o

See also: Appendix:Variations of "o" and O

o	U+006F, o LATIN SMALL LETTER O

← n
[U+006E]

Basic Latin

p →
[U+0070]

Character variations

ᵒ	U+1D52, ᵒ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL O

← ᵑ
[U+1D51]

Phonetic Extensions

ᵓ →
[U+1D53]

ｏ	U+FF4F, ｏ FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER O

← ｎ
[U+FF4E]

Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms

ｐ →
[U+FF50]

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English Wikipedia has an article on:

o

Wikipedia

Letter

o (upper case O)

The fifteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.
(superscript) See º.

Pronunciation

Pronunciation of IPA [oː]: (file)

Symbol

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Close-mid back rounded vowel

Wikipedia

o

(IPA) a close-mid back rounded vowel.
(superscript ⟨ᵒ⟩, IPA) [o]-coloring or a weak, fleeting, epenthetic or echo [o].
(phonetics, superscript ⟨ᵒ⟩) marks a labialized consonant.

Gallery

Letter styles
Uppercase and lowercase versions of O, in normal and italic type
Uppercase and lowercase O in Fraktur

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

(UK) IPA^(key): /ˈəʊ/
Audio (Received Pronunciation): (file)
(US) IPA^(key): /ˈoʊ/
Audio (General American): (file)
Homophones: oh, owe
Rhymes: -əʊ

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O, plural os or o's)

The fifteenth letter of the English alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.
Alternative form of ο, the fifteenth letter of the Classical and Modern Greek alphabets, called omicron and (astronomy) used as an abbreviation of omicron in star names.
The system's Bayer designation is o Persei.

Number

o (lower case, upper case O)

The ordinal number fifteenth, derived from this letter of the English alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.

Noun

o (plural oes)

The name of the Latin-script letter O/o.
A zero (used in reading out numbers).
It is currently two-o-five in the afternoon (2:05 PM).

The first permanent English settlement in America was in Jamestown in sixteen-o-seven (1607).

Alternative forms

oh

Derived terms

Translations

See o/translations § Noun.

Etymology 2

Particle

o

(nonstandard) alternative form of O (vocative particle)
- 2007, The Bay Psalm Book, Cosimo Classics, published 1640, p.37, 41 & 46:
  I lift my soule to thee o Lord
  mee, o Iehovah, heare
  In thee, o Lord, I put my trust

Translations

vocative particle to mark direct address — see O

Interjection

o

Alternative form of oh

Noun

o

(IRC, acronym of) Operator
(acronym of) Object, see SVO

Adjective

o

Over

Etymology 3

See o'.

Preposition

o

Alternative form of of

Etymology 4

Abbreviations.

(stenoscript) a word-initial letter ⟨o⟩.
(stenoscript) the long vowel /oʊ/ at the end of a word, or before a final consonant that is not /dʒ, v, z/. (Note: the final consonant is not written; [ɔə˞], [ɔː˞] count as /oʊr/.)
Thus the words or, owe.
(stenoscript) the words on, so.

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Alternative forms

-o

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /oː/

Particle

o

O (emphatic vocative marker of nouns)
O malet e Shqipërisë!
O mountains of Albania!

Usage notes

Used with indefinite forms only. Can be placed either before or after the noun:

Qup (“Coby”, indefinite) + -o → Qup-o (“O Coby”).
o + Qup → o Qup (“O Coby”).

Etymology

From Latin illum, accusative form of ille (“that”).

Article

o m (definite singulars)

the
O río Ebro ― The Ebro River

Usage notes

Becomes l' before many words beginning with a vowel.
The form lo, either pronounced as lo or ro, can be found after words ending with an -o.
Eastern dialects use the form el.

Etymology

From Latin aut.

Conjunction

o

or

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

(phoneme) IPA^(key): /ɔ/

Letter

o lower case (upper case O)

The twenty-first letter of the Azerbaijani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Etymology 2

From Old Anatolian Turkish اول (ol), Proto-Turkic *ol.

Pronoun

More information Cyrillic, Abjad ...

Other scripts
Cyrillic		о
Abjad		او

Close

o (definite accusative onu, plural onlar)

he, she, it
O evdə deyil ― S/he is not at home.

O çox yaxşı insandır. ― S/he is a very good person.

Declension

More information singular, plural ...

	singular			plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
nominative	mən	sən	o	biz	siz	onlar
accusative	məni	səni	onu	bizi	sizi	onları
dative	mənə	sənə	ona	bizə	sizə	onlara
locative	məndə	səndə	onda	bizdə	sizdə	onlarda
ablative	məndən	səndən	ondan	bizdən	sizdən	onlardan
genitive	mənim	sənin	onun	bizim	sizin	onların

Close

Declension of Azerbaijani personal pronouns

Derived terms

onunku

Determiner

o

that, that one
Antonym: bu

O evdə deyil ― S/he isn't at that house.
- 2010 January 22, joy.az‎, archived from the original on 4 March 2022:
  Amma nə xoş o insana ki, səhvini başa düşüb və tövbə edib haqq yoluna qayıdır
  But blissful is the/that person who realizes his mistake and repents and returns to the path of righteous.

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Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/, [o̞]

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The sixteenth letter of the Basque alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.

Noun

o (indeclinable)

The name of the Latin-script letter O/o.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɔ/

Noun

o

tooth

Determiner

o (requires spirant mutation)

their
o zad ― their father

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈo]

Noun

o f (plural os)

the Latin letter O (lowercase o)

Etymology 2

From Latin aut.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈɔ]

Conjunction

o

or

Derived terms

o bé

Etymology

From Latin aut. Cognates include Italian o and Spanish o.

Conjunction

o

or

References

http://infcor.adecec.net/

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *ol. Compare Turkish o and Azerbaijani o.

Pronoun

o

(personal pronoun) he, she, it
Synonym: (Northern dialect) anav
(demonstrative pronoun) that

Declension

More information singular, plural ...

	singular			plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
nominative	men	sen	o	biz	siz	olar
accusative	meni	seni	onı	bizni	sizni	olarnı
dative	maña	saña	oña	bizge	sizge	olarǧa
locative	mende	sende	onda	bizde	sizde	olarda
ablative	menden	senden	ondan	bizden	sizden	olardan
genitive	menim	seniñ	onıñ	bizim	siziñ	olarnıñ

Close

Declension of Crimean Tatar personal pronouns

References

“o”, in Luğatçıq (in Russian)

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *o(b), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/
Audio: (file)

Preposition

o [with locative]

about

Preposition

o [with accusative]

for

Particle

o

(higher register or humorous) Vocative particle.
- For quotations using this term, see Citations:o.

Pronunciation

Rhymes: -oː
IPA^(key): /oː/
Audio: (file)

Interjection

o

oh

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The fifteenth letter of the Dutch alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Pronunciation

(letter name): IPA^(key): /o/
(phoneme): IPA^(key): /o/
Audio: (file)

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The nineteenth letter of the Esperanto alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.

Noun

o (accusative singular o-on, plural o-oj, accusative plural o-ojn)

The name of the Latin-script letter O/o.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈoː/, [ˈoː]

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The fifteenth letter of the Estonian alphabet, called oo and written in the Latin script.

Etymology

From Latin aut. Cognates include Spanish o and Italian o.

Conjunction

o

or

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese o, from Latin illo (“he”).

Article

o m sg (plural os, feminine a, feminine plural as)

(Mañegu) Masculine singular definite article; the
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:
  O términu de Valverdi, mais grandi, limita con Portugal, precisamenti con dois distintius Departamentos, que eran Beira Alta con capital en Guarda, a Beira Baixa con capital en Castelo Branco.
  The Valverde locality, the biggest, borders Portugal, more precisely with two distinct departments, which were Beira Alta with Guarda as its capital, and Beira Baixa with Castelo Branco as its capital.

Pronoun

o

(Mañegu) Third person singular masculine accusative pronoun; him

Etymology 2

From Old Galician-Portuguese ou, from Latin aut (“or”).

