JP2016517276A - RNA誘導型FokIヌクレアーゼ(RFN)を用いたRNA誘導型ゲノム編集の特異性の増大 - Google Patents
RNA誘導型FokIヌクレアーゼ(RFN)を用いたRNA誘導型ゲノム編集の特異性の増大 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2013年3月15日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/799,647号;2013年6月21日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/838,178号;2013年6月21日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/838,148号および2013年12月26日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/921,007号に対する米国特許法119条(e)に基づく優先権を主張するものである。上記出願の内容全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本発明は、米国国立衛生研究所により授与された助成番号DP1 GM105378の下、政府の支援を受けてなされたものである。政府は本発明に一定の権利を有する。
(a)2つの単一ガイドRNAであって、この2つの単一ガイドRNAのそれぞれが、標的配列の1本鎖にそれぞれ相補的な配列を含むことにより、両方のガイドRNAを使用することにより、両方の鎖の標的化をもたらし、(すなわち、1つの単一ガイドRNAは、第1の鎖を標的化し、他方のガイドRNAが、相補鎖を標的化する)、FokIが、反対のDNA鎖上に1対のニックをもたらす各鎖を切断することにより、二重鎖が切断される、2つの単一ガイドRNAと、
(b)tracrRNAおよび2つのcrRNAであって、2つのCrRNAのそれぞれが、標的配列の内の1つの鎖と相補的な配列を含むことにより、両方のcrRNAを使用することにより、両方の鎖の標的化をもたらし(すなわち、1つのcrRNAは第1の鎖を標的化し、他方は、相補鎖を標的化する)、FokIが、反対のDNA鎖上に1対のニックをもたらす各鎖を切断することにより、二重鎖が切断される、tracrRNAおよび2つのcrRNAと
を含む。
(a)2つの単一ガイドRNAであって、この2つの単一ガイドRNAのそれぞれが、標的配列の内の1つの鎖とそれぞれ相補的である配列を含むことにより、両方のガイドRNAを使用することにより、両鎖の標的化をもたらし(すなわち1つの単一ガイドRNAが第1の鎖を標的化し、他方のガイドRNAが相補鎖を標的化する)、FokIが、反対のDNA鎖上に1対のニックをもたらす各鎖を切断することにより、二本鎖が切断される、2つの単一ガイド鎖と、
(b)tracrRNAおよび2つのcrRNAであって、2つのcrRNAのそれぞれが、標的配列の内の1つの鎖に相補的な配列を含むことにより、両方のcrRNAを使用することにより、両方の鎖の標的化をもたらし(すなわち、1つのcrRNAが第1の鎖を標的化し、他方のcrRNAが、相補鎖を標的化する)、FokIが、反対のDNA鎖上に1対のニックをもたらすことにより、二重鎖が切断される、tracrRNAおよび2つのcrRNA
を細胞で発現させるか、この細胞と接触させることをさらに含んでもよい。
CRISPR RNA誘導型ヌクレアーゼ(RGN)は、簡便で効率的なゲノム編集のプラットフォームとして急速に登場した。Marraffiniら(Jiangら,Nat Biotechnol 31,233−239(2013))は近年、細菌でのCas9 RGNの特異性を体系的に研究したが、ヒト細胞でのRGN特異性については十分に明らかにされていない。これらのヌクレアーゼを研究および治療応用に広く用いるのであれば、ヒトをはじめとする真核細胞においてRGNによるオフターゲット効果が及ぶ範囲を理解することが極めて重要になる。本発明者らは、ヒト細胞ベースのレポーターアッセイを用いてCas9ベースのRGNによるオフターゲット切断の特徴を明らかにした。ガイドRNA(gRNA)−DNA接合部に沿った位置に応じて、様々な程度で単一および二重のミスマッチが許容された。一部ミスマッチのある部位を調べることによって、ヒト細胞の内在遺伝子座を標的とした6種類のRGNのうちの4種類によって誘発されるオフターゲット変化が迅速に検出された。特定されたオフターゲット部位は最大5つのミスマッチを保有しており、その多くが目的とするオンターゲット部位で観察された頻度と同等(またはそれ以上)の頻度で変異していた。したがって、RGNはヒト細胞において、不完全にマッチしたRNA−DNAに対しても高い活性を示し、この観察結果は研究および治療応用での使用を複雑なものにしかねないものである。
本明細書に示されるように、化膿性連鎖球菌(S.pyogenes)Cas9タンパク質を土台とするCRISPR−Cas RNA誘導型ヌクレアーゼは、目的とするオンターゲット活性と同等以上の著しいオフターゲット変異誘発効果を有し得る(実施例1)。このようなオフターゲット効果は、研究の適用する際に、また特に将来治療に適用する際に問題となり得る。したがって、CRISPR−Cas RNA誘導型ヌクレアーゼ(RGN)の特異性を改善する方法が必要とされている。
