TW465047B - Field effect transistor and method of its manufacture - Google Patents
Field effect transistor and method of its manufacture Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TW465047B TW465047B TW087118857A TW87118857A TW465047B TW 465047 B TW465047 B TW 465047B TW 087118857 A TW087118857 A TW 087118857A TW 87118857 A TW87118857 A TW 87118857A TW 465047 B TW465047 B TW 465047B
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- Prior art keywords
- trench
- forming
- trenches
- dopant
- heavily doped
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 26
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- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims description 37
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- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- PCTMTFRHKVHKIS-BMFZQQSSSA-N (1s,3r,4e,6e,8e,10e,12e,14e,16e,18s,19r,20r,21s,25r,27r,30r,31r,33s,35r,37s,38r)-3-[(2r,3s,4s,5s,6r)-4-amino-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-19,25,27,30,31,33,35,37-octahydroxy-18,20,21-trimethyl-23-oxo-22,39-dioxabicyclo[33.3.1]nonatriaconta-4,6,8,10 Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@@H](OS(O)(=O)=O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2.O[C@H]1[C@@H](N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](C)[C@H](C)OC(=O)C[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)CC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)C[C@](O)(C[C@H](O)[C@H]2C(O)=O)O[C@H]2C1 PCTMTFRHKVHKIS-BMFZQQSSSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/7801—DMOS transistors, i.e. MISFETs with a channel accommodating body or base region adjoining a drain drift region
- H01L29/7802—Vertical DMOS transistors, i.e. VDMOS transistors
- H01L29/7813—Vertical DMOS transistors, i.e. VDMOS transistors with trench gate electrode, e.g. UMOS transistors
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- H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/06—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by their shape; characterised by the shapes, relative sizes, or dispositions of the semiconductor regions ; characterised by the concentration or distribution of impurities within semiconductor regions
- H01L29/0684—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by their shape; characterised by the shapes, relative sizes, or dispositions of the semiconductor regions ; characterised by the concentration or distribution of impurities within semiconductor regions characterised by the shape, relative sizes or dispositions of the semiconductor regions or junctions between the regions
- H01L29/0692—Surface layout
- H01L29/0696—Surface layout of cellular field-effect devices, e.g. multicellular DMOS transistors or IGBTs
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- H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
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- H01L29/10—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by their shape; characterised by the shapes, relative sizes, or dispositions of the semiconductor regions ; characterised by the concentration or distribution of impurities within semiconductor regions with semiconductor regions connected to an electrode not carrying current to be rectified, amplified or switched and such electrode being part of a semiconductor device which comprises three or more electrodes
- H01L29/1095—Body region, i.e. base region, of DMOS transistors or IGBTs
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66007—Multistep manufacturing processes
