JP2017006145A - 微小流体デバイス - Google Patents
微小流体デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- JP2017006145A JP2017006145A JP2016197852A JP2016197852A JP2017006145A JP 2017006145 A JP2017006145 A JP 2017006145A JP 2016197852 A JP2016197852 A JP 2016197852A JP 2016197852 A JP2016197852 A JP 2016197852A JP 2017006145 A JP2017006145 A JP 2017006145A
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、一般的に、流体種の形成および/または制御のためのシステムおよび方法、ならびにかかるシステムおよび方法によって製造される物品に関する。より詳細には、本発明は、流体の精密な取り扱いのための高スループット微小流体デバイスの開発、および種々の生物学的アッセイ、化学的アッセイ、または診断的なアッセイにおけるかかるシステムの使用に関する。
流体送達、製品の製造、分析などのための所望の配置の流体の流れ、不連続な流体の流れ、液滴、粒子、分散物などを形成するための流体の操作は、比較的よく研究されている分野である。例えば、直径100ミクロン未満の高度に単分散の気泡は、毛細管流動フォーカシングと呼ばれる技術を使用して製造されてきた。この技術において、気体は、キャピラリーチューブから液体の槽まで強制的に押し出し、ここで、チューブは小さな開口部上に配置され、そしてこの開口部を通した外部液体の圧縮された流れが気体を薄い噴流に押し出し、これが、次には、毛細管の不安定さを通して等しいサイズの気泡に分かれる。同様の配置は、空気中の液滴を製造するために使用することができる。
ここで、第1の項は液滴上の電気泳動力であり(qは正味の液滴の電荷であり、Eは電場である)、第2の項は誘電泳動力である(rは球の半径であり、
はClausius−Mossotti因子の実数部分であり
K=(ε* p−ε* m)/(ε* p+2ε* m)
そしてε* pおよびε* mは液滴およびキャリア流体の複素誘電率である)。
本発明は、生物学的適用、化学的適用、および診断的適用を迅速、効率的、および安価に実施するために必須である、単離された構成要素の多段階処理を実施するために、流体処理システムに合わせることができる個別の流体取り扱いモジュールを有する基材を提供する。液滴の電気的操作に基づく原理を使用することにより、本発明の微小流体基材は、液滴に試薬をカプセル化可能であり、これは組み合わせ、分析、および分別が可能である。
intensity oxygen)または空気プラズマ(air plasma)で処理されて、適合可能なポリマー性媒体または非ポリマー性媒体への結合を可能にすることができる。ポリマー性媒体または非ポリマー性媒体は、ガラス、ケイ素、酸化ケイ素、石英、窒化ケイ素、ポリエチレン、ポリスチレン、ガラス状炭素、またはエポキシポリマーであり得る。
したがって、本発明は、以下の項目を提供する:
(項目1)
微小流体基材であって:
a)少なくとも1つの分散相流体を運ぶように適合されている少なくとも1つの入口チャネルを備えた少なくとも1つの入口モジュール;および
b)少なくとも1つの連続相流体を運ぶように適合されている少なくとも1つの主チャネルであって、この入口チャネルが連結部においてこの主チャネルと流体連通され、この連結部は、この分散相流体がこの連続相流体と非混和性であり、かつこの連続相流体中で複数の高度に均一な単分散液滴を形成するように、フローフォーカシングのために設計された流体ノズルを備える、主チャネル;
を備える、微小流体基材。
(項目2)
上記入口モジュールが、上記入口チャネルにサンプル流体を導入するための手段に、この入口チャネルを接続するための少なくとも1つの自己整合流体相互接続装置をさらに備え、この装置は、上記微小流体基材とサンプルを導入するためのこの手段の間に放射状シールを形成する、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目3)
上記手段がウェルまたはリザーバである、項目2に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目4)
上記入口モジュールの下流にあり、かつこの入口モジュールと、合流装置を備える上記主チャネルを介して流体連通している少なくとも1つの合流モジュールをさらに備え、ここで、そこを通過する2つ以上の液滴が合流してナノリアクターを形成する、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目5)
上記合流装置が、電場を生成する1つ以上の電極を備える、項目4に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目6)
上記電極が、1つ以上のチャネルに一体型で収容されており、かつ上記入口チャネルおよび上記主チャネルから単離されている導電性材料を含む、項目5に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目7)
上記合流モジュールが、上記電極間の主チャネルの拡張部分を備えて、連続する液滴を近接させ、それによって、対の液滴を上記電場の中で合流させる、項目4に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目8)
上記合流モジュールが、液滴を上記主チャネルの中心に集めるためのこの主チャネルの狭窄部分、続いて連続する液滴を近接させるための上記電極間の主チャネルの拡張部分を備え、それによって、対の液滴を上記電場の中で合流させる、項目4に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目9)
上記基材が、上記合流モジュールの下流にあり、かつこれと流体連通している少なくとも1つの検出モジュールをさらに備え、この検出モジュールは、液滴またはナノリアクターの内容物または特徴を評価するための検出装置を備える、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目10)
上記検出装置が光学的検出器または電気的検出器を備える、項目9に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目11)
上記基材が、上記検出モジュールと近接しており、かつこの検出モジュールと流体連通している分別モジュールをさらに備え、この分別モジュールは、この検出モジュール中で評価された液滴またはナノリアクターの内容物または特徴に応答して、この液滴またはナノリアクターを収集モジュールの中にまたは収集モジュールから離れて方向付けるように適合された分別装置を備えている、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目12)
上記分別装置が電場を生成する1つ以上の電極を備える、項目11に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目13)
上記電極が、1つ以上のチャネルに一体型で収容されており、上記入口チャネルおよび上記主チャネルから単離されている導電性材料を含む、項目12に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目14)
上記入口チャネルおよび上記主チャネルが上記分散相のための濡れ防止剤またはブロッキング剤でコートされている、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目15)
上記チャネルが、シリカプライマー層、続いて、パーフルオロアルキルアルキルシラン化合物、アモルファス溶解性パーフルオロポリマー、BSA、PEG−シラン、またはフルオロシランでコートされている、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目16)
上記チャネルが、シリカプライマー層、続いて、パーフルオロアルキルアルキルシラン化合物でコートされている、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目17)
上記分別モジュール中のチャネルが非対称分岐ジオメトリーを含む、項目11に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目18)
上記分別モジュール中のチャネルが非対称フロージオメトリーを含む、項目11に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目19)
上記チャネルが、液滴の内容物を遅延、停止、または反応させるためにウェル様のくぼみを備える、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目20)
上記基材が、上記入口モジュールの下流の主チャネルと流体連通している遅延モジュールをさらに備える、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目21)
上記遅延モジュールが遅延ラインである、項目20に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目22)
上記遅延モジュールが加熱領域および冷却領域をさらに備える、項目20に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目23)
上記基材が、上記入口モジュールの下流の主チャネルと流体連通している混合モジュールをさらに備える、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目24)
上記基材が、上記入口モジュールの下流の主チャネルと流体連通しているUV放出モジュールをさらに備える、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目25)