FokIは、DNA認識ドメインおよび触媒(エンドヌクレアーゼ)ドメインを含む2型制限エンドヌクレアーゼである。本明細書中に記載される融合タンパク質は、FokI全体、または触媒エンドヌクレアーゼドメイン、たとえば、GenBank アクセッション番号第AAA24927.1のアミノ酸388〜583または408〜583(たとえばLi et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 39(1): 359-372 (2011); Cathomen and Joung, Mol. Ther. 16: 1200-1207 (2008)に記載)、またはMiller et al. Nat Biotechnol 25: 778-785 (2007); Szczepek et al., Nat Biotechnol 25: 786-793 (2007);もしくはBitinaite et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:10570-10575 (1998)に記載されるような、FokIの変異形態を含むことができる。
いくつかの細菌がCas9タンパク質変異体を発現する。現在、化膿性連鎖球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)Cas9が最もよく用いられているが、他のCas9タンパク質にも化膿性連鎖球菌(S.pyogenes)Cas9と高レベルの配列同一性を有し、同じガイドRNAを利用するものがある。それ以外のものはさらに多様であり、利用するgRNAが異なり、認識するPAM配列(RNAによって定められる配列に隣接するタンパク質によって定められる、2〜5のヌクレオチド配列)も異なる。Chylinskiらは多数の細菌群のCas9タンパク質を分類し(RNA Biology 10:5,1−12;2013)、その付図1および付表1に多数のCas9タンパク質を列記しており、これらは参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。ほかのCas9タンパク質については、Esveltら,Nat Methods.2013 Nov;10(11):1116−21およびFonfaraら,“Phylogeny of Cas9 determines functional exchangeability of dual−RNA and Cas9 among orthologous type II CRISPR−Cas systems.” Nucleic Acids Res.2013 Nov 22.[印刷前電子出版]doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1074に記載されている。
一般的に言えば、ガイドRNAには2つの系、すなわち、一緒に機能してCas9による切断を誘導する別個のcrRNAとtracrRNAを用いる系1および2つの別個のガイドRNAを単一の系に組み合わせるキメラcrRNA−tracrRNAハイブリッドを用いる系2(単一ガイドRNAまたはsgRNAと呼ばれる。このほか、Jinekら,Science 2012;337:816−821を参照されたい)がある。tracrRNAは様々な長さに短縮することが可能であり、様々な長さのものが別個の系(系1)およびキメラgRNA系(系2)の両方で機能することが示されている。例えば、いくつかの実施形態では、tracrRNAは、その3’末端から少なくとも1nt、2nt、3nt、4nt、5nt、6nt、7nt、8nt、9nt、10nt、15nt、20nt、25nt、30nt、35ntまたは40nt短縮されていてよい。いくつかの実施形態では、tracrRNA分子は、その5’末端から少なくとも1nt、2nt、3nt、4nt、5nt、6nt、7nt、8nt、9nt、10nt、15nt、20nt、25nt、30nt、35ntまたは40nt短縮されていてよい。あるいは、tracrRNA分子は、5’末端および3’末端の両方から、例えば、5’末端で少なくとも1nt、2nt、3nt、4nt、5nt、6nt、7nt、8nt、9nt、10nt、15ntまたは20nt、3’末端で少なくとも1nt、2nt、3nt、4nt、5nt、6nt、7nt、8nt、9nt、10nt、15nt、20nt、25nt、30nt、35ntまたは40nt短縮されていてよい。例えば、Jinekら,Science 2012;337:816−821;Maliら,Science.2013 Feb 15;339(6121):823−6;Congら,Science.2013 Feb 15;339(6121):819−23;ならびにHwangおよびFuら,Nat Biotechnol.2013 Mar;31(3):227−9;Jinekら,Elife 2,e00471(2013)を参照されたい。系2では一般に、キメラgRNAの長さが長いほどオンターゲット活性が高いことがわかっているが、様々な長さのgRNAの相対的特異性は現時点では明らかにされておらず、したがって、場合によっては短いgRNAを用いる方が望ましいことがある。いくつかの実施形態では、gRNAは、転写開始部位の上流約100〜800bp以内、例えば、転写開始部位の上流約500bp以内、または転写開始部位の下流約100〜800bp以内、例えば、約500bp以内にある領域に相補的である。いくつかの実施形態では、2種類以上のgRNAをコードするベクター(例えば、プラスミド)、例えば、標的遺伝子の同じ領域の異なる部位を対象とする2種類、3種類、4種類、5種類またはそれ以上のgRNAをコードするプラスミドを用いる。