- H01L29/66075—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having semiconductor bodies comprising group 14 or group 13/15 materials
- H01L29/66227—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having semiconductor bodies comprising group 14 or group 13/15 materials the devices being controllable only by the electric current supplied or the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched, e.g. three-terminal devices
- H01L29/66409—Unipolar field-effect transistors
- H01L29/66477—Unipolar field-effect transistors with an insulated gate, i.e. MISFET
- H01L29/66674—DMOS transistors, i.e. MISFETs with a channel accommodating body or base region adjoining a drain drift region
- H01L29/66712—Vertical DMOS transistors, i.e. VDMOS transistors
- H01L29/66734—Vertical DMOS transistors, i.e. VDMOS transistors with a step of recessing the gate electrode, e.g. to form a trench gate electrode
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
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- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/7801—DMOS transistors, i.e. MISFETs with a channel accommodating body or base region adjoining a drain drift region
- H01L29/7802—Vertical DMOS transistors, i.e. VDMOS transistors
- H01L29/7811—Vertical DMOS transistors, i.e. VDMOS transistors with an edge termination structure
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- H01L29/0611—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by their shape; characterised by the shapes, relative sizes, or dispositions of the semiconductor regions ; characterised by the concentration or distribution of impurities within semiconductor regions characterised by particular constructional design considerations, e.g. for preventing surface leakage, for controlling electric field concentration or for internal isolations regions for preventing surface leakage or controlling electric field concentration for increasing or controlling the breakdown voltage of reverse biased devices
- H01L29/0615—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by their shape; characterised by the shapes, relative sizes, or dispositions of the semiconductor regions ; characterised by the concentration or distribution of impurities within semiconductor regions characterised by particular constructional design considerations, e.g. for preventing surface leakage, for controlling electric field concentration or for internal isolations regions for preventing surface leakage or controlling electric field concentration for increasing or controlling the breakdown voltage of reverse biased devices by the doping profile or the shape or the arrangement of the PN junction, or with supplementary regions, e.g. junction termination extension [JTE]
- H01L29/0619—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by their shape; characterised by the shapes, relative sizes, or dispositions of the semiconductor regions ; characterised by the concentration or distribution of impurities within semiconductor regions characterised by particular constructional design considerations, e.g. for preventing surface leakage, for controlling electric field concentration or for internal isolations regions for preventing surface leakage or controlling electric field concentration for increasing or controlling the breakdown voltage of reverse biased devices by the doping profile or the shape or the arrangement of the PN junction, or with supplementary regions, e.g. junction termination extension [JTE] with a supplementary region doped oppositely to or in rectifying contact with the semiconductor containing or contacting region, e.g. guard rings with PN or Schottky junction
