudetes Mts.). The Selino carvifoliae-Molinietum Kuhn 1937 association has been identified, and two local variants have been described. Molinia meadows in the Kłodzko district are important refuges for many plant species which are threatened in Poland and in the Lower Silesia and represents habitat type code 6410 from Appendix I of the EU Habitats Directive. The resources and conservation status of this habitat type have been evaluated using general monitoring guidelines and some protection actions have been proposed.

Catalogul isi propune sa informeze publicul in legatura cu reteaua de zone de interes conservativ european Natura 2000. Lucrarea ofera informatii detaliate despre cele 5 regiuni biogeografice din Romania, explicatii despre cele 2 tipuri de situri Natura 2000, SPA-uri si SCI-uri (SAC-uri), include fotografii, harti si descrieri ale habitatelor, speciilor si siturilor Natura 2000 din Romania. Catalogul include fisele de prezentare doar pentru cele 381 de situri declarate in 2007.
AUTORI - Habitate:  Alexandru Sabin Bădărău, Mamifere: Dumitru Murariu, Reptile și amfibieni: Cristina Staicu, Pești: Neculai Patriche,  Nevertebrate: Constantin Ciubuc, Plante: Alexandru Sabin Bădărău, Păsări: Dan Hulea, Editare texte situri: Milca Petrovici, Tudor Brînzan

The Habitat Directive requires Member States to implement surveillance of the conservation status of habitats and species of Community Interest. The aim of this handbook is to outline the methodological instruments for the implementation of a monitoring program of the Italian habitat types, as required by art. 17 of the Habitats Directive, with particular regard to the data collection at site level. The European guidelines (Evans & Arvela, 2011. Assessment and reporting under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive - Explanatory Notes & Guidelines for the period 2007-2012 -Final Draft. European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity, p. 1-123) require the assessments to be carried out by compiling information on specific parameters and at biogeographical scale. Each parameter is considered separately, eventually combining all parameters in an evaluation matrix thus providing the overall assessment. For each habitat type several parameters have to be considered: “Area”, “Range”, “Structure and Functions”, “Future Prospects”. While “Range” and “Future prospects” need to be assessed only at the biogeographical scale, “Area” and “Structure and functions” can be assessed aggregating data collected at the site level; in this handbook, for each habitat of community interest present in Italy, we present monitoring forms for these two parameters. Altogheter, the handbook contains 124 forms, referring to 10 Coastal and Halophytic Habitats; 11 Coastal Sand Dunes and Continental Dunes, 15 Freshwater Habitats, 5 Temperate Heath and Scrub, 11 Sclerophyllous Scrub (matorral), 15 Natural and Semi-natural Grassland Formations, 8 Raised Bogs and Mires and Fens, 10 Rocky Habitats and Caves, 39 Forests. Each monitoring form has been produced with the support of leading national experts and sent to regional authorities for a review. The monitoring forms report the most effective available monitoring techniques for collecting the required parameters and variables, and define operational guidance for data collection.  The monitoring forms describe priority variables (e.g. vegetation-plot based analysis) that need to be collected for complying with the Habitat Directive, and also indicate some optional or habitatspecific variables (e.g. substrate condition, water quality, etc.). The activities and methods suggested in this Manual are aimed at enabling the Regions and Autonomous Provinces to implement monitoring activities based on the collection of harmonized data by means of standardized technical protocols. A standardized basis of information is indeed essential for producing comparable data and generating reliable assessments on the conservation status of each habitat type at national level. Some important elements, such as the Favourable Reference Values and optimal thresholds for some of the parameters, are still under discussion at the European level and therefore will need to be further clarified in the near future

RINGKASAN Belimbing manis (Averrhoa carambola L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas pangan yang mudah rusak (perishable) sehingga fleksibelitasnya dipasaran menjadi terbatas. Sifat perishable ini muncul karena sebagian besar komoditas buah-buahan memiliki kadar air yang tinggi yaitu sekitar 80-95%. Selain itu, sebagai bahan hidup belimbing masih tetap melakukan reaksi metabolik berupa respirasi, transpirasi, produksi etilen, dan lain sebagainya walaupun sudah terpisah dari tanaman induknya. Sifat fisiologis inilah yang akan mempengaruhi kualitas atau mutu buah belimbing. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya penanganan yang khusus agar kualitas buah belimbing tetap segar setelah dipanen. Beberapa penelitian telah dilakukan agar kualitas buah belimbing tetap terjaga kesegarannya dan menghasilkan mutu buah yang berbeda-beda. Maghfiroh (2011) dalam skripsinya menggunakan suhu rendah untuk menekan laju respirasi namun tetap memperhatikan gejala chilling injury yang muncul. Sedangkan Rohaeti dkk. (2010) dalam jurnalnya menggunakan Vapor Heat Temperature dan suhu penyimpanan untuk menurunkan laju repirasi, efek chilling injury, susut bobot buah, kadar air dan mempertahankan TPT (Total Padatan Terlarut) pada buah belimbing. Berbeda dengan Trinuarsih dkk. (2013) dalam jurnalnya yang membahas tentang kombinasi perlakuan HWT dan perendaman CaCl 2 dalam mempertahankan mutu buah berbentuk bintang ini.