Conjunction

o

or
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme 6:
  Poin encontralsi, a o millol, hasta “oito” o mais.
  There can be found, at best, up to “eight” or more.

References

Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /oː/
Homophones: og, ov

Letter

o (upper case O)

The seventeenth letter of the Faroese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Etymology

The Finnish orthography using the Latin script was based on those of Swedish, German and Latin, and was first used in the mid-16th century. No earlier script is known. See the Wikipedia article on Finnish for more information, and o for information on the development of the glyph itself.

Pronunciation

Audio; “oo, mopo, orava, oo”: (file)

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The fifteenth letter of the Finnish alphabet, called oo and written in the Latin script.

Verb

o

(colloquial) third-person singular indicative present of olla
Kyl se o iha mielenkiintost hommaa kuitenki.
Still it's a pretty interesting job.

Etymology

Inherited from Latin hoc (“this”, neuter).

Pronoun

o (postpositive -o) (ORB, broad)

this, that, it (third-person singular neuter nominative or accusative)
it (impersonal)
Synonym: il

References

il [2] in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
o in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

Further information

Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “hŏc”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 4: G H I, page 441

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -o

Noun

o m (plural os)

The name of the Latin-script letter O/o.

Derived terms

e dans l’o

Symbol

o

(computing) octet (B (byte))

Derived terms

(computing): ko, Mo, Go, To, Po, Eo, Zo, Yo
(computing): o/s, ko/s, Mo/s, Go/s, To/s, Po/s, Eo/s, Zo/s, Yo/s

Etymology 1

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

A letter of the Fula alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

Common to all varieties of Fula (Fulfulde / Pulaar / Pular).

Etymology 2

Suffix

o (plural ɓe)

Noun class indicator for nouns (singular) having to do with people, and for loan words

Usage notes

Common to all varieties of Fula (Fulfulde / Pulaar / Pular).

Pronoun

o

he, she (third person singular subject pronoun; short form)

Usage notes

Common to all varieties of Fula (Fulfulde / Pulaar / Pular).
This is used in all conjugations except for affirmative non-accomplished (where the long form is used).

Alternative forms

mo

Derived terms

makko (possessive pronoun)

Related terms

omo (second person singular subject pronoun; long form)
himo (second person singular subject pronoun; long form; variant in Pular)
kanko (emphatic form)

Article

o

(definite) the (when it follows the noun)
Debbo o ― the woman

Usage notes

Common to all varieties of Fula (Fulfulde / Pulaar / Pular).

Determiner

o

used in indicating someone
O debbo ― this/that woman

Usage notes

Common to all varieties of Fula (Fulfulde / Pulaar / Pular).

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *ol. Compare Turkish o.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/

Pronoun

o

he, she, it

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/ [ʊ]

Rhymes: -o
Audio: (file)

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese o, from Latin illum, from ille.

Alternative forms

lo

Article

o m sg (feminine singular a, masculine plural os, feminine plural as)

masculine singular definite article; the

Usage notes

The definite article o (in all its forms), due to historical sandhi, regularly forms contractions when it follows the prepositions a (“to”), con (“with”), de (“of, from”), and en (“in”). For example, con o (“with the”) contracts to co, and en o (“in the”) contracts to no.
The definite article o (in all its forms), due to historical sandhi, contracts with preceding words which ends in [s] or [r] into the second form of the article lo (la, los, las); this feature, frequent in spoken Galician, is not always marked in the written language. When done, a hyphen is used to separate both words:

Debes comer o caldo ~ Debes come-lo caldo ― You should eat the soup

Derived terms

ao
co
do
no
ó

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronoun

o

accusative of el

Usage notes

The Galician pronouns, being atones, are usually appended to the verb; though sandhi, o could acquire the form -no (for example, when appended to a verb form ended in a falling diphthong or in a nasal consonant, the nasal in -no having an antihiatic epenthetic origin) or -lo (when appended to a verb form ended in a -s or -r, the l having its origin in the assimilation of the -s or -r with the l present in the pronoun before the 12th century).

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)

Interjection

o

O
- 1843, Gallus Schwab, Gebetbuch für katholische Christen, Bamberg, page 45:
  Sei gegrüßet, o Du mein Jesu! Mit tieftster Demuth bete ich Dich an und verehre Dich!
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Romanization

ō

Romanization of 𐍉

Etymology

Clipping of óga.

Noun

o

house

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/

Conjunction

o

or, lest

Preposition

o

of, belonging to

Usage notes

Used for possessions that are inherited, out of personal control, and for things that can be got into (houses, clothes, cars), while a is used for acquired possessions.

Pronunciation

(phoneme): IPA^(key): [ˈo]
(letter name): IPA^(key): [ˈo]

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The twenty-fourth letter of the Hungarian alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.

Declension

More information Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony), singular ...

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	o	o-k
accusative	o-t	o-kat
dative	o-nak	o-knak
instrumental	o-val	o-kkal
causal-final	o-ért	o-kért
translative	o-vá	o-kká
terminative	o-ig	o-kig
essive-formal	o-ként	o-kként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	o-ban	o-kban
superessive	o-n	o-kon
adessive	o-nál	o-knál
illative	o-ba	o-kba
sublative	o-ra	o-kra
allative	o-hoz	o-khoz
elative	o-ból	o-kból
delative	o-ról	o-król
ablative	o-tól	o-któl
non-attributive possessive - singular	o-é	o-ké
non-attributive possessive - plural	o-éi	o-kéi

Close

More information Possessive forms of, possessor ...

Possessive forms of o
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	o-m	o-im
2nd person sing.	o-d	o-id
3rd person sing.	o-ja	o-i
1st person plural	o-nk	o-ink
2nd person plural	o-tok	o-itok
3rd person plural	o-juk	o-ik

Close

Letter

o (upper case O)

The fifteenth letter of the Icelandic alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Pronunciation

(context pronunciation, letter name) IPA^(key): /o/

Letter

o (upper case O)

The fifteenth letter of the Ido alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Conjunction

o

Apocopic form of od

Related terms

e (“and”)
a (“to”)

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/

Letter

o (upper case O)

The twenty-fourth letter of the Igbo alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

ọ (retracted tongue position)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/

Pronoun

o (dependent form, independent form ya)

(personal, epicene) he, she, it
O nyere m mmiri.
She gave me water.

Pronunciation

(letter name): IPA^(key): /o/
(phoneme): IPA^(key): /o/, [o], [ɔ]

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The fifteenth letter of the Indonesian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Etymology 1

From Latin ō (the name of the letter O).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɔ/^*
Homophone: ho
Rhymes: -ɔ
Hyphenation: ò

Letter

o f or m (invariable, lower case, upper case O)

The thirteenth letter of the Italian alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.

Noun

o f (invariable)

The name of the Latin-script letter O/o.

Etymology 2

From Latin aut.^[1]

Alternative forms

od (used optionally before words beginning with a vowel)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/^*, /o/
Rhymes: -o
Hyphenation: o

Conjunction

o

or

References

[1]
Angelo Prati, "Vocabolario Etimologico Italiano", Torino, 1951

Etymology 3

Verb

o

Misspelling of ho.

Etymology

From Ancient Greek ὁ (ho)

Article

o

the

More information Number (style), singular (familiar) ...

Number (style)	singular (familiar)						plural (formal)
	strong			weak			strong			weak
	m	f	n	m	f	n	m	f	n	m	f	n
nominative	cino	cini	cino	o	i	to	cini	cini	cini	e	e	ta
genitive	tu	tis	tu	—	—	—	tos	tos	tos	—	—	—
accusative	ton	tin	to	—	—	—	tus	tes	ta	—	—	—
There is no 1st person vocative case. † These terms double as possessive pronouns. ‡ "tis" is used before a verb, "tes" after a verb.. All personal pronoun forms are displayed at evò (“I”).

Close

Third person forms

Romanization

o

The hiragana syllable お (o) or the katakana syllable オ (o) in Hepburn romanization.
The hiragana syllable を (o) or the katakana syllable ヲ (o) in Hepburn romanization. (as particle)

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Tagalog o. Letter pronunciation is influenced by English o.

