DE60121229T2 - Vorrichtung zum abdichten und teilen eines gefässes mit nichtleitendem endanschlag - Google Patents
Vorrichtung zum abdichten und teilen eines gefässes mit nichtleitendem endanschlag Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
- A61B18/1442—Probes having pivoting end effectors, e.g. forceps
- A61B18/1445—Probes having pivoting end effectors, e.g. forceps at the distal end of a shaft, e.g. forceps or scissors at the end of a rigid rod
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- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
- A61B18/1482—Probes or electrodes therefor having a long rigid shaft for accessing the inner body transcutaneously in minimal invasive surgery, e.g. laparoscopy
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/03—Automatic limiting or abutting means, e.g. for safety
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/1206—Generators therefor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B2017/00535—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets pneumatically or hydraulically operated
- A61B2017/00539—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets pneumatically or hydraulically operated hydraulically
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/28—Surgical forceps
- A61B17/29—Forceps for use in minimally invasive surgery
- A61B2017/2926—Details of heads or jaws
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
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- A61B2018/00053—Mechanical features of the instrument of device
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- A61B2018/00077—Electrical conductivity high, i.e. electrically conducting
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- A61B2018/00315—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body for treatment of particular body parts
- A61B2018/00345—Vascular system
- A61B2018/00404—Blood vessels other than those in or around the heart
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B2018/00571—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body for achieving a particular surgical effect
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/1206—Generators therefor
- A61B2018/1246—Generators therefor characterised by the output polarity
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
- A61B2018/1405—Electrodes having a specific shape
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
- A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
- A61B18/14—Probes or electrodes therefor
- A61B18/1442—Probes having pivoting end effectors, e.g. forceps
- A61B2018/1452—Probes having pivoting end effectors, e.g. forceps including means for cutting
- A61B2018/1455—Probes having pivoting end effectors, e.g. forceps including means for cutting having a moving blade for cutting tissue grasped by the jaws
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
- A61B18/18—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves
- A61B18/1815—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using microwaves
- A61B2018/1861—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using microwaves with an instrument inserted into a body lumen or cavity, e.g. a catheter
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B90/00—Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
- A61B90/03—Automatic limiting or abutting means, e.g. for safety
- A61B2090/033—Abutting means, stops, e.g. abutting on tissue or skin
- A61B2090/034—Abutting means, stops, e.g. abutting on tissue or skin abutting on parts of the device itself
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Description
- Hintergrund
- Die vorliegende Offenbarung bezieht sich auf ein elektrochirurgisches Instrument zur Durchführung von endoskopischen chirurgischen Eingriffen. Insbesondere bezieht sich die vorliegende Offenbarung auf eine endoskopische bipolare elektrochirurgische Zange und ein Verfahren zum Einsatz derselben, welche nicht leitende Anschläge umfasst, die mit einem oder beiden der gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken verbunden sind. Die nicht leitenden Anschläge sind konzipiert, um den Spaltabstand zwischen den gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken zu steuern und die Manipulation und das Greifen von Gewebe während des Abdicht- und Trennvorgangs zu verbessern.
- Die EP-A-0640917 offenbart eine endoskopische bipolare Zange zum Abdichten und Teilen von Gewebe, umfassend einen länglichen Schaft mit gegenüberliegenden, relativ zueinander beweglichen Klemmbacken an dessen distalem Ende, die mit einer elektrischen Energiequelle verbunden sind, ein sich in Längsrichtung hin und her bewegendes Messer, und nicht leitende Anschläge, die auf einer nach innen gewandten Oberfläche jeder der Klemmbacken angeordnet sind.
- Technisches Gebiet
- Endoskopische Zangen verwenden mechanische Einwirkung, um Gewebe einzuschnüren oder zu greifen, zu schneiden und/oder zu klemmen. Endoskopische elektrochirurgische Zangen verwenden sowohl die mechanische Klemmwirkung als auch elektrische Energie, zum Herbeiführen einer Hemostase, indem das Gewebe und Blutgefäße erwärmt werden, um das Gewebe zu koagulieren, kautersieren und/oder abzudichten.
- Endoskopische Instrumente werden in den Patienten durch eine Kanüle oder einen Zugang eingeführt, der mit einem Trokar oder einer ähnlichen solchen Vorrichtung gemacht wurde. Typische Kanülengrößen liegen im Bereich von 3 mm bis 12 mm. Kleinere Kanülen werden gewöhnlich bevorzugt, und dies stellt eine Designherausforderung an die Instrumentenhersteller dar, die Wege finden müssen, um chirurgische Instrumente herzustellen, die durch die Kanülen hindurchpassen.
- Gewisse endoskopische chirurgische Eingriffe erfordern das Schneiden von Blutgefäßen oder von Gefäßgewebe. Aufgrund von räumlichen Beschränkungen können Chirurgen jedoch Schwierigkeiten haben, Gefäße zu vernähen oder andere traditionelle Verfahren zur Kontrolle von Blutungen durchzuführen, z. B. Klemmen und/oder Abbinden durchgeschnittener Blutgefäße. Die Blutgefäße, im Bereich von unter 2 mm im Durchmesser, können oft verschlossen werden, indem standardmäßige elektrochirurgische Techniken eingesetzt werden. Wenn jedoch ein größeres Gefäß durchtrennt wird, kann es notwendig sein, dass der Chirurg den endoskopischen Eingriff in einen offenen chirurgischen Eingriff umwandelt und dadurch die Vorteile der Laparoskopie aufgibt.
- Verschiedene Zeitschriftenartikel haben Verfahren zum Abdichten kleiner Blutgefäße unter Verwendung von Elektrochirurgie offenbart. Ein Artikel mit dem Titel „Studies on coagulation and the development of an automatic computerized biopolar cogulator", J. Neurosurg., Band 75, Juli 1991, beschreibt einen bipolaren Coagulator, der verwendet wird, um kleine Blutgefäße abzudichten. Der Artikel besagt, dass es nicht möglich ist, auf sichere Weise Arterien mit einem Durchmesser größer als 2–2,5 mm zu koagulieren. Ein zweiter Artikel mit dem Titel „Automatically controlled bipolar electrocoagulation – „COA-COMP"", Neurosurg. Rev. (1984), Seiten 187–190, beschreibt ein Verfahren zum Unterbrechen der elektrochirurgischen Stromzufuhr zum Gefäß, so dass ein Verkohlen der Gefäßwände vermieden werden kann.