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- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
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- H01L29/08—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by their shape; characterised by the shapes, relative sizes, or dispositions of the semiconductor regions ; characterised by the concentration or distribution of impurities within semiconductor regions with semiconductor regions connected to an electrode carrying current to be rectified, amplified or switched and such electrode being part of a semiconductor device which comprises three or more electrodes
- H01L29/0843—Source or drain regions of field-effect devices
- H01L29/0847—Source or drain regions of field-effect devices of field-effect transistors with insulated gate
- H01L29/0852—Source or drain regions of field-effect devices of field-effect transistors with insulated gate of DMOS transistors
- H01L29/0856—Source regions
- H01L29/0869—Shape
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- H01L29/40—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/402—Field plates
- H01L29/407—Recessed field plates, e.g. trench field plates, buried field plates
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- H01L29/40—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
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- H01L29/42312—Gate electrodes for field effect devices
- H01L29/42316—Gate electrodes for field effect devices for field-effect transistors
- H01L29/4232—Gate electrodes for field effect devices for field-effect transistors with insulated gate
- H01L29/42356—Disposition, e.g. buried gate electrode
- H01L29/4236—Disposition, e.g. buried gate electrode within a trench, e.g. trench gate electrode, groove gate electrode
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Insulated Gate Type Field-Effect Transistor (AREA)
- Metal-Oxide And Bipolar Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Integrated Circuits (AREA)
- Bipolar Transistors (AREA)
Description
A7 Β7
4650 47 五、發明說明(1) 發明背景 本發明係關於場效電晶體,尤其是關於溝渠式DM0S 電晶體*以及其製造方法。 功率場效電晶體,例如,M0SFET(金屬氧化物半導體 場效電晶體),是半導體工業所習知◊有一型的m〇sfet 是DM0S (雙重擴散式金屬氧化物半導體)電晶體^⑽⑽電 晶體一般包含上面成長磊晶層之一基體、一摻雜源極接 面、一重摻雜本體、一種如重摻雜本體相同摻雜(£)或者 η)之摻雜井部、以及一閘極電極。在溝渠式DM〇s電晶體 中’閘電極是一種垂直溝渠。重摻雜本體一般比該溝渠 底部擴散更深,以使得在溝渠底部角落之電場最小並且 因而防止突崩擊穿損壞元件。該溝渠被充填導電多晶 矽,並且該多晶矽一般被過度姓刻,以確保它完全地從 圍繞溝渠之表面被移除。此種過度截刻一般在多晶梦頂 部和半導體基體表面(亦即,遙晶層表面)之間遺留凹 處。這凹處深度必須被小心地控制以便它比源極接面深 度較淺。如果凹處深於源極接面,則源極可能錯失閘 極,而導致高狀態電阻、高臨限、及可能的一個無功能 之電晶體。 源極和汲極接面可被以p型或者η型摻雜物摻雜;在 各情況中,重摻雜本體將被以相對之摻雜物摻雜,例 如,對於η型源極和汲極,重掺雜本體將是ρ型。其中源 極和汲極被以ρ型載子摻雜之DM0S電晶體被稱為ρ通道 "。在ρ通道DM0S電晶體中,施加至電晶體閘極之一負電 4 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) ill·---------i I 11 ---訂--------- ../-V''- (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 465047 A7 B7五、發明說明(2) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 壓導致電流從源極區域流動經過重換雜本體之通道區 域、磊晶層之累積區域、及基體而至汲極區域。相反 地’ DM0S電晶體,其中源極和汲極被以η型載子摻雜之 DM0S電晶體被稱為"η通道"。在11通道M〇s電晶體中,施 加至電晶體閘極之一組正電壓導致電流從汲極流至源 極〇 一般需要DM0S電晶體在導通時具有低的源極至汲極 電阻(Rdson)以及低寄生電容,該電晶體結構應該也避免 ”貫穿"。當施加高的汲極至源極電壓時,進入重摻雜本 體區域的空乏區延伸至源極區域,當電晶體應該關閉時 形成經由重摻雜本體區域的不需要等電通道而發生貫 穿。最後’電晶體應該具有良好的"耐久性",亦即,需 要有高引動電流以導通固有存在於DM0S電晶體的寄生電 晶體。 一般而言,大量的M0SFET晶胞平行連接而形成一組 單一電晶體。該等M0SFET晶胞可以以一種"閉合晶胞Μ組 態配置’其中溝渠部以栅圖型佈局並且該等M0SFET晶胞 各侧被溝渠壁面封閉。另外,該等M0SFET晶胞可以用_ 種”開啟晶胞"組態配置,其中溝渠部以"條紋,,圖型佈局 並且該等M0SFET晶胞僅兩組被溝渠壁面封閉。電場終端 技術被使用以終止在上面形成著電晶體之矽晶粒周圍 (邊緣)接面(摻雜區域)。