(X17―20)GUUUUAGAGCUA(配列番号:13);
(X17―20)GUUUUAGAGCUAUGCUGUUUUG(配列番号:14);または
(X17―20)GUUUUAGAGCUAUGCU(配列番号:15)
およびtracrRNA配列と共に使用される。この場合、crRNAは、本明細書に記載される方法および分子におけるガイドRNAとして使用され、tracrRNAは、同一または異なるRNA分子から発現できる。いくつかの実施形態では、本方法は、配列
記載される融合タンパク質を使用するためには、それをコードする核酸から発現させるのが望ましいであろう。これは様々な方法で実施することができる。例えば、ガイドRNAをコードする核酸を中間ベクターにクローン化して原核細胞または真核細胞を形質転換し、複製および/または発現させる。中間ベクターは通常、融合タンパク質をコードする核酸を保管または操作して融合タンパク質を産生するための原核生物ベクター、例えばプラスミドもしくはシャトルベクターまたは昆虫ベクターである。このほか、融合タンパク質をコードする核酸を発現ベクターにクローン化して植物細胞、動物細胞、好ましくは哺乳動物細胞もしくはヒト細胞、真菌細胞、細菌細胞または原生動物細胞に投与してもよい。
CRISPR RNA誘導型ヌクレアーゼ(RGN)は、簡便で効率的なゲノム編集のプラットフォームとして急速に登場したものである。この実施例では、ヒト細胞ベースのレポーターアッセイを用いてCas9ベースのRGNのオフターゲット切断の特徴を明らかにすることついて記載する。
実施例1では以下の材料および方法を用いた。
Cas9標的化のための可変20nt配列を保有するDNAオリゴヌクレオチドをアニールさせて、4bpオーバーハングを有しBsmBI消化プラスミドpMLM3636へのライゲーションに適合した短い二本鎖DNAフラグメントを作製した。このアニールしたオリゴヌクレオチドのクローン化により、U6プロモーターの発現下に20の可変5’ヌクレオチドを有するキメラ+103一本鎖ガイドRNAをコードするプラスミドが得られる(Hwangら,Nat Biotechnol 31,227−229(2013);Maliら,Science 339,823−826(2013))。この研究に使用するpMLM3636および発現プラスミドpJDS246(コドン最適化型のCas9をコードする)はともに非営利プラスミド配布サービスAddgene(addgene.org/crispr−cas)から入手可能である。
EGFP−PEST融合遺伝子の単一コピーが組み込まれたU2OS.EGFP細胞を既に記載されている通りに培養した(Reyonら,Nat Biotech 30,460−465(2012))。トランスフェクションでは、SE Cell Line 4D−Nucleofector(商標)Xキット(Lonza)を製造業者のプロトコルに従って用い、示される量のgRNA発現プラスミドおよびpJDS246をTd−トマトコードプラスミド30ngとともに200,000個の細胞にヌクレオフェクトした。トランスフェクションの2日後、BD LSRIIフローサイトメータを用いて細胞を解析した。gRNA/Cas9プラスミドの濃度を最適化するトランスフェクションを三重反復で実施し、他のトランスフェクションをいずれも二重反復で実施した。
Phusion Hot Start II高忠実度DNAポリメラーゼ(NEB)を用いてPCR反応を実施した。ほとんどの遺伝子座がタッチダウンPCR([98℃、10秒;72〜62℃、−1℃/サイクル、15秒;72℃、30秒]10サイクル、[98℃、10秒;62℃、15秒;72℃、30秒]25サイクル)を用いて良好に増幅された。必要に応じて、68℃または72℃の一定のアニーリング温度および3%DMSOまたは1Mベタインを用いて残りの標的のPCRを35サイクル実施した。PCR産物をQIAXCELキャピラリー電気泳動系で分析して、その大きさおよび純度を検証した。妥当性が確認された産物をExoSap−IT(Affymetrix)で処理し、サンガー法(MGH DNA Sequencing Core)により配列決定して各標的部位を検証した。
