od

Etymology 1

Alteration of God.

Etymology 2

Borrowed from German Od, arbitrarily coined by the German scientist and philosopher Carl Reichenbach (1788–1869).^[1][2]

References

Further reading

• Odic force on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Anagrams

• DO, D.O., 'do, D&O, do., d/o, do

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ōt (“fire”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /od/
• (Tabriz) IPA^(key): /ot/^[1]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

od (definite accusative odu, plural odlar)

1. fire

   Synonyms: atəş, nar

References

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech ot, from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ot/

• Audio:

  (file)

Preposition

od [with genitive]

1. from

   Dostal jsem dopis od bratra. ― I got a letter from my brother.

2. since

   Od té doby jsem tam nebyl. ― I haven't been there since.

3. of

   To je od tebe moc hezké. ― That is very nice of you.

Further reading

• “od”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “od”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

Etymology

From Old Norse oddr, from Proto-Germanic *uzdaz, cognate with German Ort (“place, point”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɔðˀ/, [ˈʌðˀ]

Noun

od c (singular definite odden, plural indefinite odde)

1. sharp point

Alternative forms

• o (apocope)

Etymology

Borrowing from English or, French ou, Italian od and Spanish o.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔd/

Conjunction

od

1. or

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /od/

Conjunction

od

1. or (used before a vowel for euphony instead of o)

Anagrams

• D-o, do, dò

Verb

od

1. inflection of ost:
   1. second-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Adjective

od

1. Alternative form of odde

Adverb

od

1. Alternative form of odde

Noun

od

1. Alternative form of odde

Etymology 1

From Old Norse óðr.

Etymology 2

From Old Norse óðr.

References

• “od” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
• “od”, in Norsk Ordbok: ordbok over det norske folkemålet og det nynorske skriftmålet, Oslo: Samlaget, 1950-2016

Etymology

From Latin apud.

Preposition

od

1. with

Alternative forms

• hod, hot, ode, ot, ote

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ. The final d is due to analogy with other prepositions such as nad and pod. First attested in the first half of the 14th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /ɔt/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ɔt/

Preposition

od [with genitive]

1. indicates the beginning of an action has lasted; since, from, for
2. indicates length of time; for
3. indicates disatance; from, away from
4. indicates source or cause; from, because of
5. indicates agent of a request; from
6. indicates physical origin, sometimes used in names; from
7. indicates author or letter; by, from
8. used in passive constructions; by
9. indicates the scope, manner or degree
10. indicates relation, intended purpose or use, material, or age; from
11. used in comparisons; than

References

• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “od”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Alternative forms

• ode

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish od.

Pronunciation

• Audio 1 (isolated):

  (file)

• Audio 2:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔt
• Syllabification: od
• Homophones: od-, ot, -ot

Preposition

od [with genitive]

1. indicates separation, distance, loss of contact; from, away

   Jesteśmy dość daleko od domu. ― We're pretty far from home.

   Odsuń się od niej! ― Get away from her!

2. indicates origin of movement; from, away

   Dostałem dziś list od siostry. ― I got a letter from my sister today.

   Odchodzę od tego budynku. ― I am walking away from that building.

3. indicates moment of origin in time; from, since, for

   Pracuję codziennie od siódmej do piętnastej. ― I work from 7 AM till 3 PM every day.

   Od jutra będę mieszkał we własnym mieszkaniu. ― Starting tomorrow I'll be living in my own flat.

   Odlicz od dziesięciu w dół. ― Count backwards from ten.

   Czekam na ciebie od osiemnastej. ― I have been waiting for you since 6 PM.

4. indicates source or cause; from, because of

   Jestem mokry od deszczu ― I'm wet from the rain.

5. indicates intended use or purpose; for

   Czy widzisz przez dziurkę od klucza? ― Can you see through the keyhole? (literally, “Can you see through the hole for the key?”)

   Zamknąłeś okno od samochodu? ― Did you shut the car window?

6. indicates specialization
7. used in comparisons; than

   Synonyms: aniżeli, aniżeliby, niż, niżby, niźli, niźliby, niżeli, niżeliby

   Janusz jest wyższy od Piotra. ― Janusz is taller than Piotr.

8. (Middle Polish) used to indicate the author of a letter or work; from, by
9. (Middle Polish) used in passive constructions; by
10. (Middle Polish) indicates material; from

    Synonym: z

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), od is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 477 times in scientific texts, 319 times in news, 310 times in essays, 371 times in fiction, and 303 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 1780 times, making it the 23rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.^[1]

References

Further reading

• od in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• od in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “od”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• “OD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2010 May 24
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “od”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “od”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “od”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 564

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti. See od-, ot-, o, oda-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ôd/

Preposition

ȍd (Cyrillic spelling о̏д)

1. from, since [with genitive]

   od Zagreba do Beograda ― from Zagreb to Belgrade

   od jutra do mraka ― from dusk until dawn

   od 5 do 10 sati ― from 5 to 10 o'clock

   od danas ― from today on

   od sad(a) ― from now on

   od tad(a) ― since then

   od kraja zime ― from the end of winter

2. of [with genitive]

   selo od tri kuće ― a village of three houses

   jedan od njih ― one of them

   čovjek od (svoje) r(ij)eči. ― a man of his word

   Hvala! To je bilo jako l(ij)epo od tebe! ― Thank you! That was very nice of you!

3. (comparison) (+ genitive case) than

   Avioni su brži od helikoptera. ― Airplanes are faster than helicopters.

   Stariji je od svoje sestre. ― He is older than his sister.

4. made of, made out of, made from [with genitive]

   stolica od drveta ― a chair made of wood

   Plastika se proizvodi od nafte. ― Plastic is made from oil.

   U slamovima, ljudi često žive u kućama napravljenim od otpadnog metala. ― In slums, people often live in houses made out of scrap metal.

5. (proscribed, passive voice) (+ genitive case) by (usually followed by strane ("side/party") denoting the party which is doing the action; active form is preferred in formal language)

   Bomba je bila pronađena od (strane) policije. ― The bomb was found by the police.

6. because of, from, with (denoting a direct or indirect cause) [with genitive]

   Umrla je od raka kože. ― She died of skin cancer.

   Umrla je od alkoholizma. ― She died from alcoholism.

   umr(ij)eti od dosade ― to die of boredom

   drhtati od straha ― to tremble with fear

   tresti se od hladnoće ― to shiver with cold

Alternative forms

• odo

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɔd/

Preposition

od (+ genitive)

1. from
2. since
3. of

Further reading

• “od”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2024

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔt/

Preposition

od

1. from, away from [with genitive]
2. since or starting from (place or time) [with genitive]
3. originating from, having origin in [with genitive]
4. of, belonging to, part of [with genitive]
5. (with genitive, in comparisons) than
6. of, from, because of, due to [with genitive]

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish اود (od), اوت (ot), from Old Anatolian Turkish اود (od), from Proto-Turkic *ōt (“fire”).

Noun

od (definite accusative odu, plural odlar)

1. (archaic or dialectal) fire

   Synonyms: ateş, nâr

Pronoun

od

1. each other

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔd/

Etymology 1

From Middle English odde.

Etymology 2

Mutation