Translation Strategies

Male dominated fields suppress the visibility of women and form a patriarchal system that only benefit men. This system also affects the area of translation. In translations, encountering sexist language is common. To show that patriarchal language is degrading and misogynistic, some translators started to work on not only the translation itself but also on correcting the problematic language and concepts. These feminist translators make women’s voice visible in translations by adopting certain strategies. Emek Ergün’s translation of Virgin: The Untouched History (2007) is one of the examples of feminist translation practices in Turkish translations. The translator writes an unusually long preface on how the translation is a feminist one. Ergün also chooses the word “himen” over “kızlık zarı”, which is a conventional usage of the term, while translating “hymen”. Feminist translations of literary works promote feminist movement and give women some space to show that they exist in all the fields that men do. Although practicing feminist translation has been an ongoing act, is it realistic to expect from these translations to contribute to the feminist movement? Is it possible for women to voice their opinions about patriarchal use of language and concepts in translations? This paper will answer these questions by analyzing Emek Ergün’s translation and giving examples of other works to show that it is possible to counter patriarchy through translation.

Issues covered in the monograph include integrating interdisciplinary approaches to translation modeling, definitions of a translation model and a translation strategy, discourse and communication translation model organization and functioning. The author summarizes translation-relevant discourse parameters of scientific discourse, pedagogic discourse, negotiation discourse, and guided tour discourse; covers issues pertaining to escort interpreting and preparing for an interpreting assignment, as well as a discursive approach to describing parameters of a communicative situation of translation and analyzing a linguistic personality of a translator.
Financial support for this research has been provided by the Russian Foundation for Humanities (12-34-01206 a2, Translation Modeling: Integrating Approaches in Modern Linguistics).

This research is an annotated translation. The problems of this research are: (1) What are the difficulties encountered by the researcher/translator during the process of translation? (2) How are those difficulties solved? The aims of this research are: (1) To attain factual information concerning the difficulties faced by the researcher/translator while translating the source text, (2) To find out the plausible solution by referring to the principles of translation, the translation strategies, the theories of translation, and the theories of both the Indonesian language as well as the English language. The methods of the research are: (1) the introspective and retrospective methods, (2) the sampling method is purposefully randomly. From the 167 data collected, the researcher purposefully selected the most difficult data which amount to 45 data; from these 45 data, the researcher has randomly chosen 25 data to be analysed. The results of this research are: (1) only five out of the thirteen principles of translation were employed in this research, i.e. Meaning, Style and Clarity, Form, Register, and Idiom; (2) thirteen out of thirty translation strategies were applied in this research, i.e. Transposition (2 data), Unit Shift (2 data), Phrasal Verb (2 data), Idiom (2 data), Information Change (2 data), Loan (2 data), Calque (2 data), Explicitness Change (2 data), Expansion (2 data), Compression (2 data), Antonymy (2 data), Cohesion Change (1 data), and Clause Structure Change (2 data). The finding of this research is that not all of the thirteen principles of translation and the thirty translation strategies are employed because there are only twenty five data analysed.

By way of comparative analysis of some of the 24 Grimm Brothers fairy tales that were translated by Antonio Gramsci, this paper aims to reconstruct the translation strategies that were adopted. Taking into account both the specific context in which the translations were undertaken and the implied readership, particular attention is paid to loss and compensation, which were partly motivated by ideological choices. The tendency to ‘tame’ the German fairy tales, so as to adapt them to the socio-cultural context of the new readership, is also examined. The analysis of Gramsci’s translations not only confirms the excellent role that translation may play in the study of foreign languages, but also highlights the power of the translator in the process of linguistic and cultural mediation.

Interlingual subtitling was singled out for this research, as it is the common mode used to translate English films intended for an Arabic audience in most Arab T.V channels. However, this form of audiovisual translation is often prone to many constraints, and subtitling taboos is a case in point. The research aims to raise awareness about the special use of some strategies and showcase the ensuing changes, omissions and errors in the target language. This article looks into the translation strategies of taboo words, be them lexemes and/or expressions about death, sex, cursing, religion or calling names. Methodology-wise, 214 English-Arabic pairs of taboo words were collected from five popular Arab T.V channels and 23 American and British films were assessed. The data was coded according to Gottlieb's subtitling strategies (1992) and both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. The quantitative results showed four specific recurrent strategies during the subtitling process to cope with rendering taboo words. The qualitative analysis, however, revealed other lexico-semantic devices such as euphemism, disphemism and general words; translation techniques namely literal translation, partial rendering and inaccurate equivalence, along with other subtitling technical schemes. The research contributes to fill some gaps in the field of film subtitling from English into Arabic and insists on the importance of applying the adequate strategies when conveying taboos in the target language.

Dwi Asep Mulyono. 2015. Translation Strategies of Pure Idioms in Veronica Roth’s Divergent. English Study Program, Dian Nuswantoro University. Semarang. Advisor: Achmad Basari


Keywords: Translation Strategies, Idiom, Pure idioms, Divergent Novel.

This thesis is entitled Translation Strategies of Pure Idioms in Veronica Roth’s Divergent. The objective of this study is to know the dominant translation strategy applied by the translator in translating pure idioms. This thesis was a qualitative data research. The data were collected through two steps, the first step was to search the data in the bookstore, and the second step was to decide the Divergent novel as the data of this study. In analyzing the data, the researcher read the bilingual novel and found the classified data to be analyzed. There are 38 pure idioms which were then analyzed and classified according to the translation strategies composed by Mona Baker. The result shows that there are 3 translation strategies applied by the translator in order to solve the idiom. The 1st translation strategy is translation using the idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form, it is applied 8 times (21,05%). The 2nd translation strategy is translation by Paraphrase which is applied 29 times (76,32%). The 3rd translation strategy is translation by omission. This translation strategy was applied on 1 (2,63%) pure idioms translation. In conclusion, it can be said that the dominant translation strategy applied by the translator is the translation by paraphrase.