這將導致擊穿電壓較高於如果 僅利用矽晶粒中央部份中作用電晶體晶胞的特點控制時 之其他的情況。 5 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 χ 297公楚〉 (諝先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) -·Ά----II 訂------II -線 |\ 46 5 0 ^ A7 B7 五、發明說明(3) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 發明之概要說明 本發明提供一種場效電晶體,其具有提供良奸的 一性和高的晶胞密度以及容易調整之開啟的晶胞佈局。= 較佳溝渠式DM0S電晶體具有低Rds〇n、低寄生電容、^佳 可靠度、對突崩擊穿惡化之抗拒性、以及耐夂柹 _ 』八丨王。該較 佳元件同時亦包含一種場終端’其增強對突崩擊穿之^ 阻性。本發明同時亦提供溝渠式DM〇s電晶體之製造^ 法。 在一論點中’本發明特徵在於一種溝渠式場效電晶 體’其包含(a) —半導體基體,(b)延伸進該丰導體基體 内一預定深度之一溝渠,(c) 一對摻雜源極接面,位於 該溝渠之相對侧’(d) —重換雜本體,位於鄰接該溝渠 之源極接面相對侧上之各源極接面,比該溝渠之預定深 度較淺地延伸進該半導體基體内之重摻雜本體最深部 份’以及(e)在該重摻雜本體下方圍繞該重摻雜本體之 一摻雜井部。 較佳之實施例包含一種或者多種以下特點。該摻雜 井部具有一大致平坦底部。有關於井部和溝渠部的深度 之各重摻雜本體區域被選擇,因此當電壓施加至電晶體 上時’峰值電場將從該溝渠部隔開。該播雜井部之深度 小於該等溝渠部之預定深度。該溝渠部具有圓球形頂部 和底部之角落。在該重摻雜本體和該丼部之間各界面處 具有陡峭接面,以導致於電壓施加至電晶體上時,峰值 電場將發生在界面區域中。 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格<210 X 297公釐) 閲 之 注 項 再 填 寫 頁 I I 訂 I· *· ·.· m 465047 A7 五、發明說明(4) ------.-------—— (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填,寫本頁) 在另一論點t,本發明提供一種電晶體晶胞陣列。 該陣列包括(a)—组半導體基體;(b)大致彼此平行地配 置並且延伸於第一方向之多數個閘極_形成溝渠,在相 鄰溝渠之間的空間界定-接觸區域,各溝渠延伸進該基 $内一預线度,其對於戶斤有的料閘極_形成溝渠而 言大致相同;(c) 一對摻雜源極接面,其圍繞各溝渠且 位於該溝渠相對侧上且沿著該溝渠長度方向延伸;(d) 位於各對閘極_形成溝渠之間,一重摻雜本體位於相鄰 各源極接面,各該重摻雜本體之最深部份延伸進該半導 體基體内之比該等溝渠之該預定深度淺的深度;(幻在 重摻雜本體下方圍繞各重摻雜本體之一摻雜井部;以及 (f)P+和n+接觸區,其配置在半導體基體表面並且沿著接 觸區域長度方向交互地配置。 -線· 較佳實施例包含一種或者多種以下特點。該摻雜井 ^具有一大致平坦的底部。有關於井部和閘極_形成溝 渠的深度之各重摻雜本體區域被選擇,因此當電壓施加 至電晶體時,峰值電場將從該溝渠被隔開。該摻雜井部 之深度小於該等閘極_形成溝渠之預定深度。該等溝渠 具有圓球形頂部和底部之角落。在重摻雜本體和對應的 井部之間各界面處具有陡峭接面,以導致於電壓施加至 電體時峰值電場將發生在界面區域。該p車列同時亦包 括圍繞該陣列周圍之場終端結構。該場終端結構包含具 有深度大於閘極-形成溝渠之井部。該場終端結構包括 圍繞該陣列周圍而連續地延伸的一種終端溝渠,最佳為 本紙張尺_中國國家標準(cns)aT^咖x 297公^_ ______^_27__465047 A7 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 五、發明說明(5) 多數個同心配置的終端溝渠。 在另一論點中,本發明特徵在於一種半導體晶粒, 其係包括:(a)以陣列配置在一组半導體基體上面之多 數個DM0S電晶體晶胞’各DM0S電晶體晶胞包括一閘極_ 形成溝渠,各該閘極-形成溝渠具有預定深度,所有的 該等閘極-形成溝渠之該深度大致上相同;以及(b)—場 終端結構圍繞該陣列周圍並且延伸進該半導體基體内之 深度比該等閘極-形成溝渠之該預定深度深,。 較佳實施例包含一種或者多種以下特點。該場終端 結構包括一摻雜丼部。該場終端結構包括一終端溝渠。 該場終端結構包括多數個同心配置的終端溝渠》各該 DM0S電晶體晶胞進一步地包含一重換雜本體並且該重摻 雜本體延伸進該半導體基體内之深度比該等閘極-形成 溝渠之該預定深度淺。 本發明同時也提供一種溝渠式DM0S電晶體之重摻雜 本體結構的製造方法,其包括:(a)提供一組半導體基 體;(b)將在一第一能量和劑量的一第一摻雜物佈植進 該基體之一區域内;以及(c)依序地將在第二能量和劑 量的一第二摻雜物佈植一種進該區域内,該第二能量和 劑量相對地少於該第一能量和劑量。 較佳實施例包括一種或者多種以下特點。該等第一 和第二摻雜物均包含硼。該第一能量大约為從15〇至 200keV。該第一劑量大約為從1E15至5E15。該第二能量 大約為從20至40keV。該第二劑量大約為從1E14至 8 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 x 297公釐) • — — — ——-II---- I J - I I ί請先閲讀背面之注$項再iltr窝本頁) .N. Λ 線. 4650 47 A7 _B7 1 _丨丨丨 一一 五、發明說明(6) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 1E15。 另外,本發明提供溝渠式DMOS電晶體之源極的製造 方法,其包含(a)提供一組半導體基體;(b)將在第一能 量和劑量的一種第一摻雜物佈植進該基體之一區域内; 以及(c)依序地將在第二能量和劑量的一種第二摻雜物 +饰植進該區域内,該第二能量和劑量相對地少於該第一 能量和劑量β 較佳實施例包含一種或者多種以下特點。該第一換 雜物包含神並且該第二摻雜物包含鱗。該第一能量大約 為從80至120keV »該第一劑量大約為從5Ε15至1Ε16。該 第二能量大約為從40至70keV。該第二劑量大約為從 1E15至5E15。在完成的DM0S電晶體中該源極之結果深度 大約為從0. 4至0. 8徽米。 在另一論點中,本發明提供一種溝渠式場效電晶體 製造方法。該方法包括:(a)在一半導體基體周圍形成 一場終端接面;(b)在該半導體基體上面形成一磊晶 層;(c)將多數個溝渠成型並且蝕刻進該磊晶層内;(d) 沈積多晶矽以充填該等溝渠;(e)以第一型式摻雜物來 摻雜多晶發;(f)將該基體成型並且佈植第二種相對型 式摻雜物以形成介於相鄰溝渠之間的多數個井部; 將該基體成型並且佈植第二種型式摻雜物以形成多數個 第二摻雜物型式接觸區域以及多數個位於井部上面之重 摻雜本體’各重摻雜本體與對應的井部具有陡峭接面; (h)將s亥基體成型並且佈植第一種型式摻雜物以提供源 9 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 x 297公楚〉 I I I I I- — — — — — II—.' ! ί ί諳先閱讀背面之泣意事項再氣寫本頁) -TJ· I. 鯽 線· A7 -----------B7 五、發明說明(7 ) 極區域和第一摻雜物型式接觸區域;並且(i)施加一種 介電質至該半導體基體表面並且將該介電質成型以曝露 電氣接觸區域。 本發明的其他特點和優點將可從下面的詳細說明, 以及從申請專利範圍而更明顯。 式之簡 第1圖為一高放大率、分解透視截面圖,其係根據本 發明之一論點來顯示包括多數個DM0S電晶體之晶胞陣列 的一部份。該源極金屬層和介電質層之一部份被省略以 顯示下面幾層。第la*lb圖是分別沿著線段A_A和B_B所 採取之第1圖陣列之單一線電晶體的侧邊截面圖。在第 1 a和lb固中顯示該源極金屬和該介電質層。 