- Wie oben erwähnt kann ein Chirurg unter Verwendung einer elektrochirurgischen Zange entweder kauterisieren, koagulieren/austrocknen und/oder einfach die Blutung verringern oder verlangsamen, in dem er die Intensität, Frequenz und Dauer der durch die Klemmbacken auf das Gewebe angewandten elektrochirurgischen Energie steuert. Die Elektrode jeder Klemmbacke wird auf ein unterschiedliches elektrisches Potential geladen, so dass, wenn die Klemmbacken das Gewebe greifen, die elektrische Energie selektiv durch das Gewebe durchgeführt werden kann.
- Um eine geeignete Abdichtung bei größeren Gefäßen durchzuführen, müssen zwei predominante mechanische Parameter genau kontrolliert werden – der auf das Gefäß aufgebrachte Druck und der Spaltabstand zwischen den Elektroden, wobei beide von der Dicke des abgedichteten Gefäßes beeinflusst werden. Insbesondere ist die präzise Anwendung von Druck wichtig, um den Wänden des Gefäßes entgegenzutreten; die Gewebeimpendanz auf einen ausreichend niedrigen Wert zu verringern, der genügend elektrochirurgische Energie durch das Gewebe lässt; um die Expansionskräfte während der Gewebeerwärmung zu überwinden; und um zur Endgewebedicke beizutragen, die Anzeichen einer guten Abdichtung ist. Es ist festgestellt worden, dass eine typische verschweißte Gefäßwand zwischen 25,4 μm und 127 μm (0,001 und 0,005 Zoll) optimal ist. Unterhalb dieses Bereichs kann die Abdichtung aufbrechen oder reißen und oberhalb dieses Bereiches könnten die Lumen nicht richtig oder effektiv abgedichtet sein.
- Elektrochirurgische Verfahren können in der Lage sein, größere Gefäße unter Verwendung einer geeigneten elektrochirurgischen Leistungskurve abzudichten, gekoppelt mit einem Instrument, das in der Lage ist, eine große Verschlusskraft auf die Gefäßwände auszuüben. Es wird angenommen, dass der Vorgang der Koagulierung kleiner Blutgefäße fundamental verschieden vom elektrochirurgischen Gefäßabdichten ist. Für die hiesigen Zwecke wird „Koagulation" als ein Vorgang des Austrocknens von Gewebe definiert, bei dem die Gewebezellen aufgebrochen und getrocknet werden. Die Gefäßabdichtung wird als der Vorgang der Verflüssigung des Kollagens im Gewebe definiert, so dass es sich in eine verschweißte Masse reformiert. Somit ist die Koagulation bei kleinen Gefäßwänden ausreichend, um sie permanent zu verschließen. Größere Gefäße müssen abgedichtet werden, um einen permanenten Verschluss sicherzustellen.
- Das US Patent Nr. 2,176,479 an Willis, die US Patente Nr. 4,005,714 und 4,031,898 an Hiltebrandt, die US Patente Nr. 5,827,274, 5,290,287 und 5,312,433 an Boebel et al., die US Patente Nr. 4,370,980, 4,552,143, 5,026,370 und 5,116,332 an Lottick, das US Patent Nr. 5,443,463 an Stern et al., das US Patent Nr. 5,484,436 an Eggers et al. und das US Patent Nr. 5,91,549 an Richardson et al. beziehen sich alle auf elektrochirurgische Instrumente zur Koagulation, zum Schneiden und/oder Abdichten von Gefäßen oder Gewebe. Jedoch können einige dieser Designs keinen gleichmäßig reproduzierbaren Druck auf das Blutgefäß bereitstellen und können zu einer unwirksamen oder ungleichmäßigen Abdichtung führen.
- Zumeist verlassen sich diese Instrumente auf den Klemmdruck, um eine geeignete Abdichtdicke herbeizuführen und sind nicht konzipiert, um Spalttoleranzen und/oder Parallelismus- und Flachheitserfordernisse zu berücksichtigen, welche Parameter sind, die, wenn geeignet gesteuert, eine konsistente und wirksame Gewebeabdichtung sicherstellen können. Z. B. ist bekannt, dass es schwierig ist die Dicke des sich ergebenden abgedichteten Gewebes ausreichend zu kontrollieren, indem der Klemmdruck allein gesteuert wird, und zwar aus einem von zwei Gründen: 1) wenn zu viel Kraft aufgewandt wird, besteht die Möglichkeit, dass sich die beiden Pole berühren und die Energie nicht durch das Gewebe übertragen wird, was zu einer unwirksamen Abdichtung führt; oder 2) wenn eine zu geringe Kraft aufgewandt wird, kann das Gewebe sich vor der Aktivierung und Abdichtung vorzeitig bewegen und/oder eine dickere, weniger zuverlässige Abdichtung kann erzeugt werden.
- Sobald ein Gefäß abgedichtet ist, muss der Chirurg in der Regel und insbesondere im Hinblick auf endoskopische elektrochirurgische Eingriffe, das Abdichtinstrument von der Operationsstelle entfernen, es mit einem neuen Instrument durch die Kanüle ersetzen und das Gefäß präzise entlang der neu geformten Gewebeabdichtung trennen. Es versteht sich, dass dieser zusätzliche Schritt sowohl zeitaufwendig sein kann (insbesondere wenn eine bedeutende Anzahl von Gefäßen abgedichtet wird) als auch aufgrund der Fehlausrichtung oder Fehlplatzierung des trennenden Instruments entlang der Mitte der Gewebeabdichtlinie zu einer ungenauen Trennung des Gewebes entlang der Abdichtlinie beitragen kann.
