Phytochemical

1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Computational Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia [Email: habtamuabebe83@gmail.com, Tel: +251555461910, +251928909608] 2. Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia [Email: tbelayhun2013@gmail.com, Tel: +251462211006, +251916138486] 3. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia [E-mail: adanehaile37@gmail.com, Tel: +251555461910, +251913085374]

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major concern in clinical medicine due to the importance of β-lactams in the therapy of staphylococcal infections. MRSA strains have become a yardstick for the test of new antibiotics because of their ability to respond to newly developed antibiotics. This research was designed to investigate the antibacterial potential of L. camara leaves on MRSA isolated from pigs. Also, Nutritional and phytochemical constituents were analysed, so as to hypothesise whether L. camara can serve as feed component and simultaneously as prophylaxis against MRSA. Non-flowering L. camara leaves were collected, washed and the extract was obtained through aqueous extraction. Nutritional parameters, phytochemical constituents and Antibacterial potential of L. camara leaves were obtained using standard procedures. MRSA isolates were obtained from the anterior nares of apparently clinically healthy pigs using sterile cotton swabs. The result of proximate analysis using the AOAC method showed dry matter composition of (23.2±0.01%), crude fiber (20.9±0.03%) crude protein (20.2±0.02%), ether extract (4.3±0.03%) and ash (2.3±0.03%). Quantification of the phytochemical component showed the concentration (mg/L) of the following in the order: saponin>tannins>flavonoids>phenol>terpernoids for the oven dried-leaves and saponin>tannins>terpernoids>flavonoids>phenol for the air dried-leaves. Lantana camara aqueous leaf extract also had some bactericidal properties against MRSA isolates as it reduced the MRSA population size from 3.1×105 CFU/mL at day zero (0) to <1 CFU/mL in day 5. It can be concluded that L. camara leaves could be used as feed component and at the same time as prophylaxis against MRSA infections.

Carrots (Daucus carota L.) are vegetables that are widely recognized by Indonesians. This plant is easy to obtain and has excellent benefits and benefits. Therefore, it is necessary to get information about phytochemicals and their pharmacological effects. Information search is carried out through Google Scholar. The results show that carrots are rich in chemical compounds such as vitamins (A, B, C), alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, carbohydrates, saponins, diterpenes, steroids, phenolic acids, beta-carotene, phenols, coumarin, triterpenoids, essential oils. Chlorogenic acid, folic acid, pantothenic acid, and minerals (sodium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, sodium, magnesium). These compounds have been isolated from the leaves, tubers, bark, and flowers by various extraction methods. Pharmacologically, this plant has been reported to have antioxidant, antibacterial, sedative, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anthelmintic, anticancer, antidepressant, anti-cholesterol, gastric anti-ulcer, and renal protective activity. Thus, carrots can be used as ingredients for herbs, and further research needs to be done to isolate medicinal compounds from carrots.

The use of medicinal plants to cure many ailments has been a tradition in different parts of the world. Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is an edible seed that is widely cultivated for its delicacy. All parts of the plant have been used ethnomedically. This article reviewed the ethnomedicinal, nutritional, phytochemical and some pharmacological activities of T. conophorum, because medicinal plants are our hope in achieving sustainable global statutory of health for all and a last resort in healthcare management in African countries. This review reveals previous findings and other pharmacological benefits of the African walnut towards its potential as food and drug development.