第2圖是顯示該晶胞陣列之一部份和該場終端的半導 體晶粒之一高放大率分解侧邊截面圖。 第3圖是顯示用以形成第!圖的—溝渠式卯卯電晶體 之較佳程序的光罩序列之一流程圖。 第4-4k圖是顯示第3圖流程圖中個別的處理步驟之分 解側邊截面圖。第4-4k圖中詳細囷形之編號被順便地顯 示於第3圖中對應方塊下。 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 (請先閱讀背面之注专¥項再填寫本頁) -線· 第5,圖.是展開之電阻㈣,反應出在電晶體不同 區域的摻雜物濃度分配。 較佳實施你丨之描诚 第1圖中顯示一組晶胞陣列10,其包括多數溝渠 MOS電晶體列12。晶胞陣列10具有一種開啟晶胞組態二 10 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 46 5 A7 B7 五、發明說明(8 請 先 閱 讀 背 面 之 注 意 事 項 S:'. 窝 本 頁 亦即,溝渠14僅在一方向形成,而非形成柵型。個別的 晶胞疋在平行於溝渠14並且在溝渠14之間的各列2 〇中利 用交錯的n+源極接觸區16和p+接觸區18所形成。具有一 n+源極接觸區之各列區域組態之戴面顯示於第1&圖中, 而具有P+接觸區域顯示於第lb圖中。 如第la和lb圖中所示,各溝渠式DM〇s電晶體包括一 摻雜n+基體(汲極)層22’ 一較少摻雜n-磊晶層24,以及 一閘極電極28。閘極電極28包含充填一溝渠14之一傳導 多晶石夕。一閘極氧化物26塗敷溝渠壁面並且鋪置在多晶 梦下面。該多晶矽頂部表面從半導體基體表面3〇凹入一 距離R(—般大約從〇至〇 4微米)。η+摻雜源極區域、 32b各位於溝渠14各侧上面〇 —介電質層35覆蓋該溝渠 開孔和兩組源極區域.32a,32b。一組p+重.推雜本體區域 34延伸在相鄰晶胞的源極區域間,且在其下方有一平坦 底部P井部36°在具有一 n+接觸16的晶胞陣列區域中, 一淺n+摻雜接觸區域延伸在該等n+源極區域間。一源極 金屬層38覆蓋該晶胞陣列表面。 第la和lb圖中所示的電晶體包括許多增強電晶體耐 久性和其對突崩擊穿惡化抗拒性之特點、 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 第一,該P+重摻雜本體區域34的深度相對於該p-井 部之溝渠14和平坦底部之深度被選擇以至於當電壓被施 加至電晶體時峰值電場將大約地在相鄰溝渠間之半途 中。該P+重摻雜本體 '該p-井部以及該溝渠之較佳相對 深度不同於不同的元件佈局〇然而,較佳的相對深度能 11 ^蜗張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 465047
1、發明說明(9) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 容易地依經驗決定(藉由觀察峰值電場位置)或者藉由有 限元素分析法決定β 第二’該溝渠14的底部角落是圓球形(最好是,該角 落的項部同時也是圓球形;此特點未顯示)。角落圓球 形可使用1997年10月28日建檔案之待決美國專利申請案 號08/959197中的說明程序而達成。該溝渠之圓球形角 落同時也將導致蜂值電場從溝渠角落移離並且朝向在相 鄰溝渠之間一中央位置。 第三,在該ρ+重摻雜本體和該ρ-井部間界面的陡峭 接面導致峰值電場發生於界面區域.突崩相乘啟始於峰 值電場的位置,因此攪動熱載體從敏感之閘極氧化物和 通道區域中離開。於是,此結構改善可靠度及突崩耐久 性而不犧牲晶胞密度以及較深的重摻雜本體接面。這陡 峭接面能由以下說明的雙重摻雜程序,或者由其他形成 陡峭接面的程序來達成,其許多於半導體領域中為習知 的0 最後,參考第2圖,該晶胞陣列是由一場終端接面4〇 所圍繞,其增加元件的擊穿電壓且從該晶胞陣列抽離該 突崩電流至矽晶粒的周圍,該場終端接面4〇是一種深的 Ρ +井部’在其最深點最好是從大約i至3微米深,那比該 p+重摻雜本體區域34較深以便減低接面曲率導致的該電 場。製造上述電晶體之一較佳程序顯示於第3圖中=流 程圖,並且個別的步驟被分解地顯示於第私处圖。應注 意的是’傳統的步驟或者不需要說明的步驟在下面被說 12 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(21〇 x 297公釐) (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 裝------ 訂---------線. _ 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 4 6 5 〇 厶 7 A7 B7 五、發明說明(10) 明而未顯示於第4_4k圖中》如由第3圖中的箭頭所指出 的,且如以下將討論的,第4-4k圖中所示的步驟順序可 被變化。並且,第4-4k圖中所示的某些步驟如將討論的 被選擇。 首先提供一組半導體基體。最佳地,該基體是N++Si 基體,具有標準厚度’例如,500微米,及一非常低電 阻,例如’ 0 · 0 01至0. 0 0 5歐姆-公分。一磊晶層被沈積 至此基體上,如習知的,其厚度最佳是約從4至10微 米。磊晶層電阻最佳是約從0. 1至3. 0歐姆-公分。 其次’藉由第4-4c圖所示的步驟來形成場該終端接 面40。在第4圖中’ 一氧化物層被形成於該磊晶層的表 面上。最佳地,該氧化物厚度為約從5至1 Ok人。其次, 如第4a圖所示,該氧化物層被成型且蝕刻以界定一組光 罩’且該P +摻雜物被引導以形成深的p+井部場終端。一 適當的摻雜物為硼,佈植約從40至lOOkeV的一能量以及 1Ε14(1χ1〇14)至iEi6cm 2的劑量。如第^圖中所示,該 P +摻雜物接著’例如,藉由擴散,被進一步地驅動進入 該基體内並且一場氧化物層被形成在該P +接面之上。較 佳地’該氧化物厚度約為從4至1 OkA。最後地,在該基 體作用區域(將形成晶胞陣列之區域)上的氧化物(第4圖) 被成型並且由任何適當的银刻處理程序所移除,僅遺留 適當區域中的場氧化物。這使得該基體備妥供使用以下 將形成晶胞陣列之步驟。 應注意的是,作為步驟4-4c的另一選擇,一適當的 13 本紙張尺度適用中國國篆標準(CNS)A4規格(21〇 X 297公髮) -----— — — — — — - -----— II »lnl — — — · (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再A寫本頁) 465047
五、發明說明(屮 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 場終端結構能使用圍繞該晶胞陣列周圍且用來減小電場 之一環狀溝渠形成,且能增加突崩擊穿惡化之抗阻性。 這溝渠場終端並不需要一場氧化物或者深的P +重摻雜本 體接面之效應。因此,其能被用來減少程序步驟之數 目。使用一組溝渠環(或者多重同心溝渠環)以形成場終 端被描述於’例如’美國專利案號5, 430, 324,其全部 揭露於此被由參考合併》最佳地,該溝渠具有與晶胞陣 列中的溝渠實際上相同之深度。 該晶胞陣列是由第4d-4k圖中所示的步驟形成。首 先,多數個溝渠被成型並且在該基體磊晶層上被蝕刻成 (第4d圖最佳地’如上所述,該等溝渠是使用美國序 號(08/959/97)之待決申請案中說明的處理程序所形 成,因此各溝渠之上方和下方角落將是平滑的圓球形。 如第1圖所示及上述,該等溝渠僅在一方向被成型,界 定為一開啟晶胞結構。在溝渠形成後’一閘極氧化物層 被形成於該等溝渠壁面上,如於半導體技術中習知的。 該閘極氧化物較好具有約從100至800A的厚度。 其次,如第4 e圖所示,多晶石夕被沈積以充填該溝渠 且覆蓋該基體表面,依據溝渠寬度而一般覆蓋至大約1 至2微米厚度(如第4e圖中虚線所示)。這層接著由其厚 度相對溝渠寬度,一般約從2至5kA(如第4e圖中實線所 示),之性質而被平面化。例如,藉由傳統的POCL3摻雜 技術或者由填佈植技術,使該多晶砍接著被摻雜為n_ 型。因為高度摻雜的基體之任何進一步的摻雜將無法產 14 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁〕 !1 訂__-------.