上記基材が、この基材からのサンプルを保存するための手段に接続されている収集モジュールをさらに備える、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目26)
上記手段がウェルまたはリザーバである、項目25に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目27)
上記基材が、この基材から廃棄されたサンプルを収集するための手段に接続されている廃棄モジュールをさらに備える、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目28)
上記手段がウェルまたはリザーバである、項目27に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目29)
上記連続相が非極性溶媒である、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目30)
上記連続相がフルオロカーボンオイルである、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目31)
上記連続相が1種以上の添加物をさらに含む、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目32)
上記添加物がフッ素系界面活性剤である、項目31に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目33)
上記フッ素系界面活性剤がパーフルオロ化ポリエーテルである、項目32に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目34)
上記フッ素系界面活性剤が上記液滴を安定化する、項目32に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目35)
上記分散相が液滴のライブラリーを含む、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目36)
上記液滴のライブラリーが生物学的/化学的物質を含む、項目35に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目37)
上記生物学的/化学的物質が、組織、細胞、粒子、タンパク質、抗体、アミノ酸、ヌクレオチド、小分子、および医薬からなる群より選択される、項目36に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目38)
上記生物学的/化学的物質が標識を含む、項目36に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目39)
上記液滴のライブラリーが標識を含む、項目35に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目40)
上記標識が、タンパク質、DNAタグ、色素、量子ドット、高周波同定タグである、項目38に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目41)
上記標識が、粘度の変化、不透明度の変化、体積の変化、密度の変化、pHの変化、温度の変化、誘電率の変化、伝導率の変化、上記液滴中に存在するビーズの量の変化、この液滴中の綿状沈殿の量の変化、この液滴中の選択した溶媒の量の変化、またはこの液滴中の任意の測定可能な実体の量の変化、またはこれらの組み合わせである、項目39に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目42)
上記標識が、蛍光偏光、蛍光強度、蛍光寿命、蛍光エネルギー移動、pH、イオン含量、温度、またはこれらの組み合わせによって検出可能である、項目38に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目43)
上記分散相流体の流れおよび上記連続相流体の流れが圧力によって駆動される、項目1に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目44)
合流される液滴が電荷を有さない、項目4に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目45)
分別されるナノリアクターが電荷を有さない、項目11に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目46)
微小流体基材であって:
a)少なくとも1つの分散相流体を運ぶように適合されている少なくとも1つの入口チャネルを備えた少なくとも1つの入口モジュール;
b)少なくとも1つの連続相流体を運ぶように適合されている少なくとも1つの主チャネルであって、この入口チャネルが連結部においてこの主チャネルと流体連通され、この連結部は、この分散相流体がこの連続相流体と非混和性であり、かつこの連続相流体中で複数の高度に均一な単分散液滴を形成するように、フローフォーカシングのために設計された流体ノズルを備える、主チャネル;
c)この入口モジュールの下流にある少なくとも1つのナノリアクター分割モジュールであって、この主チャネルが少なくとも2つの分割チャネルに分割され、ナノリアクターが少なくとも2つの娘ナノリアクターに分けられる、ナノリアクター分割モジュール;
d)少なくとも1つの第2の分散相流体を運ぶように適合されている少なくとも1つの第2の入口チャネルであって、この入口チャネルが連結部において少なくとも1つのこの分割チャネルと流体連通され、この連結部は、この第2の分散相流体がこの連続相流体と非混和性でありかつこの連続相流体中で複数の高度に均一な単分散液滴を形成するように、フローフォーカシングのために設計された流体ノズルを備える、第2の入口チャネル;
e)この入口モジュールの下流にあり、かつこの入口モジュールと、合流装置を備えるこの主チャネルを介して流体連通している少なくとも1つの合流モジュールであって、ここでそこを通過する工程(b)からの少なくとも1つの液滴および工程(d)からの少なくとも1つの液滴が合流する、合流モジュール;
f)この分割チャネルからの娘ナノリアクターが近接して再順序付けられるが、合流されないような、この分割モジュールの下流の少なくとも1つの再順序付けモジュール;
g)この再順序付けモジュールの下流の少なくとも1つの検出モジュールであって、この検出モジュールが、近接したナノリアクターまたは液滴の少なくとも1つの内容物または特徴を評価するための検出装置を備える、検出モジュール;
を備える、微小流体基材。
(項目47)
上記検出モジュールと近接し、かつこの検出モジュールと流体連通している分別モジュールをさらに備え、この分別モジュールが、この検出モジュール中で評価された液滴またはナノリアクターの内容物または特徴に応答して、この液滴またはナノリアクターを収集モジュールの中にまたは収集モジュールから離れて方向付けるように適合された分別装置を備えている、項目46に記載の方法。
(項目48)
上記検出モジュールが、近接した2つのナノリアクターまたは液滴の内容物を評価し、上記分別モジュールが、この検出モジュール中で評価された液滴またはナノリアクターの内容物または特徴の比率に応答して、この液滴またはナノリアクターを収集モジュールの中にまたは収集モジュールから離れて方向付ける、項目47に記載の方法。
(項目49)
微小流体基材であって、以下のプロセス:
a)平らな表面を含む基板を提供する工程;
b)微小流体基材のチャネルおよび電極のパターンを含むマスターを提供する工程;
c)エラストマー基材を成型するための開口部を備える成型キャビティーを提供する工程;
d)このマスターがこの基板とこの成型キャビティーの間に配置され、このマスターのパターンが、エラストマー基材を成型するためにこの開口部の直下に配置されかつこの開口部に対して整列されるように、この基板、このマスター、およびこの成型キャビティーを組み立てる工程;
e)1つ以上の流体および/または電気による相互接続を形成するために使用される1つ以上のスライド成型ピンを備える上端板を提供する工程;
f)このスライド成型ピンがこのマスター上のチャネルおよび電極のパターン上の点に接触するように、この上端版を工程dに記載の成型キャビティー上に組み立てる工程;
g)このマスターと接触するように、液体エラストマーポリマーをこの成型キャビティー上の開口部に導入する工程;
h)この成型キャビティー中でこのエラストマーポリマーを固化させる工程;
i)この上端板、底板、およびこの成型キャビティーのアセンブリから、固化したエラストマーポリマー基材を取り出す工程;ならびに
j)この固化したエラストマーポリマー基材を、適合可能なポリマー性媒体または非ポリマー性媒体に結合させる工程;
よって製造され、それによって流体の相互接続および/または電気的な相互接続を有する微小流体基材を形成する、微小流体基材。
(項目50)
上記スライド成型ピンがエラストマースリーブによって囲まれている、項目49に記載の上端板。
(項目51)
上記マスターがフォトリソグラフィーによって生成される、項目49に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目52)
上記マスターがフォトリソグラフィーによって生成され、耐久性金属マスターに転換される、項目49に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目53)
上記マスターが微細加工によって生成される、項目49に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目54)
上記マスターが、光造形法などのラピッドプロトタイピング法によって生成される、項目49に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目55)
上記マスターが、フォトレジストでパターン化されたケイ素またはガラス基材である、項目49に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目56)