- Verschiedene Versuche sind gemacht worden, ein Instrument zu konzipieren, welches ein Messer oder ein Klingenelement umfasst, welches das Gewebe nach der Bildung einer Gewebeabdichtung wirksam trennt. Z. B. offenbart das US Patent Nr. 5,674,220 an Fox et al. ein transparentes Gefäßabdichtinstrument welches ein sich in Längsrichtung hin und her bewegendes Messer umfasst, welches das einmal abgedichtete Gewebe trennt. Das Instrument umfasst eine Vielzahl von Öffnungen, die eine direkte Visualisierung des Gewebes während des Abdicht- und Trennvorgangs ermöglichen. Diese direkte Visualisierung erlaubt es einem Benutzer, die Verschlusskraft und den Spaltabstand zwischen den Klemmbacken visuell und manuell zu regeln, um gewisse unerwünschte Effekte, von denen man weiß, dass sie beim Abdichten von Gefäßen auftreten, Wärmestreuung, Verkohlung und so weiter zu verringern und/oder zu begrenzen. Es versteht sich, dass der Gesamterfolg der Erzeugung einer Gewebeabdichtung mit diesem Instrument stark von der Fachkenntnis, der Sehstärke, der Geschicklichkeit und der Erfahrung des Benutzers bei der Beurteilung der geeigneten Verschlusskraft, des Spaltabstands und der Auslenkung des Messers abhängt, um das Gefäß gleichmäßig, konsistent und wirkungsvoll abzudichten und das Gewebe an der Abdichtung zu trennen.
- Das US Patent Nr. 5,702,390 an Austin et al. offenbart ein Gefäßabdichtinstrument, das eine dreieckige Elektrode umfasst, die aus einer ersten Position zum Abdichten des Gewebes in eine zweite Position zum Schneiden des Gewebes drehbar ist. Wieder muss sich der Benutzer auf eine direkte Visualisierung und seine Fachkenntnis verlassen, um die verschiedenen Effekte des Abdichtens und Schneidens des Gewebes zu steuern.
- Somit besteht ein Bedarf daran zu entwickeln, ein endoskopisches elektrochirurgisches Instrument, welches wirkungsvoll und konsistent Gefäßgewebe abdichtet und trennt und die oben genannten Probleme löst. Dieses Instrument regelt die Spaltabstände zwischen den gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken, verringert die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Kurzschlüssen der gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken während der Aktivierung und hilft bei der Manipulierung, dem Greifen und Halten des Gewebes vor und während der Aktivierung und bei der Trennung des Gewebes.
- Darstellung der Erfindung
- Die vorliegende Erfindung ist im folgenden Anspruch 1 definiert und bezieht sich auf eine endoskopische bipolare Zange zum Klemmen, Abdichten und Teilen von Gewebe. Die Zange umfasst einen länglichen Schaft mit gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken an dessen distalem Ende. Die Klemmbacken sind relativ zueinander von einer ersten Position, in der die Klemmbacken in beabstandetem Verhältnis relativ zueinander angeordnet sind, in eine zweite Position, in der die Klemmbacken zusammenwirken, um Gewebe zwischen ihnen zu greifen, beweglich. Eine elektrochirurgische Energiequelle ist mit den Klemmbacken verbunden, so dass die Klemmbacken in der Lage sind, Energie durch das zwischen ihnen gehaltene Gewebe zu leiten und so eine Abdichtung zu bewirken. Mindestens ein nicht leitender und beabstandeter Anschlag ist an einer nach innen gewandten Oberfläche mindestens einer der Klemmbacken angeordnet und ist positioniert, um den Spaltabstand zwischen den gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken zu steuern, wenn das Gewebe zwischen ihnen gehalten wird. Ein sich in Längsrichtung hin und her bewegendes Messer trennt das Gewebe in der Nähe der Abdichtungsstelle, sobald eine wirkungsvolle Abdichtung gebildet. Die Zange umfasst mindestens zwei Anschläge, die als eine Reihe von in Längsrichtung orientierten Vorsprüngen angeordnet sind, die sich entlang der nach innen gewandten Oberfläche vom proximalen Ende zum distalen Ende der Klemmbacke erstrecken.
- Eine Ausführungsform der gegenwärtig offenbarten Zange umfasst eine Antriebsstabanordnung, die die Klemmbacken mit der elektrischen Energiequelle verbindet, so dass die erste Klemmbacke ein erstes elektrisches Potential aufweist und die zweite Klemmbacke ein zweites elektrisches Potential aufweist. Bevorzugt greift ein Griff mechanisch mit der Antriebsstabanordnung ein und verleiht der ersten und zweiten Klemmbacke Bewegung relativ zueinander. Bevorzugt ist der mindestens eine nicht leitende Anschlag beabstandet.
- In einer Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung umfasst eine der Klemmbacken eine elektrisch leitende Oberfläche mit einer darin definierten in Längsrichtung orientierten Nut, die die Hin- und Herbewegung des Messers in Längsrichtung erleichtert, um das Gewebe in der Nähe der Gewebeabdichtstelle zu trennen. Bevorzugt umfasst die Zange einen Auslöser zum Betätigen des Messers, der unabhängig von der Antriebsanordnung betätigbar ist.
- In einer anderen Ausführungsform umfassen die Anschläge eine Reihe von kreisähnlichen Streifen, die aus der nach innen gewandeten Oberfläche hervorstehen und sich vom proximalen Ende zum distalen Ende der Klemmbacke erstrecken. Die Anschläge können auf jeder gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacke auf gegenüberliegenden Seiten der längs gerichteten Nut und/oder auf abwechselnde, seitlich versetzte Weise relativ zueinander entlang der Länge der Oberfläche einer oder beider Klemmbacken angeordnet sein.
- In einer anderen Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Offenbarung ist eine erhöhte Lippe vorgesehen, um als Anschlag zu wirken, der aus der nach innen gewandten Oberfläche hervorsteht und sich um den äußeren Rand der Klemmbacke erstreckt, um den Spaltabstand zwischen den gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken zu steuern. In einer anderen Ausführungsform erstreckt sich mindestens eine längs gerichtete Kante vom proximalen Ende zum distalen Ende einer der Klemmbacken und steuert den Spaltabstand zwischen den Klemmbacken.