Mr 46 50 4 7 A7
五、發明說明(I2〉 生任何缺陷吸氣之增強,所以該晶圓背侧並不需要成線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 條化(如傳統技術在多晶矽摻雜前所做以增強缺陷吸 氣)。 多晶矽接著以一光阻光罩成型且被蝕刻來將它從該 等溝渠區域中移除,如第圖所示。當該多晶矽被完全 钱刻以從該基體表面移除所有的多晶石夕時,在溝渠中的 多晶矽頂部及該基體表面間之一小凹處自動產生。這凹 處深度必須被控制以使它不會超出將在稍後步驟中形成 的n+源極接面之深度β為了減低小心控制這處理程序之 需要’ 一組相對深的η+源極接面被形成,如以下將討論 的。 接著’如第4g圖所示’該ρ-井部是由佈植該摻雜物 所形成’例如’在30至lOOkeV的能量及1E13至1E15劑量 中佈植硼’且使用傳統驅動技術將其驅動至深度約為1 至3微米。 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 接下來的兩個步驟(p+重摻雜本體形成)能在n+源極 接面形的成之,或形成後被執行,如第3圖中的箭頭所 指示。P+重摻雜本體形成以及n+源極接面形成能於任一 順序中被執行’因為它們均是光阻遮罩步驟且因為在它 們之間沒有擴散步驟。這有利地允許重要的處理彈性。 該P+重摻雜本體形成步驟將在以下被描述,如在源極形 成前被執行;將可了解的是源極之形成可由改變以下 討論的步驟順序來首先簡單地執行。 首先,一組光罩被形成在將不會被摻雜為p +之區域 15 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 五、發明說明(巧 Α7 Β7 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 上,如第4h圖所示。(應注意到,在介電質層已被施加 且成型於接觸孔後,若該p+重摻雜本體被稍後形成’則 這光罩步驟並不需要。(參看下面第4k圖)因此介電質本 身會提供一組光罩。)如上所討論的,最佳的是’在P—井 部和p+重摻雜本體間的界面之接面為陡峭的。為了完成 此目的,一種雙重摻雜物(例如,硼)的佈植被執行。例 如,一較佳的雙重佈植是於一 150至2〇〇keV的能量及一 1E15至5E15的劑量佈植第一硼,及於一 20至40keV的能 量及一 1E14至1E15的劑量佈植第二硼。高能量第一佈植 使P+重摻雜本體盡可能深地進入基體,因此它將不會補 償稍後欲被引導之n +源極接面。第二,低能量/低劑量佈 植將P+重摻雜本體從於第一佈植期間形成之深區域向上 延伸至該基體表面’以提供p+接觸區18。所產生的〆重 摻雜本體接面於此程序步驟中最好約為〇· 4至1微米深 (在驅入後的最後接面深度最好約為〇. 5至丨· 5微米深), 且包括接近具有p-井部的界面處之高摻雜物濃度區域, 及在P+重摻雜本體的接觸表面之相對地低摻雜物濃度區 域β —種較佳濃度分配被顯示於第5圖。 熟習本技術者將可了解,藉由在表面使用一連續的 摻雜物源或者使用緩慢擴散的原子,而使陡峭接面能形 成許多其他形式,例如’藉由擴散摻雜物。 ./ 在形成Ρ+重摻雜本體之後,一傳統的光阻條處理程 序被執行來移除光罩,且一個新的光罩被成型來準備該 基體於该η+源極接面的形成。此光罩是一種η+阻隔光罩 16 本紙張尺度適用令國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) — — — — — —1 — — — — — I < I I (請先閱讚背面之生意事項再^寫本頁)
」ST Μ ;線. 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 Α7 _____Β7 五、發明說明(I4) 且被成型來覆蓋提供P +接觸之基體表面區域(第1和lb 圖),如第41圖所示。這導致在n-型摻雜後交錯的p +和n + 接觸區之形成(參看第41圖中a-A和B-B線以及a-A和B-B 截面圖’其對應第1 a和1 b圖)。 接著使用一雙重佈植形成n+源極區域和nt接觸區β 例如,一種較佳的雙重佈植處理程序是於一 8〇至12〇1^7 的能量及一 5Ε15至1Ε16的劑量之第一砷佈植緊跟著一 4〇 至70keV的能量及一 1Ε15至5Ε15的劑量之第二磷佈植。 該磷佈植形成一相對深的n+源極接面,其允許更多在多 晶矽凹處深度中之處理程序彈性,如上所討論的。在饰 植期間及在稍後的擴散步驟期間,磷離子將更深地貫穿 進入該基體内。有利地,該n+源極區域將在擴散後具有 約0.4至0.8微米的深度。該砷佈植將該n+源極延伸至該 基體表面’且亦藉由在欲求的接觸區域中補償(轉換)p+ 重摻雜本體之p型表面至n型,來形成n+接觸16(參看第1 和la圖)。沿著溝渠邊緣及n+接觸區之!!+源極較佳薄片電 阻曲線被分別顯示於第5a和5b圖中。 因此’藉由將基體以適當的光罩成型且如上所述, 分別地以第一 p +佈植和第二n +佈植摻雜即形成第1圖中展 示之交錯式P+和n+接觸18,16。這種形成交錯接觸之方 法有利於允許具有比此種陣列典型間隙小晶胞間隙之開 啟晶胞陣列並且因此有較高的晶胞密度以及較低的 Rdson ° 其次,一種傳統的n+驅動器被執行來致動該等摻雜 17 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) !!---ί I I----;裝--------訂-----I f 1 l\J- _-'* (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再^ί·寫本頁) 、 465047 --1本 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 A7 B7 五、發明說明(is) 物β —短週期被使用,最好是在9〇〇。〇經過1〇分鐘,以 便發生引動而不會有超量擴散。 一種介電質材料,例如’硼磷矽酸鹽玻璃(BPSG), 接著沈積在整個基體表面上且以傳統方式流動(第4J 圖)’在其之後’介電質被成型且蝕刻(第4k圖)來在n+和 P +接觸區16和18上界定電氣接觸開孔。 如上述,若需要(而非在n+源極形成前),該〆重摻 雜本體佈植步驟能於此點被執行,刪除光罩需求且因而 減低成本和處理時間。 其次’該介電質再次流動於惰性氣體中,例如,一 氮氣淨化氣體中。若該P+重摻雜本體即時地在先前被佈 植,此步驟被需要來致動該P+摻雜物。若於n +驅動前p + 重摻雜本體較早被佈植,則若介電質表面在接觸開孔周 圍具有足夠平滑邊緣’這步驟可被省略。 該晶胞陣列接著由傳統的金屬化、被動沈積和合金 步驟完成,如半導體技術中所習知的。 其他實施例是在申請專利範圍内。例如,在上述為 二η通道電晶體之描述時,本發明的程序亦可被用來形 成ρ通道電晶體。為達成此,上述中的"ρ"和,,η"可簡單 地被互換,即,其中區域上特定的"ρ,_摻雜的將為”η,,摻 雜的取代,且反之亦然。 Γ 元件標號對照表 10 晶胞陣列 12 溝渠式EiMOS電晶 18 紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(21〇 χ 297公釐)
4 δ 5 4 / Α7 _Β7 五、發明說明(16) 14 溝渠 16 妓酿 18 1D +接觸 22 n+基體層 24 Π蟲晶層 26 閘極氧化物 28 閘極電極 30 半導體基體表面 32a , 32b η +摻雜源極 34 P+重摻雜本體區域 35 介電質層 36 n 4t-4R 38 源極金屬層 40 場終端接面 ---:---_---HIH ^----------—lit ^ l\f^_ ·· /-(諝先閱讀背面之生意事項再t寫本頁> 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐)