上記マスターが、SU−8でパターン化されたケイ素またはガラス基材である、項目49に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目57)
上記エラストマーポリマーがシリコーンエラストマーポリマーである、項目49に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目58)
上記シリコーンエラストマーポリマーがポリジメチルシロキサンである、項目57に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目59)
上記エラストマーポリマーが硬化によって固化される、項目49に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目60)
上記エラストマーポリマーが、高強度酸素または空気プラズマで処理されて、上記適合可能なポリマー性媒体または非ポリマー性媒体への結合を可能にする、項目49に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目61)
上記ポリマー性媒体および非ポリマー性媒体が、ガラス、ケイ素、酸化ケイ素、石英、窒化ケイ素、ポリエチレン、ポリスチレン、ガラス状炭素、またはエポキシポリマーである、項目49に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目62)
微小流体基材を製造する方法であって、以下の工程:
a)平らな表面を含む基板を提供する工程;
b)微小流体基材のチャネルおよび電極のパターンを含むマスターを提供する工程;
c)エラストマー基材を成型するための開口部を備える成型キャビティーを提供する工程;
d)このマスターがこの基板とこの成型キャビティーの間に配置され、このマスターのパターンが、エラストマー基材を成型するためにこの開口部の直下に配置されかつこの開口部に対して整列されるように、この基板、このマスター、およびこの成型キャビティーを組み立てる工程;
e)1つ以上の流体の相互接続および/または電気による相互接続を形成するために使用される1つ以上のスライド成型ピンを備える上端板を提供する工程;
f)このスライド成型ピンがこのマスター上のチャネルおよび電極のパターン上の点に接触するように、この上端版を工程dの成型キャビティー上に組み立てる工程;
g)このマスターと接触するように、液体エラストマーポリマーをこの成型キャビティー上の開口部に導入する工程;
h)この成型キャビティー中でこのエラストマーポリマーを固化させる工程;
i)この上端板、底板、およびこの成型キャビティーのアセンブリから固化したエラストマーポリマー基材を取り出す工程;ならびに
j)この固化したエラストマーポリマー基材を、適合可能なポリマー性媒体または非ポリマー性媒体に結合させる工程;
を包含し、それによって流体の相互接続および/または電気的な相互接続を有する微小流体基材を形成する、方法。
(項目63)
上記スライド成型ピンがエラストマースリーブによって囲まれている、項目62に記載の上端板。
(項目64)
上記マスターがフォトリソグラフィーによって生成される、項目62に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目65)
上記マスターがフォトリソグラフィーによって生成され、耐久性金属マスターに転換される、項目62に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目66)
上記マスターが微細加工によって生成される、項目62に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目67)
上記マスターが、光造形法などのラピッドプロトタイピング法によって生成される、項目62に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目68)
上記マスターが、フォトレジストでパターン化されたケイ素またはガラス基材である、項目62に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目69)
上記マスターが、SU−8でパターン化されたケイ素またはガラス基材である、項目62に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目70)
上記エラストマーポリマーがシリコーンエラストマーポリマーである、項目62に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目71)
上記シリコーンエラストマーポリマーがポリジメチルシロキサンである、項目70に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目72)
上記エラストマーポリマーが硬化によって固化される、項目62に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目73)
上記エラストマーポリマーが、高強度酸素または空気プラズマで処理されて、上記適合可能なポリマー性媒体または非ポリマー性媒体への結合を可能にする、項目62に記載の微小流体基材。
(項目74)
上記ポリマー性媒体および非ポリマー性媒体がガラス、ケイ素、酸化ケイ素、石英、窒化ケイ素、ポリエチレン、ポリスチレン、ガラス状炭素、またはエポキシポリマーである、項目62に記載の微小流体基材。
本明細書に記載される微小流体デバイスおよび使用方法は、不活性な非混和性のオイル流によって完全に封入された水相液滴の作製および電気的操作に基づく。この組み合わせは、正確な液滴生成、高効率、電気的にアドレス可能な液滴合流、および制御可能な、電気的にアドレス可能な単一液滴分別を可能にする。微小流体デバイスは1つ以上のチャネルおよびモジュールを備える。微小流体基材の相互作用モジュールの概略的な一例は図1に示される。これらのモジュールの組み込みは、液滴ベースの、高スループット微小流体リアクターシステムのために必須の機能を付与する技術である。
本発明の微小流体デバイスは1つ以上の分析ユニットを備える。「分析ユニット」は、微小基材、例えば、マイクロチップである。微小基材、基材、マイクロチップ、およびチップという用語は本明細書で交換可能に使用される。分析ユニットは、少なくとも1つの入口チャネル、少なくとも1つの主チャネル、少なくとも1つの入口モジュール、少なくとも1つの合流モジュール、および少なくとも1つの検出モジュールを備える。分析ユニットは1つ以上の分別モジュールをさらに備え得る。分別モジュールは、1つ以上の出口モジュール(収集モジュールおよび廃棄モジュール)と流体連通している分岐チャネルと流体連通することができる。分別適用のために、少なくとも1つの検出モジュールは少なくとも1つの分別モジュールと協働し、検出器で生じたシグナルを経由して方向転換させる。「モジュール」および「チャネル」は互いに流体連通され、それゆえに重複することができ;すなわち、モジュールまたはチャネルが開始または終了する明確な境界が存在しなくてもよいことが理解されるべきである。本発明の複数の分析ユニットは、1つのデバイスに合わせられてもよい。分析ユニットおよび特定のモジュールは本明細書により詳細に記載される。
本発明の微小流体基材には、流体のための境界を形成するチャネルが含まれる。「チャネル」とは、本明細書で使用される場合、流体の流れを少なくとも部分的に方向付ける基材上または基材中の特徴を意味する。ある場合において、チャネルは、単一の構成要素、例えば、エッチング基材または成型ユニットによって、少なくとも部分的に形成されてもよい。チャネルは任意の断面形状、例えば、円形、卵形、三角形、不規則、正方形、または長方形(任意のアスペクト比を有する)などを有することができ、そしてカバーすることが可能でありまたはカバーしないこと(すなわち、チャネル周辺の外部環境に対して開いている)が可能である。チャネルが完全にカバーされている実施形態において、チャネルの少なくとも一部が完全に取り囲まれた断面を有し得、および/または全体のチャネルは、入口および出口を例外として、その任意の長さに沿って完全に取り囲まれてもよい。
本発明の微小流体デバイスは、デバイスの中の流体および実体の方向および流れを制御可能である。「流れ」という用語は、本発明のデバイスまたは方法を通しての液体または固体の任意の動きを意味し、ならびに、非限定的に任意の流体の流動を包含し、および、物質がその流動によって運ばれているか否かに関わらず、その流動とともに、その流動の中で、またはその流動に逆らって動いている任意の物質を包含する。例えば、本発明のデバイスを通しての、または本発明の方法における、例えば、本発明の微小流体チップのチャネルを通しての分子、ビーズ、細胞、またはビリオンの動きは、流れを含む。これは、本発明に従って、分子、ビーズ、細胞、もしくはビリオンが、流れもまた含む流体の流動によって運ばれるか否かに関わらず、または分子、ビーズ、細胞、またはビリオンが何らかの他の直接的もしくは間接的な力もしくは動機付けによって動かされるか否かに関わらず、そして任意の動機付けする力が既知であるかもしくは理解されているか否かに関わらず、そのようになっている。任意の力の適用は、分子、細胞、またはビリオンが本発明に従って検出、測定、または分別のために方向付けられる限りにおいて、任意の特定の作用の理論またはメカニズムに関わりなく、圧力、キャピラリー作用、電気浸透、電気泳動、誘電泳動、光ピンセット、およびこれらの組み合わせを含むがこれらに限定されない、流れを提供するために使用されてもよい。特定の流れ力は、本明細書でさらに詳細に記載される。
「エマルジョン」という用語は、第2の液体の本体における小球(本明細書では、滴、液滴、またはナノリアクターとも呼ばれる)中に分布する1種の液体の調製物をいう。第1の流体および第2の流体は、互いに非混和性である。例えば、不連続相は水溶液であり得、連続相はオイルなどの疎水性流体であり得る。これは、油中水型エマルジョンと呼ばれる。または、エマルジョンは、水中油であり得る。この例において、小球中に分散される第1の液体は不連続相と呼ばれるのに対して、第2の液体は連続相または分散媒体と呼ばれる。連続相は水溶液であり得、非連続相はオイル(例えば、デカン、テトラデカン、またはヘキサデカン)などの疎水性流体である。水中油エマルジョン中のオイルの液滴または小球は、本明細書では、「ミセル」とも呼ばれるのに対して、油中水エマルジョン中の水の小球は「逆ミセル」と呼ばれ得る。