- Bevorzugt sind die Anschläge an der (den) Klemmbacke(n) durch Prägen, thermisches Aufsprühen, Übergießen und/oder mit Hilfe eines Klebstoffs befestigt/angebracht. Die Anschläge stehen um ungefähr 25,4 μm bis ungefähr 127 μm (0,001 Zoll bis 0,005 Zoll) und bevorzugt um ungefähr 50,8 μm bis ungefähr 67,2 μm (0,002 Zoll bis 0,003 Zoll) aus der nach innen gewandten Oberfläche mindestens einer der Klemmbacken hervor. Es ist vorgesehen, dass die Anschläge aus einem Isoliermaterial wie z. B. Parylen, Nylon und/oder Keramik hergestellt sein können. Andere Materialien können auch in Betracht gezogen werden, z. B. syndiotaktische Polystyrole wie z. B. QUESTRA®, hergestellt von Dow Chemical, syndiotaktischer Polystyrol (SPS), Polybutylen Terephtalat (PBT), Polycarbonat (PC), Acrylonitril Butadien Styrol (ABS), Polyphthalamit (PPA), Polyamid, Polyehtylen Terephtalat (PET), Polyamid-imid (PAI), Acryl (PMMA), Polystyrol (PS und HIPS), Polyether Sulfon (PES), aliphatisches Polyketon, Acetal (POM) Copolymer, Polyurethan (PU und TPU), Nylon mit Polyphenylenoxid Dispersion und Acrylonitril Styrol Acrylat.
- Ein Verfahren zum Abdichten und Teilen von Gewebe wird beschrieben und kann den Schritt des Bereitstellens einer endoskopischen bipolaren Zange umfassen, die folgendes aufweist:
einen länglichen Schaft mit gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken an dessen distalen Ende, die zusammenwirken, um Gewebe dazwischen zu greifen;
mindestens einen nicht leitenden und beabstandten Anschlag, der auf einer nach innen gewandten Oberfläche in mindestens einer der Klemmbacken angeordnet ist, die den Abstand zwischen den Klemmbacken steuern, wenn Gewebe zwischen ihnen gehalten wird; und
ein Messer. - Das Verfahren kann weiter die folgend Schritte umfassen: Verbinden der Klemmbacken mit einer elektrischen Energiequelle; Betätigen der Klemmbacken, um Gewebe zwischen den gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken zu greifen; Zuführen von Energie an die Klemmbacken und durch das dazwischen gehaltene Gewebe, um eine Abdichtung zu bewirken; und Betätigen des Messers, um das Gewebe in der Nähe der Abdichtung zu trennen.
- Bevorzugt umfasst mindestens eine der Klemmbacken des Bereitstellungsschritts eine elektrisch leitende Oberfläche mit einer darin definierten, in Längsrichtung orientierten Nut, die die Betätigung des Messer in einer in Längsrichtung sich hin und her bewegenden Weise innerhalb der Nut zum Durchtrennen des Gewebes erleichtert.
- Kurze Beschreibung der Zeichnungen
- Verschiedene Ausführungsformen des beanspruchten Instruments werden hier mit Bezug auf die Zeichnungen beschrieben:
-
1 ist eine perspektivische Ansicht einer endoskopischen Zange, die einen Griff und einen Endeffektor entsprechend der vorliegenden Erfindung zeigt; -
2 ist ein teilweiser Querschnitt der Zange der1 , der die internen Betriebskomponenten des Griffs zeigt und den Endeffektor in einer geschlossenen Konfiguration darstellt; -
3 ist eine vergrößerte perspektivische Ansicht der Endeffektoranordnung, die in einer offenen Gestalt gezeigt ist; -
4 ist eine stark vergrößerte Seitenansicht eines proximalen Endes des Endeffktors der3 ; -
5 ist eine stark vergrößerte perspektivische Ansicht eines distalen Endes des Endeffektors der3 , die ein Messer und eine Reihe von Anschläge zeigt, die entlang einer nach innen gewandten Oberfläche einer Klemmbacke angeordnet sind; -
6A –6F zeigen verschiedene Konfigurationen der Anschläge auf der nach innen gewandten Oberfläche einer der Klemmbacken; -
7 ist eine vergrößerte perspektivische Ansicht einer Abdichtstelle eines rohrförmigen Gefäßes; -
8 ist ein Längsschnitt der Abdichtstelle, genommen entlang der Linie 8-8 der7 ; und -
9 ist ein Längsschnitt der Abdichtstelle der7 nach Trennung des rohrförmigen Gefäßes. - Detaillierte Beschreibung
- In
1 –5 ist eine Ausführungsform einer endoskopischen bipolaren Zange10 zur Verwendung bei verschiedenen chirurgischen Eingriffen gezeigt und umfasst eine Gehäuse- und Griffanordnung80 mit einer daran angebrachten Endeffektoranordnung20 . Insbesondere umfasst die Zange10 einen Schaft12 , der ein distales Ende14 besitzt, das bemessen ist, um mechanisch mit der Endeffektoranordnung20 einzugreifen, und der ein proximales Ende16 besitzt, das mechanisch mit der Gehäuse- und Griffanordnung80 eingreift. In den Zeichnungen und in der folgenden Beschreibung wird sich wie herkömmlich der Begriff „proximal" auf das Ende der Zange10 beziehen, das näher am Benutzer liegt, während der Begriff „distal" sich auf das Ende beziehen wird, das weiter vom Benutzer entfernt ist. - Die Endeffektoranordnung
20 ist am distalen Ende14 des Schafts12 angebracht und umfasst ein Paar von gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken22 und24 . Bevorzugt ist die Gehäuse- und Griffanordnung80 an dem proximalen Ende16 des Schaftes12 angebracht und umfasst innen angeordnete Betätigungsmechanismen, z. B. einen beweglichen Griff82 und eine Antriebsanordnung70 , die mechanisch zusammenwirken, um den Klemmbacken22 und24 eine Bewegung von einer offenen Position, in der die Klemmbacken22 und24 in einer beabstandeten Beziehung relativ zueinander angeordnet sind, in eine geklemmte oder geschlossene Position, in der die Klemmbacken22 und24 zusammenwirken, um Gewebe150 (7 ) dazwischen zu greifen, zu verleihen. - Es ist vorgesehen, dass die Zange
