vos

See also: Appendix:Variations of "vos"

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Etymology

Inherited from Dutch vos, from Middle Dutch vos, from Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /fɔs/
Audio: (file)

Noun

vos (plural vosse, diminutive vossie)

fox, carnivore of the tribe Vulpini

Derived terms

skoolvos

Etymology

From Latin vos. Cognate to Catalan us, Spanish os and French vous.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbos/
Rhymes: -os
Syllabification: vos

Pronoun

vos

you (second-person plural direct pronoun)
(to) you (second-person plural indirect pronoun)

Synonyms

tos

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs.

Pronunciation

(Central) IPA^(key): /bus/ (always unstressed)
(Balearic) IPA^(key): /vus/ (always unstressed)
(Valencia) IPA^(key): /vos/ (always unstressed)

Pronoun

vos (enclitic, contracted us, proclitic us)

you (plural, direct or indirect object)

Usage notes

-vos is the full (plena) form of the pronoun. It is normally used after verbs ending with a consonant or ⟨u⟩.
Heu de quedar-vos aquí. ― You must stay here.

Declension

More information strong/subject, weak (direct object) ...

	strong/subject	weak (direct object)		weak (indirect object)		possessive
singular		proclitic	enclitic	proclitic	enclitic
1st person	jo, mi³	em, m’	-me, ’m	em, m’	-me, ’m	meu
1st person majestic¹	nós	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	tu	et, t’	-te, ’t	et, t’	-te, ’t	teu
2nd person formal¹	vós	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person very formal²	vostè	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person masculine	ell	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person feminine	ella	la, l’⁴	-la	li	-li	seu
3rd person neuter		ho	-ho	li	-li	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
plural
1st person	nosaltres	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	vosaltres	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person formal²	vostès	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person masculine	ells	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person feminine	elles	les	-les	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive		en, n’	-ne, ’n
locative		hi	-hi
¹⁾ Behaves grammatically as plural. ²⁾ Behaves grammatically as third person.			³⁾ Only as object of a preposition. ⁴⁾ Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

Close

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈvos]

Noun

vos f

genitive plural of vosa

Pronoun

vos

(dialectal) Pronunciation spelling of os.
- 1926, Adolph Stender, Skovtrold, Lindhardt og Ringhof, →ISBN:
  Næ, la' vos bare inte skave vos! (...) men saa øver vi vos imens! Naar han ser vos gennem Vindvet, kommer han nok herud ...
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 1973, Bent Rying, Alice Kennebo, København og Københavns amt:
  Han har sæl brunget desse ur te vos; ...
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 1906, Maglekilde fortæller: humoristiske fortællinger:
  Jeg ka' kons mindes een eneste Gang a' han roste vos, – de' var en Da' da han ha'de trukket vos rigtig igjennem i Geveereksersis; — — der var inte en tør Trevl paa vos, saatten ha'de vi maattet hænge i en tre, fire Timmer i et Slav.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Thumb — Een *vos* met een prooi. — A *fox* with a prey.

Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:

Vossen

Wikipedia ^nl

Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:

Vos (dier)

Wikipedia ^nl

Dutch Wikipedia has an article on:

Vulpes

Wikipedia ^nl

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vɔs/
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: vos
Rhymes: -ɔs

Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle Dutch vos, from Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.

Noun

vos m (plural vossen, diminutive vosje n, feminine vossin)

fox, carnivore of the tribe Vulpini
(particularly) red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Synonyms: gewone vos, rode vos
fox fur
a crafty, ingenious person
Koen is een lepe vos, die laat zich niet in de luren leggen.
Conrad is a sly fox who does not allow himself to be hoodwinked.
horse with red or red-brown fur
a tortoiseshell (any of various similar nymphalid butterflies)
Hyponyms: kleine vos, grote vos

Derived terms

Afghaanse vos
brandvos
een vos verliest wel zijn haren, maar niet zijn streken
eilandvos
gewone vos
grijze vos
grootoorvos
grote vos
kamavos
kitvos
kleine vos
kortoorvos
kruisvos
moervos
poolvos
rode vos
schoolvos
sluw als een vos
vosaap
vosbelg
vosbles
vosgans
voskleurig
voskonijn
vosrekel
vosruin
vosschaar
vosschimmel
vossen
vossenbes
vossengat
vossengeschreeuw
vossenhuid
vossenjacht
vossenkuil
vossenstaart
vossenval
vossenvel
woestijnvos
zilvervos

Descendants

Afrikaans: vos
Jersey Dutch: vośe
Negerhollands: vos

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

vos

inflection of vossen:
1. first-person singular present indicative
2. (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
3. imperative

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese vos, from Latin vōs.