HClおよび1mM EDTA(TE)緩衝液、リン酸緩衝化生理食塩水(PBS)、または酢酸緩衝液である。分析および/または分別される分子、細胞、または粒子の集団と生理学的に適合性である任意の液体または緩衝液を使用することができる。主チャネルを通過し、そして液滴がその中に形成される流体は、液滴を形成する流体と非混和性であるものである。主チャネルを通過する流体は、非極性溶媒、デカン(例えば、テトラデカンまたはヘキサデカン)、フルオロカーボンオイル、シリコーンオイル、または別のオイル(例えば、ミネラルオイル)であり得る。
ここで、[細胞]は、立方ミクロン(μm3)あたりの分子、細胞、または粒子の数の単位での分子、細胞、または粒子の濃度であり、Vはμm3の単位での液滴の体積である。
ここで、iは電流であり、Vは電極を横切って適用される電圧であり、そしてdC/dtは経時的な静電容量の変化である。または、静電容量は、時間で変化する電圧が同じ電極に適用される場合に、直接的に測定することができる:i=CdV/dt ここで、Cは測定された静電容量であり、dV/dtは経時的な電圧の変化である。第1の近似として、電極対は、平行板コンデンサーとして決定することができる:
ここで、ε0は自由空間の誘電率であり、kは有効誘電定数であり(これは、液滴が通過する度に毎回変化する)、Aはコンデンサーの領域であり、dは電極分離である。次いで、デバイス中で測定される電流は、時間の関数としてプロットされる。
本発明は、微小流体基材上でサンプル液滴エマルジョンを形成するための組成物および方法を提供する。本発明は埋め込み微小流体ノズルもまた提供する。ライブラリーウェルから直接的に単分散エマルジョンを作製するために、本発明は、図2〜6に示されるような、シリンジ先端(例えば、キャピラリーチューブ)に保存ウェル/リザーバ(例えば、シリンジ)を接続するために使用されるフィッティング内までのノズルを形成する。図2、パネルAおよびBは、ノズルセクションのための小さなフェルールを使用するノズルコンセプトの二重および単一オイルバージョンを示す。図2、パネルCおよびDは、小口径チュービングから直接的に作られる同じノズルを示す(「ノズル」はチュービングの全体の長さに及ぶ)。両方の設計は、全く同様に液滴を形成可能であるが、チューブベースのノズルでは圧力の低下がより高い(下側)。図3は、図2Aおよび2Bにおいて示されるノズルフェルールの拡張を示す。チューブベースのノズルは、「ノズル」が短い移行部分を有する代わりにチューブの全体の長さに及ぶこと以外は、フェニルルールの場合と全く同一に機能する(図2C、2D)。液滴を形成する能力は、両方の場合で同一である。図4は、フェルールに含まれるノズルセクションの拡張を示す。図2DのT型設計が構築および試験され、この設計の断面のカットは図5に示される。図5Aは吸引モードにあるノズルの操作を示し、図5Bは注入モードにあるノズルの操作を示す。形成した液滴は約45μm直径であり、PCRミックス(210μl/時間)およびSpectraSyn−10(600μl/時間)から形成された。他の試験は、SpectraSyn−2およびPCRミックスを用いて実証した。液滴は、300μm幅×260μm深さのチャネルの中を移動している。使用したノズルチューブは100μm直径であり、使用した流体はPCRミックスおよび界面活性剤を有するSpectasyn−10であった。
本発明は、本発明の微小流体デバイスへのサンプル流体の導入の前に、サンプル流体(例えば、液滴)のエマルジョンを作製するための組成物および方法もまた提供する。より具体的には、これらの方法は、例えば、シリンジ中で「オフチップで」サンプル液滴エマルジョンを作製することに向けられる。ライブラリーウェルから直接的に単分散エマルジョンを作製するために、ノズルは、図8に示されるように、シリンジチップ(例えば、キャピラリーチュービング)に収集シリンジを接続するために使用されるフィッティングに直接的に形成される。ノズルは、ノズル、キャピラリーチュービングへの接続部、および収集シリンジへの接続部まで一定流量のオイルを供給する1個または2個のオイルラインから作ることができる。サンプルの吸引は、2個のオイルシリンジの流速よりも上の流速(Q3)である引っ込めモードにある収集シリンジを実行することによって達成することができる(図8のステップ1)。流れの違いは、サンプルウェルから吸引した流速に対応する。適切な体積のサンプルがキャピラリーチュービングに負荷された場合、キャピラリーチュービングはサンプルウェルから取り外され、気泡、およびおそらく、洗浄溶液が吸引される(図8のステップ2)。ほとんどすべてのサンプルが乳化される場合、収集シリンジ引っ込め速度は、オイル流速よりも下に減少され、停止され、またはある程度の名目上の速度で注ぎ込むように設定されるかのいずれかである(図8、ステップ3)。キャピラリー中に残された残りのサンプル、空気、洗浄溶液などは、洗浄ウェルに流され、キャピラリーの外側が「洗浄ステーション」で洗浄される。キャピラリーが完全に清浄である場合、このプロセスは次のライブラリー構成要素のために反復される。
本明細書に記載されるように、非常に少量の試薬を用いて作業する際の顕著な問題は、保存容器および輸送ラインにおいて見出されるデッドボリュームに付随する損失から来る。一例として、50マイクロリットルの物質が254ミクロンの内径のキャピラリーチューブに注入される場合、75cm長チューブは約38マイクロリットルの物質を消費する(〜75%)。この問題に取り組むために、本発明は、極度に少量の試薬を用いて作業した場合に、デッドボリュームおよび試薬の消費に付随する問題を取り除く組成物および方法を提供する。
本発明は、固体相粒子、および下流の分析のために微小流体デバイス上で固体相粒子を形成するための方法もまた提供する。固体相粒子は、種々の生物学的または化学的な分析(例えば、DNAまたはタンパク質の分析)のために使用することができる。
本発明において使用される流体は、1種以上の添加剤、例えば、表面張力を低下させる剤(界面活性剤)を含んでもよい。界面活性剤には、Tween、Span、フッ素系界面活性剤、および水と比較してオイルに溶解性である他の剤が含まれ得る。ある適用において、性能は、水相に第2の界面活性剤を加えることによって改善される。界面活性剤は、例えば、交差するチャネルに液滴を排出または注入するために必要とされる剪断力を減少することによって、液滴のサイズ、流れ、および均一性を制御または最適化する際の補助となり得る。これは、液滴のサイズおよび周期性、または交差するチャネルに液滴が中断される速度もしくは頻度に影響を与え得る。さらに、界面活性剤は、フッ素化オイル中の水性エマルジョンが合流しないように安定化させるように働くことができる。
本発明は、1つ以上の方向で、および/または微小流体デバイスの1つ以上のチャネルに向かって、細胞、粒子、分子、酵素、または試薬の流れを操作するために、バルブおよびポンプを利用することによって、圧力駆動流れ制御を使用する。しかし、電気浸透流れ制御、電気泳動、および誘電泳動(Fulwyer、Science 156,910(1974);LiおよびHarrison,Analytical Chemistry
69,1564(1997);Fiedlerら、Analytical Chemistry 70,1909−1915(1998);米国特許第5,656,155号)などの他の方法もまた、単独で、またはポンプおよびバルブと組み合わせて使用されてもよい。本発明に従うこれらの技術の適用は、例えば、検出モジュールにまたはその直後に配置可能な分別モジュール上またはその中で分別が起こるので、分析または分別のためのより迅速かつ正確なデバイスおよび方法を提供する。このことは、分子または細胞が移動するためのより短い距離を提供し、これらはより迅速に移動可能であり、より乱流が少なく、そして単一のファイル中で、すなわち、一度に1つで、容易に移動、試験、および分別可能である。
本発明の微小流体デバイスは1つ以上の入口モジュールを含む。「入口モジュール」は、さらなる合流、検出、および/または分別のために分子、細胞、小分子、または粒子を受容する微小流体基材デバイスの領域である。入口モジュールは、1つ以上の入口チャネル、ウェル、またはリザーバ、開口部、および、基材への分子、細胞、小分子、または粒子の進入を容易にする他の特徴を含むことができる。基材は、所望される場合、1つより多くの入口モジュールを含んでもよい。異なるサンプル入口チャネルが異なる入口モジュールにおいて主チャネルと連絡することができる。または、異なるサンプル入口チャネルが同じ入口モジュールにおいて主チャネルと連絡することができる。入口モジュールは主チャネルと流体連通している。入口モジュールは、一般的に、サンプルの溶液(すなわち、分子、細胞、小分子(有機または無機)または粒子などのサンプルを含む流体)が主チャネルに導入され、複数の液滴を形成するように、サンプル入口チャネルと主チャネルの間の連結部を備える。サンプル溶液は加圧可能である。サンプル入口チャネルは、サンプル溶液が、主チャネルを通過する流体の流動に対して直角である角度で主チャネルに導入されるように、主チャンネルと交差することができる。例えば、サンプル入口チャネルおよび主チャネルはT型形状連結部で遮られる:すなわち、サンプル入力チャネルは主チャネルに対して直角(90°)である。しかし、サンプル入力チャネルは任意の角度で主チャネルを遮ることができ、流れに対して直角である角度で主チャネルにサンプル流体を導入する必要はない。交差するチャネルの間の角度は約60°から約120°までの範囲である。特定の例示的な角度は、45°、60°、90°、および120°である。