Pronunciation

(letter name)
- IPA^(key): /ˈʔo/ [ˈʔo]
  - Rhymes: -o
  - Syllabification: o
- IPA^(key): (alternative) /ˈʔow/ [ˈʔoʊ̯]
  - Rhymes: -ow
  - Syllabification: o
(phoneme) IPA^(key): /ˈo/ [ˈo]
- Rhymes: -o

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The seventeenth letter of the Kankanaey alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.

Noun

o

The name of the Latin-script letter o/O.

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

(Standard Kankanaey) IPA^(key): /ˈʔo/ [ˈʔo]
Rhymes: -o
Syllabification: o

Noun

o

head, skull, top

Derived terms

ipango
mamango
pam-oan
pango
pangoan
pangpangoan

References

Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (2016) Ortograpiya di Kankanaëy [Kankanaey Orthography]‎ (in Kankanaey and Tagalog), →ISBN, pages 10-11
Morice Vanoverbergh (1933) “o”, in A Dictionary of Lepanto Igorot or Kankanay. As it is spoken at Bauco (Linguistische Anthropos-Bibliothek; XII)‎, Mödling bei Wien, St. Gabriel, Österreich: Verlag der Internationalen Zeitschrift „Anthropos“, →OCLC, page 325

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈo/ [ˈo]

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish o (“or”).

Conjunction

o

or
Synonyms: o kaya, ekaya

Mangan ka o pinandit naka?
Are you going to eat or later?

Mansanas o sagin.
Apple or banana?

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

oh

Particle

o

(colloquial) sentence-ending particle used to express warning or to catch someone's attention; see also oy, uy and ay
Palako nayu o.
S/he's leaving.

Makanini namu o.
Just do it this way.

Nanu o.
What? huh?
(colloquial) used as a vocative particle to address the topic in question
Juan o lawen me.
John! look!

Ginu o sana iligtas yu.
God, I hope you help them!

Mina o aini na.
Mina, here it is.

Interjection

o

(colloquial) expression of surprise, wonder, amazement, or awe: oh!
Synonyms: ba, aru, uru
(colloquial) used to refer to something given or offered to someone: here you are! here you go!
Synonyms: aini, aita, ayan

Etymology

The Kashubian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Kashubian alphabet article on Wikipedia for more, and o for development of the glyph itself.

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The twentieth letter of the Kashubian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʔo˧/

Noun

o

pig

References

K. E. Herr (2011) The phonological interpretation of minor syllables, applied to Lemi Chin‎, Payap University, page 47

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ/

Pronoun

o (third person plural)

they

Related terms

-ao (“their”)

References

“o” in Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English dictionary, p. 355. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Etymology

From Latin aut.

Conjunction

o

or

Etymology 1

From Etruscan letter 𐌏 (o), from Ancient Greek letter ο (o, “omicron”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤏 (ʿ, “ayin”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁹.

Letter

o

A letter of the Latin alphabet.

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /oː/, [oː]

(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /o/, [ɔː]

Noun

ō f (indeclinable)

The name of the letter O.

Coordinate terms

(Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta

References

o in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
o in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
o in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
o in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
- monstrous: o facinus indignum! (Ter. Andr. 1. 1. 118)
- to take the military oath: sacramentum (o) dicere (vid. sect. XI. 2, note sacramentum...)
o in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), part III: “Summary of the Ancient Evidence”, page 32: "Clearly there is no question or doubt about the names of the vowels A, E, I, O, U. They are simply long A, long E, etc. (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū). Nor is there any uncertainty with respect to the six mutes B, C, D, G, P, T. Their names are bē, cē, dē, gē, pē, tē (each with a long E). Or about H, K, and Q: they are hā, kā, kū—each, again, with a long vowel sound."

Etymology 3

Borrowed from or cognate to Ancient Greek ὦ (ô), from Proto-Indo-European *ō or onomatopoeic.

Alternative forms

ô (for the vocative particle)
ōh (for the interjection meaning "oh")

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /oː/, [oː]

(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /o/, [ɔː]

Interjection

ō

o! (vocative particle)
- 63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita.II:
  O tempora, o mores! Senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit. Vivit?
  Shame on the age and on its principles! The senate is aware of these things; the consul sees them; and yet this man lives. Lives!
- 4th century, St Jerome, Vulgate, Judges 3:19
  et reversus de Galgalis ubi erant idola dixit ad regem verbum secretum habeo ad te o rex et ille imperavit silentium egressisque omnibus qui circa eum erant (Then returning from Galgal, where the idols were, he said to the king: I have a secret message to thee, O king. And he commanded silence: and all being gone out that were about him,)
oh!

Latvian Wikipedia has an article on:

o

Wikipedia ^lv

Etymology

Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.

Pronunciation 1

IPA^(key): [uə̯], [o], [oː]

This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The twenty-third letter of the Latvian alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

In native Latvian words (and in some older borrowings), o represents the sound of IPA [uə̯] (e.g., otrs [uə̯tɾs]). In more recent borrowings, it represents the original sound of the word, i.e. [o] or [oː] (e.g., opera [oːpeɾa]).

Pronunciation 2

IPA^(key): [o]

Noun

o m (invariable)

The name of the Latin script letter O/o.

Etymology

From earlier ro ← lo, from Latin illum, form of ille (“that”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /u/

Article

o m sg (plural i)

the

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ō. Cognate with Latgalian a and Proto-Slavic *a (“and, but”). From Proto-Indo-European *h₁od; compare Sanskrit आत् (āt, “afterwards, then, so”), Avestan 𐬁𐬀𐬝 (āat̰, “afterward, then”), perhaps the ablative singular of *h₁e- (“demonstrative pronoun”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /oː/

Conjunction

õ

(coordinating, adversative) and, but (used to express binary contrasts)
Taĩ ne kažkàs, ką̃ víenas gãli darýti, õ kìtas – nè. ― It's not something that some people can do but others can't.

Pronunciation

(phoneme) IPA^(key): /o/

Letter

o (upper case O)

The twenty-second letter of the Livonian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ/

Letter

o (upper case O)

The twenty-first letter of the Lower Sorbian alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.
The name of the Latin-script letter o/O.

Letter

o

The fifteenth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ/ (short phoneme)
IPA^(key): /ɔː/ (long phoneme)
In inherited words, long o occurs only next to vowelised għ or h. In Romance words, it can be long on its own.

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The nineteenth letter of the Maltese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Romanization

o (o⁵ / o⁰, Zhuyin ˙ㄛ)

Hanyu Pinyin reading of 哦

Romanization

o

Nonstandard spelling of ō.
Nonstandard spelling of ó.
Nonstandard spelling of ǒ.
Nonstandard spelling of ò.

Usage notes

Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Particle

o

of
- 2006, Joanne Barker, Sovereignty Matters, page 208:
  In 1979 a gathering of elders at the Waananga kaumatua affirmed te reo Maori “Ko te reo te mauri o te mana Maori” the language is the life principle of Maori mana.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Usage notes

Used instead of a when the possessor has no control over the relationship (inalienable possession).

Verb

o

to go

Conjugation

More information singular, plural ...

singular			plural
1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person inclusive	1^st person exclusive	2^nd person	3^rd person
xee aa	ndee ereo	ha'e oo	nhande jaa	ore oroo	peẽ peo	ha'e oo

Close

Conjugation of o

Etymology 1

From Old French oh, from Latin ō.

Alternative forms

oo, oa

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔː/

Interjection

o

oh, ah

Descendants

English: oh
Yola: o

References

“ō, interj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 2

From of, with apocope of the final f.

Alternative forms

a

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ/, /a/

Preposition

o

of

Descendants

English: o', o, a
Scots: o', o
Yola: o', o, a

References

“o, prep.(1)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 3

Article

o

(rare) Alternative form of an (preconsonantal)

Etymology 4

Numeral

o

Alternative form of oo (“one”)

Adjective

o

Alternative form of oo (“first”)

Preposition

o

Alternative spelling of ó

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *awjō. Cognate with Old Norse ey (Swedish ö, Norwegian øy).