The importance of taking into account ecosystems, plant communities and habitats for the development of biodiversity conservation strategies is increasingly acknowledged. Recently, the first ever European Red List of Habitats was produced, which provided an evaluation of the extinction risk of EUNIS-based natural and semi-natural habitats in Europe. As assessment unit, it used the habitat intended as a plant community, thus representing a landmark for the role of vegetation science in nature conservation. In the present paper, the results of the European Red List of Habitats are analyzed at the national scale with specific reference to the terrestrial and freshwater habitat types occurring in Italy. More than three-quarters of the assessed European habitat types were recognized for the Italian territory. The distribution of the threat categories reflects approximately the situation at the EU28 level. About 35% of the assessed habitat types are referred to a threat category; no critically endangered habitat is present in Italy. The most frequently used criteria are those related to a reduction in quantity. Some critical issues arising from the analyses are discussed. In particular, the presence of knowledge gaps is pointed out, with remarkable reference to the poor availability of spatial and quantitative data, severely affecting the application of the criteria adopted for the assessment. Descriptions of habitat types from Italy are reported, some of which are representative, emblematic or even exclusive to the Italian territory. The outcomes of the analysis represent the starting point for the future development of a national-scale Red List of Habitats. Results also emphasized how habitat types with a too broad definition pose a limit to a proper evaluation of the regional biogeographic variability, often very high in Italy, with local floristic and phytocoenotic peculiarities which do not find room in the adopted European typology. This is the reason why the development of national subtypes stands as a necessary step for the development of a realistic and effective assessment at the national scale. Keywords Assessment · Biodiversity · Plant community · Risk of extinction · Threat

This case comment explores the relationship between two intertwined objectives – ensuring security of electricity supply and environmental protection – in the context of the judgment of the Court of Justice of the EU in the case Inter-Environnement Wallonie and Bond Beter Leefmilieu Vlaanderen ASBL v. Conseil des ministres. The analysis focuses on the application of the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive and the Habitats Directive to the facts of the case, which concerns the extension by a ten-year period of the operation of two Belgian nuclear power stations as part of a national energy policy strategy to ensure the security of Belgium's electricity supply. The case comment also considers the legal and practical implications that arise as a result of employing the ‘security of electricity supply’ exemption to enable derogation from the requirements of the two Directives, in circumstances where a Member State deems the security of its electricity supply to be under threat.

Full-text version available without charge at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/transnational-environmental-law/article/environmental-protection-meets-security-of-electricity-supply/B30AA0651FB750206D19FA4739F08A8F/share/3fe3b261698c115ead4e1f928d4eb9fc893ece16

At rewilding initiative the Oostvaardersplassen activists oppose Dutch wildlife management organization Staatsbosbeheer. They ask to stop animal suffering and try to feed the animals, stating that the large grazers are landlocked in a " concentration camp". Every year since the documentary film about Oostvaardersplassen, De Nieuwe Wildernis, won a selection prize at the Environmental Film Festival and was awarded 'Best Dutch Movie of the Year', discussion erupts about the need to make choices between " humane shooting " and starvation. Rewilding To understand better what is going on, let us discuss briefly the case of rewilding and then turn to the situation in Oostvaardersplassen. Rewilding is conservation that focuses on the restoration and protection of natural processes and wilderness areas, connecting these areas to one another and reintroducing apex predators and keystone species to their original habitats (known as " cores, corridors and carnivors "). It entails re-establishing natural ecosystem processes and reducing human control of landscapes.

Human-induced land-use changes have shaped landscapes and modeled structures and functions of ecosystems, to the extent that they are regarded as the main driver of alteration of ecosystem services (ES), that is those services provided by  nature which contribute to human well-being. Resulting in one or more services being favored over the others, land-use changes usually entail a trade-off between ES. Hence spatial planning, with its ex-ante spatial allocation of land uses, can
play a key role in preserving healthy ecosystems and ensuring a balanced trade-off between ES. By building upon Mascarenhas et al. (2015), this article will examine the extent to which ES are being taken into account in Strategic Environmental Assessment of spatial plans taking Sardinia as a case study.