本明細書に記載される微小流体デバイスの特定設計の実施形態は、特定の液体の液滴のより再現可能でかつ制御可能な相互嵌合、続いて、本明細書にさらに詳細に記載される、これらの液滴の対合流を可能にする。液滴対は、異なる組成および/または体積の液体を含むことができ、次いで、これらは研究される特定の反応を可能にするために組み合わせる。液滴の対は、以下のいずれかからであり得る:(i)2つの連続する水性流動またはオイル流動;(ii)連続する水性流動、エマルジョン流動、およびオイル流動、または(iii)2つのエマルジョン流動およびオイル流動。「相互嵌合」という用語は、本明細書で使用される場合、最終的な合流のための、別々の水性流動からまたは2つの別々の入口ノズルからの液滴の対合を意味する。
本明細書のデバイスは、入口モジュールにおいて、サンプルをデバイスに導入するためのサンプル溶液リザーバまたはウェルまたは他の装置を備えることができ、これは、典型的には、入口チャネルと流体連通している。本発明の微小流体デバイスに1つ以上のサンプルを負荷するために使用されるリザーバおよびウェルには、シリンジ、カートリッジ、バイアル、エッペンドルフチューブ、および細胞培養材料(例えば、96ウェルプレート)が含まれるがこれらに限定されない。リザーバは、デバイスへの、または各分析ユニットのサンプル入口チャネルへの分子または細胞の導入を容易にし得る。
本発明の微小流体デバイスは、表面PEG官能基化をもたらすために適切なPEG−シランの蒸気または溶液で処理されたシリンジ(または他のガラス容器)を備え得る。ガラス容器(例えば、シリンジ)の壁をPEG官能基で処理することの目的は、本発明の微小流体デバイスへの生物学的/化学的物質の適切な移動を妨げる、容器の内壁への生物学的付着を妨害することである。入口チャネルは、上記デバイスにサンプルを導入するための手段にさらに接続される。この手段は、ウェルまたはリザーバであり得る。この手段は温度制御され得る。入口モジュールは、サンプルがそこを通って供給されてもよい液体クロマトグラフィーまたはHPLCチュービングなどのチュービングの1本の適切なチュービングを受容するように適合されたコネクタもまた備え得る。かかる配置は、入口モジュールにおいて所望の注入速度を達成するために陽圧下でサンプル溶液を導入することを容易にする。
本発明は、サンプルの負荷および/または注入の効率を改善するために1つ以上の入口チャネルに近接する自己整合流体接続を含む1つ以上の入口モジュールを含む。
本発明は、微小流体デバイスへの流体相互接続の直接的成型の方法もまた提供する。市販の微小流体プラットフォームの開発は、操作者の誤りおよび漏れの可能性を減少させるために、単純な信頼できる流体相互接続を必要とする。これらの相互接続を微小流体デバイスに直接的に成型することは、微小流動および電気的チャネルを形成するために使用されるパターン化されたシム(シリコン/フォトレジストから製造され、またはある金属から作られた「マスター」)への成型ピンの正確な整列を必要とする。PDMSなどの低粘度エラストマーを用いる成型の場合に必要とされる極度な耐久性は、マスターの不完全さ、および成型ツールの組み立てをなお調整しながら、マスターへのピン面のほぼ完全なシーリングを必要とする。1つの実施形態において、本発明は、ツールに直接的に成型されたエラストマースリーブに捕捉された移動可能なピンを導入することによって、成型プロセスにおける不完全さを調整しながら、相互接続を成型する正確かつ反復可能な方法を提供する。比較的少ない体積で効率的に製造するため、および安価にデバイスのプロトタイプを製造することが可能であるように、このツールは、標準的なフォトリソグラフィープロセスを使用して生成したマスターを使用可能でなければならない(例えば、SU−8でパターン化されたシリコンウェハ)。
入口モジュールのウェルまたはリザーバは音響アクチュエータをさらに備える。特定の生物学的/化学的物質(例えば、細胞)の単一の構成要素を含む1つの液滴を得るために、生物学的/化学的物質の分離、および微小流体チャネル中の生物学的/化学的物質の数密度の均一性が所望される。従って、微小流体デバイスは音響アクチュエータを備え得る。負荷したサンプル(生物学的/化学的物質)は十分に混合し、カプセル化のためのノズル領域に送る前に、音波によって小型チャンバーの中で分離できる。音波の周波数は、細胞にいかなる損傷も引き起こさないように微調整するべきである。音響混合の生物学的効果は十分に研究されており(例えば、インクジェット工業)、多くの公開された文献もまた、圧電微小流体デバイスが、生きている微生物およびDNAなどのインタクトな生物学的ペイロードを送達し得ることを示した。
本発明の微小流体デバイスは1つ以上の合流モジュールもまた備える。「合流モジュール」は、入口モジュールにおけるまたはその下流の主チャネルの少なくとも一部の中にまたはそれと同時にあり、ここで、液滴内に含まれる分子、細胞、小分子、または粒子が、分子、細胞、小分子、または粒子を含む他の液滴の近傍に運ばれ、近接する液滴がそれらの内容物を融合し、合流し、または合わせる。合流モジュールは、電気力を生成するための装置もまた含み得る。
本発明のデバイスは、流体制御における使用のためのチャネル、および統合金属合金成分(すなわち、電極)を鋳造するための金属合金で満たした他のチャネルを含み得る。または、これらの電極は、他の技術(例えば、インジウムスズ酸化物または白金などの金属から作られた、リソグラフィーパターン化された電極)を使用して製造できる。微小流動デバイスは、合流液滴の内容物を混合するために、液滴を合流させること、液滴を荷電させること、液滴を分別すること、液滴を検出すること、および液滴を振盪させることを含むがこれらに限定されない、流体に対して電気的機能を実施することのために有用な金属合金成分を含み得る。このデバイスは、1つより多くの上述の機能のために、1つより多くの上述の構成成分を含み得る。
本明細書に記載される好ましい実施形態において、液滴合流は、現在、液滴を同じ主チャネルに放出する2つの液滴形成ノズルを備えることによって実行されている。ノズルのサイズは、一方のノズルが排出ラインを満たす大きな液滴を形成し、一方他方のノズルが第1の液滴よりも小さな液滴を形成することを可能にする。より小さな液滴は、より大きな液滴の速度よりも遅い速度で形成され、このことは、最大でも1つの小さな液滴が大きな液滴間にあることを保証する。通常は、小さな液滴は、比較的短い距離にわたってより大きな液滴に追いつくが、時折、大きな液滴の背後の再循環区域は、小さな液滴が大きな液滴からサイクル的に分離することを引き起こす。加えて、小さな液滴は、たまに、ノズルと合流電極の間の距離にわたって大きな液滴に追いつかないことがある。従って、ある状況において、より強固な合流スキームが必要とされる。
本発明の微小流動デバイスは、1つ以上の検出モジュールもまた備え得る。「検出モジュール」は、デバイスの中の位置、典型的には、主チャネルの中の位置であり、ここでは、分子、細胞、小分子、または粒子が、少なくとも1つの所定の特徴に基づいて、検出、同定、測定、または問い合わせされる。任意に、例えば、レポーターの存在または量について試験することによって、分子、細胞、小分子、または粒子は一度に試験することができ、そして特徴が光学的に検出または測定される。例えば、検出モジュールは、1つ以上の検出装置と連絡される。検出装置は、光学的検出器または電気的検出器またはその組み合わせであり得る。適切な検出装置の例には、光導波路、顕微鏡、ダイオード、光刺激デバイス(例えば、レーザー)、光電子増倍管、およびプロセッサ(例えば、コンピュータおよびソフトエア)、およびその組み合わせが含まれ、これらは、特徴、マーカー、またはレポーターを表すシグナルを検出するために、ならびに測定または分別モジュールにおける分別動作を決定および方向付けするために協働する。しかし、他の検出技術もまた利用できる。
本発明は、液滴の検出および制御のために、自己整合光学的導波管および光学素子(レンズ、プリズム、ミラー、相互接続など)を提供する。かかる導波管は、流体チャネルへの十分に規定された光学的アクセスを提供して、光学的散乱、吸収、蛍光、または任意の他の光学的測定技術を可能にするために使用することができる。
1つ以上の検出センサーおよび/またはプロセッサは、流体液滴と検知連絡されるように配置することができる。「検知連絡」は、本明細書で使用される場合、流体システム中(例えば、チャネル中)の流体液滴、および/または流体液滴を含む流体システムの一部が同じ様式で検知および/または決定されるように、センサーがどこにでも配置され得ることを意味する。例えば、センサーは、流体液滴、および/または流体液滴を含む流体システムの一部と、流体的に、光学的または視覚的に、熱的に、空気圧的に、電子的になどで、検知連絡にあり得る。センサーは、流体液滴、および/または流体液滴を含む流体システムの一部(例えば、チャネルまたは微小チャネル、流体液滴を含む液体など)を検知および/または決定することが可能であるように、流体システムに近接して配置され得、例えば、チャネルの壁の中に包埋されるかもしく統合的に接続され、または流体システムから別々に配置されるが、しかし、流体系と物理的、電気的、および/または光学的な連絡を有する。例えば、センサーは、液滴を含むチャネルと任意の物理的連絡を含まないかもしれないが、しかし、赤外、紫外、または可視光などの、液滴または流体系から生じる電磁放射を検出するために配置されてもよい。電磁放射は、液滴によって産生される可能性があるし、および/または流体システム(または流体システムの外部)の他の部分から生じる可能性があり、そして、例えば、吸収、反射、回折、屈折、蛍光、リン光、極性変化、相変化、時間に関する変化などを通して、流体液滴の1つ以上の特徴を示すためのような様式で、流体液滴および/または流体液滴を含む流体システムの一部と相互作用する。一例として、流体液滴および/または流体液滴を取り囲む液体に向けてレーザーを方向付けてもよく、流体液滴および/または流体液滴を取り囲む液体の蛍光が決定されてもよい。「検知連絡」は、本明細書で使用される場合、直接的または間接的であり得る。一例として、流体液滴からの光はセンサーに向けられ、またはセンサーに向けられる前に、光ファイバーシステム、導波管などを通して最初に向けられてもよい。
液滴に関して決定的であり、本発明において使用できる特徴は、当業者によって同定可能である。かかる特徴の非限定的な例には、蛍光、スペクトル測定(例えば、光学的、赤外、紫外など)、放射能、質量、体積、密度、温度、粘度、pH、生物学的物質(例えば、タンパク質、核酸など)のような物質の濃度などが含まれる。