Pronoun

vos m pl or f pl

Second person plural nominative pronoun; you
(Mañegu) First person plural dative and accusative pronoun; you

Usage notes

In Mañegu voshotrus and voshotras are more commonly used as subject pronouns.
Takes the form -vus when used as an object pronoun suffixed to an impersonal verb form.

References

Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs (nominative or accusative).

Pronoun

vos (postpositive -vos) (ORB, broad)

you (second-person plural nominative, accusative, dative, or tonic)

Derived terms

se vos plét

References

vous in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
vos in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

Etymology

Inherited from Old French vos, from Latin vostros (“your, plural accusative”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vo/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -o
Homophones: vaut, vaux, veau, veaux

Determiner

vos pl

plural of votre; your
Vos parents sont très gentils.
Your parents are very nice.

Related terms

More information Possessee, singular ...

			Possessee
			singular		plural
			m	f	plural
Possessor	singular	1^st	mon¹	ma	mes
		2^nd	ton¹	ta	tes
		3^rd	son¹	sa	ses
	plural	1^st	notre		nos
		2^nd	votre²		vos²
		3^rd	leur		leurs

Close

French possessive determiners

¹ Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.

² Also used as the polite singular form.

For the singular persons there are gender-neutral neologisms man, tan, san. These are extremely rare.

Pronoun

vos

inflection of vós:
1. accusative/dative
2. reflexive

Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse vás, which is related to vaska (“to wash”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vɔs/

Noun

vos n (genitive singular voss, nominative plural vos)

wetness, toil, fatigue (from storm, sea, frost, bad weather)

Declension

More information singular, plural ...

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	vos	vosið	vos	vosin
accusative	vos	vosið	vos	vosin
dative	vosi	vosinu	vosum	vosunum
genitive	voss	vossins	vosa	vosanna

Close

Declension of vos (neuter)

References

Mallet, P. H. (1847). Northern Antiquities, Or, an Historical Account of the Manners, Customs, Religion, and Laws, Maritime Expeditions and Discoveries, Language and Literature of the Ancient Scandinavians ... with a Translation of the Prose Edda from the Original Old Norse Text ... to which is Added, an Abstract of the Eyrbyggja Saga. United Kingdom: Bohn, p. 509

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronoun

vos

you (plural)

Etymology

From Old Spanish vosotros.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vos/

Pronoun

vos (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling בﬞוס)

you (formal singular, nominative and accusative)
accusative of vozotros
accusative of vozotras

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /u̯oːs/, [u̯oːs̠]

(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /vos/, [vɔs]

Pronoun

vōs

you, ye, you all; nominative/accusative/vocative plural of tū
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.200–202:
  “Vōs et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantīs
  accēstis scopulōs, vōs et Cyclōpēa saxa
  expertī [...].”
  “You neared mad Scylla and heard the howls within her cliffs, and you experienced the rocks of the Cyclops.”
  (Note: “accestis” is a syncopated form of “accessistis.” The “vos et … vos et” repetition exemplifies anaphora.)

Usage notes

When used in the plural genitive, vestrī is used when it is the object of an action, especially when used with a gerund or gerundive. When used in such a construction, the gerund or gerundive takes on the masculine genitive singular. Vestrum is used as a partitive genitive, used in constructions such as (one of you).

Declension

More information Number, singular ...