U2OS.EGFP細胞およびK562細胞では、4D Nucleofector System(Lonza)を製造業者の説明書に従って用い、2×105個の細胞にgRNA発現プラスミドまたは空のU6プロモータープラスミド(陰性対照)250ng、Cas9発現プラスミド750ngおよびtd−トマト発現プラスミド30ngをトランスフェクトした。HEK293細胞では、Lipofectamine LTX試薬(Life Technologies)を製造業者の指示に従って用い、1.65×105個の細胞にgRNA発現プラスミドまたは空のU6プロモータープラスミド(陰性対照)125ng、Cas9発現プラスミド375ngおよびtd−トマト発現プラスミド30ngをトランスフェクトした。QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit(QIAGEN)を製造業者の説明書に従って用い、トランスフェクトしたU2OS.EGFP細胞、HEK293細胞またはK562細胞からゲノムDNAを回収した。オフターゲット候補部位を増幅するのに十分なゲノムDNAが得られるように、3回のヌクレオフェクション(U2OS.EGFP細胞)、2回のヌクレオフェクション(K562細胞)または2回のLipofectamine LTXトランスフェクションで得られたDNAをプールしてからT7EIを実施した。試験した各条件に対してこの操作を2回実施することにより同じゲノムDNAのプールを2つ作製し、各トランスフェクションを計4回または6回分得た。次いで、これらのゲノムDNAを鋳型に用いてPCRを上記の通りに実施し、Ampure XPビーズ(Agencourt)を製造業者の説明書に従って用い精製した。T7EIアッセイを既に記載されている通りに実施した(Reyonら,2012,上記)。
T7EIアッセイに使用した精製PCR産物をZero Blunt TOPOベクター(Life Technologies)にクローン化し、MGH DNA Automation Coreによりアルカリ溶解ミニプレップ法を用いてプラスミドDNAを単離した。M13順方向プライマー(5’−GTAAAACGACGGCCAG−3’(配列番号19)を用いてサンガー法(MGH DNA Sequencing Core)によりプラスミドの配列を決定した。
ヒト細胞におけるRGN特異性決定因子を明らかにすることを始めるにあたり、複数のgRNA/標的DNA接合部内の様々な位置に系統的にミスマッチを生じさせることの影響を評価するために大規模な試験を実施した。これを実施するため、既に記載されている標的ヌクレアーゼ活性の迅速の定量化が可能な定量的なヒト細胞ベースの高感度緑色蛍光タンパク質(EGFP)崩壊アッセイ(上の「方法」およびReyonら,2012,上記を参照されたい)(図2B)を用いた。このアッセイでは、ヌクレアーゼ誘発二本鎖切断(DSB)の誤りがちな非相同末端結合(NHEJ)修復によって導入されるフレームシフト挿入/欠失(挿入欠失)変異を不活性化することによって起こるヒトU2OS.EGFP細胞内の蛍光シグナルを評価することによって、単一の組み込まれたEGFPレポーター遺伝子を標的とするヌクレアーゼの活性を定量化することができる(図2B)。ここに記載される研究では、EGFP内の異なる配列を標的とする以下のような3種類の約100ntの単一gRNA(sgRNA)を用いた:
EGFP部位1 GGGCACGGGCAGCTTGCCGGTGG(配列番号1)
EGFP部位2 GATGCCGTTCTTCTGCTTGTCGG(配列番号2)
EGFP部位3 GGTGGTGCAGATGAACTTCAGGG(配列番号3)。
上記sgRNAはそれぞれ、Cas9仲介性のEGFP発現崩壊を効率的に誘導することができる(実施例1eおよび2aならびに図3E(最上段)および3F(最上段)を参照されたい)。
gRNA/DNA接合部の2つ以上のミスマッチによる影響を試験するため、隣接する位置および離れた位置にワトソン−クリックトランスバージョンミスマッチを2つ有する一連の変異体sgRNAを作製し、EGFP崩壊アッセイを用いて、ヒト細胞でこれらのsgRNAがCas9ヌクレアーゼ活性を誘導する能力を試験した。全般的に標的部位は3種類とも、一方または両方のミスマッチがgRNA標的化領域の3’側半分に起こる2つの変化に対して感度が高くなることが分かった。しかし、この影響の大きさには部位による差がみられ、標的部位#2がこの2つのミスマッチに対して最も高い感度を示し、標的部位#1が全般的に最も低い感度を示した。許容され得る隣接したミスマッチの数を試験するため、gRNA標的化領域の5’末端の位置19〜15(単一および2つのミスマッチの許容性が高いと思われる位置)の範囲でミスマッチの位置の数が漸増する変異体sgRNAを構築した。
内在ヒト遺伝子を標的とするRGNのオフターゲット変異を特定することができるかどうかを明らかにするため、VEGFA遺伝子の3つの異なる部位、EMX1遺伝子の1つの部位、RNF2遺伝子の1つの部位およびFANCF遺伝子の1つの部位を標的とする6種類のsgRNAを用いた。上記6種類のsgRNAは、T7エンドヌクレアーゼI(T7EI)アッセイによって検出されたように、ヒトU2OS.EGFP細胞のそれぞれの内在遺伝子座におけるCas9仲介性挿入欠失を効率的に誘導するものであった(上の「方法」)。次いで本発明者らは、この6種のRGNそれぞれについて、U2OS.EGFP細胞におけるヌクレアーゼ誘発NHEJ仲介性挿入欠失変異の証拠を得るため、候補となるオフターゲット部位を数十か所(46から64に及ぶ箇所数)検討した。評価した遺伝子座には、ヌクレオチドが1つまたは2つ異なる全ゲノム部位のほかにも、ヌクレオチドが3〜6つ異なるゲノム部位のサブセットを含め、gRNA標的化配列の5’側半分にこのようなミスマッチを1つまたは複数有するものを重視した。