The Roach’s mouse-tailed dormice (Myomimus roachi) is an endangered
mammal in Europe with poorly known distribution and biology in Bulgaria.
Cranial remains of 15 specimens were determined among 30532 mammals
in Barn Owl (Tyto alba) pellets in 35 localities from 2000 to 2008 and 32941
mammals in Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) pellets in 59 localities from 1988 to
2011 in SE Bulgaria. This dormouse was present with single specimens in
11 localities and whit 4 specimens in one locality. It is one of the rarest
mammals in the region that forms only up to 1% by number of mammalian
prey in the more numerous pellet samples. The existing protected areas
ecological network covers six out of 15 (40%) localities where the species
has been detected in the last two decades. We discuss the necessity of
designation of new Natura 2000 zones for the protection of the Roach’s
mouse-tailed dormouse in Bulgaria.

This LIFE Nature Focus publication looks at the importance of partnership work to the successful implementation of EU nature and biodiversity policy, in particular the management of the Natura 2000 network. Effective conservation today means working with a variety of different stakeholder groups. It means going beyond traditional partnerships with those who make a living from the land or sea – farmers, fishermen, foresters etc. – and working with society as a whole. The 76-page brochure, LIFE and new partnerships for nature conservation, gives a taste of the breadth of stakeholder groups atypical to nature conservation that LIFE projects have worked with up till now. It reveals the secrets of successful projects and highlights important lessons for building strong and durable stakeholder partnerships for managing EU biodiversity.

Pradolina Bzury-Neru jako ostoja siedliskowa Natura 2000 jest odcinkiem pradoliny warszawsko-berlińskiej – największej bruzdy dolinnej obszaru staroglacjalnego w Polsce i jednej z największych form wklęsłych Niżu Środkowoeuropejskiego (...). W niniejszym opracowaniu obszar Pradoliny Bzury-Neru przeanalizowano wraz szerokim sąsiedztwem geomorfologicznym. Aby pełniej przedstawić złożoność środowiska abiotycznego, objęto analizą teren o powierzchni ok. 2000 km2…

This article responds to calls for the historical sciences to inform adaptation in the Anthropocene, in this case, the sustainability of hill farming in view of EU habitat conservation. Focusing on Kerry, Ireland, it highlights the difficulties that conservation of upland bog, heath and grassland habitats faces due to rural depopulation. It then uses landscape history to assess the long-term feasibility of conserving/restoring these habitats according to EU directives, pointing to the remarkably recent disappearance of woodland due to grazing and deforestation. Instead of being ‘traditional’, as conservation discourse holds it to be, historical management of uplands by farmers could vary greatly depending on sociopolitical factors and economic trends. I discuss how this historical ecology of change helps to explain the failure of conservation in parts of Ireland, and outline how ‘lessons from the past’ may contribute to sustainable upland management if co-evolution is accepted as an on-going process.

L'archivio dati delle corrispondenze specie-habitat del Progetto Speciale Funghi contiene più di 100.000 segnalazioni di specie fungine assegnate ai relativi codici. Viene quin presentata l'estrazione dei dati relativi alle leccete italiane.

Effectively using the space provided for political mobilization by the legalization of associations and the rise of public concern on environmental damage, environmental groups
were among the main drivers of democratic transition in Hungary in the 1980s. However, the socio-economic problems caused by transition have quickly eclipsed the importance
laid on environmental policy. Over the years, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) have reacted with a number of different strategies. These extend from party
formation, lobbying, and partnership with public authorities to acting as ‘watchdogs’ of the state. Focusing on these representational and participatory strategies of Hungarian ENGOs,the present article shows that the different roles played by ENGOs complement each other and that change in opportunity structures—including those provided through the process of European integration—determine choices in their repertoires of action.

Building upon a recent piece of research that maps a regional green infrastructure (RGI) in relation to four components (natural value, conservation value, landscape value, and recreational value), this study aims at identifying planning policies that can foster the enhancement of the RGI by increasing one or more of its components at the sub-regional scale. To this end, the RGI suitability map is overlaid with the planning schemes of the municipal masterplans (MMPs) of three towns belonging to the Metropolitan City of Cagliari (Italy), and multiple linear regressions are performed. The outcomes of the study imply that the eligibility of a land parcel to be part of the RGI depends on several factors related to planning policies entailed by the zoning schemes of the MMPs, such as presence and spreading of conservation and safeguard areas within urban fabrics, improved accessibility of historic and natural landmarks, planned use of nature-based solutions within the regulating codes of MMPs, improvement of habitat quality in the spatial context of rural areas. Main limitations of the proposed methodology concern the fragile theoretical foundations concerning the assessment of the recreational value, and the need for structured integration of nature-based solutions into the proposed methodology.

