Medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are showing increasing promise as potential candidate antibacterial drugs in the face of the rapidly emerging bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics in recent years. The target of these peptides is the microbial membrane and there are numerous models to explain their mechanism of action ranging from pore formation to general membrane disruption. The interaction between the AMP and the target membrane is critical to the specificity and activity of these peptides. However, a precise understanding of the relationship between antimicrobial peptide structure and their cytolytic function in a range of organisms is still lacking. This is a result of the complex nature of the interactions of AMPs with the cell membrane, the mechanism of which can vary considerably between different classes of antimicrobia peptides. A wide range of biophysical techniques have been used to study the influence of a number of peptide and membrane properties on the cytolytic activity of these peptides in model membrane systems. Central to characterisation of this interaction is a quantitative analysis of the binding of peptide to the membrane and the coherent dynamic changes in membrane structure. Recently, dual polarization interferometry has been used to perform an in depth analysis of antimicrobial peptide induced membrane perturbation and with new mass-structure co-fitting kinetic analysis have allowed a real-time label free analysis of binding affinity and kinetics. We review these studies which describe multi-step mechanisms which are adopted by various AMPs in nature and may advance our approach to the development of a new generation of effective antimicrobial therapeutics.

This article presents a mini review on various applications of zeolites as a promising low cost microporous material in countless fields. Zeolites are hydrated aluminosilicates with full cross-linked open framework structures made up of corner sharing SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra and they belong to the family of microporous solids known as molecular sieves. However, currently, zeolite structure does not necessarily have to be composed of SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra, as numerous elements from the periodic table can now be an integral part of zeolite structural framework. Zeolites are formed in nature via volcanic action but can as well be synthesized or manufactured. The use of natural zeolites particularly for environmental applications in various fields has gained long standing interest in the science community because of their significant properties and global occurrence. Therefore, this mini review focus on the occurrence of zeolites and its various application in industries and medical field which will help future researchers to gain insight on next line of putative research avenues in application of zeolites.

Oregano is a wonderful herb, both to use in cooking and to use therapeutically as needed. Its name
means mountain joy and oregano was revered as a symbol of happiness by the ancient Greeks and Romans.
This is why drawings often depict brides and grooms of the time crowned with a laurel of oregano, which was a
widespread tradition. Although oregano is popular in Mediterranean cuisine, in the US, it's often associated
primarily with a pizza spice. This does this medicinal herb a great disservice, since today we know that oregano
contains vitamins A, C, E and K, as well as fiber, folate, iron, magnesium, vitamin B6, calcium and potassium.
Additionally, oregano, which is sometimes called wild marjoram in Europe and is closely related to the herb
sweet marjoram, contains potent phytochemicals that provide potential health benefits.
The Top 5 Health Benefits of Oregano: 1. Antioxidants for Immune System Support 2. Antifungal, Antibacterial
and May Even Kill MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) 3. Anti-inflammatory Properties 4.
Useful for Upper Respiratory Infections 5. Cancer-Fighting Effects
Keywords: Carvacrol, Thymol, Limonene, Pinene, Ocimenes, Caryophyllene, p-Cymene, Terpinenes,
Germacrenes, Fenchol, Terpineol

Throughout a long time, green chemistry (GC) reviled how a basic
scientific methodology and advanced practice can enhance the safe
output to the human life and the environment without compromising
the desired outcomes. For this, the advancement in scientific processes
were made in the field of designing safer reagents and solvents,
advancement in catalysis and possible development of the renewable
feedstock. From the past lesson, currently the future chemists are being
taught and trained to a wider concept of green chemistry to the practice
and increased awareness towards human as well as environmental
impact. A need for GC practice is highly demanding and the adherence
to the 12 principles of GC concept is growing rapidly. A need for great
change in policy, rules and regulations which will force industry,
research institute, academia, and other is still highly demanding.
Moreover the better is encouragements, awareness and make an
individual person responsible to adapt to a GC concept in a real practical way. Green action always acts louder than the green words.

Phase-transfer catalyst (PTC) has been popular for more than four decades in synthetic chemistry. The PT catalysis uses the PTC in a catalytic amount and it allows to react the reactants of two different phases via facilitating transfer of reactants from interface, which are not miscible and itself regenerated again and the cycle is repeated. The use of PTC is wide from liquid-liquid, solid-liquid to liquid-gas system. Due to its diversified application, PTC is also combined with other rate enhancing techniques like microwave, electro-organic synthesis, sono-chemistry, photochemistry and many more are exploring. The PTC application in the field of manufacturing of the fine chemicals and organic intermediates are unlimited.