Claims (1)
- ABCD 六、申請專利範圍 1.—種電晶體晶胞陣列,其包含: 一組半導體基體; 多數個大致彼此平行地配置並且延伸於第一方向 之閘極形成溝渠’在相鄰溝渠之間的空間形成一 ^ ::域,各溝渠延伸進該基體一預定深度内,該預 冰度對於所有的該等閘極_形成溝渠而言大致上 同; 、一對摻雜源極接面,其圍繞各溝渠並且位於該溝 渠相對侧上面並且沿著該溝渠長度方向延伸; 位於相鄰各源極接面之一重摻雜本體,其位於各 對閘極-形成溝渠之間,各該重摻雜本體之最深部份 比該4溝渠之该預定深度較淺地延伸進該半導體基 體内; 在重摻雜本體下方圍繞各重摻雜本體之一摻雜井 部;以及 一 P +和n +接觸區,其配置在該半導體基體表面且沿 著接觸區域的長度交互地配置。 2. 如申請專利範圍第丨項之電晶體晶胞陣列,其中各該 摻雜井部具有一大致平坦底部。 3. 如申請專利範圍第丨項之電晶體晶胞陣列,其中各重 摻雜本體區域之深度相對於該等井部和該等閘極一形 成溝渠之深度被選擇,因此當電壓施加至電晶體上 時峰值電場將大約於相鄰該等閘極_形成溝渠間之半 途發生。 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X297公楚) . .------M-- 請先閱讀背而之注意事項再填象本頁) 訂 線- 經濟部智慧財產局W工消費合作社印製 4650474. 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 ::專利範圍第!項之電晶體晶胞陣列,其中各驾 ,井部之深度小於該等閉極_ ^ 度。 ▼巧雄形成溝渠之預定深專利範圍第1項之電晶體晶胞陣列,其中各該 形成溝渠具有圓球形頂部和底部角落。ί I : ί利範圍第1項之電晶體晶胞陣列,其中在該 重摻雜本體和該井部間的各界面處有—㈣接面, 而在電愿施加於電晶體上時導致峰值電場發生在該 界面區域中。 如申請專利範圍第1項之電晶體晶胞陣列,進一步地 包含圍繞該陣列之一場終端結構β 如申請專利範圍第7項之電晶體晶胞陣列,其中該場 終端結構包含具有大於該等閘極—形成溝渠的深度之 井部。 如申請專利範圍第7項之電晶體晶胞陣列,其中該場 終端結構包含在該陣列周圍連續地延伸之一終端溝 渠。 10.如申請專利範圍第9項之電晶體晶胞陣列,其中該場 終端結構包含多數個同心配置之終端溝渠。 11 ♦一種半導體晶粒,其係包含: 多數個在一組半導體基體上被配置於一陣列中之 DUOS電晶體晶胞,,各DMOS電晶體晶胞包括一閘極一形 成溝渠’各該閘極-形成溝渠具有一預定深度,所有 6. 9. 該等閘極-形成溝渠之該深度實際上是相同的; 以 (請先閱讀背面之注愈事項再填寫本頁)21 丨丨,---— 本纸張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X29?公釐) 4 6 5 Ο 4 7 Α8 Β8 C8 :-----— _ ~、申請專利範圍 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 圍繞該陣列周圍之一组場終端結構,其延伸進該 半導體基體内一深度,比該等閘極-形成溝渠之該預 定深度深。 12·如申請專利範圍第11項之半導體晶粒,其中該場終 端結構包含一摻雜井部。 1 3.如申請專利範圍第丨丨項之半導體晶粒,其中該場終 端結構包含一終端溝渠。 14·如申請專利範圍第13項之半導體晶粒,其中該場终 端結構包含多數個同心配置的終端溝渠。 15. 如申請專利範圍第i〗項之半導體晶粒,其中各該 DM0S電晶體晶胞進一步地包含一重換雜本體,且該 重摻雜本體延伸進該半導體基體内一深度,其係比 該等閘極-形成溝渠之該預定深度淺。 16. —種溝渠式場效電晶體製造方法,其係包含: 形成在一半導體基體周圍之一組場終端接面; 在該半導體基體上形成一組蟲晶層; 將多數個溝渠成型且蝕刻進入該磊晶層; 沈積多晶矽以充填該等溝渠; 以第一型式的摻雜物來摻雜多晶矽; 將該基體成型且佈植一第二種型式摻雜物,相對 於形成多數在相鄰溝渠間的井部; 將該基體成型並且佈植第二種型式摻雜物,以形 成多數個第二摻雜物型式接觸區域及多數個位於該 等井部上之重摻雜本體,各重摻雜本體與該對應的 22 本紙張尺度適用中國菌家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X297公楚) (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) *裝· 、-β Mr 線 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 46 50 4 V A8 B8 C8 _ D8 六、申請專利範圍 井部具有一陡峭接面: 將該基體成型並且佈植一第一種型式摻雜物,以 提供源極區域及第一摻雜物型式接觸區域;且 施加一種介電質於該半導體基體表面上,且將該 介電質成型以曝露電氣接觸區域。 17. 如申請專利範圍第16項之溝渠式場效電晶體製造方 法,其中該等溝渠被成型以於一方向延伸且大致彼 此平行。 18. 如申請專利範圍第16項之溝渠式場效電晶體製造方 法,其中該等成型及佈植步驟進一步地包含以交錯 方式配置該等第一摻雜物型式接觸區域,及該等第 二摻雜物型式接觸區域,且在相鄰的溝渠間線性地 延伸。 19. 如申請專利範圍第16項之溝渠式場效電晶體製造方 法,其t用以形成該等重摻雜本體之該佈植步驟包 含於一第一能量和劑量佈植一種第一摻雜物且於第 二能量和劑量佈植一種第二摻雜物,該第二能量及 劑量相對地比該第一能量及劑量少。 20. 如申請專利範圍第16項之溝渠式場效電晶體製造方 法,其中用以形成該等源極區域之該佈植步驟包含 於一第一能量及劑量佈植一種第一播雜物,且於一 第二能量及劑量佈植一種第二摻雜物,該第二能量 及劑量相對地比該第一能量及劑量少。 21. 如申請專利範圍第16項之溝渠式場效電晶體製造方 23 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS ) A4規格(210X297公釐) (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁)A8 B8 CS D8 4650 4 六、申請專利範圍 冰成該等源極區域形 法,其中該等重摻雜本體早於W 成。 .場效電晶體製造方 22.如申請專利範圍第16項之溝梁 重摻雜本體形 法,其中該等源極區域早於形热 23·如申請專利範圍第16項4溝粢式場效電明體製也方 法’其中該場終端是由形成一組溝渠環所形成。 24. 如申請專利範圍第16項之溝渠式場效電晶體製造方 法,其中該場終端是由形成以該第二捧雜物型式的 一換雜物所摻雜的一組深井部而形成。 25. 如申請專利範圍第16項之溝渠式場效電晶體製造方 法,其中該介電質是在形成該等重摻雜本體及該等 第一推雜物型式接觸區之步驟前被施加,且該介電 質提供用以將該等重摻雜本體及該等第二摻雜物型 式接觸區成型之一組光罩。 (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再填寫本買) 經滴部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS > A4祕(21〇χ297公楚)