The aim of the present paper is to analyze the strategies used in the translation of the toponyms present in children's literature. We are using the example of the Polish translations of The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas to observe tendencies and regularities in the translation process of these elements in a diachronic perspective. The analysis of 53 toponyms occurring 175 times has shown the translators’ preference for a literal translation of the sites inside the city, during the interwar period. This stands in opposition to the prevailing tendency in the years following World War II. The rejection of a literal translation of the toponyms is accompanied by an increasing number of loan-words.

Keywords: toponyms; children's literature; norms, methods, strategies in translating toponyms.

The Harry Potter series poses particular problems for translators, and their translations raise many questions for us. Do translators aim to produce a text that has the same effect as the original or one that familiarizes children with British culture? Do translators keep the source text’s English names and words or translate them into the target language? How do the translator’s choices affect the reader’s perceptions? How do factors like text type, text function and target group influence translation strategy choices and which techniques can a translator use when translating culture-specific items? My thesis examines the linguistic and cultural issues in the French translation of the Harry Potter novels by investigating how the translator, Jean-Francois Ménard, conveys the British cultural setting of the Harry Potter stories for French readers and translates the invented words, names and places. I identify specific translation problems, and analyse how the translator deals with these, and discuss the ways in which he transfers culture and meaning in producing a readable and entertaining translation for French readers.

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the most often used subtitling strategies, namely the various condensation and reduction strategies, and the multimodal nature of a subtitled movie. Audiovisual texts utilize various meaning construction channels or modes to create the whole message. Audiovisual texts compose of the visual mode (the pictoral mode and the written mode) and the audio mode (the spoken mode, the mode of music and the mode of sound effects). All of these modes contribute to the meaning construction and affect the subtitling strategies used by the subtitler. The purpose of this study is to examine relationships between the modes and how these relationships affect the use of condensation and reduction strategies in the subtitling. 
The approach to the study of subtitling is multidisciplinary, because audiovisual translation is often studied mainly from a linguistic viewpoint to the exclusion of the other meaning construction modes. The theory section of this study includes information about audiovisual texts and particularly about one form of audiovisual translation, subtitling. Various condensation and reduction strategies studied and categorized by for example Gambier (2010) and Gottlieb (1992) are introduced and discussed. Theories behind seeing and hearing are presented and the term multimodality is examined, as well as various existing methods to study it presented. 
The material of this study composes of three scenes and three sequences of the movie The Dark Knight (2002). These movie sections are analyzed in order to find out how the multimodal nature of audiovisual text affects the use of condensation and reduction strategies in subtitling. There are various methods to study the interaction between the modes, yet none of the existing methods suit the purpose of this study. Therefore, a new method, Multimodal Scene and Sequence Analysis, is developed and tested. The new method was created in order to link the condensation and reduction strategies used by the subtitler and the modes which affected their use. Relationships between the modes studied by for example Bogucki (2013) and Gambier (2013) were used to analyze these links. 
The results suggest that the modes affect the use of subtitling strategies and can for example help the subtitler to adhere to the time and space constraints of subtitles. The results also indicate that it is important that the subtitler has knowledge of the interaction of the modes as well as access to all the modes in order to utilize them in the subtitling process. Further studies are, however, still needed in order to gain deeper understanding of the interplay between the multiple modes of audiovisual texts. For example reception studies might give more information about how audiences utilize the modes as well as subtitles to understand the whole message of a movie.

This paper explores the concept of translation strategies within the framework of the functionalist approach in translation studies. It is based on the presumption that a source text can have different translations and examines the factors underlying those differences which tend to be external factors associated with the socio-cultural environment in which the translation process is embedded. The paper makes use of the Skopos theory which is one of the most significant theories within the functionalist approach in translation studies. Relying on the Skopos theory, the aim of this paper to examine the differences in the translation strategies by analyzing two Arabic translations of Leo Tolstoy's novel, Anna Karenina, to demonstrate how the intended function of each version has influenced its translation. The theoretical part of the paper explores the major developments in translation theories that have paved the way for the emergence of the functionalist approach in translation studies. The practical part is based on Vinay and Darbelnet's model of translation strategies and methods. The model was applied to the analysis of the two Arabic translations of the novel to compare the applied translation strategies and methods and identify the most commonly used translation methods in each translation. The paper shows that the two Arabic translations of the novel clearly differ in terms of the translation strategies applied by each translator. The differences are due to the fact that each translation has its own Skopos. Therefore, each translator has chosen a different translation strategy that would enable him to achieve the purpose of his translation. Translation Strategies in light of Skopos Theory

When it comes to fantasy writing, proper names are vital because they sometimes determine the course of action of the story. There are many issues literary translators must consider while choosing the best words for their translations. Oftentimes, it is the case that the exact equivalent of a SL word does not exist in the TL. In such cases, translators have the option of implementing certain methods to compensate for the loss of meaning in their translations. These are known as translation strategies and techniques. The following paper aims to show how translators were able to conquer the challenges of translating proper names in fantasy literature through the implementation of said strategies and techniques, and establish a comparison between the original proper name and the translated version of the proper name.