Turkey has an impressive richness in terms of fauna and flora. Nearly 28% of total country area of Turkey is covered by the forests. The aim of this research is to present the status, opportunities and challenges for forest biodiversity in Turkey according to EU Natura 2000 concept. This concept is a European ecological network which is occurred species and
habitats designated by the EU Member States based on legally binding legislation. The importance of directives is emerging by designation of their special conservation areas under Natura 2000 sites. Designation of sites under those Directives takes some processes. SACs designed as sites to protect EU importance plants, animals and wildlife habitats which are assessed by the Habitats Directive. SPAs are sites
of conservation value for rare and threatened European bird species which are designated under the Birds Directive. The species richness and habitat diversity of Turkey's forestry is a challenge for both
Turkey and EU. Turkey includes species belonging to three different floristic regions. This opportunity is not common among EU countries. The forest types of Turkey have more structured importance according to diverse vulnerable species and biogeographically distribution of habitats than European countries. It should be thought that the number of Europe's forest habitat types could be considerably increase with Turkey's forest types. Before the selecting, designing and managing, the Natura 2000 sites in Turkey are needed some research to supply the assessment criteria for national assessment of species and habitats. The existing protected areas of Turkey and important endemic plant areas are available as potential Natura 2000 sites at national level. One of the most important deficiencies is lying in the inadequacy of data that will not supply some criteria to select and design the Special Areas for Conservation at European level.

Establishing structures of environmental governance is an important goal of external policy actors but a notoriously difficult one to achieve in states with weak regulatory capacities. Building on newer developments in governance research, this contribution offers contextual specifications for factors mediating external regulatory influence. The paper analyses the emergence and the effectiveness of environmental governance in two explorative case studies dealing with the provision of drinking water and, respectively, nature protection from Romania. The main finding is that external influence can lead to the emergence of new modes of environmental governance if supported by capable sectoral administration and pro-change stakeholders.

Samaria gorge located in the White Mountains on Crete has been nominated as both a National Park and a Biosphere Reserve, while it also holds the diploma of the Council of Europe protected areas. Its management is currently done by the local forest directorate; however the constitution of a new management body is necessary because of recent legislation. The new management body of the area is discussed by taking into account all necessary prerequisites since every nomination requires the fulfillment of specific principles. This proposal is a case study in designing the management bodies of all protected areas (National Parks and NATURA 2000 sites).
ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ
Το φαράγγι της Σαμαριάς στα Λευκά Όρη του νομού Χανίων έχει ανακηρυχθεί σαν Εθνικός Δρυμός αλλά και σαν Απόθεμα της Βιόσφαιρας ενώ έχει τιμηθεί με το δίπλωμα του Συμβουλίου της Ευρώπης για τις προστατευμένες περιοχές. Η διαχείριση του μέχρι τώρα γίνεται από τη Δ/νση Δασών Χανίων, ενώ επίκαιρες νομοθετικές ρυθμίσεις απαιτούν τη σύσταση ενός νέου φορέα διαχείρισης. Η παρουσίαση αφορά τη σύνθεση όλων των αρχών για τον καινούριο φορέα την πλήρωση των οποίων απαιτεί ο κάθε ένας από τους ανωτέρω τίτλους. Η πρόταση μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί σαν πρότυπο για τη σύσταση των φορέων διαχείρισης όλων των προστατευομένων περιοχών (Εθνικοί Δρυμοί, περιοχές NATURA 2000).

The stone crayfish Austropotamobius torrentium is one of the three native crayfish species occuring in Bulgaria
(the other two are Astacus astacus and Astacus leptodactylus), which is protected by many European
and national laws. In comparison with other European countries little is known about the population status
of stone crayfish in Bulgaria. The aim of this work was to summarise newly collected data on the distribution
and population status of A. torrentium in Natura 2000 protected areas in Bulgaria. This study was carried
out from September 2011 to November 2012. During this period 994 localities in 570 different rivers
and streams from 76 Natura 2000 protected areas were studied. A total of 2340 individuals were found in
112 localities from 83 rivers and streams in 30 protected areas. Stone crayfish had comparatively restricted
and uneven distribution in Bulgaria and its populations were characterised by a relatively low abundance
(0.002 – 0.34 ind./m2). The species was found in the range from 189 m to 1342 m a.s.l., but it was mainly
located from 300 to 900 m (78.5% of all localities). There was a clear trend for the distribution of species in
high mountains, where it was wider distributed in southern slopes and did not occur or was rare in northern
slopes. Stone crayfish was found mainly in rivers with banks covered by beech (Fagus sylvatica), alder
(Alnus glutinosa), oak (Quercus spp.) or sycamore (Platanus orientalis), and rarely in rivers with banks
covered only by bushes. The species was almost completely absent in the exposed areas of the rivers and
in the areas with coniferous vegetation. All our findings can be used as a basis for future monitoring of the
state of stone crayfish populations and assessing the conservation status of the species in Bulgaria.