Pronunciation

Stem vowel: ȫ²
- (originally) IPA^(key): /œːj/

Noun

ö

island

Etymology

From Proto-Chuukic *yawo, from Proto-Micronesian *awo, from Proto-Oceanic *apon, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hapən.

Noun

o

fishing line

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o˨/

Letter

o

The twenty-second letter of the Navajo alphabet
ǫ = /õ˨/

ó = /o˥/

ǫ́ = /õ˥/

oo = /oː˨˨/

ǫǫ = /õː˨˨/

óo = /oː˥˨/

ǫ́ǫ = /õː˥˨/

oó = /oː˨˥/

ǫǫ́ = /õː˨˥/

óó = /oː˥˥/

ǫ́ǫ́ = /õː˥˥/

Etymology 1

From Latin aut.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /oː/

Particle

o

or

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/

Article

o m

Alternative spelling of 'o (“the”)

Pronoun

o m (accusative)

Alternative spelling of 'o (“him, it”)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [o], [ɐ] (reduced vowel)
IPA^(key): [ɔ] (short full vowel)
IPA^(key): [oː] (long vowel, spelt oo)

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

A letter of the North Frisian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

Mooring Frisian uses simple ⟨o⟩ only for [o] and in the diphthongs ⟨or, oi, ou⟩, respectively pronounced [ɔɐ̯], [ɔɪ̯], [ɔʊ̯]. Otherwise, [ɔ] is represented by ⟨å⟩.
The spelling ⟨or⟩ for [ɐ] occurs in the Sylt Frisian prefix for-. In other dialects this is fer- with identical pronunciation.

Pronunciation

(letter name): IPA^(key): /uː/
(phoneme): IPA^(key): /uː/, /ʊ/, /ɔ/
Audio: (file)

Letter

o

The fifteenth letter of the Norwegian Bokmål alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Letter

o (upper case O, definite singular o-en, indefinite plural o-ar, definite plural o-ane)

The fifteenth letter of the Norwegian Nynorsk alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Interjection

o

(dated or humorous) oh

Pronoun

o

(eye dialect) pronunciation spelling of ho

References

“o” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Pronunciation

(phoneme): IPA^(key): /o/

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The eighteenth letter of the Nupe alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Etymology 1

From Latin aut.

Conjunction

o

or

Etymology 2

Noun

o f (plural os)

o (the letter o, O)

Adverb

ō

Alternative form of ā

Etymology

From earlier lo, la, from Latin illum, illam (the initial l having disappeared; compare Spanish lo and la).

Pronunciation

(article): IPA^(key): /o/

Article

o

the (masculine singular definite article)
- 13th Century - Cantiga de Santa Maria no. 23
  Esta é como Santa Maria acrecentou o vinho no tonel, por amor da bõa dona de Bretanha.
  This is how Holy Mary added the wine to the barrel, out of love for the good lady of Britain;
- 13th Century - Cantiga de Santa Maria no. 48
  Esta é como Santa Maria tolheu a agua da fonte ao cavaleiro.
  This is how Holy Mary restricted the water of the fountain from the knight.

Usage notes

O becomes -no and a becomes -na after nasal sounds:
Non queria o meu coraçon nen-nos meus olhos. ― She wanted neither (the) my heart nor (the) my eyes.

Ambas eran-nas melhores que (h)omen pode cousir. ― Both were the best that (a) man can contemplate.
O becomes -lo and a becomes -la after other consonants, and the preceding consonant is elided:
E vós faredes depoi-lo melhor! ― And later ye shall do the best!

Sobre toda-las bondades que ela (h)avia era que muito fiava en Santa Maria; ― Above all the virtues she possessed was how much she trusted Holy Mary.
O becomes el- in front of the noun rei:
Deu ora el-rei seus dinheiros a Belpelho. ― The king, then, gave his money to Belpelho.

Se fosse seu o tesouro que el-rei de França ten. ― Were it his the treasure that the king of France has.

Descendants

Galician: o
Portuguese: o

Preposition

o

Alternative spelling of ó

Noun

o

Alternative spelling of ó

Mutation

More information radical, lenition ...

Mutation of o
radical	lenition	nasalization
o (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	unchanged	n-o

Close

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /ɔ/

IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ɔ/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o(b). First attested in the 14th century.

Preposition

o

about, concerning [with accusative or locative]
on, against [with accusative]
because of [with accusative]
denotes location; at [with accusative]
denotes location; at [with locative]
with, by means of [with locative]
(used in descriptions) with, having [with locative]
for [with accusative]

Descendants

Polish: o
Silesian: ô

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o. First attested in the 14th century.

Interjection

o

oh! expression of surprise or outrage

Descendants

Polish: o

References

B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “o”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Etymology

From Latin ubi (“where”). Cognate with French où (“where”), Italian dove (“where”), Portuguese u (“where”).

Adverb

o

where

Usage notes

O has been displaced in Modern Spanish by donde.
O can be encountered in some Modern Spanish words such as doquiera (do (contraction of de ("of") + o ("where")) + quiera ("it may want"), literally " where it may want") and its apocopic form, doquier.

Particle

o

future tense marker: will; going to.

Usage notes

Not to be confused with ʼo, the third person copula.

References

Zepeda, Ofelia (1983) A Tohono Oʼodham Grammar, Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, page 169

Etymology

Compare Lamet [Nkris] ʔɔːʔ, Riang [Sak] ʔoʔ¹.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʔɔ/

Pronoun

o

I

Usage notes

It identifies A or S arguments and therefore "nominative". Its topic-position and accusative counterpart is nga.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɔ/

(Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈɔ/

Audio 1: (file)
Audio 2: (file)
Rhymes: -ɔ
Syllabification: o
Homophones: o-, -o, -o-

Etymology 1

The Polish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the history of Polish orthography article on Wikipedia for more, and o for development of the glyph itself.

Letter

o (upper case O, lower case)

The twentieth letter of the Polish alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Polish o.

Preposition

o

about (concerning) [with locative]
Opowiedz mi o twojej pracy. ― Tell me about your job.

Ta książka jest o potędze miłości. ― This book is about the power of love.
at (telling the time) [with locative]
Spotkajmy się o piątej po południu. ― Let's meet at five PM.
(used in descriptions) with, having [with locative]
Była piękną kobietą o długich jasnych włosach. ― She was a beautiful woman with long fair hair.

chłopiec o zielonych oczach ― a boy with green eyes; a green-eyed boy
on, against [with accusative]
Nie opierajcie się o te drzwi. ― Don't lean on this door.

Dziewczynka uderzyła głową o stół. ― The little girl hit her head on the table.
for [with accusative]
Weronika poprosiła mnie wczoraj o pomoc. ― Veronica asked me for help yesterday.

Walczyliśmy dzielnie o naszą wolność. ― We were bravely fighting for our freedom.
by (a difference) [with accusative]
Spóźniła się o piętnaście minut. ― She was fifteen minutes late.

Czuję się o wiele lepiej. ― I feel much better.

Obniż podkład o dwa półtony. ― Lower the instrumental by two semitones.

Etymology 3

Inherited from Old Polish o, from Proto-Slavic *o, ultimately a natural expression.

Interjection

o

oh! expression of surprise or outrage
O mój boże... ― Oh my god...

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), o is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 533 times in scientific texts, 598 times in news, 724 times in essays, 607 times in fiction, and 610 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 3072 times, making it the 14th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.^[1]

References

[1]
Ida Kurcz (1990) “o”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 298

Pronunciation

(letter): IPA^(key): /ɔ/, /o/
Audio (Brazil); /ɔ/: (file)
(article, pronoun): IPA^(key): /u/
Audio (Brazil): (file)

Etymology 1

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The fifteenth letter of the Portuguese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Etymology 2

From Old Galician-Portuguese o (compare Galician o), from Vulgar Latin lo, *illu, from Latin illum, from ille (with an initial l having disappeared; compare Spanish lo).