This research is an annotated translation. The problems of this research are: (1) What are the difficulties encountered by the researcher/translator during the process of translation? (2) How are those difficulties solved? The aims of this research are: (1) To attain factual information concerning the difficulties faced by the researcher/translator while translating the source text, (2) To find out the plausible solution by referring to the principles of translation, the translation strategies, the theories of translation, and the theories of both the Indonesian language as well as the English language. The methods of the research are: (1) the introspective and retrospective methods, (2) the sampling method is purposefully randomly. From the 167 data collected, the researcher purposefully selected the most difficult data which amount to 45 data; from these 45 data, the researcher has randomly chosen 25 data to be analysed. The results of this research are: (1) only five out of the thirteen principles of translation were employed in this research, i.e. Meaning, Style and Clarity, Form, Register, and Idiom; (2) thirteen out of thirty translation strategies were applied in this research, i.e. Transposition (2 data), Unit Shift (2 data), Phrasal Verb (2 data), Idiom (2 data), Information Change (2 data), Loan (2 data), Calque (2 data), Explicitness Change (2 data), Expansion (2 data), Compression (2 data), Antonymy (2 data), Cohesion Change (1 data), and Clause Structure Change (2 data). The finding of this research is that not all of the thirteen principles of translation and the thirty translation strategies are employed because there are only twenty five data analysed.

В статье предпринята попытка представить параметры переводческой стратегии. Однако для этого необходимо условиться о трактовке переводческой стратегии. <...> автор предпринял попытку дать термину определение и выявить минимальный набор дифференцирующих признаков стратегии. Последняя понимается здесь как явление макроуровня (т.е. не уровня отдельной проблемы или сегмента). Предполагается, что всякая переводческая стратегия зиждется не на одном-двух критериях, а на целом наборе параметров, по которым необходимы стратегические решения (чем и объясняется разнообразие в классификациях стратегий). Таким образом, автор стремится разработать не типологию самих стратегий («методов» или «типов» перевода и т.п.), что типично для переводоведческих работ, а типологию параметров, которые, во-первых, подлежат учету со стороны переводчика при определении им характера реализации работы и, во-вторых, эксплицитно задают рамку для возможных классификаций стратегий и их анализа. Выделены три основных группы параметров: характер сходства ИТ и ПТ, характер обработки ПТ, иное поведение переводчика. Модель позволяет, с учетом данной ситуации и текста, необходимую детализацию и конкретизацию. В работе также уточняется момент избрания стратегии, должное соотношение стратегии и решений по конкретным проблемам (дидактическая рекомендация) и проясняется понятие тактики. Используемый подход имеет не только описательных характер, но и, прежде всего, практический и дидактический.

Yazın çevirisi alanında tiyatro çevirisi incelemeleri, yapılan çalışmaların yetersizliğinden dolayı halen ikinci planda kalmaktadır. Halbuki tiyatro metni çevirisi, sadece sıradan bir metin çevirisi değildir, aynı zamanda farklı kültürlerde ve dilde sahnelenecek bir oyun metni çevirisidir. Bu özelliğinden yola çıkarak, uyumsuz tiyatronun öncüsü Eugène Ionesco'nun gergedanlaşma hastalığına yakalanan bir grup insanı ele alan Gergedanlar oyununu incelememiz için seçtik. Oyunun, birden fazla çevirisinin bulunması kapsamlı bir çalışma gerçekleştirmemize olanak sağlayacaktır. Çalışmamız bu bağlamda, Toury'nin Erek Odaklı Çeviri Kuramı çerçevesinde oyunun farklı yıllarda ve farklı çevirmenler tarafından yapılmış olan tercümelerini, çeviri stratejileri ve işlemleri açısından inceleyerek tiyatro çeviri çalışmalarına farklı bir bakış açısı getirmesini amaçlamaktadır. ABSTRACT The Analysis of Turkish Translations of Eugène Ionesco's Theatre Play " Rhinoceros " The analysis of theatre translations in the field of literary translation remain in the background due to limited number of studies. However, translation of theatre text is not just an ordinary literary text translation, but also a text to be staged in different cultures and languages. Taking into consideration this feature, we chose Eugène Ionesco's " Rhinoceros " play in which there is a group of people, succumbed to rhinoceritis sickness. That there is more than one translation of this play will allow us to carry out an extensive study. In our study, we aim to bring a different perspective to the field of theatre translation by analyzing the Turkish translations of the play translated in different years and by different translators, with regard to translation strategies and procedures within the scope of Toury's Target-Oriented Translation Theory.

Bakalaura darbs „Joku tulkošanas paņēmieni ierunāšanai paredzētajos komēdijseriālos” ir sagatavots ar nolūku pievērst Latvijas tulkotāju uzmanību audiovizuālo tekstu tulkošanai. Lai gan publiski pieejamās aptaujas uzrāda, ka iedzīvotāji vairs tik bieži laiku pie televizora nepavada, komēdijseriāli joprojām ir viena no skatītākajām pārraidēm, ko apliecina informācija televīzijas programmās. Rezultātā pieprasījums pēc jauniem seriāliem un sēriju tulkojumiem pieaug vai paliek nemainīgs.
Lai gūtu ieskatu jau paveiktajā, autors iepazinās ar Ventspils Augstskolas Tulkošanas studiju fakultātes bakalaura darbiem. Pēc to izpētes viņš secina, ka vairums darbu par audiovizuālo tulkošanu apskata konkrēti kāda seriāla tulkošanas īpatnības un problēmas. Neviens darbs nav bijis par tulkošanas paņēmieniem, tāpēc pēc autora ieskatiem viņa darbs varētu sniegt pienesumu šajā mazāk izpētītajā tulkošanas nozarē.
Darba mērķis ir noteikt biežāk lietotos joku tulkošanas paņēmienus komēdijseriālos. Autors pēta prakses laikā veiktos komēdijseriālu tulkojumus. Lai sasniegtu izvirzīto mērķi, autors ir definējis šādus uzdevumus: izpētīt pieejamo informāciju par tekstu tulkošanu ierunāšanai un joku tipiem, kas ir būtiski tulkotājam; sazināties ar dažiem komēdijseriālu tulkotājiem un uzzināt viņu viedokli par šī žanra seriāliem, tulkošanas paņēmieniem un joku tipiem; izpētīt prakses laikā veiktos tulkojumus un noteikt tur izmantotos tulkošanas paņēmienus, kā arī, iepazīstoties ar teoriju, pārtulkoto joku tipus; izdarīt secinājumus par izpētīto teoriju un savākto pētniecisko materiālu.
Darbs ir sadalīts trīs nodaļās. 1. nodaļā ir apkopota un analizēta teorētiskā informācija par tekstu tulkošanu ierunāšanai un šīs tulkošanas metodes īpatnībām. 2. nodaļā ir izpētīta teorētiskā informācija par joku tipiem un komediju tulkošanu, kā arī analizēta no tulkotājiem saņemtā informācija. 3. nodaļā aprakstīti prakses laikā tulkotie komēdijseriāli un analizēti veiktie tulkojumi, uzskaitīti tulkošanas paņēmieni un sniegti piemēri, izdarīti secinājumi.
Galvenais bakalaura darba izstrādes gaitā izdarītais secinājums - ņemot vērā komēdijseriālu auditoriju to jokiem jābūt vienkāršiem un viegli uztveramiem, tāpēc visbiežāk tulkotājam sanāk izmantot burtisku tulkojumu. Bakalaura darbs sastāv no 45 lappusēm un trīs pielikumiem.