T7EIアッセイを用いて、VEGFA部位1では(検討した53か所の候補部位うち)4か所のオフターゲット部位、VEGFA部位2では(検討した46か所のうち)12か所、VEGFA部位3では(検討した64か所のうち)7か所、EMX1部位では(検討した46か所のうち)1か所が容易に特定された。RNF2またはFANCF遺伝子について検討したそれぞれ43か所および50か所の候補部位にはオフターゲット変異は検出されなかった。実証されたオフターゲット部位の変異率は極めて高く、目的とする標的部位に観察された変異率の5.6%から125%(平均40%)に及ぶものであった。このような真のオフターゲットには、標的部位の3’末端にミスマッチを有し、合計5つに及ぶミスマッチを有する配列が含まれ、ほとんどのオフターゲット部位がタンパク質をコードする遺伝子内にみられた。一部のオフターゲット部位のDNAシーケンシングから、予測されるRGN切断部位に挿入欠失変異が起こることを示す分子的な裏付けがさらに得られた(図8A〜8C)。
RGNがU2OS.EGFP細胞に高頻度でオフターゲット変異を誘発し得ることが確認されたため、次に、これらのヌクレアーゼが他のタイプのヒト細胞にもこのような影響を及ぼすかどうかを明らかにしようとした。これらの細胞は、以前、TALEN15の活性を評価するのにU2OS.EGFP細胞を用いたため、最初の実験にはU2OS.EGFP細胞を選択したが、標的化ヌクレアーゼの活性の試験にはヒトHEK293細胞およびK562細胞の方が広く用いられている。したがって、HEK293細胞およびK562細胞についてもVEGFA部位1、2および3ならびにEMX1部位を標的とする4種類のRGNの活性をも評価した。この4種類のそれぞれのRGNが、変異頻度はU2OS.EGFP細胞に観察された頻度よりもいくぶん低いものの、上記のさらなる2種類のヒト細胞系でもその目的とするオンターゲット部位にNHEJ仲介性挿入欠失変異を効率的に誘発した(T7EIアッセイによる評価)。最初にU2OS.EGFP細胞で特定された上記4種類のRGNの24か所のオフターゲット部位を評価したところ、多くの部位が、HEK293細胞およびK562細胞でも同様にその対応するオンターゲット部位と同程度の頻度で変異することが明らかになった。予想された通り、HEK293細胞のこれらのオフターゲット部位の一部のDNAシーケンシングにより、予測されたゲノム遺伝子座に変化が生じることを示す分子的な根拠がさらに得られた。U2OS.EGFP細胞で特定されたオフターゲット部位のうち、HEK293細胞の4か所、K562細胞の11か所が検出可能な変異を示さなかった理由は正確にはわからない。しかし、これらのオフターゲット部位の多くがU2OS.EGFP細胞でも比較的低い変異頻度を示したことが注目される。したがって、本発明者らの実験ではU2OS.EGFP細胞に比してHEK293細胞およびK562細胞の方が全般的にRGNの活性が低いと思われるため、HEK293細胞およびK562細胞のこれらの部位における変異率がT7EIアッセイの信頼できる検出限界(約2〜5%)未満になり得る。以上をまとめると、HEK293細胞およびK562細胞で得た結果は、今回RGNに観察される高頻度のオフターゲット変異が複数のヒト細胞型にみられる一般的な現象である根拠を示すものである。
非相同末端結合を介したフレームシフト変異の誘発がEGFPの発現を確実に崩壊させ得る位置であるEGFPヌクレオチド502の上流に位置する3つの異なる配列(上に示したEGFP部位1〜3)に対して単一ガイドRNA(sgRNA)を作製した(Maeder,M.L.ら,Mol Cell 31,294−301(2008);Reyon,D.ら,Nat Biotech 30,460−465(2012))。
単量体のCRISPR−Cas9ヌクレアーゼは、標的化ゲノム編集に広く使用されているが、望まれていないオフターゲット変異を高い頻度で誘導し得る。本実施例は、伸長した、二本鎖の配列を認識し、切断活性のための2つの単一ガイドRNA(gRNA)に厳密に依存する新規の二量体RNA誘導型FokIヌクレアーゼ(RFN)を記載する。RFNは、内在性のヒト遺伝子のDNA配列を効率良く強力に編集できる。さらに、いずれかの5’末端のヌクレオチドを保有するgRNAを発現する方法が記載され、これは、二量体RFNに有益な標的化範囲を与える重要な利点を有する。直接の比較では、単量体Cas9ニッカーゼは、一般的に、マッチした単一gRNAにより導かれるRFNよりも高い頻度で、望ましくない挿入欠失および予期していない限局的点変異を誘導する。RFNは、二量体化の特異性の増強とCRISPR RNAベースの標的化の簡便性を組み合わせ、非常に正確なゲノム編集を必要とする研究および治療上の適用のための重要な新規プラットフォームを提供する。
以下の材料および方法を実施例2に使用した。
単一gRNAおよびマルチクレックスgRNA発現プラスミド
単一またはマルチプレックスgRNAをコードするプラスミドを、BsmBI消化型Csy4−隣接gRNA骨格(pSQT1313; Addgene)を備える、アニールした標的部位のオリゴ二重鎖(Integrated DNA Technologies)および定常領域のオリゴ二重鎖(複数のgRNAに対して)の単一ステップの連結で構築した。