Article

o m (feminine a, masculine plural os, feminine plural as)

the (masculine singular definite article)
- 2005, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe [Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] (Harry Potter; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 135:
  Não vi o tempo passar.
  I didn't notice the time passing.

Usage notes

For the most part, usage of the definite article in Portuguese is the same as in English. Some differences include:

it is optionally but commonly used with abstract mass nouns:
O amor é melhor que a guerra. ― Love is better than war.
in Brazil, it can be optionally used with adjectival possessive pronouns, and mandatorily with substantival possessive pronouns; both are mandatory in Portugal:
(O) meu livro é melhor que o seu. ― My book is better than yours.
it can be used with personal names; often this indicates familiarity with the person (due to personal connection with them or because they are famous); this is avoided in formal contexts:
(O) João foi até a cidade. ― João went to the city.

(O) Einstein foi um cientista famoso. ― Einstein was a famous scientist.
it is sometimes used instead of a possessive pronoun when the possessor is obvious from the context; this is especially prevalent when referring to parts of the body or one’s own relatives:
O pai está viajando. ― (My) dad is travelling.

Você falou com a tia? ― Did you talk with my/our aunt?

Quando você quebrou os braços? ― When did you break your arms?
it is used in a construct that is uncommon in English but common in Portuguese whereby a singular is used as a representative or prototype of all instances of the thing:
O carvalho é uma árvore grande. ― The oak is a big tree.

A picape é responsável pela poluição. ― Pick-up trucks are responsible for the pollution.
it is much more commonly used with placenames; most names of countries, states, provinces and continents take the definite article, but only a minority of cities:
Eu moro no Luxemburgo. ― I live in Luxembourg.

O Rio de Janeiro fica no Brasil. ― Rio de Janeiro is in Brazil.

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:o.

Pronoun

o m (personal)

him, it (as a direct object; as an indirect object, see lhe; after prepositions, see ele)
- 2003, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix [Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix] (Harry Potter; 5), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 75:
  Não o perdoou por abandonar o serviço em vez de seguir você.
  She didn't forgive him for abandoning his service instead of following you.
- 2007, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte [Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] (Harry Potter; 7), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 287:
  Por que, então, ela o conduzira àquele lugar?
  Why, then, did she lead him to that place?

Usage notes

Becomes -lo after verb forms ending in -r, -s, or -z, the pronouns nos and vos, and the adverb eis; the ending letter causing the change disappears.
After ver: Posso vê-lo? ― May I see him/it?

After conheces: Conhece-lo?. ― Do you know him/it?

After fiz: Fi-lo ficar contente. ― I made him/it become happy.

After nos: Deu-no-lo relutantemente. ― He gave him/it to us reluctantly.

After eis: Ei-lo! ― Behold him/it!
Becomes -no after a nasal sound:
Detêm-no como prisioneiro. ― They detain him/it as a prisoner.

Põe-no aqui. ― Put him/it here.
In the colloquial speech of most of Brazil, it is abandoned in favor of the nominative form ele.
Eu o vi. → Eu vi ele. ― I saw him/it.

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:o.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Polynesian *o.

Particle

o

possessive particle marking an inalienable possession; of
- 2008, Sharon Chester, A wildlife guide to Chile, page 15:
  Polynesians are thought to have arrived at Easter Island around AD 800. They called the island Rapa Nui, or more familiarly Te Pito o Te Henua, the Navel of the World.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Usage notes

Inserted before the relevant pronoun. Only for possessions like hands or parents that do not have the ability to no longer be yours; otherwise, use a.

Etymology 2

From Spanish o (“or”).

Conjunction

o

or

Usage notes

Generally used in favor of complex native grammatical structures used to achieve the same ends.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/

Etymology 1

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

(International Standard) The nineteenth letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
(Pan-Vlax) The twentieth letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Etymology 2

Article

o m sg (feminine singular i, plural e)

the
o rrom ― the Romani man

o Parìzo ― Paris

Usage notes

The definite article is used with proper nouns (given names and place names) as well.

Declension

More information number and gender, m sg ...

number and gender	m sg	f sg	pl
nominative	o	i	e
oblique	e

Close

The definite article

References

Yūsuke Sumi (2018) “o”, in ニューエクスプレス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, →ISBN, pages 21, 141

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/

Etymology 1

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The eighteenth letter of the Romanian alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

See O.

Etymology 2

From Latin ūna, feminine of ūnus, via an earlier form *uă, with irregular dropping of the -n- due to high frequency of usage; however, compare the Aromanian equivalent unã, which preserved it.

Article

o

feminine singular nominative/accusative of un: a/an (indefinite article)
O femeie frumoasă ― A beautiful woman

Related terms

un
una

Etymology 3

Interjection

o

oh

Etymology 4

From an earlier (possibly Proto-Romanian) root *eaua, from Latin illam, accusative feminine singular of ille.

Pronoun

o f (unstressed accusative form of ea)

(direct object) her
O cunoști? ― Do you know her?

O cunoști pe Iulia? ― Do you know Iulia?

Am văzut-o ieri la școală. ― I saw her yesterday at school.

Related terms

îl (masculine equivalent)
le (plural)

Etymology 5

Verb

(el/ea) o (modal auxiliary, third-person singular form of vrea, used with infinitives to form presumptive tenses)

(he/she) might

Etymology 6

From avea.

Verb

o (modal auxiliary, ? form of avea, used with ? to form ? tenses)

(informal) Used to form a variant of the future tense together with the verb in the subjunctive mood.
Synonym: vrea (as an auxiliary verb)

O să vedem. ― We will see.

El o să facă fasole. ― He will make beans.

Usage notes

In the third person plural, or is sometimes used instead of o.

Preposition

o

of

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/

Etymology 1

From Italian o (“or”), from Latin aut (“or”), from Proto-Italic *auti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewti (“on the other hand”), derived from *h₂ew (“away from, off”). Doublet of a.

Conjunction

o

or

Etymology 2

From Latin o (vocative particle).

Interjection

o

(Logudorese, Campidanese) a vocative particle; o, hey
O Frantziscu! ― Hey, Francis!

Determiner

o

(Logudorese, Campidanese) used before epithets, describing the person being addressed, for emphasis; you
Morta ti ses, o tessidora bella ― You died, you beautiful weaver

References

Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964) “o¹”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg
Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964) “o²”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg

Etymology

From Middle English of, from Old English af, æf (“from, off, away”), from Proto-Germanic *ab (“away (from)”). Compare English of.

Preposition

o

of

Etymology 1

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The thirteenth letter of the Scottish Gaelic alphabet, written in the Latin script. It is preceded by n and followed by p. Its traditional name is onn or oir (“gorse”).

Etymology 2

From Middle Irish ó, from Old Irish ó. Cognates include Irish ó.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ/

Preposition

o (+ dative, triggers lenition, combined with the singular definite article on)

from
Synonyms: à, bho
since
Synonym: bho

Inflection

More information Person:, simple ...

Personal inflection of o
	Person:		simple	emphatic
singular	first		uam	uamsa
	second		uat	uatsa
	third	m	uaithe	uaithesan
	third	f	uaipe	uaipese

plural	first		uainn	uainne
	second		uaibh	uaibhse
	third		uapa	uapasan

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Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (phoneme) /o/

Letter

o (Cyrillic spelling о)

The 21st letter of the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet (gajica), preceded by nj and followed by p.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *o(b), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi. See o-, ob-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/

Preposition

o (Cyrillic spelling о)

on, against [with accusative]
ob(j)esiti nešto o kuku ― to hang something on a hook

udariti glavom o zid ― to hit one's head against the wall

ogr(ij)ešiti se o zakon ― to violate a law (literally, “to make transgression against the law”)
about, concerning, of, on [with locative]
brinuti se o nekome ― to take care of somebody

v(ij)est o katastrofi ― news about the catastrophe

R(ij)eč je o…, radi se o… ― It's about…, this refers to…

Napisao sam esej o ranom srednjem vijeku. ― I wrote an essay on the Early Middle Ages.

Synonyms

(Croatia) ob

Etymology 1

From Latin ō (the name of the letter O).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ/ (Standard)

Noun

o f

The name of the Latin-script letter O/o.