Dwi Asep Mulyono. 2015. Translation Strategies of Pure Idioms in Veronica Roth’s Divergent. English Study Program, Dian Nuswantoro University. Semarang. Advisor: Achmad Basari


Keywords: Translation Strategies, Idiom, Pure idioms, Divergent Novel.

This thesis is entitled Translation Strategies of Pure Idioms in Veronica Roth’s Divergent. The objective of this study is to know the dominant translation strategy applied by the translator in translating pure idioms. This thesis was a qualitative data research. The data were collected through two steps, the first step was to search the data in the bookstore, and the second step was to decide the Divergent novel as the data of this study. In analyzing the data, the researcher read the bilingual novel and found the classified data to be analyzed. There are 38 pure idioms which were then analyzed and classified according to the translation strategies composed by Mona Baker. The result shows that there are 3 translation strategies applied by the translator in order to solve the idiom. The 1st translation strategy is translation using the idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form, it is applied 8 times (21,05%). The 2nd translation strategy is translation by Paraphrase which is applied 29 times (76,32%). The 3rd translation strategy is translation by omission. This translation strategy was applied on 1 (2,63%) pure idioms translation. In conclusion, it can be said that the dominant translation strategy applied by the translator is the translation by paraphrase.

Cross-cultural translation of children's literature is one of the areas that easily trap a translator with lots of problems. It is rather a difficult task for a child to establish a connection with some other cultures and their exclusive features. Even if a child-reader enters the scene and decides to read a child a translated text, s/he needs to fully grasp the message and meaning of the text in order to be able to deal with the child's numerous questions satisfactorily. Hence the matters get worse, there the translator is, hesitating which path to take; domesticate or Foreignism? This study is going to analyze translations of culture-bound food and goods in two books of Harry Potter series and translation strategies adopted. The criterion for analysis is a list of strategies to tackle with culture-specific terms, proposed by Davies (2003). Afterwards, the translations are examined for being either acceptability-oriented or adequacy-oriented. The findings of the study assert that it is hardly possible to identify the tendency of translations towards being adequacy-oriented or acceptability-oriented because translation strategies of preservation and localization, derived from the proposed list, are very close in times of occurrence.

Translating food menus is a fundamental communication tool for restaurants and coffee shops to market their products and to inform their costumers about the type, quality and diversity of food and products available for their use. This study aims at investigating some translation strategies used to translate food menus from English into Arabic and the salient linguistic and cultural problems resulted fromthe usage of such inappropriate strategies. This study the focuses the translation strategies used to translate food menus in 10 restaurants and coffee shops in Muscat, Oman and the problems which resulted from the usage of such strategies and what could be suggested to help translation practitioners to handle such challenges. The selection of the corpus was based on practical reasons. The data was analysed descriptively by using frequencies and percentages. The findings revealed that there was a number of translation strategies used frequently to translate food menus in the corpus ...

Abstract
Every linguistic community is fated to be in contact with a second or a foreign language following the communicative needs of their speakers who are often bilingual, if not multilingual. For the majority of countries all over the world, this other than the native language is the English language. This paramount status assigned to English is perceptible in different sectors particularly the educational one. Indeed teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL) is one priority and a major concern for students. One interesting area of intersection between English as a foreign language (EFL) and a given mother tongue in the educational field is the teaching of translation. In the presence of new technologies used in translation, human translation still remains an area of controversy in translation studies and teaching practices. Nevertheless, it has been considered as the ‗Cinderella‘ in the TEFL (Campbell 1998), and relatively ignored by applied linguistics and translation studies.
This paper is at the core of this matter and seeks to give prominence to teaching translation. The focus will be on vocabulary and the role of translation courses as a viable context to promote English vocabulary learning. For this, a cognitive process of learning strategies through translation teaching is put forward by proposing four phases: recognition, production, learning and retrieval, respectively.

https://books.google.fr/books?id=tzI_ilmQdAQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

The translation of the fictional dialogue in cartoons is a complex phenomenon as it involves two main linguistic aspects: the linguistic mediation between two languages in a multimodal context and the focus of the linguistic mediation on a specific category of public such as children and young people.