本明細書で使用される場合、分析される生物学的/化学的実体は、それ自体が、例えば、特徴的な蛍光によって検出可能であり得、または、所望のタンパク質が存在するか、または少なくとも閾値量で存在する場合、検出可能なシグナルを生じるレポーターで標識されまたはそれに付随されてもよい。
偏光(mP)=1000*(S−G*P)/(S+G*P)
ここで、SおよびPはバックグラウンドを引いた蛍光計数比率であり、G(格子)は機器およびアッセイ依存的因子である。
別の態様において、本発明は、色素発光および色素濃度以外の特性を使用して、固体を直接標識している。1つの実施形態において、固体は、例えば、ビーズまたは固体支持体もしくはチップ上の位置を含み得る。液体について上記に実証したように、FIおよびFLは、標識として使用される特徴の多くの次元のうちの2つであり得る。非限定的な例として、ビーズまたは他の移動性固体支持体などの固体について、全体のFPを変化させるために異なるFLとともに2つの色素を使用することが可能である。
レポーターを検出するため、または分子、細胞、もしくは粒子が所望の特徴を有するか否かを決定するために、検出モジュールは、例えば、レーザー、半導体レーザー、発光ダイオード(LED)、高輝度ランプ(例えば、水銀ランプ)などのような測定可能な光エネルギーを放射する特徴について、レポーターを刺激するための装置を備えてもよい。ランプが使用される場合、チャネルは、好ましくは、検出モジュールを除くすべての領域において光から遮断される。レーザーが使用される場合、レーザーは、異なる分析ユニットからの検出モジュールのセットを横切って走査するように設定することができる。加えて、半導体レーザーまたはLEDは、分析ユニットを備える同じチップ上で微細加工されてもよい。代替的には、半導体レーザーまたはLEDは、ダイオードからのレーザー光が検出モジュール上で輝くように、分析またはマイクロチップに隣接して配置される第2のチップ(すなわち、半導体レーザーチップ)に取り込まれ得る。
本明細書で使用される場合、「プロセッサ」または「マイクロプロセッサ」は、例えば、数式または電子回路もしくは計算回路を使用することによって、1つ以上のセンサーからのシグナルを受け取り、シグナルを保存し、および/または1つ以上の応答を方向付ける(例えば、上記のように)ことが可能である任意の構成要素またはデバイスである。シグナルは、センサーによって決定される環境因子を示す任意の適切なシグナル、例えば、空気シグナル、電子シグナル、光学的シグナル、機械的シグナルなどであり得る。
液滴内容物検出はまた、単分子限界と同程度の感度を有する分光学的蛍光画像処理を使用して、並行して複数の液滴の内容物の同時検出によって達成することもできる。蛍光団生物学的マーカーのような蛍光実体、および/または顕微鏡の視野の二次元シートの中の量子ドットを含む液滴を空間的に分配することができる。次いで、これらの液滴の視野は、蛍光励起源によって照射することができ、得られる蛍光は分光学的に画像化できる。それゆえに、所定の蛍光検出感度について、単一液滴蛍光検出法と比較した、蛍光検出の処理能力は、所定の感度について、a/bの因数で増加され得、ここで、aは所定の視野内で画像化できる液滴の数であり、bは、複数液滴の蛍光検出器と比較した、単一液滴の蛍光検出器の蛍光感度の比率である。さらに、液滴が検出体積を通して流れ、その結果、それらの検出体積への滞留時間、従って、シグナル積分時間および感度が制限されている単一液滴蛍光検出法とは異なり、視野の中の液滴の滞留時間は無制限であり得、それによって、単一分子限界と同程度に高い感度を可能にする。
本発明のデバイスは、ビーズの使用、ならびにビーズを分析および分別するための方法(すなわち、ビーズリーダーデバイス)もまた含む。このデバイスは、2つ以上のビーズのセットの1つ以上を含む液滴を読み取り、そして分別するかまたは分別しないかのいずれかであり得る。各ビーズはセット内の他のビーズから互いに区別することができる。ビーズは、量子色素、蛍光色素、蛍光色素の比率、放射能、放射性タグなどを含むがこれらに限定されない、いくつかのタグによって分離することができる。例えば、一連のビーズは、区別できる量である2種の色素の一定の比率を含み、1つの区別できる比率を含むビーズを、2つの色素の異なる比率を有するこのセット中の他のビーズから検出および区別するための装置を伴う。微小流体デバイスは常磁性ビーズを含み得る。常磁性ビーズは、液滴の合流事象と分裂事象を使用して、液滴からの化学成分の導入および取り出しを行うことができる。常磁性ビーズは、液滴を分別するためにもまた使用できる。
本発明の微小流体デバイスは、1つ以上の分別モジュールをさらに備え得る。「分別モジュール」は、検出モジュール中での試験と関連して受容されるシグナルに依存して、出口モジュール(すなわち、収集モジュールまたは廃棄モジュール)への送達のために、1つ以上の他のチャネル、例えば、分岐チャネルに入るために、分子、細胞、小分子、または粒子の流れが方向を変えることができるチャネルの接続部である。典型的には、分別モジュールは、モニターされ、および/または検出モジュールの制御下にあり、それゆえに、分別モジュールは、かかる検出モジュールに「対応」し得る。分別領域は、1つ以上の分別装置と連絡し、そしてこれによって影響を受ける。分別装置は、技術または制御システム、例えば、誘電性、電気性、電気浸透性、(微小)バルブなどを備える。制御システムは、分子、細胞、小分子、または粒子の流れを、所定の分岐チャネルに変更または方向付けるための種々の分別技術を利用することができる。「分岐チャネル」は、分別領域および主チャネルと連絡しているチャネルである。主チャネルは、例えば、T形状またはY形状を形成する、分別モジュールまたは「分岐点」において2つ以上の分岐チャネルと連絡することができる。他の形状およびチャネルジオメトリーが所望されるように使用されてもよい。典型的には、分岐チャネルは、検出モジュールによって検出され、そして分別モジュールにおいて分別されるように、目的の分子、細胞、小分子、または粒子の特徴に依存して、分子、細胞、小分子、または粒子を受容する。分岐チャネルは、出口モジュールを有し、および/または、分子、細胞、小分子、もしくは粒子の収集もしくは廃棄を可能にするためのウェルもしくはリザーバ(それぞれ、収集モジュールまたは廃棄モジュール)で終結し得る。または、分岐チャネルは、さらなる分別を可能にするための他のチャネルと連絡してもよい。
ある実施形態において、2つの異なる測定に基づいて液滴を分別することが有用であり得る。例えば、2つのシグナルの比率、2つのシグナルの合計、または2つのシグナル間の違いに基づいて分別することが望ましくあり得る。具体的には、これは、酵素を最適化したい場合であって、その結果、その酵素が1種の基質に対して働くが他に対しては働かず、または2種の基質に対して働く場合に有用である。これは、液滴の集団に対して複数ラウンドの選択を使用して行うためには容易ではない。現在の分別技術のこの欠点を克服するために、本発明は、液滴を分割し、2つの娘液滴に対して異なる実験を実施し、次いで再順序付けを行い、その結果、連続的に検出器を通過するための適切なジオメトリーを有する複数チャネルを備えたデバイスを提供する。次いで、2つのシグナルにおける合計、比率、または違いを、液滴が分別分岐に入る前に計算することができる。指標色素または等価な物質は、各液滴がレーザーに入りそして離れるときを示すために、一方または両方の液滴に加えてもよい。代表的なスケッチを図23に示す。
本発明は、細胞の生存度に対する潜在的な損傷を最小化するように、最小限の数の工程でかつ穏やかな様式で、微小流体デバイス上で収集された水性エマルジョンから水相成分を回収するための方法を提案する。
本発明の微小流体デバイスは、1つ以上の混合モジュールをさらに備えることができる。1つ以上の合流モジュール中での1つ以上の液滴の合流は、合流液滴の内容物を混合するために十分であり得るが(例えば、液滴内に存在するものを回転ボルテックスすることを通して)、2つの液滴が融合または合流する場合、液滴中の完全な混合は、即時的には起こらないことに注意するべきである。その代わりに、例えば、合流した液滴は、最初に、第1の流体領域(第1の液滴から)および第2の流体領域(第2の液滴から)から形成される可能性がある。従って、ある場合において、流体領域は、例えば、流体液滴の中の内部の「逆回転」流に起因して、別々の領域として残っている可能性があり、従って、不均一な流体液滴を生じる。「混合モジュール」は、これらの内容物を混合するために、振盪するための特徴を備え、またはさもなくは液滴を操作することができる。混合モジュールは、好ましくは、合流モジュールから下流でかつ検出モジュールの上流である。混合モジュールは、液滴の内容物を混合するため、および微小流体デバイス中で単一の液滴に合わせる流体の混合回数を減少させるために、チャネルジオメトリー、音響アクチュエータ、金属合金成分電極、または導電性パターン化された電極を含み得るがこれらに限定されない。例えば、流体液滴は、1つ以上のチャネル、または液滴がその速度および/または動きの方向の変化を引き起こす他のシステムを通過させてもよい。方向の変化は、液滴中の対流パターンを変化させる可能性があり、流体が少なくとも部分的に混合されることを引き起こす。組み合わせもまた可能である。
本発明の微小流体デバイスは、1つ以上の遅延モジュールをさらに備えることができる。「遅延モジュール」は、遅延ラインであり得る。液体内の反応が、ささいではない時間の長さの間、起こることを可能にする微小流体デバイスの操作は、デバイス中の滞留時間を増加させるために遅延ラインを必要とする。長い滞留時間を要求する反応については、より長いかまたはより大きな遅延ラインが必要とされる。従って、本発明は、微小流体デバイス中の滞留時間を増加させるための方法を提供する。