Etymology 2

From Latin aut.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ/ (Standard)

Conjunction

o

or
O ti manci ssa minestra o ti jetti dâ finestra.
Either you eat soup or you throw yourself out the window.

Derived terms

o puru

Etymology 3

Eye dialectal form of ô (“(masculine singular) at/to the”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɔː]

Preposition

o

(eye dialect) Alternative form of ô

Etymology 4

Eye dialectal form of 'ô (“(masculine singular) of the”), from the lenition of rhoticized (and dialectal) rô, from dô, from an earlier and standard dû.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɔː]

Preposition

o

(eye dialect) Alternative form of dû
A fera o luni.
The Monday market.
(literally, “The market of the Monday.”)

A strata o Càrminu.
The street [of the church] of the Carmine.

Etymology 5

From the vowel reduction of vô, dialectal form of vâ, which is the contracted form of the Univerbation of va' (“to go”, second-person singular imperative) +‎ a (“to, forward”, preposition).

Alternative forms

vo, vô, ’o

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɔː]

Verb

o

(eye dialect) Alternative form of vâ (second-person singular, contracted double imperative)
o caca!
Go fuck yourself! (lit. go to shit)!

O vidi chiḍḍu ca hâ fari!
Go see what you have to do!.

Usage notes

The double indicative and the double imperative are Sicilian moods built with the first conjugated element using exclusively the present tense of the verbs jiri (to go) or vèniri (to come) connected with the preposition a (to) to a second conjugated action wich follows the tense, the number and the person of the first verbal element.
In the case of jiri, which is irregularly composed also of the theme derived from Latin vādō, can be contracted with the preposition a depending on the dialect.

Etymology 6

From Latin ō, eventually conflated with/from Ancient Greek ὦ (ô).

Alternative forms

oh (for the interjection meaning "oh")

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɔː]

Interjection

o

(usually oh) expresses surprise, joy, or pain: oh!; ah!
Synonyms: bih, madonna, madò, marò, Di' ca lu fici, zu, zu lu bestia
(usually oh) Typically used before a proper noun in the vocative or nominative case when addressing someone: O...
O ma', po' vèniri cca!?
[O] mum, would you come here!?

Related terms

a tìa
a tìa carù

Etymology

The Silesian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Silesian language article on Wikipedia for more, and o for development of the glyph itself.

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The nineteenth letter of the Silesian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Pronunciation

(phoneme) IPA^(key): /o/

Letter

o (upper case O)

The twenty-fourth letter of the Skolt Sami alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *o(b), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ/

Preposition

o

about, concerning [with locative]
Synonyms: ohľadom, ohľadne
- 1883, Pavol Dobšinský, O človeku, čo nikdy nehrešil. In: Prostonárodné slovenské povesti:
  Chudobný človek nevedel o ničom nič a najmenej o čertovi.
  The poor man did not know anything about anything and the least did he know about the devil.
at (indicates time) [with locative]
- 1921, Stanislav Klíma, Kozia skala In: Povesti zo Slovenska:
  O polnoci sa Kozia skala otvorila a božská panna z jaskyne vyšla.
  Kozia skala opened at midnight and a divine virgin came out of a cave.
against, over, on (indicates the point of contact with another object) [with accusative]
Synonyms: na, k, ku
- 1955, Ladislav Nádaši-Jégé, Česť :
  Juro zhodil batoh, odopäl bajonet a praštil ho o stôl.
  Juro threw his bag down, unfastened the bayonet and slammed it against the table.
by, often translated with a noun accompanied by an indefinite article or a numeral (indicates measure or degree) [with accusative]
- 1910, Ľudmila Podjavorinská, Žena :
  Oddanca prevyšuje o hlavu, on takrečeno tratí sa pri jej mocnej, na mužského upomínajúcej postave.
  She is a head taller than her fiancé, it might be said that he is disappearing next to her mighty figure resembling that of a man.
in, later (indicates the end of a period of time) [with accusative]
Synonym: po
- 1911, Jozef Gregor Tajovský, Jano Mráz :
  Už mal byť o rok posvätený, ale prišla cholera, a neúprosná smrť Ondríka skosila.
  It should have been blessed in a year, but cholera came and Ondrík was taken by merciless death.

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *o(b), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ/

Preposition

o

about, concerning [with locative]

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɔ/
Rhymes: -ɔ
Syllabification: o

Interjection

o

oh! expression of surprise or outrage

Noun

o

References

Kaija Olkkonen, Soini Olkkonen, Somba-Siawari (Burum Mindik)—English dictionary (2007)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/ [o]
Audio (Spain): (file)
Rhymes: -o
Syllabification: o
Audio: (file)

Etymology 1

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The sixteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.

Noun

o f (plural oes)

Name of the letter O

Derived terms

no saber hacer la o con un canuto

Etymology 2

From Latin aut.

Alternative forms

u (used before words beginning with an ‘o’ sound)
ò (archaic)
ó (obsolete, used near numbers to avoid confusion with a zero: 2 ó 3)

Conjunction

o

or
¿Quieres un café o algo más?
Do you want a coffee or something else?

Derived terms

o sea

Conjunction

o … o

either … or
Antonym: ni … ni

Derived terms

o bien

Etymology

Reduced form of go (“to go”).

Particle

o

Verbal marker for the future tense.

Usage notes

For purely factual statements, sa is more common. This marker is mostly used for promises, or when the anticipation carries an emotive charge, such as hope or fear. For example, “I’ll see you” is not a purely factual statement; it implies, “I hope to see you (again, some time in the future)”. In Sranan Tongo, this is then expressed as “mi o si yu”.

Pronunciation

Letter name

IPA^(key): /uː/

Phoneme

IPA^(key): /uː/, /ʊ/, /oː/, /ɔ/

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The fifteenth letter of the Swedish alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.

Interjection

o

O (particle)
Så låt nu, o konung, härom utfärda ett förbud och sätta upp en skrivelse

Now, O king, establish the decree, and sign the writing (Daniel 6:8)

Noun

o n

the letter o
the Greek letter omega, being the last letter of the Greek alphabet
Jag är A och O, den förste och den siste, begynnelsen och änden.
I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last. (Revelations 22:13)

Declension

More information nominative, genitive ...

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	o	os
singular	definite	ot	ots
plural	indefinite	on	ons
plural	definite	ona	onas

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Declension of o

Alternative forms

o.

Conjunction

o

Alternative form of o̲ (“&, and”).
Synonyms: &, å

Snyggt o prydligt.
Neat 'n' tidy.

Usage notes

In writing other than with standardised keyboards, e.g. handwriting and crafted lettering, it often retain its underlining; o̲.

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish o. Each pronunciation has a different source:

Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English o.
Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by the Baybayin character ᜂ (u).
Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish o.

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog)
- IPA^(key): /ˈʔo/ [ˈʔo] (letter name)
  - Rhymes: -o
- IPA^(key): /ˈʔow/ [ˈʔoʊ̯] (letter name, Filipino alphabet alternative)
  - Rhymes: -ow
- IPA^(key): /ˈo/ [ˈo] (phoneme, stressed or unstressed)
  - Rhymes: -o
Syllabification: o

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O, Baybayin spelling ᜂ)

The seventeenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called o and written in the Latin script.
The thirteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called o and written in the Latin script.
(historical) The eighteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called o and written in the Latin script.

Noun

o (Baybayin spelling ᜂ)

the name of the Latin-script letter O/o, in the Filipino alphabet
the name of the Latin-script letter O/o, in the Abakada alphabet
(historical) the name of the Latin-script letter O/o, in the Abecedario

Alternative forms

ow — Filipino alphabet letter

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Spanish o (“or”), from Latin aut.

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ʔo/ [ʔo]
Rhymes: -o
Syllabification: o

Conjunction

o (Baybayin spelling ᜂ)

or
Synonyms: o kaya, dili kaya, (inclusive, obsolete) kung

Sasama ka ba o dito ka lang?
Are you coming along or will you just be here?