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TW087118857A TW465047B (en) | 1997-11-14 | 1998-12-10 | Field effect transistor and method of its manufacture |
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EP (2) | EP0923137A3 (zh) |
JP (1) | JPH11243196A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100551190B1 (zh) |
CN (2) | CN100338778C (zh) |
HK (1) | HK1109495A1 (zh) |
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1997
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-
1998
- 1998-11-06 SG SG9804569A patent/SG83108A1/en unknown
- 1998-11-11 EP EP98309237A patent/EP0923137A3/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-11-11 JP JP10358367A patent/JPH11243196A/ja active Pending
- 1998-11-11 EP EP10152282A patent/EP2178125A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-11-13 CN CNB981223265A patent/CN100338778C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-11-13 CN CNB2006101728308A patent/CN100461415C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-11-14 KR KR1019980048869A patent/KR100551190B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-12-10 TW TW087118857A patent/TW465047B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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2001
- 2001-05-09 US US09/854,102 patent/US6521497B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2002
- 2002-05-24 US US10/155,554 patent/US6710406B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2003
- 2003-01-17 US US10/347,254 patent/US6828195B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-30 US US10/630,249 patent/US7511339B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2004
- 2004-08-27 US US10/927,788 patent/US7148111B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2006
- 2006-08-10 US US11/503,506 patent/US7736978B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2007
- 2007-12-20 HK HK07113985.3A patent/HK1109495A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2008
- 2008-12-05 US US12/329,509 patent/US7696571B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 2010-01-11 US US12/685,592 patent/US8476133B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US7696571B2 (en) | 2010-04-13 |
US7511339B2 (en) | 2009-03-31 |
CN100461415C (zh) | 2009-02-11 |
JPH11243196A (ja) | 1999-09-07 |
SG83108A1 (en) | 2001-09-18 |
US20010023104A1 (en) | 2001-09-20 |
US20100264487A1 (en) | 2010-10-21 |
US20050079676A1 (en) | 2005-04-14 |
HK1109495A1 (en) | 2008-06-06 |
CN1983597A (zh) | 2007-06-20 |
CN1227418A (zh) | 1999-09-01 |
US6429481B1 (en) | 2002-08-06 |
US6521497B2 (en) | 2003-02-18 |
US20020140027A1 (en) | 2002-10-03 |
US6710406B2 (en) | 2004-03-23 |
US20090134458A1 (en) | 2009-05-28 |
CN100338778C (zh) | 2007-09-19 |
KR100551190B1 (ko) | 2006-05-25 |
EP2178125A2 (en) | 2010-04-21 |
EP0923137A2 (en) | 1999-06-16 |
KR19990045294A (ko) | 1999-06-25 |
US20100112767A1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
EP0923137A3 (en) | 2000-02-02 |
US6828195B2 (en) | 2004-12-07 |
US8044463B2 (en) | 2011-10-25 |
US7736978B2 (en) | 2010-06-15 |
US7148111B2 (en) | 2006-12-12 |
US20040145015A1 (en) | 2004-07-29 |
US20030127688A1 (en) | 2003-07-10 |
US8476133B2 (en) | 2013-07-02 |
US20070042551A1 (en) | 2007-02-22 |
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