10 so konzipiert sein kann, dass sie vollständig oder teilweise wegwerfbar ist, abhängig von einem bestimmten Zweck oder um ein bestimmtes Ergebnis zu erzielen. Z. B. kann die Endeffektoranordnung20 selektiv und lösbar mit dem distalen Ende14 des Schafts12 in Eingriff bringbar sein und/oder das proximale Ende des Schafts12 kann selektiv und lösbar mit der Gehäuse- und Griffanordnung80 in Eingriff bringbar sein. In beiden dieser Fälle würde die Zange10 als „teilweise wegwerfbar" angesehen werden, d. h. eine neue oder unterschiedliche Endeffektoranordnung20 (oder eine Endeffektoranordnung20 und ein Schaft12 ) ersetzt bei Bedarf selektiv die alte Endeffektoranordnung20 . -
1 und2 zeigen die Betriebselemente und die inneren Betriebskomponenten der Gehäuse- und Griffanordnung80 , die aus Zwecken der vorliegenden Offenbarung hier allgemein beschrieben werden. Die spezifischen Funktionen und Arbeitszusammenhänge dieser Element und der verschiedenen internen Betriebskomponenten sind detaillierter in der EP-A-1 372 510 mit dem Titel „Vessel sealer and divider" von Dycus et al. beschrieben, die keinen Stand der Technik im Sinne Artikels54 EPÜ darstellt. - Wie am besten in
2 gezeigt ist, umfasst die Gehäuse- und Griffanordnung80 einen bewegbaren Griff82 und einen festen Griff84 . Der bewegbare Griff82 umfasst eine durch ihn gebildete Öffnung89 , die es einem Benutzer ermöglicht, den Griff82 relativ zum festen Griff84 zu greifen und zu bewegen. Der bewegliche Griff82 ist selektiv um einen Drehstift87 aus einer ersten Position relativ zum festen Griff84 in eine zweite Position in der Nähe des festen Griffs84 beweglich, der wie im Folgendem beschrieben den Klemmbacken22 und24 eine Relativbewegung zueinander verleiht. - Insbesondere ist in der Gehäuse- und Griffanordnung
80 eine Antriebsanordnung70 untergebracht, die mit dem beweglichen Griff82 zusammenwirkt, um eine Bewegung der Klemmbacken22 und24 von einer offenen Position, in der die Klemmbacken22 und24 in einer beabstandeten Beziehung zueinander angeordnet sind, in eine geklemmte oder geschlossene Position, in der die Klemmbacken22 und24 zusammengreifen, um Gewebe150 dazwischen zu greifen (7 ), zu veranlassen. Die allgemeinen Betriebsparameter der Antriebsanordnung70 und der inneren Betriebskomponenten derselben werden in einer verallgemeinerteren Weise im Folgenden erklärt, sind jedoch in spezifischem Detail in der oben genannten, gemeinsam zugewiesenen und gleichzeitig anhängigen Anmeldung „Vessel sealer and divider" erklärt. Zu Zwecken der vorliegenden Offenbarung kann die Gehäuse- und Griffanordnung80 allgemein als vierstängige mechanische Verbindung charakterisiert werden, die aus den folgenden Elementen besteht: beweglicher Griff82 , einer Verbindung73 , einer nockenähnlichen Verbindung76 und einer Basisverbindung, die von festen Drehpunkten75 und76 verkörpert wird. Die Bewegung des Griffs82 aktiviert die vierstängige Verbindung, die wiederum die Antriebsanordnung70 betätigt, um den gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken22 und24 eine Relativbewegung zueinander zu verleihen und so Gewebe150 dazwischen zu greifen. Es ist vorgesehen, dass das Einsetzen einer vierstängigen mechanischen Verbindung den Benutzer in die Lage versetzen wird, einen wesentlichen mechanischen Vorteil zu erzielen, wenn er die Klemmbacken22 und24 , um das Gewebe150 zusammendrückt, wie im Folgenden hinsichtlich der allgemein offenbarten Betriebsparameter der Antriebsanordnung70 in größerem Detail erklärt wird. - Bevorzugt umfasst der feste Griff
84 eine darin definierte Nut85 , die bemessen ist, um einen Flansch83 aufzunehmen, der sich proximal von dem beweglichen Griff82 weg erstreckt. Bevorzugt umfasst der Flansch83 ein festes Ende90 , das an dem beweglichen Griff82 befestigt ist, und ein freies Ende92 , das zur leichten Aufnahme in der Nut85 des Griffs84 bemessen ist. Es ist vorgesehen, dass der Flansch83 bemessen sein kann, um es einem Benutzer erlauben, selektiv, progressiv und taktweise die Klemmbacken22 und24 relativ zueinander von der offen in die geschlossene Position zu bewegen. Z. B. wird auch in Betracht gezogen, dass der Flansch83 eine ratschenähnliche Schnittstelle umfasst, die arretierend mit dem beweglichen Griff82 und daher mit den Klemmbacken22 und24 an selektiven, getakteten Position relativ zueinander eingreift, abhängig von einem bestimmten Zweck. Andere Mechanismen können auch eingesetzt werden, um die Bewegung des Griffs82 relativ zum Griff84 (und den Klemmbacken22 und24 ) zu steuern und/oder zu begrenzen, wie z. B. hydraulische, semi-hydraulische und/oder Getriebesysteme. - Wie aus der vorliegenden Offenbarung hervorgeht und in größerem Detail mit Bezug auf die oben genannte gemeinsam zugewiesene und gleichzeitig anhängige Anmeldung „Vessel sealer and divider" erklärt ist, umfasst die Nut