Sintesis senyawa 3-(4-metilbenzoil)-1-feniltiourea telah dibuat dari reaksi asilasi antara 1-feniltiourea dengan 4-metilbenzoil klorida di dalam pelarut tetrahidrofuran menggunakan refluks selama 7 jam. Persentase perolehan kembali hasil sintesis adalah 46,23%. Kemurnian dari hasil sintesis telah  diuji dengan uji jarak lebur dan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) menggunakan beberapa eluen menunjukan jarak lebur dengan rentang yang kecil dan noda tunggal. Identifikasi struktur senyawa hasil sintesis dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometri Ultraviolet, spektrofotometri Infra merah, spektrometri 1H-NMR, spektrometri 13C-NMR dan spektrometri Massa menandakan bahwa senyawa hasil sintesis merupakan senyawa 3-(4-metilbenzoil)-1-feniltiourea sesuai dengan perkiraan. Studi interaksi secara in silico telah dilakukan dengan software AutoDock Vina dan divisualisasi dengan MMV menunjukan senyawa  3-(4-metilbenzoil)-1-feniltiourea berinteraksi lebih baik dengan reseptor kanker payudara (2IOK) daripada dengan reseptor kanker  lainnya dengan Binding Affinity -7,0 Kkal/mol. Uji toksisitas menggunakan sofware Toxtree dengan beberapa parameter menunjukan senyawa 3-(4-metilbenzoil)-1-feniltiourea masih dalam batas aman tetapi berpotensi toksik.

Peer reviews became commonplace in most sciences only after the Second World War. For example, Albert Einstein's revolutionary papers in 1905, Annalen der Physik, were never peer-reviewed by anyone else than the journal's editor and co-editor: "in journals in those days, the burden of proof was generally on the opponents rather than the proponents of new ideas. The peer reviews usually side with the proponents of the old ideas and it is the responsibility for the new ideas to prove themselves right.

The peer review of eclectic research that newly fuses two distant research disciplines is the most demanding and contentious of all types of peer reviews: one discipline may face a strong resistance from another especially if it requires an alteration to its long-cherished paradigms, long seen as fundamental idea in the other discipline. A genuine interbreeding of work into another research discipline increases a probability that the weaknesses in the original major paradigms are identified, exposed and improved. Many Nobel prizes have come this way.

La chromatographie sur Couche Mince (CCM) est une méthode qualitative qui a servi à identifier les phytoconstituants contenus dans les extraits aqueux de deux angiospermes Morinda mucida (ML) et Solanum aethiopicum (SA). Les résultats des tests pharmacologiques des extraits réalisés sur des lapins ont montré qu'ils induisent des hypotensions dose-dépendant. Toutefois, l'extrait de S. aethiopicum a présenté une efficacité plus accrue (DE50 = 3,31 mg/kg de PC.) Mots-clés : Étude chimique et pharmacologique, plantes anti hypertensives, CCM, Côte d'Ivoire. Abstract Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a qualitative method that served to identify phytoconstituents contained in aqueous extracts of two angiosperms Morinda mucida (ML) and Solanum aethiopicum. The results of pharmacological tests of the extracts achieved on rabbits showed that they lead dose-dependent hypotensions. However, S. aethiopicum extract presented an efficiency more increased (DE50 = 3.31 mg/kg of b.w.)

Aim: The pharmaceutical industries spend a significant amount on
the advertisement and promotion of their products, of which the
largest division is spent on the visits of sales representatives of
these industries to the physicians. The pharmaceutical sales
representatives educate the physicians about the advancements in
the medical products of their companies and hence are of pivotal
importance in the prescribing behavior of physicians. To assess
their knowledge with respect to their qualification was the
objective of the study.
Methods: A quantitative cross sectional survey was designed
targeting the medical sales representatives (MSRs) in Pakistan
with a probability sampling technique. It was sent to 716 MSRs all
over Pakistan. 691 were returned giving a response rate of 96.5%.
Cross tabulation and Chi square test X2 was used. . Statistical
significance was accepted at p values <0.05.
Results: It was found that almost a third of MSRs (30.9%) were
pharmacist and the rest (69.1%) were non pharmacists. In regard
to their source of knowledge the pharmacist MSR mainly
consulted literature (50%) while the non pharmacist relied on
marketing promotional materials (55%). Majority (92%) of MSR’s
were aware of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of
drugs however the 60% of non pharmacist and 4% of the
pharmacist MSR’s were unaware of the adverse drug reactions.
Regarding the beneficence of adverse drug reactions 91% of
pharmacist and 55% of non pharmacist gave negative answer. The
ethical way of promotion was considered knowledge by 92% of
MSR’s, while for black box warnings 90% of pharmacist MSR’s
were aware while 61% of non pharmacist MSR’s were unaware.
Conclusion: It is more beneficial if the MSR has a sound
expertise regarding the therapeutics and well as other vital features
of the drug. A pharmacist is a better choice for this purpose.