Declension of Latin personal pronouns
Person/ Gender	first	second	reflexive third	third			first	second	reflexive third	third
Number	singular						plural
Person/ Gender	first	second	reflexive third	masc.	fem.	neut.	first	second	reflexive third	masc.	fem.	neut.
nominative	egō̆	tū	—	is	ea	id	nōs	vōs	—	eī iī	eae	ea
genitive	meī	tuī	suī	eius			nostrī nostrum	vestrī vestrum	suī	eōrum	eārum	eōrum
dative	mihī̆	tibī̆	sibi	eī			nōbīs	vōbīs	sibi	eīs
accusative	mē	tē	sē sēsē	eum	eam	id	nōs	vōs	sē sēsē	eōs	eās	ea
ablative	mē	tē	sē sēsē	eō	eā	eō	nōbīs	vōbīs	sē sēsē	eīs
vocative	egō	tū	—				nōs	vōs	—

Close

Derived terms

Descendants

Aromanian: voi, voauã
Catalan: vós, vosaltres
Dalmatian: vu, voi
Franco-Provençal: vos
Friulian: vô, voaltris
Italian: voi, voialtri
Mirandese: bós
Neapolitan: vuje
Occitan: vos, vosautres
Old French: vos
- Middle French: vous
  - French: vous
- Walloon: vos
Old Galician-Portuguese: vos
- Galician: vós, vosoutros
- Portuguese: vós
Romanian: voi, vouă
Romansch: vus
Sardinian: bosatrus
Sicilian: vui, vuàutri
Spanish: vos, vosotros, os

References

“vos”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“vos”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
vos in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
vos in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
- picture to yourselves the circumstances: ante oculos vestros (not vobis) res gestas proponite
- not to be prolix: ne diutius vos demorer

Etymology

Cognate with Proto-Slavic *(j)edъva (“barely”); see there for more.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [vos]

Adverb

võs (not comparable)

hardly, barely

Derived terms

advos
vos ne vos
vos tik
vos vos

References

[1]
Derksen, Rick (2015) “vos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510

Etymology

From Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs.

Noun

vos m

fox, red fox

Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

vossinne

Descendants

Dutch: vos
- Afrikaans: vos
- Jersey Dutch: vośe
- Negerhollands: vos
Limburgish: vósj

Etymology

From Old Occitan vos, from Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vus/
Audio: (file)

Pronoun

vos

to you (second-person plural indirect object pronoun)
yourselves (second-person plural reflexive pronoun)

Alternative forms

vous
vus

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vus/

Pronoun

vos

you (second-person plural or second-person singular polite subject pronoun)
- c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:
  Que vos puissiez cest blasme estaindre
  That you may be able to get rid of this blame
your (second-person plural or second-person singular polite possessive pronoun)
yourself (second-person plural or second-person singular polite reflexive pronoun)
you (second-person plural or second-person singular polite object pronoun)
- c. 1176, Chrétien de Troyes, Cligès:
  qant je vos voi de tel meniere
  when I see you in such a state

Descendants

Middle French: vous
- French: vous
Walloon: vos

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronoun

vos

you (plural or polite form)

Descendants

Occitan: vos

Alternative forms

vus

Etymology

From Latin vōx.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vus/

Noun

vos f (plural vos)

voice

Etymology

From Latin vōs.

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /vus/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /vuʃ/
- (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /vos/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /vuʃ/
- (Northern Portugal) IPA^(key): /buʃ/

Hyphenation: vos

Pronoun

vos

objective of vós
É por isso que vos digo que...
That is why I tell you (all) that...

Alternative forms

bos

Etymology

From Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yū́ (“you”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /bos/, /vos/ (in certain Nuorese towns)

Pronoun

vos (possessive vostru)

you (plural), ye
Synonyms: vois, vosateros

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ǫsъ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʋóːs/

Noun

vọ̑s m inan

(obsolete) hair
(obsolete) moustache

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs (“you, plural”), from Old Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbos/ [ˈbos]
Rhymes: -os
Syllabification: vos

Pronoun

vos

(archaic) an elevated form of you, either singular or plural
Vos, doña Juana, sois caritativa.
(please add an English translation of this usage example)
(parts of Latin America, Chavacano-speaking areas in the Philippines) a form of you, singular
Synonym: tú

Derived terms

Descendants

Chavacano: vos (vulgar)

Etymology

Inherited from Old French vos, from Latin vōs (“you, plural”), from Proto-Italic *wōs.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vɔ/