85 des festen Griffs84 einen Eintrittsweg91 und einen Ausgangsweg95 für die hin und her Bewegung des Flansch80 . Wenn sich der Griff82 auf allgemein drehende Weise zum festen Griff84 um den Drehstift87 dreht, wie am besten aus2 ersichtlich ist, dreht sich die Verbindung73 um einen im Griff82 angeordneten Führungsstift74 . Als Ergebnis dreht sich die Verbindung73 proximal um einen Drehstift76 . Es versteht sich, dass der Drehweg des Griffs82 relativ zum festen Griff84 die nockenähnliche Verbindung86 drängt, sich um den Stift75 in einer allgemeinen proximalen Richtung zu drehen. Die Bewegung der nockenähnlichen Verbindung76 veranlasst die Bewegung der Antriebsanordnung70 , wie im Folgenden erläutert wird. - Bei anfänglicher Bewegung des Griffs
82 zum festen Griff84 hin, wie am besten aus2 ersichtlich, bewegt sich das freie Ende92 des Flansches83 allgemein proximal und nach oben entlang des Eintrittswegs91 , bis das Ende92 an einem Schienenelement97 vorbeifährt oder mechanisch damit eingreift, das entlang des Wegs91 angeordnet ist. Es ist vorgesehen, dass die Schiene97 die Bewegung des Flansches83 proximal bis zu dem Punkt erlaubt, an dem das Ende92 die Schiene97 verlässt. Sobald das Ende92 die Schiene97 verlässt, wird die distale Bewegung des Griffs82 und des Flansches83 , d. h. das Lösen, durch die Schiene97 in den Ausgangsweg95 umgelenkt. - Insbesondere kehrt beim anfänglichen Lösen, d. h. einer Verringerung im Schließdruck des Griffs
82 gegen den Druck84 , der Griff82 leicht distal zum Weg91 zurück, wird jedoch zum Ausgansweg95 geleitet. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt verursacht das Lösen und der Rückdruck zwischen den Griffen82 und84 , der dem mit der Kompression der Antriebsanordnung70 verbundenen Lösedruck (unten erläutert) zuzurechnen ist und direkt proportional dazu ist, dass das Ende92 des Flansches83 in einem Auffangbecken93 zu liegen kommt oder einrastet. Der Griff82 ist nun sicher im Griff84 in Position gebracht, was wiederum die Klemmbacken22 und24 in einer geschlossenen Position gegen das Gewebe verriegelt. Das Instrument ist nun für die selektive Anwendung elektrochirurgischer Energie in Position, um die Gewebeabdichtung152 zu bilden. Wieder werden die verschiedenen Betriebselemente und ihre relevanten Funktionen im größeren Detail mit Bezug auf die oben genannte gemeinsam zugewiesene und gleichzeitig anhängige Anmeldung „Vessel sealer and divider" erläutert. - Wie am besten aus
2 ersichtlich ist, bewegt die Wiederinbetriebnahme oder das erneute Greifen des Griffs82 dem Flansch83 wieder allgemein proximal entlang des neu umgeleiteten Ausgangswegs95 , bis das Ende92 eine Lippe94 freigibt, die entlang des Ausgangsweg95 angeordnet ist. Sobald die Lippe94 ausreichend freigegeben ist, sind der Griff82 und der Flansch83 bei Verringerung des Greifdrucks vollständig und frei vom Griff84 entlang des Ausgangswegs85 lösbar, der wiederum die Klemmbacken22 und24 in die offene Position vor der Aktivierung zurückführt. Wie oben erwähnt ist in der Gehäuse- und Griffanordnung80 eine Antriebsanordnung70 untergebracht, die mit dem beweglichen Griff82 zusammenwirkt, um den Klemmbacken22 und24 eine Relativbewegung zu verleihen und so das Gewebe150 zu greifen. Der Betrieb der Antriebsstabanordnung70 und der verschiedenen Betriebskomponenten der Antriebsanordnung70 wird detailliert in der oben genannten, gemeinsam zugewiesenen, gleichzeitig anhängigen Anmeldung „Vessel sealer and divider" erläutert. - Im Allgemeinen und zu Zwecken der vorliegenden Offenbarung umfasst die Antriebsanordnung
70 eine Kompressionsfeder72 im Antriebsstab40 und eine Kompressionshülse98 (2 ). Wie am besten aus der vergrößerten Ansicht der4 ersichtlich ist, ist der Antriebsstab40 teleskopisch im Inneren einer Messerhülse48 hin und her beweglich. Die Bewegung des Antriebsstabs40 relativ zur Messerhülse48 veranlasst die Bewegung der Klemmbacken22 und24 . Ein Streifenelement46 ist an einem freien Ende42 des Antriebsstabs40 angeordnet, der eine Kerbe43 zwischen dem Streifen46 und dem Ende42 bildet. Der Streifen46 und die Kerbe43 wirken mechanisch mit der Kompressionsfeder72 zusammen, um die Bewegung des Schafts40 relativ zur Messerhülse48 zu veranlassen, die wiederum die Klemmbacken22 und24 um das Gewebe150 herum öffnet und schließt. - Wie oben erläutert verursacht die Bewegung der Griffanordnung
80 über die vierstängige Verbindung schließlich, dass sich die nockenartige Verbindung76 allgemein im Uhrzeigersinn um einen Drehstift75 (d. h. proximal) dreht, was wiederum die Feder72 proximal gegen einen Flansch77 drückt, der im oberen Abschnitt des festen Griffs84 angeordnet ist. Die Bewegung der Feder72 bewegt wiederum den Antriebsstab40 relativ zur Messerhülse48 , was die gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken22 und24 relativ zueinander bewegt. Wie ersichtlich ist, erlaubt der wesentliche mechanische Vorteil, der mit der vierstängigen Verbindung zusammenhängt, eine leichte, konsistente und gleichmäßige Kompression der Feder72 , was wiederum eine leichte, konsistente und gleichmäßige Kompression der Klemmbacken22 und24 um das Gewebe150 erlaubt. Andere Details und Vorteile der vierstängigen mechanischen Verbindung werden vollständiger mit Bezug auf die oben genannte, gemeinsam zugewiesene und gleichzeitig anhängige Anmeldung „Vessel sealer and divider" diskutiert. - Sobald das Gewebe