本発明の微小流体デバイスは、1つ以上のUV放出モジュールをさらに備え得る。「UV放出モジュール」は、主チャネルと液体連絡している。UV放出モジュールは、入口モジュールの下流でありかつ合流モジュールの上流に配置される。UVモジュールは、ビーズアッセイにおいて使用することができる。カプセル化ビーズからの化合物は、UV光を使用して、UV放出モジュール中で切断することができる。感光性リンカーは、単一のビーズがカプセル化された後で、要求に応じて分解することができ、従って、単一の化合物の複数コピーを溶液に放出する。本明細書に開示される細胞ベースのアッセイにおいて、アッセイされる化学化合物は、細胞膜を透過するために、溶液中にあることが所望される。さらに、細胞を用いての単一の化合物の区画化を保証するために、固体支持体からの化合物の切断は、ビーズがカプセル化された後でのみ行うことができる。光切断性リンカーは、液滴形成後のビーズの化合物を切断するために、液滴をUV放出モジュールに通過させること(すなわち、適切な波長のレーザー)によって利用することができる。
便宜上、本明細書に記載され、本明細書において利用される所定量の試薬、化合物ライブラリー、および/またはエマルジョンは、本明細書に記載される種々のアッセイおよび方法の適用を容易にするために、パッケージした組み合わせでのキットとして任意に提供することができる。かかるキットは、典型的には,対象のアッセイを実行するための指示書もまた含み、そして任意に、そこで反応が実行される、流体容器、例えば、キュベット、マルチウェルプレート、微小流体デバイスなどを含む。
本発明の微小流体デバイスは、多数の化学的アッセイおよび生物学的アッセイを実施するために利用でき、かかるアッセイには以下が含まれるがこれらに限定されない:エマルジョンライブラリーの作製、フローサイトメトリー、遺伝子増幅、等温遺伝子増幅、DNA配列決定、SNP分析、薬物スクリーニング、RNAi分析、核型分析、バイオマス転換の改善を伴う微生物株の作製、光ピンセット/細胞トラッピングを使用する細胞の移動、エレクトロポレーションによる細胞の形質転換、μTAS、およびDNAハイブリダイゼーション。
本明細書で使用される用語は、一般的に、本発明の状況の中で、および各々の用語が使用される特定の状況の中で、当該分野におけるそれらの通常の意味を有する。特定の用語は、以下でまたは本明細書の他の箇所で議論され、本発明のデバイスおよび方法、ならびにこれらをいかにして作製および使用するかを説明する際に、実務者に対するさらなる手引きを提供する。同じことが、典型的には、1つより多くの様式で説明できることが認識される。結果的に、代替的な言葉および同義語が、本明細書で議論される任意の1つ以上の用語のために使用されてもよい。特定の用語のための同義語が提供される。しかし、1つ以上の同義語の列挙は、他の同義語の使用を除外せず、その用語が本明細書で詳述または議論されているか否かについて、いかなる特別な意味も与えない。本明細書で言及されるすべての刊行物、特許出願、特許、および他の参考文献は、参照により本明細書に援用される。矛盾する場合には、定義を含む本明細書が優先する。加えて、材料、方法、および実施例は例示のみであり、限定を意図するものではない。
本発明は、液滴の各々が同じ所定のサイズである液滴エマルジョン(単分散)のライブラリーを調製するための方法を提供する。さらに、本発明は、微小流体デバイス上の液滴中に存在し得る連続的粒子分離のための予定的側方変位のための方法を提供する。
本発明は、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)を実施するための方法を提供する。PCRは、本発明に従う微小流体デバイスにおいて一滴ずつを基礎(drop−by−drop
basis)にして実施することができる。加熱ラインおよび冷却ラインがチップの中に構築され、分類手段が提供されているモノリシックチップを提供することができる。かかるチップ上の液滴中でPCRを実施することの利点は、チップが使い捨て可能であり、反応の間にデバイスを洗浄することなく反応を反復できるという点である。さらに、チップは、正確な濃度で液滴中のPCRを実施するためにすべての成分を得る便利な方法を提供する。加えて、熱移動が小さな体積に起因してより効率的であるので、PCRはより効率的である。このことは、より短いインキュベーション/滞留時間を提供する。核酸、すべてのPCRプライマー、および、存在する場合、ビーズを含む液滴は、1秒あたり100〜20,000個の間の液滴の速度で、一度に1つ生成される。次いで、液滴は、加熱ラインと冷却ラインの間のサーペンタイン経路を通して送り、液滴の中の遺伝物質を増幅することができる。デバイスを出る際に、液滴は、さらなるオンチップまたはオフチップでのプロセシングのために送られ、別のチップに方向付けられてもよく、またはエマルジョンが破壊されてPCR産物を放出してもよい。存在する場合、ビーズは、濾過デバイスを通してエマルジョンを通過させること、沈殿、または遠心分離によって収集してもよい。
1.各サンプルについて、以下を合わせる:
SAP(1ユニット/μL) 2μL
ExoI(10ユニット/μL)、0.2μL
脱イオン水、6.0μL
注記:一般にPCR産物マイクロリットルあたり、0.5単位の各酵素を使用して、この手順が良好に働く。この手順は、SAP緩衝液の使用あり、または使用なしで、等しく良好に働くようであり、従って、これは、このプロトコールにおいて除外されている。
2.上記の混合物に4.0μlのPCR産物を加える。
3.37℃で1時間インキュベートする。
4.酵素を不活化するために、72℃で15分間インキュベートする。
プライマーおよびdNTPの量を制限するPCRプロトコールは、反応の産物が、精製なしで配列決定のために使用されることを可能にする。これは、通常、プライマーおよびdNTPの大部分が増幅の間に使い果たされるように、5〜10pmolのプライマーおよび20〜40μMのdNTPを用いてPCR増幅を設定することによって実行される。所望のPCR産物の収量が高く、産物が特異的である場合、すなわち、アガロース電気泳動によって分析したときに単一バンドを生じる場合には、サンプルは配列決定の前に希釈でき、良好な結果を与える。希釈比率はPCR産物の濃度に依存し、経験的に決定する必要がある(脱イオン水を用いて、1:2および1:10希釈で開始する)。プライマーおよびdNTPの濃度を制限し、PCR産物を希釈する場合、PCRパラメーターは強固でなければならない。直接的PCR配列決定は、同じ標的が増幅され、反復して配列決定され、そしてPCR条件が最適化されている適用において最も有用である。直接的PCR配列決定は、ダイプライマー法を用いて行うことができる。ダイターミネーター法を用いると、PCRプライマーが消費されることが遙かにより重要である。過度のPCRプライマーは、サイクル配列決定反応によって伸長および標識され、ノイズが大きいデータを生じる。直接的PCR配列決定は、XL PCRのためには機能しない。なぜなら、プライマーおよびdNTPの制限量は使用することができない。PCR産物は精製されるべきであり、または過度のプライマーおよびヌクレオチドは、SAP/ExoI処理によって分解するべきである。
本発明は、微小流体デバイス上で等温型増幅方法を実施するための方法を提供する。等温増幅は、本明細書に記載される標準的なPCR技術の代替である。等温増幅は、サンプル中のバックグラウンドDNAの相対量を減少するために使用される。プライマーは、増幅の一定温度手段において一般的に使用される。等温増幅は,SNP検出において適用される。一旦、DNAが等温増幅によって増幅されると、どのヌクレオチド多型が存在するかを検出するためのいくつかの周知の手段が存在する。これらには、対立遺伝子特異的プライマー伸長、オリゴヌクレオチドライゲーションアッセイ、ミニ配列決定、蛍光偏光などが含まれる。等温増幅はまた、DNA配列決定調製のために適用可能である。等温増幅したDNAは、液滴の中の固相に結合させることができ、チップ上のパーキング空間中に配置させることができる。ビーズまたはパーキング空間は評価することができ、増幅されたDNAはDNA配列決定反応のために使用される。さらに、等温増幅は、遺伝子発現分析のために適用可能である。等温増幅は、定量的な様式で産生されたcDNAの量の測定によって遺伝子発現をモニターするために使用することができる。等温増幅のための多くの方法が当該分野において公知であり、これには以下の例が含まれるがこれらに限定されない。
本明細書に記載されるPCRおよび等温増幅は、単一ヌクレオチド多型分析を実施する際に非常に有用であり得る。単一ヌクレオチド多型、またはSNPは、ヒトのDNAは配列中に存在し得る小さな遺伝子の変化またはバリエーションである。遺伝コードは、4つのヌクレオチド「文字」A(アデニン)、C(シトシン)、T(チミン)、およびG(グアニン)によって特定される。SNPのバリエーションは、単一のヌクレオチド、例えば、Aが、他の3種のヌクレオチド文字−C、G、またはTを置き換えるときに起こる。
本明細書に記載されるPCRおよび等温増幅は、基材については固定化DNAに依存する、Solexaの1Gシークエンサーなどの市販のDNAシークエンサーのために必要なサンプル調製プロセスを提供する際に非常に有用であり得る。1つの実施形態において、単一の分子は、表面固定化のために使用される部分で処理されたPCRプライマーを使用して増幅でき、次いで、スライドの表面を横切って、PCRポジティブ液滴を流し、充填エマルジョンを形成する。次いで、このエマルジョンを破壊することができ、プライマーは、PCR産物を結合する適切なコーティングの存在のために、スライドに結合することが可能にされる。
本発明は、微小流体デバイス上の液滴中で少ないコピー数の核酸の存在および/または配列を検出するための方法を提供する。核酸の相補的配列を用いてサンプルをプローブすることによる、サンプル中に存在する特定の核酸配列の検出は、周知の技術である。核酸は、相補的核酸に結合する際に高度に特異的であり、従って、特定の核酸がサンプル中に存在するか否かを決定することは有用である。検出される特異的核酸の配列を知らなければならず、次いで特異的核酸配列に相補的な核酸配列を有するプローブを構築しなくてはならない。