The aim of our presentation is to offer a description of specific problems arising from audiovisual translation for children and young people from English into Romanian. We will describe the ways of constructing the fictional dialogue in the movie Ice Age following an interdisciplinary approach to the topic. The theoretical framework is based on a combination of three linguistic perspectives. The first perspective is represented by different theoretical approaches to the spoken Romanian and the evocation of orality (Graur, Zafiu, Ruxandoiu and Avram), the second perspective is represented by theoretical approaches to the language of communicative immediateness (Koch and Oesterreicher), and the third perspective is represented by theoretical approaches to the audiovisual translation (Zabalbeascoa, Diaz-Cintas, Ivarsson). This theoretical framework will allow us, firstly, to observe in more detail the subtitling for children and young people, and secondly, to obtain pertinent conclusions on the construction of fictional dialogue in cartoons translation in Romanian.

The motivation of the choice of cartoons as genre to be analysed in our presentation consists in the fact that, even if a large number of cartoons are meant for more mature audiences, the majority of cartoons are still children oriented.

The difficulties in translating idiomatic expressions, slangs and cultural itens were analysed regarding the audiovisual translation of 611 subtitles from a TV series. The translation strategies described by Pedersen (2005) were applied to the data and analysed.

This article aims at demonstrating which translation strategies are preferred in order to deal with the translation of culture-specific items in Latife Tekin's Sevgili Arsız Ölüm (1983) and its English translation entitled Dear Shameless Death (2001). To achieve this primary aim, a comparative analysis is carried out between Sevgili Arsız Ölüm and Dear Shameless Death, translated into English by Saliha Paker and Mel Kenne, and a sample set consisting of 100 conspicuous examples for culture-specific items is created. Subsequently, the culture-specific items in the sample set is classified according to Newmark's (1988) categorization of culture-specific items. These culture-specific items are assessed according to Venuti's (1995) domestication and foreignization methods in broad sense. Finally, a common strategy group is created based on Eirlys E. Davies (2003) and Javier Franco Aixelá's (1996) taxonomies proposed for translation of culture-specific items and the samples are analyzed according to these taxonomies. When the sample group of 100 culture-specific items are analyzed, it has been seen that the translators used both foreignization strategies such as addition, preservation, orthographic adaptation and domestication strategies such as omission, globalization and localization in order to deal with translation of various culture-specific items. The most frequently used strategy among others has been determined to be globalization strategy. In this article, 28 of 100 culture-specific items will be exemplified in order to provide an insight into the study.

Translation of children fantasy novels and problems faced by translators in translating these novels into different languages is one of the core issues in the field of translation studies. This issue has got attention of many researchers and an extensive study has been carried out on various novels. The Harry Potter series of novels written by British author J.K. Rowling is one of the famous children fantasy novels that gained popularity worldwide and was translated into 73 languages. The use of various cultural terms and made up words in the novel has posed a great challenge for the translators. The purpose of the present study is to identify these cultural related terms and made up words in the novel "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" and to investigate the strategies used by the translator in translating them into Urdu language. A descriptive analysis of the translation of culture related items and made up words was made using the strategies proposed by Davies (2003). The findings of this research showed that translator mostly emphasized and predominantly used localization and transformation strategies for food items, magical objects and imaginative words.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis is internationally considered as one of the classics of children’s literature. The series consists of seven books, of which only the first four were translated into Afrikaans, namely Die Towenaar se Neef (The Magician’s Nephew), Die Leeu, die Heks en die Hangkas (The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe), Die Perd en sy Seun (The Horse and his Boy) and Prins Kaspian (Prince Caspian). According to the publisher, Human & Rousseau, they have no intention to translate the remainder of the series. The three books that have not been translated into Afrikaans are The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, The Silver
Chair and The Last Battle.

The main aim of this study is the practical translation of a selection of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. The Functionalist approach of Vermeer and Nord, Toury and Chesterman’s translation norms from Descriptive Translation Studies, Venuti’s foreignisation and domestication and Klingberg’s cultural contex adaptation form the theoretical framework for both the discussion and analysis of the source text as well as the translation. The four types of translation problems as identified by Nord are used as the framework for the annotations of the translation.

By doing a theoretically based translation, the connection between theory and practice is illustrated: the translator chooses a general approach and translation strategies and is consequently guided to make consistent translation choices on macro as well as micro levels.
December 2014

AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: C.S. Lewis se Chronicles of Narnia beklee internasionaal ’n gevestigde plek in die kanon van kinder- en jeugliteratuur. Die reeks bestaan uit sewe boeke, waarvan slegs die eerste vier in Afrikaans vertaal is, naamlik Die Towenaar se Neef, Die Leeu, die Heks en die Hangkas, Die Perd en sy Seun en Prins Kaspian. Volgens die uitgewer, Human & Rousseau, word daar nie verdere vertalings van die reeks beoog nie. Die drie onvertaalde boeke in die reeks is The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, The Silver Chair en The Last Battle.

Hierdie studie fokus hoofsaaklik op die praktiese vertaling van ’n gedeelte van The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. Vermeer en Nord se Funksionalisme, Toury en Chesterman se vertaalnorme uit Deskriptiewe Vertaalstudies, Venuti se vervreemding en domestikering en Klingberg se kulturele konteksaanpassing dien as teoretiese raamwerk vir sowel die bespreking en ontleding van die bronteks as die vertaling. Nord se vier tipes vertaalprobleme dien as raamwerk vir die annotasies tot die vertaling.