150 zwischen den gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken22 und24 gegriffen ist, kann den Klemmbacken22 und24 elektrochirurgische Energie durch eine elektrochirurgische Schnittstelle110 zugeführt werden, die im Griff84 angeordnet ist. Wieder werden diese Merkmal im größeren Detail mit Bezug auf die oben genannte, gemeinsam zugewiesene und gleichzeitig anhängige Anmeldung „Vessel sealer and divider" erläutert. - Die Zange
10 umfasst auch einen Auslöser86 , der die Messerhülse48 hin und her bewegt, was wiederum ein in der Endeffektoranordnung20 angeordnetes Messer60 hin und her bewegt, wie im Folgenden erläutert wird (5 ). Sobald die Gewebeabdichtung152 gebildet ist (7 ), kann der Benutzer den Auslöser86 aktivieren, um das Gewebe150 , wie in9 gezeigt, entlang der Gewebeabdichtung152 zu trennen. Es ist zu verstehen, dass das sich Hin- und Herbewegen der Messer60 es dem Benutzer erlaubt, das Gewebe150 unmittelbar nach der Abdichtung schnell zu trennen, ohne ein Schneidinstrument durch die Kanüle oder den Trokaranschluss (nicht gezeigt) ersatzweise einzuführen. Es ist vorgesehen, dass das Messer60 auch eine präzisere Trennung des Gefäßes150 entlang einer idealen Schneidebene „B-B" erleichtert, die zu der neu gebildeten Gewebeabdichtung152 gehört (siehe7 –9 ). Das Messer60 umfasst bevorzugt eine geschärfte Kante62 , um das zwischen den Klemmbacken22 und24 gehaltene Gewebe150 an der Gewebeabdichtstelle152 zu trennen (7 ). Es ist vorgesehen, dass das Messer60 auch mit der elektrochirurgischen Energiequelle gekoppelt sein kann, um die Trennung des Gewebes150 entlang der Gewebeabdichtung152 zu erleichtern. - Bevorzugt und wie im größeren Detail mit Bezug auf die oben genannte, gemeinsam zugewiesene und gleichzeitig anhängige Anmeldung „Vessel sealer and divider" erläutert, kann die Griffanordnung
80 auch einen (nicht gezeigten) Aussperrmechanismus umfassen, der die Aktivierung des Auslösers86 einschränkt, bis die Klemmbacken22 und24 geschlossen sind und/oder im Wesentlichen um das Gewebe150 herum geschlossen sind. Wie z. B. am besten aus2 ersichtlich ist, kann der Ausgangsweg95 so bemessen sein, dass der Auslöser86 nur betätigbar ist, wenn der Flansch83 in einer vorbestimmten oder vordefinierten Position angeordnet ist, die einen ausreichenden Freiraum zur Betätigung des Auslöser86 bereitstellt, z. B. in einem Auffangbecken83 sitzend. Es ist vorgesehen, dass die Gestaltung der Griffanordnung80 auf diese Weise die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer vorzeitigen Betätigung des Auslösers86 vor der elektrochirurgischen Aktivierung und Abdichtung verringert. - Eine Drehanordnung
88 kann auch in der Zange10 eingeschlossen sein. Bevorzugt ist die Drehanordnung88 mechanisch mit dem Schaft12 und der Antriebsanordnung70 verbunden. Wie am besten aus4 ersichtlich ist, umfasst der Schaft12 eine darin platziert Öffnung44 , die mechanisch eine entsprechende, an der Drehanordnung88 befestigte Raste (nicht gezeigt) so verbindet, dass die Drehbewegung der Drehanordnung88 eine ähnliche Drehbewegung dem Schaft12 verleiht, welcher wiederum die Endeffektoranordnung20 um eine Längsachse „A" dreht. Diese Merkmale, zusammen mit der einzigartigen elektrischen Konfiguration zur Übertragung elektrochirurgischer Energie durch die Griffanordnung80 , die Drehanordnung88 und die Antriebsanordnung70 , sind im größeren Detail in der oben genannten, gemeinsam zugewiesenen und gleichzeitig anhängigen Anmeldung „Vessel sealer and divider" beschrieben. - Wie am besten aus den
3 ,5 und6A –6F ersichtlich ist, ist die Endeffektoranordnung20 am distalen Ende14 des Schafts12 angebracht. Die Endeffektoranordnung20 umfasst die erste Klemmbacke22 , die zweite Klemmbacke24 und das dazwischen angeordnete, sich hin und her bewegende Messer60 . Die Klemmbacken22 und24 sind, wie oben erwähnt, bevorzugt um einen Drehstift37 von der offenen in die geschlossene Position bei relativer Hin- und Herbewegung, d. h. Längsbewegung des Antriebsstabs42 drehbar. Wiederum sind die mechanischen und zusammenwirkenden Verhältnisse in Bezug auf die verschiedenen sich bewegenden Elemente der Endeffektoranordnung20 mit Bezug auf die oben genannte, gemeinsam zugewiesene und gleichzeitig anhängige Anmeldung „Vessel sealer and divider" weiter beschrieben. - Jeder der Klemmbacken umfasst eine elektrisch leitende Dichtoberfläche
35 , die auf der nach innen gewandten Oberfläche34 davon angeordnet ist, und einen Isolator30 , der auf einer nach außen gewandten Oberfläche39 davon angeordnet ist. Es ist vorgesehen, dass die elektrisch leitenden Oberflächen35 zusammenwirken, um dazwischen gehaltenes Gewebe150 bei Anwendung der elektrochirurgischen Energie abzudichten. Die Isolatoren30 zusammen mit den äußeren nicht leitenden Oberflächen39 der Klemmbacken22 und24 sind bevorzugt so bemessen, dass sie viele der bekannten unerwünschten Effekte, die mit Gewebeabdichtung zusammenhängen, z. B. Funkenschlag, Wärmeausbreitung und Streustromableitung begrenzen und/oder verringern. - Es ist vorgesehen, dass die elektrisch leitenden Dichtoberflächen