Derived terms

o ano

Etymology 3

Compare Hokkien 乎 (hôⁿ / hô͘), English oh and Spanish oh.

Alternative forms

oh

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ʔo/ [ʔo]
Rhymes: -o
Syllabification: o

Particle

o (Baybayin spelling ᜂ)

(informal) sentence-ending particle used to express warning or to catch someone's attention.
Nandiyan na naman siya o.
He's at it again, see?

Ganito kasi dapat 'yan o.
You're supposed to do it like this, you see?

Interjection

o (Baybayin spelling ᜂ) (informal)

expression of surprise, wonder, amazement, or awe: oh!
Hayop naman oh!
Damn it, argh!
used to catch someone's attention about a new topic, question, or story: so; oh!
used to refer to something given or offered to someone: here you are! here you go!
Synonym: heto

O, ang regalo ko sa'yo.
Here, my gift for you.

Derived terms

ows

Etymology

Compare Persian (âb).

Noun

o

water

Etymology

From English or.

Conjunction

o

or

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [o]
Hyphenation: o

Etymology 1

From Proto-Polynesian *o. Cognates include Hawaiian o and Samoan o.

Preposition

o

Marks inalienable possession; of

Etymology 2

From Proto-Polynesian *o. Cognates include Hawaiian ō and Samoan o.

Interjection

o

Answer to being called by name; yes

References

R. Simona, editor (1986), Tokelau Dictionary‎, Auckland: Office of Tokelau Affairs, page 33

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/

Pronoun

-o (declinable)

it, they (third-person personal pronoun)

Inflection

More information Noun class, singular ...

Noun class	singular	plural
1/2	we	bo
3/4	gwo	yo
5/6	lyo	go
7/8	kyo	byo
9/10	yo	zo
11/10	rwo	zo
12/14	ko	bwo
13		two
14/6	bwo	go
15/6	kwo	go
16	ho
17	kwo
18	mwo

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Inflected forms of -o

References

Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 412

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish او (o), from older اول (ol). Merger of Old Anatolian Turkish [script needed] (ol) and [script needed] (an, “she, he, that, it”), (Old Turkic 𐰆𐰞 (ul¹) and [script needed] (an), respectively); both from Proto-Turkic *ol. Cognate with Karakhanid اُلْ (“he, she, it; that”) and Chinese 兀 (wù, “that”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/
Audio: (file)

Pronoun

o

he, she, it

Declension

More information Inflection, Nominative ...

Inflection
Nominative	o
Definite accusative	onu
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	o	onlar
Definite accusative	onu	onları
Dative	ona	onlara
Locative	onda	onlarda
Ablative	ondan	onlardan
Genitive	onun	onların

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Pronoun

o (demonstrative)

that

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The eighteenth letter of the Turkish alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.

Noun

o

The name of the Latin-script letter O/o.

Pronunciation

(phoneme) IPA^(key): /o/, /oː/

Pronoun

o

Alternative form of ol (“he, she, it”)

Letter

o (upper case O)

The eighteenth letter of the Turkmen alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script.

Pronunciation

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [ʔɔ˧˧]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [ʔɔ˧˧]
(Saigon) IPA^(key): [ʔɔ˧˧]
Audio (Hà Nội): (file)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Vietic *ʔɔː.

Noun

o • (姑, 𪦭)

(Thanh Hoá, Nghệ An, Hà Tĩnh, Thừa Thiên Huế) paternal aunt, father's sister

Synonyms

cô

Related terms

trượng, dượng

Classifier

o

(Thanh Hoá, Nghệ An, Hà Tĩnh) indicates a young adult woman
O du kích nhỏ ― The little guerilla damsel
- 1966, Tố Hữu, “Tấm Ảnh [The Photograph]”; quoted in Trần Trung Hiếu (2023) “Gặp ‘O du kích nhỏ’ áp giải phi công Mỹ năm xưa [Meeting ‘the little guerilla damsel’ who steered the American pilot in years past]”, in VietNamNet‎
  O du kích nhỏ giương cao súng.
  Thằng Mỹ lênh khênh bước cúi đầu.
  The little guerilla damsel holds her rifle high.
  The tall American dude totters, his head hanging low.
- 2007, Lã Ngọc Tỉnh, “Dấu Ân Chiến Tranh [Marks of War]”; quoted in Trần Trung Hiếu (2023) “Gặp ‘O du kích nhỏ’ áp giải phi công Mỹ năm xưa [Meeting ‘the little guerilla damsel’ who steered the American pilot in years past]”, in VietNamNet‎
  Chiến binh bại trận ở Việt Nam
  Bị O du kích bắt đầu hàng.
  The soldier – defeated in Vietnam –
  Was forced by the little guerilla damsel to surrender.

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Portuguese ó.

Noun

o

The name of the Latin-script letter O/o.

Related terms

ô
ơ

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o/

Particle

o

vocative case particle
O flens löfik!
Dear friends

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel) ò
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel) ó
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel) ô
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity) ö

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /oː/
Rhymes: -oː

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The nineteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by n and followed by p.

Mutation

o cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word oren (“orange”):

More information radical, soft ...

Mutated forms of *oren*
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
oren	unchanged	unchanged	horen

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Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Derived terms

(Digraph sequences) oe, oi, ou, ow, oy

Noun

o f (plural oau)

The name of the Latin-script letter O/o.

Mutation

More information radical, soft ...

Mutated forms of o
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
o	unchanged	unchanged	ho

Close

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Etymology 2

Aphetic form of efô, reinforced form of ef

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /oː/, /ɔ/
Rhymes: -oː

Pronoun

o

he, him

Usage notes

O is used predominantly in the north of Wales, while e is used in the south, with fo and fe as variants of o and e respectively after a vowel. In formal Welsh, the equivalent pronoun is ef.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Brythonic *ọ, from Proto-Celtic *au, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away, off”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /oː/, /ɔ/
Rhymes: -oː

Preposition

o (causes soft mutation)

from
Aethon ni o Gaerdydd i Abertawe.
We went from Cardiff to Swansea.
of, out of (partitive)
Roedd llawer o frain yn y coed.
There were a lot of crows in the trees.

Mae'r tri ohonyn nhw'n dweud celwydd.
The three of them are lying.
Connects an adjective modifying another adjective (equivalent to adverb + adjective in English)
arbennig o bwysig ― especially important

ofnadwy o garedig ― awfully kind
Connects a multi-word numeral to a plural noun
Mae pedwar deg saith o weithwyr gyda'r cwmni.
The company has forty-seven employees.

Inflection

More information Singular, Plural ...

	Singular	Plural
First person	ohonof	ohonom
Second person	ohonot	ohonoch
Third person	ohono m ohoni f	ohonyn

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Personal forms (literary)

More information Singular, Plural ...

	Singular	Plural
First person	ohono i/fi, ohona i, ono i	ohonon ni, onon ni
Second person	ohonot ti, onot ti, ohona ti	ohonoch chi, onoch chi
Third person	ohono fe/fo, ono fe/fo m ohoni hi, oni hi f	ohonyn nhw, onyn nhw

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Personal forms (colloquial)

Etymology 4

Possibly a conjunctive use of Etymology 3. Compare Old Irish ó (“when”).

Alternative forms

od (before a vowel)

Conjunction

o (causes aspirate mutation)

(literary) if
(literary) whether

Synonyms

os

Derived terms

oni

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ/

Letter

o

A letter of the Yele alphabet.

Derived terms

The digraph ⟨oo⟩ transcribes the long vowel /ɔː/
The digraph ⟨꞉o⟩ transcribes the nasal vowel /ɔ̃/
The trigraph ⟨꞉oo⟩ transcribes the long nasal vowel /ɔ̃ː/

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔː/

Etymology 1

From Middle English oo, an apocopic form of oon.

Alternative forms

o'

Adjective

o

one
Synonym: oan
- 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY:
  O hardïshe o' anoor.
  One thing or another.

Etymology 2

From Middle English o.

Interjection

o

oh
- 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 12, page 88:
  Than stalket, an gandelt, wie o! an gridane.
  Then stalked and wondered, with oh! and with grief.