There is increased scientific evidence that plants possess a vast and complex arsenal of active ingredients which have the ability to calm or smooth the skin as well as restore actively, heal and protect the skin. The present work deals with the development and evaluation of the poly herbal lotion containing Trigonella foenum-graecum, Citrus lemon, Matricaria chamomilla and Cymbopogon citrates. Different types of formulations oil in water (O/W) herbal lotions namely F1 to F13 were formulated by incorporating different concentrations of stearic acid and Triethanolamine. Formulation of Triethanolamine and stearic acid was optimized as 2.52:9.35. The prepared lotion was evaluated for its antimicrobial, antioxidant and pharmaceutical parameters. The lotion formulation showed no redness, edema, inflammation and irritation during sensitivity test indication that it is safe to use. Stability studies of the lotion showed that the lotion was stable after three months.
Key Words: Herbal formulation, Triethanolamine, Stearic acid, Antioxidant, Antibacterial

Context: Essential oils (EO) are commonly extracted from plants by steam distillation in which an aqueous phase called hydrosol (HD) is obtained. Unlike EO, hydrosol studies have been limited despite the interest of the food, cosmetic and phytotherapeutic industries to find natural preservative alternatives to synthetic ones.

Aims: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacies of combinations of essential oils (EOs) and essential oils and hydrosols (HDs) of Lippia alba, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Thymus vulgaris.

Methods: The EOs and HDs were characterized by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Then, they were screened against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger using the microdilution method for the four first strains and the agar diffusion method for Aspergillus niger. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using ABTS method.

Results: Interactions between essential oils, and essential oils and hydrosols were found to be as microbicide, and for the first time, antioxidant using the fractional inhibitory concentration. When compared with individual EOs, EO-EO combinations diminished the microbicide minimum concentration.

Conclusions: The Thymus vulgaris EO-HD combination, in comparison with individual extracts, diminishes by four times the MBC against Escherichia coli and decrease by half their antioxidant capacity.

Pada penelitian ini dilakukan proses docking dari senyawa N'-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-isonicotinohydrazide terhadap reseptor Mycobactarium Tuberculosis Enoyl-Acyl carrier Protein Reductase (INHA). Kode reseptor yang digunakan adalah 2H7I, 2H7L dan 2X23 yang di download dari situs protein data bank (PDB). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui interaksi dan toksisitas senyawa N'-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-isonicotinohydrazide  terhadap reseptor INHA. Semua senyawa di-docking-an menggunakan aplikasi ArgusLab 4.0.1. Proses docking yang dilakukan dengan memilih metode ArgusDock. Validasi docking dengan nilai Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) yang diperoleh < 2. Analisis hasil docking menunjukkan bahwa senyawa N'-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-isonicotinohydrazide dapat diprediksi memiliki interaksi yang lebih baik daripada senyawa pembanding isoniazid. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa senyawa N'-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-isonicotinohydrazide memiliki aktivitas penghambatan terhadap reseptor INHA. Hasil uji toksisitas menggunakan program ECOSAR (Ecological Structure Activity Relationships) senyawa N'-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-isonicotinohydrazide memiliki nilai LC50 dan EC50 > 100 mg/ L sehingga termasuk dalam kategori rendah karena > 100 mg/ L. Sedang dari uji toksisitas menggunakan program Toxtree menunjukan bahwa senyawa N'-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-isonicotinohydrazide termasuk dalam kategori 3 (High Class) sehingga tidak terjamin keamanannya tetapi tidak bersifat karsinogenik genotoksik dan nongenotoksik