Deur ’n teoreties gebaseerde vertaling te doen word geïllustreer hoe teorie en praktyk by mekaar aansluit: die vertaler kies ’n algemene benadering en vertaalstrategieë, en word sodoende begelei tot konsekwente vertaalbesluite op makro- en mikrovlak.
Desember 2014

This paper presents a brief review of translation techniques and study the development of Vinay and Darbelnet’s initial proposal. For some people, the study of translation techniques is the cornerstone of translation methodology and translator training; for others it is a theoretical anacronysm. The problems posed by the proposal have been pointed out and discussed by numerous scholars, but that does not seem to have been enough, in many cases, to break the deadlock. The present situation offers us a host of names such as procedures, strategies, shifts, methods, replacements and operations that are synonymous to a greater or lesser degree with techniques, while polysemy is also a fact of many of these terms due to conceptual distinctions that are drawn by different authors, creating much confusion. If we can’t always be original let’s at least try to be clear and coherent in our use or terms and concepts to reduce the degreeof confusion. That is the basic aim of this paper.
The conclusion for translator training is that the initial proposal, if used at all, should be presented with great caution.
The purpose of grouping solutions into solution-types is to provide meaningful samples of options for the trainee and illustrations of translator behaviour. Ultimately, the future translator will have to deal with situations and contingencies that have not been presented in class or studied in the literature, and it is with this in mind that strategies and attitudes are to be worked on.
Strategies and ‘solution-types’ are to be presented as mind-openers, not as a closed set of categories that act as blinkers in the search for optimal solutions and fully satisfactory translations.

Ningxia is a fertile soil for cultivating young and promising Hui authors of local Hui novels. At present， the establishment and development of the Inland Economic Zone and Comprehensive Free Trade Zone in Ningxia is of great inspiration to the translation of local literary works，which surely develops an important approach to enhancing cultural exchanges. At present, the interactions and collaborations of Ningxia have been widely developed with Arab states and the rest of the world. These irresistible trends of cultural exchanges emphasize the place of translation, which will play a vital role under such cultural contexts, so the translating of religion-relevant Hui literature embodies lasting influences.

Moreover, as a famous award-winning Hui novel, Knife in the Eau Douce, is like an encyclopedia concerned with all aspects of Ningxia Hui people’s custom, belief and life. Therefore, the translation of this short story is of great necessity.

This report is based on the complete translation of the most renowned Hui novel----Knife in the Eau Douce, which is translated under the theoretical guidance of Back-transformation introduced by Eugene Nida, and the report discusses the transmission of cultural connotations in distinctive regional literary work. The first chapter of this report mainly talks about the necessary procedures before the practice. Then the second chapter provides the detailed explanations and in-depth critical thinking about its translation process with specific and representative examples in order to make it persuasive and reasonable. Firstly, it analyzes the translation of vocabulary such as Islamic words and dialects, etc; then the strategies of the transmission of cultural connotations are fully discussed under both religious and regional contexts. In the third chapter, the author puts forward the ground and effective translation methods for the same kind of text translation, which is on the basis of the problems and difficulties appeared in this translation process.

In the conclusion, the reflection and gains are shared in detail, the remaining deficiency and problems are narrated and the ideal model in future translation is suggested. Therefore, the study on translation strategies of cultural connotations in the process of novel translation is of great practical value and referential significance.

Key words：Back-transformation，Knife in the Eau Douce，religious culture，transmission of cultural connotations，translation strategies

The paper examines the organization of background knowledge structures in legal language and related incongruities of legal terms. The cognitive linguistics methodology, in particular its findings on the nature of meaning, is applied. Terms serve as prompts with a semantic potential to activate various levels of knowledge structures, such as domains, scripts, scenarios, cognitive models and frames. In most cases organization of knowledge will differ in the SL and TL. The final part analyses translation strategies and techniques in terms of their potential to activate relevant knowledge

An Investigation of Idiom Comprehension and Translation by Translation Students at KSU

Dania Adel Salamah
Department of English Language and Translation
College of Languages and Translation
King Saud University


Abstract
The study attempted to investigate the problems and difficulties related to idiom comprehension and translation with female English Translation students. In general, EFL learners experience difficulties in understanding the meaning of idiomatic expressions; however, the problem is magnified when learners are required not only to understand the meanings of these expressions, but also to render their meanings in another language. The objective of this study was to investigate whether or not female English Translation students at the College of Languages and Translation, King Saud University faced any difficulties in understanding and translating English idiomatic expressions. The study also aimed to classify the translation strategies the subjects used, as well as, the types of errors they made. The researcher followed a qualitative descriptive design model. The study population was composed of female English Translation students. The sample was made up of two groups of female English Translation students in their fourth and fifth years of study. The findings of the study demonstrated that the subjects generally did not face difficulties in understanding English idiomatic expressions, but they generally did face difficulties in translating these expressions into Arabic. The findings also helped identify eleven error categories and seven translation strategy categories.
Key Words: idiomatic expressions, idiom comprehension, idioms, idiom translation, translation errors, translation strategies