Etymology 3

Preposition

o

Alternative form of o' (“of”)
- 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 93:
  Aar was a gooude puddeen maate o bran.
  There was a good pudding made of bran.
- 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 94:
  Aar was Parick o Dearmoth, an dhen score besidh,
  There was Patrick o Deormod, and ten score beside,
- 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 94:
  An a priesth o parieshe on his garrane baun,
  The priest of the parish on his white pony,
- 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 94:
  Aar was a muskawn o buthther ee-laaide apan hoat shruaanès,
  There was a great heap of butter laid upon hot scraps,
- 1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page 104:
  An lea a pariesh o Kilmannan.
  And leave the parish of Kilmannan.

References

Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, pages 45, 88 & 93

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

(phoneme): IPA^(key): /ō/
(letter name): IPA^(key): /ó/

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The sixteenth letter of the Yoruba alphabet, called ó and written in the Latin script.

Noun

ó

The name of the Latin-script letter O/o.

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ō/

Pronoun

o

you (second-person singular non-honorific personal pronoun)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ó/

Pronoun

ó

he/she/it (third-person singular non-honorific personal pronoun)

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

(mid-tone): IPA^(key): /ō/
(high-tone): IPA^(key): /ó/

Pronoun

o

him, her, it (third-person singular object pronoun following a monosyllabic verb with a high-tone /o/)

Pronoun

ó

him, her, it (third-person singular object pronoun following a monosyllabic verb with a low- or mid-tone /o/)

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ō/

Interjection

o

Used at the end of sentences to emphasize a statement.
ẹ ṣeun o ― thank you!

Alternative forms

oo, ooo etc. (depending on the amount of emphasis)

Etymology 6

Clipping of kò.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ò/

Particle

ò

not (placed before a verb to negate it, frequently used after personal pronouns)

Etymology 7

Clipping of wò

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ò/

Verb

ò

(Ekiti) Alternative form of wò (“to look at”)
mò í ò ẹ ― I am looking at you!!

Noun

o

a living person

References

Beria-English English-Beria Dictionary [provisional] ADESK, Iriba, Kobe Department, Chad

Pronoun

o

he

Pronoun

o (demonstrative)

that

Pronunciation

(Standard Zhuang) IPA^(key): /ʔo˨˦/

Tone numbers: o¹

Hyphenation: o

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Interjection

o (1957–1982 spelling o)

Used to express compliance to a request; okay; sure
Used to express realization or understanding; oh

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Adjective

o (Sawndip forms 嗬 or 荷 or ⿰目荷, 1957–1982 spelling o)

(dialectal, including Wuming) blue
Synonym: lamz

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /o˧/

Particle

o

Vocative particle; O

References

Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 59

Letter

o (lower case, upper case O)

The fifteenth letter of the Zulu alphabet, written in the Latin script.

[1] [1]
Angelo Prati, "Vocabolario Etimologico Italiano", Torino, 1951

[2] [1]
Ida Kurcz (1990) “o”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 298

[1]

[1]

indefinite article forms	singular		plural
indefinite article forms	m, n	f	plural
nom/acc	un	o	niște
gen/dat	unui	unei	unor

Class	Person	Independent	Possessive	Subject concord	Object concord	Combined forms
Class	Person	Independent	Possessive	Subject concord	Object concord	na	ni
Class 1	First	nyowe, nye	-ange	n-	-n-	nanyowe, nanye	ninyowe, ninye
	Second	iwe	-awe	o-	-ku-	naiwe	niiwe
	Third	uwe	-e	a-	-mu-	nawe	nuwe
Class 2	First	itwe	-aitu	tu-	-tu-	naitwe	niitwe
	Second	inywe	-anyu	mu-	-ba-	nainywe	niinywe
	Third	abo	-abo	ba-	-ba-	nabo	nubo
Class 3		gwo	-agwo	gu-	-gu-	nagwo	nugwo
Class 4		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
Class 5		lyo	-alyo	li-	-li-	nalyo	niryo
Class 6		go	-ago	ga-	-ga-	nago	nugo
Class 7		kyo	-akyo	ki-	-ki-	nakyo	nikyo
Class 8		byo	-abyo	bi-	-bi-	nabyo	nibyo
Class 9		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
Class 10		zo	-azo	zi-	-zi-	nazo	nizo
Class 11		rwo	-arwo	ru-	-ru-	narwo	nurwo
Class 12		ko	-ako	ka-	-ka-	nako	nuko
Class 13		two	-atwo	tu-	-tu-	natwo	nutwo
Class 14		bwo	-abwo	bu-	-bu-	nabwo	nubwo
Class 15		kwo	-akwo	ku-	-ku-	nakwo	nukwo
Class 16		ho	-aho	ha-	-ha-	naho	nuho
Class 17		(kwo)	N/A	ha- (...-yo)	-ha-	N/A	nukwo
Class 18		(mwo)	-amwo	ha- (...-mu)	-ha-	N/A	numwo
Reflexive		-enyini, -onyini	—		-e-	—

	singular	plural or honorific
1st person	èmi	àwa
2nd person	ìwọ	ẹ̀yin
3rd person	òun	àwọn

			nominative	dative	accusative	disjunctive
first person	singular		ei	me, -mi		mi
	plural	common	nos	mus^L nus^LV nos, -nus^M		nos
		masculine	noshotrus^M			noshotrus^M
		feminine	noshotras^M			noshotras^M
second person	singular		tú	te, -ti		ti
	plural	common	vos	vus^LV vos, -vus^M		vos
		masculine	voshotrus^M			voshotrus^M
		feminine	voshotras^M			voshotras^M
third person	singular	masculine	el	le, -li	u^LV, o^M	el
	singular	feminine	ela		a	ela
	plural	masculine	elis		us^LV, os^M	elis
	plural	feminine	elas		as	elas
	reflexive		—	se, -si		sí

singular	nominative	accusative	dative	tonic¹	possessive²
1^st person	jo	mè			min
2^nd person	te	tè			tin
3^rd person masculine	il	lo / le	lui		sin
3^rd person feminine	el	la	lyé
3^rd person neuter	o		y	—
3^rd person reflexive	—	sè
plural	nominative	accusative	dative	tonic¹	possessive²
1^st person	nos				noutro
2^nd person	vos				voutro
3^rd person masculine	ils	los / les	lor		lor
3^rd person feminine	els	les	lor / lyés
3^rd person reflexive	—	sè
¹ Disjunctive or object of a preposition.		² Generally preceded by a definite article.

		dependent	independent	object/possessive
Singular	first	m, a/e- ... -m	m, mụ
	second	ị, i	ngị, gị	gị
	third	ọ, o	ya
Plural	first	anyị
	second	ụnụ
	third	ha, a/e- ... -ha	ha
Indefinite		a/e	-	-

	singular	plural
1st person	niĩ	ithuĩ
2nd person	we /wɛ(ː)/	inyuĩ
3rd person	we /wɛ/	o

		singular			plural
		imperfective	perfective	future	imperfective	perfective	future
first person	long	'añ	'añt	o	'c	'att	o
first person	short	ñ	ñt		c	tt
second person	long	'ap	'apt		'am	'amt
second person	short	a	pt		m	mt
third person	long	'o			'at	'o
third person	short	'o			t	'o

		singular	plural
1st person		ben	biz
2nd person	familiar	sen	siz
2nd person	polite	siz	sizler
3rd person		o	onlar

	singular	plural or honorific
1st person	mi / n	a
2nd person	o	ẹ
3rd person	[pronoun dropped]	wọn

	singular	plural or honorific
1st person	mi	wa
2nd person	ọ / ẹ	yín
3rd person	[preceding vowel repeated for monosyllabic verbs] / ẹ̀	wọn

		singular	plural
1st person		ez mı	ma
2nd person	familiar	tı to	şıma
2nd person	polite	şıma	şıma
3rd person		o a	ê

Galician articles
	Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Definite articles (the)	o	a	os	as
Indefinite articles (a, an; some)	un	unha	uns	unhas

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Particle

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