Pronoun

vos

you (singular)
you (plural)

Synonyms

(plural): vozôtes

[1] [1]
Derksen, Rick (2015) “vos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510

[1]

singular	nominative	accusative	dative	tonic¹	possessive²
1^st person	jo	mè			min
2^nd person	te	tè			tin
3^rd person masculine	il	lo / le	lui		sin
3^rd person feminine	el	la	lyé
3^rd person neuter	o		y	—
3^rd person reflexive	—	sè
plural	nominative	accusative	dative	tonic¹	possessive²
1^st person	nos				noutro
2^nd person	vos				voutro
3^rd person masculine	ils	los / les	lor		lor
3^rd person feminine	els	les	lor / lyés
3^rd person reflexive	—	sè
¹ Disjunctive or object of a preposition.		² Generally preceded by a definite article.

Portuguese personal pronouns (edit)
Number	Person	Nominative (subject)		Accusative (direct object)		Dative (indirect object)	Prepositional		Prepositional with com		Non-declining
Number	Person	m	f	m	f	m and f	m	f	m	f	m	f
Singular	First	eu		me			mim		comigo
	Second	tu		te			ti		contigo		você
	Second	tu		te			ti		contigo		o senhor	a senhora
	Third	ele	ela	o (lo, no)	a (la, na)	lhe	ele	ela	com ele	com ela	o mesmo	a mesma
	Third	ele	ela	se			si		consigo		o mesmo	a mesma
Plural	First	nós		nos			nós		connosco (Portugal) conosco (Brazil)		a gente
	Second	vós		vos			vós		convosco, com vós		vocês
	Second	vós		vos			vós		convosco, com vós		os senhores	as senhoras
	Third	eles	elas	os (los, nos)	as (las, nas)	lhes	eles	elas	com eles	com elas	os mesmos	as mesmas
	Third	eles	elas	se			si		consigo		os mesmos	as mesmas
Indefinite				se			si		consigo

			nominative	dative	accusative	disjunctive
first person	singular		ei	me, -mi		mi
	plural	common	nos	mus^L nus^LV nos, -nus^M		nos
		masculine	noshotrus^M			noshotrus^M
		feminine	noshotras^M			noshotras^M
second person	singular		tú	te, -ti		ti
	plural	common	vos	vus^LV vos, -vus^M		vos
		masculine	voshotrus^M			voshotrus^M
		feminine	voshotras^M			voshotras^M
third person	singular	masculine	el	le, -li	u^LV, o^M	el
	singular	feminine	ela		a	ela
	plural	masculine	elis		us^LV, os^M	elis
	plural	feminine	elas		as	elas
	reflexive		—	se, -si		sí

				nominative	dative	accusative	disjunctive
first person	singular			yo	me		mí¹
	plural	masculine²		nosotros	nos		nosotros
	plural	feminine		nosotras	nos		nosotras
second person	singular	tuteo		tú	te		ti¹
		voseo		vos	te		vos
		formal³		usted	le, se⁴	lo/la⁵	usted
	plural	familiar⁶	masculine²	vosotros	os		vosotros
		familiar⁶	feminine	vosotras	os		vosotras
		formal/general³		ustedes	les, se⁴	los/las⁵	ustedes
third person	singular	masculine²		él	le, se⁴	lo	él
		feminine		ella		la	ella
		neuter		ello⁷		lo	ello
	plural	masculine²		ellos	les, se⁴	los	ellos
	plural	feminine		ellas	les, se⁴	las	ellas
	reflexive			—	se		sí¹

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Synonyms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Usage notes

Declension

Further reading

Pronunciation

Noun

Pronoun

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Derived terms

Descendants

Etymology 2

Verb

Further reading

Etymology

Pronoun

Usage notes

See also

References

Etymology

Pronoun

Derived terms

See also

References

Etymology

Pronunciation

Determiner

Related terms

Further reading

Pronoun

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

References

Etymology

Pronoun

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Usage notes

Declension

Derived terms

Descendants

See also

References

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adverb

Derived terms

References

Etymology

Noun

Inflection

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Descendants

Etymology