本発明は、強制的な引っ込めおよび同じ流体ポートへの再注入を使用することによって、第1の微小流体基材の機能性を、第2の微小流体基材のそれと合併する、微小流体デバイスのトポロジーおよび実行を提供する。現在の多段階アッセイにおいて、以下のステップが、「2段階」実験を完了するために実施しなくてはならない:(1)第1の微小流体基材の導入;(2)すべての第1段階試薬の導入;(3)すべての流体ラインの開始およびデバイス操作の安定化;(4)デバイスの安定化後、機器への保存容器のパッシブ接続;(5)収集完了時、第1のデバイスからの保存容器への分断;(6)収集したエマルジョンのインキュベーション;(7)機器からの第1のデバイスの取り出し;(8)実験の第2の段階のために必要とされる流体ラインの洗浄;(9)機器への第2のデバイスの導入;(10)すべての第2段階試薬の接続、第1の段階の間に収集したエマルジョンを含む;(11)測定の後半を実行する前に第2のデバイスへの流体接続を開始すること;および(12)第2段階の収集/読み取り。
低分子干渉RNA(siRNA)の使用による、RNAi(RNA干渉)を通しての遺伝子サイレンシングは、分子生物学のための強力なツールとして出現し、治療用遺伝子サイレンシングのために使用される潜在能力を保持している。標的細胞内の低分子DNAプラスミドから転写した低分子ヘアピンRNA(shRNA)もまた、安定な遺伝子サイレンシングを媒介し、化学合成したsiRNAを用いるトランスフェクションによって得られたものと比較し得るレベルの遺伝子ノックダウンを達成することが示されてきた(T.R.Brummelkamp,R.Bernards,R.Agami,Science
296,550(2002),P.J.Paddison,A.A.Caudiy,G.J.Hannon,PNAS 99,1443(2002))。治療目的のためのRNAiの可能な適用は広範囲であり、癌遺伝子またはウイルス遺伝子などの疾患遺伝子のサイレンシングまたはノックダウンを含む。
多くの疾患が、特定の染色体異常に関連する。例えば、癌細胞の染色体は、しばしば、転座と呼ばれる異常を示し、ここでは、1つの染色体の断片がちぎれて、別の染色体の末端に付着する。かかる染色体異常を同定すること、および疾患におけるこれらの役割を決定することは、多くの遺伝疾患を診断するための新しい方法を開発する際の重要な段階である。ギムザ染色を使用する伝統的な核型分析は、科学者がヒトの染色体のフルセットを黒色および白色で見ることを可能にし、染色体の数およびサイズを観察するために有用な技術である。しかし、核型分析を迅速かつ正確に改善する方法についての必要性が当該分野において存在している。
Resolution.Cytometry」Part A 69A:1028−1036(2006)に記載されるように調製することができる:
1.細胞株の細胞周期時間に依存して、最適な時間の長さで、0.1 lg/mlデメコルチン使用して、細胞を中期で静止させる(懸濁液の場合は約5時間、接着細胞株のときは16時間、およびLPS刺激Bリンパ球培養物では4時間)。
2.細胞を収集し、289gで5分間遠心分離する。上清を除く。
3.5mlの低張液(75mM KCl、10mM MgSO4、0.2mMスペルミン、0.5mM スペルミジン、pH 8.0)中に細胞ペレットを再懸濁し、室温で10分間インキュベートする。
4.細胞懸濁液を289gで5分間遠心分離する。上清を除く。
5.3mlの氷冷したポリアミン単離緩衝液(PAB、15mM Tris、2mM EDTA、0.5mM EGTA、80mM KCl 3mM ジチオスレイトール、0.25% Triton X−100、0.2mM スペルミン、0.5mM スペルミジン、pH 7.50を含有)中で細胞ペレットを再懸濁、そして20秒間ボルテックスする。
6.染色体懸濁液を、201gで2分間手短に遠心分離する。上清を20 lmメッシュフィルターに通す。
7.5 lg/ml Hoechst、40 lg/ml クロモマイシンA3、および10mM MgSO4を用いて、染色体を一晩染色する。
8.フロー分析の1時間前、染色した染色体懸濁液に、10mMのクエン酸ナトリウムおよび25mMの亜硫酸ナトリウムを加える。
本発明は、バイオマス転換の改善を有する微生物株およびかかる株を調製する方法を提供する。バイオマスは、植物材料、すなわち、木、草、農作物、または他の生物学的材料、例えば、動物材料などの有機材料である。これは、固形燃料として、または液体型もしくは気体型に転換され、電力、熱、化学物質、もしくは燃料の製造のために、使用することができる。バイオマスは、繊維製品、食品供給、環境、通信、住宅などの他の産業分野における他の市販品を製造する際に使用することができる。例えば、バイオ燃料開発は、バイオマスのエタノールへの転換の改善を有する、新たな微生物株の開発を探索する。
本発明はまた、バイオマス転換の改善を有する微生物株を作製するための方法を提供する。1つの実施形態において、この方法は、微細加工基材で作った微小流体デバイスを提供する工程を包含する。この微細加工基材は、互いに流体連通されており、それによって、少なくとも1つの連続相流体を運ぶように適合された少なくとも1つの主チャネルを形成するように、一体的に配置された、複数の電気的にアドレス可能なチャネルを有するモジュールを備え得る。この方法はさらに以下の工程を包含する:1つ以上の液滴が連続相流体中で形成されるように、第1の入口チャネルを通して、微細加工基材の主チャネルまで、緩衝液、微生物ライブラリー、および媒体(別々の液体または1つの液体ですべて一緒に)を流す工程;1つ以上の液滴が上記連続相流体中で形成されるように、第2の入口チャネルを通して、微細加工基材の主チャネルまで、基材を流す工程;液滴が合流モジュールを通過するときに基材を含む液滴とともに、微生物ライブラリーを含む液滴を合流させ、それによって、NanoRefineryを生成する工程;微細加工基材上の検出モジュール中の所定の特徴について、NanoRefineryに問い合わせる工程;および微細加工基材上の収集モジュール中の目的の微生物を含むNanoRefineryを収集する工程。アッセイシステム、例えば、それによって所望の生成物が産生されたか否かを決定する手段、またはそれによって出発基材材料の非存在を決定するための手段もまた、液滴またはNanoRefineryの1つに取り込まれ得る。このアッセイシステムは、基材の添加の前、その後、または同時のいずれかで、加えることができる。
本発明は、改善された活性を有する酵素をスクリーニングする方法を提供する。一例として、少なくとも1つの細胞(原核生物または真核生物)が液滴中に沈着され、細胞は、同種アッセイが利用可能である物質を分泌するようにされる。特別な例として、変異原処理培地からの個別のバチルス・スブチリス細胞は、30ミクロン増殖培地含有液滴中に沈着され、得られる液滴は収集され、一晩インキュベートされる。この細菌は液滴中にプロテアーゼを分泌する。次いで、バチルスを含む液滴は、プロテアーゼ切断可能な色素で標識したペプチドを含むアッセイ液滴とともに個々に合同される。切断されていないペプチドは無色であるのに対して、切断されたペプチドは赤色になる。液滴は、色形成を可能にするように、十分な時間、チップ上でインキュベートする。赤色である液滴を分別する。次いで、収集した分別した液滴は、固形増殖培地上に配置し、得られるコロニーは、一晩インキュベーション後、液滴からの個々のクローン性単離物を表す。
Claims (15)
- 細胞から分泌された物質を分析する方法であって、該方法は、
複数の液滴を提供する工程であって、それぞれの液滴は少なくとも1つの細胞および増殖培地を含む、工程;
複数の該液滴をインキュベートし、それにより、それぞれの液滴において少なくとも1つの分泌された物質を形成する工程;および
複数の液滴のそれぞれにおいて該分泌された物質の同種アッセイを実施する工程
を含む、方法。 - 前記細胞が、細菌細胞、真菌細胞、植物細胞または動物細胞である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記実施する工程の前に、前記液滴のそれぞれを標識された化合物を含むアッセイ液滴と合同する工程をさらに含む、請求項1〜2のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記標識された化合物が標識されたペプチドである、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記標識が色素である、請求項3〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記合同する工程の後に、前記液滴において少なくとも1つの条件を変化させる工程をさらに含む、請求項3〜5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの条件がpHおよび/または温度である、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記pHが酸性に変化される、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記pHがアルカリ性に変化される、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記合同する工程が前記インキュベートする工程の前である、請求項3〜9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記合同する工程が前記インキュベートする工程の後である、請求項3〜9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記実施する工程の前に、それぞれの液滴において前記細胞を溶解する工程をさらに含む、請求項3〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記提供する工程における前記複数の液滴のそれぞれが酵素のための基質を含む、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- インキュベーションの後に、酵素のための基質を前記複数の液滴のそれぞれに導入する工程をさらに含む、請求項3〜12のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記酵素が抗体と結合体化される、請求項13〜14のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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