Ipomoea quamoclit belonging to Convolvulaceae family is an annual, herbaceous plant, commonly known as mayil manikkam, akasamulla, kunjalata, tarulata, kamalata, getphul in India and distributed throughout the tropical areas of the world. Ipomoea quamoclit is used as folk medicine around the world for various illnesses. This paper reviews the important biological activities of I. quamoclit reported over the last few decades. These include antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, anticancer activity, antidiabetic activity as well as insecticidal activity. These studies reveal that I. quamoclit have various biological activities; hence, it is encouraging to find its new therapeutic uses.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are essential unsaturated fatty acids with a double bond (C=C) starting after the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain. They are important nutrients but, unfortunately, mammals cannot synthesize them, whereby they must be obtained from food sources or from supplements. Amongst nutritionally important polyunsaturated n—3 fatty acids, α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are highly concentrated in the brain and have anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. They are involved in many bodily processes and may reportedly lead to neuron protection in neurological diseases. aged or damaged neurons and in Alzheimer’s disease. Their effect in cognitive and behavioral functions and in several neurological and psychiatric disorders has been also proven. The dentate gyrus (DG), a sub-region of hippocampus, is implicated in cognition and mood regulation. The hippocampus represents one of the two areas in the mammalian brain in which adult neurogenesis occurs. This process is associated with beneficial effects on cognition, mood and chronic pharmacological treatment. The exposure to n-3 fatty acids enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis associated with cognitive and behavioral processes, promotes synaptic plasticity by increasing long-term potentiation and modulates synaptic protein expression to stimulate the dendritic arborization and new spines formation. On this basis we review the effect of n-3 fatty acids on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Moreover their possible use as a new therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases is pointed out.

A rapid and precise high performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the validation of Salmeterol xinofoate in its pure dosage form. The separation was carried out on Agilent Zorbax Bonus RP-(250mm ×4.6mm 5µ) column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% Formic acid: Acetonitrile in the ratio of 64:36 v/v as a mobile phase and flow rate is 1ml/min. The detection was carried out at wavelength 234nm. The column thermostatically controlled at 30℃. The retention time of Salmeterol was found to be 1.96 min. The Salmeterol xinofoate followed linearity in the concentration range of 40-60µg/mL with r 2 = 0.999. The developed method was validated for sensitivity, accuracy and precision. The sample was scanned from 200-400nm with PDA detector. The % recovery of sample was found to be. The LOD and LOQ of the Salmeterol xinofoate was found to be 2.67µg/ml and 8.08µg/ml respectively. The suitability of this HPLC method for quantitative estimation of Salmeterol xinofoate was proved by validation by the requirements of ICH guidelines.

Given the lack of knowledge in Cecropia mutisiana Mildbr phytochemical and pharmacological properties, the objective of this work was to determine the plants antioxidant and antimicrobial capabilities, taking into account its wide use by Colombian communities. For this study Rosmarinus officinalis Govaerts extracts were used as experimental standards for comparisons, since there are no studies devoted to Cecropia mutisiana Mildbr biological activities. Extraction was performed by frozen plant grinding obtaining extracts of different polarity (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and ethanol). To identify Cecropia mutisiana Mildbr functional groups and main compounds preliminar phytochemical analysis was run. Likewise, antioxidant capacity for both plants was determined by analytical methods including DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC; followed by phenol quantification correlation by Folin Cicocalteu reagent. Last, its antimicrobial capacity was established by the Kirby-Bauer test. Cecropia mutisiana Mildbr ethanol extract had the highest antioxidant capacity expressed as IC50 (165.47 ± 3.0 ppm), as well as the dichloromethane Rosmarinus officinalis Govaerts extract (272.63 ± 4.9 ppm), without any correlation with total phenols. Additionally, antimicrobial activity was observed for Cecropia mutisiana Mildbr in the ethyl acetate extract and for Rosmarinus officinalis in the ethanol extract. In conclusion, regarding both plant comparison Cecropia mutisiana Mildbr ethanol extract had the highest antioxidant capability, whereas Rosmarinus officinalis Govaerts ethanol extract had the greatest antimicrobial activity

The problem of anemia in most rural communities in Nigeria is enormous especially among children and pregnant women. Therefore, communities tend to explore alternative and cheaper means in treating anaemic disease condition when they occur. The study was carried out to test for the haematoprotective property of ethanol extract of Eremomastax speciosa (Hocht.) Acanthaceae leaves. Phenylhydrazine was used to induce anaemia by intraperitoneal injection. Two doses of the extract (300 and 500 mg/Kg body weight) were administered to the anaemic test groups by oral gavage. The control groups (normal and anaemic) were given normal saline instead of the extract. All the experimental animals had access to distilled water and rat chow ad libitum. The effect of the extract was tested on haematological indices of the experimental animals. Result: the results showed that there were significant (P< 0.05) increases in the haemoglobin, red blood cell count, and haematocrit, when compared with the normal and anaemic control groups. The Mean cell haemoglobin concentration recorded significant (P< 0.05) reduction compared with the negative control. Our findings showed that the leaf extract of Eremomastax speciosa contains some bioactive agents with possible haematoprotective property.