すべての細胞培養実験を、HEK293細胞、U2OS細胞、または安定して統合された単一複製の不安定化EGFP遺伝子を保有するU2OS細胞(U2OS.EGFP細胞)で行った。細胞株を、10%のFBS、2mM GlutaMax(Life Technologies)、およびペニシリン/ストレプトマイシンを補充したAdvanced DMEM(Life Technologies)の中、5%のCO2、37Cで培養した。さらに、U2OS.EGFP細胞を、400μg/mlのG418の存在下で培養した。
EGFP崩壊アッセイを、U2OS.EGFPレポーター細胞を使用して、以前に記載されているように実施した(実施例1およびReyon et al., Nat Biotech 30, 460−465 (2012)参照)。細胞を、BD Biosciences LSR IIまたはFortessa FACSのアナライザーを使用してEGFPおよびtdTomatoの発現についてアッセイした。
T7E1アッセイを、以前に記載されているように実施した(Reyon et al., Nat Biotech 30, 460−465 (2012))。簡潔に述べると、Sciclone G3 リキッドハンドリングワークステーション(Caliper)と共に製造元の説明書にしたがってAgencourt DNAdvance ゲノムDNA単離キット(Beckman Coulter Genomics)を使用して、ゲノムDNAをトランスフェクションから72時間後に単離した。ゲノムの座位を増幅するPCR反応を、Phusion Hot−start Flex DNAポリメラーゼ(New England Biolabs)を使用して実施した。2つのステッププロトコル(98℃、30秒;(98℃、7秒;72℃、30秒)×35、72℃、5分)、またはタッチダウンプロトコル((98°C、10秒;72〜62°C、?1°C/周期、15秒;72°C、30秒)×10周期(98°C、10秒;62°C、15秒;72°C、30秒)×25周期)を使用して試料を増幅した。200ngの精製したPCRアンプリコンを、変性、ハイブリダイズし、T7エンドヌクレアーゼ(I)(New England Biolabs)を用いて処理した。変異の頻度を、以前に記載されているようにQiaxcel キャピラリー電気泳動器具(Qiagen)を用いて定量した(Reyon et al., Nat Biotech 30, 460−465 (2012))。
T7E1アッセイで使用した同一の精製したPCR産物を、Topoクローニングし(Life Technologies)、個々のクローンのプラスミドDNAを単離し、M13リバースプライマー(5′−GTAAAACGACGGCCAG−3′;配列番号:19)を使用して配列決定した。
200〜350bpの短いPCR産物を、Phusion Hot−start FLEX DNAポリメラーゼを使用して増幅した。PCR産物を、製造元の説明書にしたがってAmpure XPビーズ(Beckman Coulter Genomics)を使用して生成した。Dual−indexed TruSeq Illuminaディープシーケンシングライブラリーを、Sciclone G3リキッドハンドリングワークステーション上のハイスループットライブラリー調製系(Kapa Biosystems)を使用して調製した。最終的なアダプター−連結ライブラリーを、Qiaxcelキャピラリー電気泳動器具(Qiagen)を用いて定量した。150bpの対形成した末端の配列決定を、Dana−Farber Cancer Institute Molecular Biology CoreによるIllumina MiSeq シークエンサー上で実施した。
ヒトゲノムを通してスライディングウインドゥ中に特定数未満のミスマッチを有するマッチを探索する標的部位のマッチングアルゴリズムを実施した。
Cas9の標的化の簡便性と二量体の特異性の利点を組み合わせる単一のプラットフォームを開発し得ると仮定した。それを実施するために、良好に特徴付けられた、二量体化依存性FokIヌクレアーゼドメインを、RNA誘導型触媒不活性Cas9(dCas9)タンパク質に融合した。FokI含有ZFNおよびTALENのように、これら融合体の二量体は、これらの間に特定の長さの「スペーサー」配列を備える2つの「片側部位」から構成される部位を標的化するために結合する際、配列特異的なDNA切断を媒介し得ることが期待された(図4A)。そのような融合体は、活性のために2つのgRNAを必要とし、かつ単一gRNAが、DNA切断に必要な2つのFokI含有融合タンパク質を動員するには恐らく不十分であるか、動員することができないので、高い特異性を有すると仮定された(図4A)。そのような二量体系は、標準的な単量体Cas9ヌクレアーゼと比較して改善した特異性を示し、また、単一のニッカーゼが望ましくない変異原性作用を発揮する場合のある対形成されたニッカーゼ系に勝って、重要な特性の利点を有する可能性があるであろうと仮定された。
二量体のRNA誘導型ヌクレアーゼのための標的化の範囲は、現存するgRNA発現方法を使用すると、狭い(low)ものである。2つの配列の要件、すなわちdCas9により特定される5’―NGGのPAM配列の要件、およびほとんどの発現ベクターにおけるU6プロモーターの使用により課されるgRNAの5’末端でのGヌクレオチドの要件は、概して、dCas9モノマーの標的化範囲を制限する。しかしながら、gRNAの5’Gの要件が軽減されるなら、標的化の範囲は16倍改善するであろう。