The paper focuses on the issue of translation of intertextual markers in literature, with a special emphasis on Polish poetry in English renditions. The material and perspective are chosen with a view to exploring source-culture references in the literatures less known internationally, which, it is argued, is a sphere of particular cultural resistance to translation. The aim is to survey the importance of the level of explicitness of intertextual links for the task of a translator, but also to investigate recognisability-the other crucial factor-as well the interrelation of the two. First some assumptions about the conditions conducive to a successful rendering of intertextuality are formulated and tested. Then, based on several poetry excerpts, it is shown how, on the one hand, the level of explicitness influences the translators' choices and, on the other, how explicitating or implicitating procedures in translation influence the interpretative potential of the texts. Some instances of overcoming the resistance thanks to creative efforts are indicated. One of the author's tenets is that even a not readily decipherable marker can serve as a signal of intertextual relations. Интертекстуальность как переводческая проблема: эксплицитность и узнаваемость при переводе из «литератур небольших народов» Марта Казьмерчак Варшавский университет Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, Варшава, 00-927, Польша Аннотация Статья посвящена вопросу передачи интертекстуальных сигналов в художественной литературе, а особенно при переводе польской поэзии на английский язык. Выбор материала обусловлен задачей изучения интертекстуальных текстов в литературах, которые не являются широко извест-Marta Kaźmierczak. Russian Journal of Linguistics, 2019, 23 (2), 362-382 TRANSLATION STUDIES TODAY AND TOMORROW 363 ными, что создает, по мнению автора, особые трудности при переводе. Цель данной статьи-исследовать два фактора, влияющие на трудности перевода: уровень эксплицитности (явности) меж-текстовой связи и узнаваемость архетекста, а также их взаимоотношение. В начале представлены именно эти условия, которые способствуют успешной передаче интертекстуальности. Данные установки затем подвергаются предварительной проверке. Затем на основе нескольких стихотвор-ных отрывков и их переводов автор показывает, как уровень явности влияет на переводческие решения и как, в свою очередь, примененные в переводе процедуры эксплицитации и имплицитации влияют на интерпретационный потенциал текстов. Приведены также примеры успешного преодо-ления объективных трудностей при передаче интертекстов. Автор утверждает, что даже маркер, который в целевом контексте нелегко поддается интерпретации, может сработать как сигнал межтекстовой связи. Ключевые слова: перевод, интертекстуальность, культурные асимметрии, польская литература, переводческие стратегии Для цитирования: Kaz´mierczakKaz´mierczak, Marta. Intertextuality as Translation Problem: Explicitness, Recognisability and the Case of "Literatures of Smaller Nations" // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Лингвистика = Russian Journal of Linguistics

Lying at the intersection of translatology, cognitive science and linguistics, this book provides a comprehensive framework for studying, investigating and teaching English-Russian/Russian-English non-literary translation. It provides a holistic perspective on the process of non-literary translation, illustrating each of its steps with carefully analyzed real-life examples. Readers will learn how to choose and process multidimensional attention units in original texts by activating different types of knowledge, as well as how to effectively devise target-language matches for them using various translation techniques. It is rounded out with handy and feasible recommendations on the structure and content of an undergraduate course in translation. The abundance of examples makes it suitable not only for use in the classroom, but also for independent study.

Idiomatic expressions are expressions with a figurative meaning different from their literal meaning, and therefore, they cannot be understood literally. This study aims to scrutinize some aspects of the translation of idiomatic expressions in a mystery movie entitled 'Murder on the Orient Express'. Seventy-seven idiomatic expressions were found in the movie. The idioms can be categorized as follows: keywords with idiomatic uses (16) idioms with nouns and adjectives (2), idiomatic pairs (1), idioms with prepositions (7), phrasal verbs idioms (26), verbal idioms (5), idioms from special subjects (1), idioms with key words from special categories (16), and idioms with comparison (3). Phrasal verbs idiom was the most frequently occurred because idioms are mostly organized by verb comprising the combination of verb and preposition or verb and adverb. Further, the rendering of the idioms from English as the Source Language (SL) into Indonesian as the Target Language (TL) employed some strategies; translation by paraphrase was the highly frequent translation strategy. The strategy of using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form was also located in the high-frequency position of the continuum. Furthermore, using an idiom of similar form and meaning and translation by omission were the translation strategies of low frequency. Translation by paraphrase was frequently used because the translator wanted to convey the meaning as clearly as possible while also considering the cultural difference between SL and TL. To sum up, the idiomatic expression dominantly used in the movie was phrasal verbs (34%), while the strategy that was mostly applied in translating them was translation by paraphrase (56%).

Among the five skills in the foreign language, translating can reflect EFL learners' comprehensive language ability. Due to the increasingly frequent international communication, there is a growing demand for qualified translators in all trades and professions, which requires non-English majors to improve their translation ability. Therefore, more importance should be attached to teaching non-English majors translation skills. Some methods and ways to improve and cultivate the translation ability of the Chinese non-English majors have been put forward in this paper

Öz
Bu çalışmada Friedrich von Schiller’in “Die Bürgschaft” adlı baladının Ali Bey Hüzeyinzâde (Turan) tarafından Türkçeye aktarılmış olan ve 1923 yılına tarihlendirilebilen “Kefalet Yahud Vefadar Dost(lar)” adlı çevirisi, çeviride yerlileştirme stratejisi bakımından ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca günümüz Türk Diline daha yakın bir söylem ve üslup kullanılarak aynı baladın alternatif bir çevirisi de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hüseyinzâde Turan'ın, çevirisinde bilinçli veya bilinçsiz olarak yerlileştirme stratejisini uygulamış olduğu görülebilmektedir. Gerek çeviride yerlileştirme stratejisine uygun bir örnek olması gerekse Schiller'in "Die Bürgschaft" baladının ilk çevirisi olma iddiasından dolayı Hüseyinzâde Turan'ın çevirisi örnek erek metin olarak bu çalışma için seçilmiştir. Çalışmanın içerisinde kaynak ve erek metin ve çevirmen hakkında bilgi verilmekte, kuramsal açıdan ise çeviride yerlileştirme stratejisine ve Balat edebi türüne ilişkin açıklamalarda bulunulmaktadır. Eldeki metinlere çalışmada aynen yer verildikten sonra kaynak metinden, erek metinden ve sunulan alternatif çeviri metinden alınan örnekler üzerinde bir inceleme (analiz) yapılmaktadır. Söz konusu inceleme sayesinde örnekler aracılığıyla çeviride yer alan yerlileştirici unsurlar gösterilmekte, çeviri süreci ve eşdeğerliği açısından bu durum irdelenmektedir. Elde edilen çıkarımlar ise örnekler altında detaylı bir biçimde tartışılmaktadır. Değerlendirme kısmında örnek erek metinde tespit edilen çeviride yerlileştirici unsurların daha ziyade hangi alanları ve/veya terminolojileri kapsadığı vurgulanmaktadır. Sonuç ve önerilere yine bu kısımda yer verilmektedir.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Die Bürgschaft, Ali Bey Hüseyinzade Turan, Yerlileştirme Stratejisi, Çeviri İncelemesi, Balat.