Context: Azadirachta indica has long been used in herbal or folk medicine as a remedy for the treatment of malaria and the administration of herbal preparations has raised concerns on their toxicity. Aims: To determine the phytochemical content of A. indica and its therapeutic effect on indices of clinical importance in malaria-induced male Wistar rats. Methods: Plant material was extracted with ethanol, and the lethal dose (LD50) on the rats was determined before the study. Normal and Plasmodium berghei infected rats were divided into eight groups of five rats each with groups 1 and 2 serving as normal and disease control respectively. Lumartem was administered twice daily at oral therapeutic doses of artemether/lumefantrine (2/12 mg/kg) and plant extract at 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight. After 5 days of treatment, all the animals were sacrificed according to their groups for the experimental analysis. Results: The plant extract was considered safe with LD50 > 5000 mg/kg body weight. Quantitative phytochemical studies showed a high concentration of alkaloids, tannin, and terpenoids. Treatment with both extracts of A. indica and lumartem in malaria-infected rats showed a slight reduction in triglycerides while total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL levels increased significantly (p < 0.05). Increase in body weight of rats treated with A. indica was dependent on the concentration of extract administered. Treatment of malaria with the extract and lumartem resulted in a slight restoration of the hematological values. Conclusions: This study shows that both Azadirachta indica and lumartem was practically safe and well tolerated.

Since 1990 eight new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been developed. Among these new drugs, Topiramate (TPM) is one of the latest AEDs available for treating drug resistant partial epilepsy both in adults and in children. The mechanisms underlying TPM antiepileptic activity are still incompletely understood. However, TPM, a sulfamatesubstituted derivative of the naturally occurring monosaccharide D-fructose, has a different structure from other known AEDs. The antiepileptic activity of TPM in animal models of partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures has been shown to be more effective as compared to other AEDs. Proposed mechanisms of action include reduction of epileptiform discharges through a voltage-dependent block of Na+ channels, enhancement of the activity of γ-aminobutyrate at some subtypes of γ-aminobutyrate receptors, and antagonism of non- N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. The pharmacokinetic profile of TPM, which is characterized by its rapid and almost complete absorption after oral administration, linear pharmacokinetics, minimal protein binding and predominantly renal excretion, makes the drug a good option for the treatment. TPM was found to be effective and well tolerated in many studies conducted in adults and pediatric patients suffering from epilepsy. This review, summarising the main studies in this field, provides an overview of the current knowledge about the relevant pharmacological and clinical information on the efficacy and tolerability of TPM.

The current rapid development of nanotechnologies and engineered nanomaterials (ENM) will impact the society in a major fashion during the coming decades. This development also causes substantial safety concerns. Among the many promising applications of ENM, products that can be used for diagnosis and treatment of diseases, including conditions that affect the nervous system, are under development. ENM can pass the blood brain barrier (BBB) and accumulate within the brain. It seems that the nano-form rather than the bulk form of the chemicals pass the BBB, and that there is an inverse relationship between particle size and the ability to penetrate the BBB. Although translocation of ENM to the brain is possible during experimental conditions, the health relevance for real-life situations is far from clear. One major reason for this is that studies have been using nanoparticle concentrations that are far higher than the ones that can be expected during realistic exposures. However, very high exposure to the CNS can cause effects on neurotransmission, redox homeostasis and behavior. Available studies have been focusing on possible effects of the first generation of ENM. It will be necessary to study possible health effects also of expected novel sophisticated materials, independent of the outcome of present studies. The prospects for intended or targeted medical applications are promising since it has been shown that ENM can be made to pass the BBB and reach specific regions or cells within the brain.

Rate of germination of seed of Withania somnifera, is usually different in different species varieties or members of Withania somnifera L. Dunal (Ashwagandha) (Sharma, et.al., 2015). The mycoflora percentage of seed is also about different in different species of Ashwagandha. (Ingle & Kareppa, 2009). Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) is generally reproduced by seeds. The percentage of germination is low, because of the presence of some inhibitory substances in the fruit. Among all the local and Indian cultivars, the pharmaceutical industries mostly give preference to the Indian cultivars as their roots have starchy nature. The local cultivars are preferred as threatened plant. In the recent studies, W. somnifera was mass propagated in vitro in a successful manner, habituated and compared with seed raised plants (De Silva, & Senarath, 2009).
Key words- Germination, Ashwagandha, mycoflora, solanaceae, inhibitors, in vitro propagation, local cultivars etc.