FokIヌクレアーゼドメインおよびdCasタンパク質を保有する2つの異なるハイブリッドタンパク質を構築した。このうち1つでは、FokIヌクレアーゼドメインが、dCas9のカルボキシ末端に融合しており(dCas9−FokI)、もう一つでは、アミノ末端に融合している(FokI−dCas9)(図5A)。dCas9−FokIタンパク質は、構造上ZFNおよびTALENに類似する(図5A)。これらの融合物のいずれかまたは両方が、DNAの部位特異性切断を媒介し得るかどうかを確かめるために、NHEJ媒介性挿入欠失のEGFPレポーター遺伝子への導入を迅速かつ簡便に定量化できる良好に確立したヒト細胞系アッセイを使用した(実施例1で上述のEGFP崩壊アッセイ)。効率的な切断に必要とされる片側部位の幾何学形状は知られていないので、EGFPの様々な部位を標的とする60対のgRNAを設計した。これらgRNA対のそれぞれが標的化とする2つの片側部位は、PAM配列の両方が、スペーサー配列に直接隣接しているか(PAM内部配向)、または完全長の標的部位の外の境界に位置している(「PAM外部」配向)(図5B)ように配向された。さらに、スペーサー配列は、0〜31bpの長さでも変動させた(図5Bおよび表2)。
RFNが、二量体化に関連する高い認識特異性を有するかどうかを試験するために、これらヌクレアーゼが、対の中の両方のgRNAの存在に密に依存するかどうかを試験した。理想的な二量体系では、単一gRNAは、FokI−dCas9誘導型挿入欠失を効率的に配向することが可能でないはずである。最初の試験を実施するために、ヒトU2OS.EGFP細胞における標的部位(EGFP部位47および81)に対してFokI−dCas9−誘導型挿入欠失を効率的に配向することを示した、EGFPにおける2つの標的部位に配向した2対のgRNAを使用した(図5C)。VEGFA中の関連しない部位を標的とするgRNAでのこれら2つの対のそれぞれの1つまたは他のgRNAの置換は、EGFP崩壊活性の低減をもたらし(図6A)、T7EIアッセイにより判定して、検出できないレベルまで標的化した変異の低減をもたらした(図6B)。同様に、2つのgRNAのそれぞれの1つのみを使用した効果を、ヒトAPC、MLH1、およびVEGFA遺伝子におけるFokI−dCas9−仲介性挿入欠失を効率的に誘導する対を使用して試験し(表2)、ここでも、T7EIアッセイにより検出可能なRFN誘導型挿入欠失の損失を観察した(図6C)。これらの結果は、RFNによるゲノム編集の効率的な誘導が、完全長の標的部位に対する適切な相補性を備える2つのgRNAを必要とすることを例証する。
上述のように、対形成したCas9ニッカーゼの手法の重要となる脆弱性は、単一の単量体ニッカーゼが、ある特定の標的部位で、挿入欠失変異を高頻度で誘導する可能性があることである(実施例1およびRan et al., Cell 154, 1380−1389 (2013); Mali et al., Nat Biotechnol 31, 833−838 (2013); Cho et al., Genome Res (2013); and Mali et al., Science 339, 823−826(2013)参照)。対形成されるCas9ニッカーゼ系の二量体化−依存性の欠損は、2つの単量体ニッカーゼがゲノムの他の場所に望ましくない挿入欠失変異をそれぞれ作製し得るため、オフターゲットの潜在的な原因である。RFNは、二量体化依存性FokIヌクレアーゼを使用して変質を誘導するため、これらの融合物は、単量体Cas9ニッカーゼで観察されるものと比較して、1つのgRNAのみの存在下での望ましくない挿入欠失活性がより少ないことを示すと仮定される。
といった、特定の単量体のCas9ニッカーゼの従来説明されておらず、予期していない副作用を明らかにした。VEGFA標的の「右」の片側部位に対する単一gRNAと共発現したCas9ニッカーゼは、10.5%の頻度で、認識部位の位置15に塩基置換を誘導した(図8A)。類似の結果が、FACF標的部位1の「右」の片側部位(位置16で16.3%の変異頻度)(図8B)またはRUNX1標的部位の「右」の片側部位(位置17で2%の変異頻度)(図8C)に配向されるCas9ニッカーゼおよび単一gRNAで観察された。これらの位置での点変異は、Cas9ニッカーゼまたはgRNAが細胞で発現していない対照試料のバックグラウンドレベルを超えて観察されるものではなかった(図8A〜8C)。興味深いことに、この高頻度変異が観察された3つの部位のうち2つでは、観察された置換基の大部分が、非標的DNA鎖上のCのGへ塩基転換である。これら点変異が観察された位置は、dCas9/gRNA/標的DNA複合体においてin vitroでP1ヌクレアーゼに感受性があると観察された標的部位の鎖−分離領域内にある。重要なことに、これらの点変異は、FokI−dCas9タンパク質および同一のgRNAを発現する細胞において、より低い頻度(5〜100倍低い)で起こる(図8A〜C)。全体的に見て、単一gRNAにより配向されるFokI−dCas9ヌクレアーゼは、概して、マッチした単一のCas9ニッカーゼよりも低い頻度で変異原性の挿入欠失および点変異を誘導する。