Abstract
The translation of Friedrich von Schiller's ballad named "Die Bürgschaft" into Turkish by Ali Bey Hüzeyinzâde (Turan), dated to 1923, is discussed in the current study in terms of the domestication strategy. In addition, an alternative translation of the above-mentioned ballad has been made by using a familiar discourse and style to the usage of today's Turkish Language. In Hüseyinzâde Turan’s translation, it can be presumed that he has applied the domestication strategy consciously or unconsciously. His translation has been chosen for this study because of the fact that it is a suitable example for the domestication strategy in translation and due to the argument that it is the first Turkish translation of Schiller's ballad "Die Bürgschaft". In the study information is given about the source and the target texts and also about the translator. Moreover, some explanations are made theoretically on the domestication strategy in translation and the Ballad as a literary genre. After the original texts are literally included in the study, an analysis is held on the examples cited from the source text, target text and the presented alternative text. In virtue of the mentioned analysis the domesticating elements in the translation are denoted through the given examples and this is scrutinized in terms of translation process and equivalence. The inferences obtained are discussed in detail under the given examples. In the evaluation part (also in the conclusion) domesticating elements in the target text are emphasized and then fields and/or terminologies which include the domesticating elements are clarified. Results and suggestions are included in the last part as well.
Keywords: Die Bürgschaft, Ali Bey Hüseyinzade Turan, Domestication Strategy, Translation Analysis, Ballad.

This study represents a contrastive analysis of Michael Ende's poem "Der Lindwurm und der Schmetterling oder Der seltsame Tausch" and its Serbian translation by Spomenka Krajčević titled "Zmaj i Leptir ili Neobična zamena" based on the cognitive-linguistic theory of conceptual metonymy. The purpose of the analysis is to determine in what way the mechanisms of conceptual metonymy may be utilized for the purposes of poetry translation. For this reason, those passages of the translated poem will be analyzed which deviate from the original in such a way that the semantic material of the deviating passages exhibits the characteristics of metonymy, namely a specific conceptual configuration between an Idealized Cognitive Model (Frame) and its parts. The analysis revealed 61 metonymic relationships between the target- and the source text, of which 46 in total (75.4 %) reveal a contiguous relationship between two parts of an ICM, indicating that this metonymic principle of configuration may present a considerably more flexible translation strategy for poetry translation than the substitution of an entire ICM with one of its parts or vice versa.

The goal of the article is to compare and contrast the poem Rozmowa liryczna by K. I Gałczyński and its translation into Czech by Jan Pilař. The comparative analysis is based on various factors that usually precede a translator’s work. The first part provides extratextual factors such as a sender, a receiver, time, a kind of medium, a title and an intention of the text. The second part, however, focuses on intratextual factors such as the structure of a text, its content and subject. At the end the author tries to estimate the choices and strategies that were used by the translator.

When faced with culturally anchored terms, subtitlers can render the
translation closer to the foreign language and culture, adopting a strategy of
foreignization, or closer to the domestic audience, thus adhering to a strategy of
domestication (Venuti, 1995). The goal of this systematic review, based on the PRISMA framework (Moher et al., 2009) is to identify, via structured and extensive selection of studies, assess and summarize the academic literature on domestication and foreignization in interlingual subtitling. The thematic analysis of comprehensive
contemporary literature aimed at understanding concepts, discussions, findings and
research gaps, to inform future relevant and constructive contributions to the current body of research. The analysis of 33 studies published in English and Portuguese between 2004 and 2020 examined five themes: overview of studies, orientation towards foreignization or domestication, translation strategies continuums, linguistic features covered in the studies, and reception of subtitles. Limitations of previous studies and under-researched matters are then presented to support future research. Further empirical studies on the reception of interlingual subtitling are recommended to advance the understanding of subtitles as a product, using dedicated methods and technologies to develop objective metrics about their perception and processing by viewers and move the audiovisual translation field forward.

Business annual reports are financial statements that contain significant information about a company’s activities. The reports are distributed to interested parties (e.g. stockholders, creditors, financial analysts and customers) in order to satisfy their information requirements (Friedlob & Welton 2008). In Oman, annual business reports are produced in English and translated into Arabic in order to provide Arab readers with vital information about the companies' operations and their financial positions. This article analyzes five titles and/or names, i.e. my lord, royal rank, presence, majesty, and glorified; these titles indicate interpersonal relationships in English and then are compared to Arabic in order to identify translation strategies and potential consequences for interpersonal relationships as expressed in the texts. In addition, this article attempts to answer the following question, are there any differences between English and Arabic versions, and whether these differences reveal aspects of sociocultural and ideological practices in Oman. Qualitative methods are applied, in this article, to compare, describe, and analyze the textual profiles of the two versions of the reports. This article contributes to the discipline of Translation Studies (TS) by investigating titles and/or names within sociocultural and ideological context in Oman, has not been given enough attention in TS. It concludes that the patterns of address (šukr form), which are followed by religious names in the Arabic translations enhance the status of Sulṭān Qābūs Ibn Sa’īd, thus reflecting power relationships. Finally, this article recommends to integrate textual analysis with sociological analysis to have more insight into translation agents and institutions.