Some new acryloyl chromene-4-one derivatives were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 2-hydroxy
acetophenone and benzaldehyde to form Chalcones which on further oxidative cyclization gives Flavone. Further on
acetylation of Flavone, compound obtained was reacted with different substituted benzaldehyde to give acryloyl
chromone-4-one derivatives. CN (1–10). The Characterization of newly synthesized compounds done on the
basis of UV, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, Mass spectral data. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their
anti-inflammatory and antitubercular activity.
Keywords: chromene-4-one derivatives, Flavones, Spectral data, Anti-inflammatory activity, Antitubercular
activity.

During the last years, the list of resveratrol effects has grown in parallel with the number of other members of the polyphenol family described to modulate glucose or lipid handling. In the same time, more than ten human studies on the influence of resveratrol supplementation on two related metabolic diseases, obesity and diabetes, have indicated that impressive beneficial effects co-exist with lack of demonstration of clinical relevance, irrespective of the daily dose ingested (0.075 to 1.5 g per capita) or the number of studied patients. Such contrasting observations have been proposed to depend on the degree of insulin resistance of the patients incorporated in the study. To date, no definitive conclusion can be drawn on the antidiabetic or antiobesity benefits of resveratrol. On the opposite, studies on animal models of diabesity consistently indicated that resveratrol impairs diverse insulin actions in adipocytes, blunting glucose transport, lipogenesis and adipogenesis. Since resveratrol also favours lipolysis and limits the production of proinflammatory adipokines, its administration in rodents results in limitation of fat deposition, activation of hexose uptake into muscle, improvement of insulin sensitivity, and facilitation of glucose disposal. Facing to a somewhat disappointing extrapolation to man of these promising antidiabetic and antiobesity properties, attention must be paid to re-examine resveratrol targets, especially those attainable after polyphenol ingestion and to re-define the responses to low doses. In this context, human adipocytes are proposed as a convenient model for the screening of "novel" polyphenols that can reproduce, outclass, or reinforce resveratrol metabolic actions, Moreover, the use of combination of polyphenols is proposed to treat diabesity complications in view of recently reported synergisms. Lastly, multidisciplinar approaches are recommended for future investigations, considering the wide range of polyphenol actions that induce body fat reduction, liver disease mitigation, muscle function improvement, cardiovascular and renal protection.

Find out the scientifically evidence of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) for it’s antioxidant property. Preliminary phytochemical screening and in-vitro antioxidant activity of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) extract were investigated but the extraction was done at different temperature( 35ºC,60ºC,100ºC) by decoction process. The antioxidant activity was studied in some in-vitro antioxidant models like DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing power and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. Total antioxidant capacity was also determined. The Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) extract showed antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH, scavenging superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. It also showed reducing power ability in ferric reducing model. Total antioxidant capacity was found to be 18.32 mg/gm expressed as L-Ascorbic acid. Significant antioxidant activity of Water extract of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) was found which might be due to the presence of Acidic compounds, Flavonoids, Phenols, Saponins, Tannins (Phenolic compounds) and Triterpenoids found in the preliminary Phytochemical screening.
Key words: Antioxidant, Ginger, Ferric Reducing, Zingiberaceae

Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain syndrome that affects more than 37 million people worldwide, first described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906. Dementia of the Alzheimer type leads to a progressive decline in memory with concomitant hindering of thinking, social cognition, comprehension and learning capabilities. AD accounts for most cases of dementia that are diagnosed after the age of 60. AD affects approximately 20 million people all over the world and imposes an annual economic burden of about 100 US$ billion. The disease characterized pathologically by the presence of extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. The major constituent of the senile plaques is Aβ-peptide. This peptide is generated physiologically after proteolytic processing of a larger membrane bound precursor protein, known as the APP, cleavage of APP by beta-secretase releases the extracellular APPβ fragment. Products were designed and docked into the active site of the enzyme, crystal structure and diverse scaffold used accordingly. Solution phase chemistry applied for the synthesis of the designed compounds by reacting Indole-3-Acetic Acid Ethyl Ester with Hydrazine Hydrate forming Hydrazide, which was condensed with different aldehydes to afford Schiff’s bases then it was cyclized with thioglygolic acid. All of the prepared compounds were tested in-vitro for β-secretase inhibitory activity.