2つのgRNAにより配向される二量体RFNは、ヒトの細胞中で明らかなオフターゲット変異を誘導すると予期されるものではない。2つの片側部位から構成される完全長の配列を切断する1対のgRNAにより配向されるRFNは、標的部位のDNAのうち最大44bpを特定すると予測される。この長さの配列は、偶然であるが、ほとんど常に固有である(標的が複製したゲノム配列にある特定の状況を除く)。さらに、この完全長部位に対して、ゲノムで最も近接してマッチした部位は、ほとんどの場合、多数のミスマッチを保有しており、それが次いで、RFN二量体による切断活性を最小限にするか、または消失させると予期される。実際に、この試験でのRFNでの標的化が成功した15の完全長の配列に0〜16個のミスマッチ(12〜17bpの長さのスペーサーを可能にする)を有するヒトゲノムの全ての部位を特定した。この解析から、全ての15個の完全長配列は固有であり、ゲノム中のほとんど近接して一致した部位は、7〜12のミスマッチの範囲であることが示された(表6)。この数のミスマッチを含む部位は、RFNにより効率的に変異誘発されるものではなく、この仮説を確認するためのさらなる試験に興味がもたれる。全体的にみて、二量体RFNは、ヒト細胞において高い度合いの特異性を有するが、特異性の最終的な特徴付けは、ゲノム全体を通してRFNの特異性を包括的に定義できる公平な方法の開発が待たれる。
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ここまで本発明をその詳細な説明と関連させて記載してきたが、上記説明は例示を目的とするものであり、添付の「特許請求の範囲」の範囲によって定められる本発明の範囲を限定するものではないことを理解するべきである。その他の態様、利点および改変は以下の特許請求の範囲内にある。
Claims (16)
- RNA誘導型FokIヌクレアーゼ(RFN)融合タンパク質であって、触媒的に不活性であるCRISPR関連9(dCas9)のアミノ末端に融合するFokI触媒ドメイン配列を含み、任意に、介在リンカーを備える、RNA誘導型FokIヌクレアーゼ(RFN)融合タンパク質。
- 2〜30個のアミノ酸のリンカーを含む、請求項1に記載の融合タンパク質。
- 前記リンカーが、Gly4Serを含む、請求項2に記載の融合タンパク質。
- FokI触媒ドメインが、配列番号4のアミノ酸388〜583、または408〜583を含む、請求項1に記載の融合タンパク質。
- dCas9が、D10、E762、H983、またはD986での変異、およびH840またはN863での変異を含む、請求項1に記載の融合タンパク質。
- dCas9が、
(i)D10AまたはD10N、および
(ii)H840A、H840Y、またはH840N
での変異を含む、請求項5に記載の融合タンパク質。 - 請求項1〜6に記載の融合タンパク質をコードする核酸。
- 請求項7に記載の核酸を含むベクター。
- 請求項1〜6に記載の融合タンパク質を発現する宿主細胞。
- 細胞において、ゲノム配列の配列特異的な崩壊を誘導する方法であって、前記方法が、請求項1〜6に記載のRNA誘導型FokIヌクレアーゼ(RFN)融合タンパク質、および好ましくは0〜31ヌクレオチド離れた2つの標的ゲノム配列に前記RFNを配向するガイドRNAを、前記細胞に発現すること、または前記細胞と接触させることとを含み、好ましくは、前記2つの標的配列が、それぞれ3’末端でPAM配列を有する、
方法。 - 前記2つの標的ゲノム配列が、10〜20塩基対、好ましくは、13〜17塩基対離れている、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記ガイドRNAが、
(a)2つの単一ガイドRNAであって、1つの単一ガイドRNAが第1の鎖を標的とし、他方のガイドRNAが相補鎖を標的とし、FokIが各鎖を切断して、反対のDNA鎖上に1対のニックをもたらし、それにより二重鎖を切断する、2つの単一ガイドRNA、または
(b)tracrRNAおよび2つのcrRNAであって、1つのcrRNAが第1の鎖を標的とし、他方のcrRNAが相補鎖を標的とし、FokIが各鎖を切断して、反対のDNA鎖上に1対のニックをもたらし、それにより二重鎖を切断する、tracrRNAおよび2つのcrRNA
である、請求項10に記載の方法。 - 前記2つのガイドRNAが、それぞれ、標的ゲノム配列の17〜20個のヌクレオチドと相補的な相補領域を含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 挿入欠失変異が、前記2つの標的配列の間に誘導される、請求項10〜13のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 細胞におけるRNA誘導型ゲノム編集の特異性が増大する、請求項10〜14のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 細胞におけるRNA誘導型ゲノム編集の特異性を増大させる方法であって、前記細胞を、請求項1〜6に記載のRNA誘導型FokIヌクレアーゼ(RFN)融合タンパク質と接触させることを含む、方法。
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