35 auch eine Andruckrandleiste umfassen, die einen sicheren Eingriff der elektrisch leitenden Oberfläche35 mit dem Isolator30 erleichtert und auch insgesamt den Herstellungsprozess vereinfacht. Es ist vorgesehen, dass die elektrisch leitende Dichtfläche auch eine äußere Randkante umfassen kann, die einen Radius aufweist, und dass der Isolator30 die elektrisch leitende Dichtoberfläche35 entlang einer angrenzenden Kante trifft, die allgemein tangential zum Radius ist und/oder sie entlang des Radius trifft. Bevorzugt ist an der Grenzfläche die elektrisch leitende Oberfläche35 relativ zum Isolator30 erhöht. Diese und andere vorgesehene Ausführungsformen werden in der EP-A-1 372 506 mit dem Titel „Electrosurgical instrument which reduces collateral damage to adjacent tissue" von Johnson et al. und der EP-A-1 372 487 mit dem Titel „Electrosurgical instrument which is designed to reduce the incidence of flashover" von Johnson et al. diskutiert, die keinen Stand der Technik im Sinne des Artikel54 EPC darstellen. - Bevorzugt umfasst mindestens eine der elektrisch leitenden Oberflächen
35 der Klemmbacken, z. B.22 , eine darin definierte, in Längsrichtung orientierte Nut36 , die sich von einem proximalen Ende26 zu einem distalen Ende28 der Klemmbacke22 erstreckt. Es ist vorgesehen, dass die Nut36 die Hin- und Herbewegung in Längsrichtung des Messers60 entlang einer bevorzugten Schneidebene „B-B" erleichtert, um das Gewebe150 entlang der gebildeten Gewebeabdichtung152 wirkungsvoll und präzise zu trennen (siehe7 –9 ). Bevorzugt und wie im Detail in der oben genannten gemeinsam zugewiesenen und gleichzeitig anhängigen Anmeldung „Vessel sealer and divider" erläutert, sind die Klemmbacken22 und24 der Endeffektoranordnung20 elektrisch voneinander isoliert, so dass die elektrochirurgische Energie effektiv durch das Gewebe150 übertragen werden kann, um die Abdichtung152 zu bilden. - Wie oben erwähnt schließen sich bei Bewegung des Griffs
82 die Klemmbacken22 und24 und greifen das Gewebe150 . Zu diesem Zeitpunkt kommt der Flansch83 in Anschlag93 zu sitzen, was zusammen mit dem sich aus dem Vierstangenmechanismus und der Feder70 ergebenden mechanischen Vorteil eine proportionale Axialkraft auf den Antriebsstab40 aufrechterhält, der wiederum eine Kompressionskraft zwischen den gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken22 und24 auf das Gewebe150 aufrechterhält. Es ist vorgesehen, dass die Endeffektoranordnung20 so bemessen sein kann, dass übermäßige Klemmkräfte abgeleitet werden, um ein mechanisches Versagen gewisser innerer Betriebselemente des Endeffektors zu verhindern. - Indem die Intensität, Frequenz und Dauer der auf das Gewebe
150 angewendeten elektrochirurgischen Energie gesteuert wird, kann der Benutzer entweder kautevisieren, koagulieren/austrocknen, abdichten und/oder einfach die Blutung verringern oder verlangsamen. Wie oben erwähnt, spielen zwei mechanische Faktoren eine wichtige Rolle bei der Bestimmung der sich ergebenden Dicke des abgedichteten Gewebes und der Wirksamkeit der Abdichtung, nämlich der zwischen den gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken22 und24 angewandte Druck und der Spaltabstand zwischen den gegenüberliegenden Abdichtoberflächen35 der Klemmbacken22 und24 während des Abdichtungsvorgangs. Jedoch kann die Dicke der sich ergebenden Gewebeabdichtung152 nicht durch Kraft allein adäquat gesteuert werden. In anderen Worten würden sich bei zu viel Kraft die beiden Klemmbacken22 und24 berühren und möglicherweise kurzschließen und so dazu führt, dass wenig Energie durch das Gewebe150 fließt, was zu einer schlechten Gewebeabdichtung152 führt. Bei zu wenig Kraft würde die Abdichtung152 zu dick sein. - Das Aufbringen der korrekten Kraft ist auch aus anderen Gründen wichtig: um den Wänden des Gefäßes entgegenzustehen; um die Gewebeimpedanz auf einen ausreichend niedrigen Wert zu verringern, der genügend Strom durch das Gewebe
150 erlaubt; und um die Expansionskräfte während der Gewebeerwärmung zu überwinden, zusätzlich zum Beitrag zur Erzeugung der erforderlichen Endgewebedicke, die ein Anzeichen einer guten Abdichtung ist. - Bevorzugt sind die elektrisch leitenden Dichtoberflächen
35 der Klemmbacken22 und24 relativ flach, um Stromkonzentrationen an scharfen Kanten zu vermeiden und Lichtbögen zwischen Hochpunkten zu vermeiden. Zusätzlich und aufgrund der Reaktionskraft des Gewebes150 beim Eingriff werden die Klemmbacken22 und24 bevorzugt so hergestellt, dass sie einer Biegebelastung widerstehen. Wie z. B. am besten aus6A ersichtlich ist, verjüngen sich die Klemmbacken22 und24 bevorzugt entlang der Breite „W", was aus zwei Gründen vorteilhaft ist: 1) die Verjüngung wird einen konstanten Druck für eine konstante Gewebedicke im parallelen anwenden; 2) der dickere proximale Abschnitt der Klemmbacken22 und24 wird einer Biegebelastung durch die Reaktionskraft des Gewebes150 widerstehen. - Wie am besten aus den
5 –6F ersichtlich ist, umfasst mindestens eine Klemmbacke22 und/oder24 , um einen erwünschten Abstand zwischen den elektrisch leitenden Oberflächen35 der jeweiligen Klemmbacken22 und24 (d. h. den Spaltabstand) zu erhalten und eine gewünschte Kraft zum Abdichten des Gewebes150 aufzuwenden, Anschläge, z. B.50a , die die Bewegung der beiden gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken22 und24 relativ zueinander begrenzen. Bevorzugt erstrecken sich die Anschläge, z. B.50a , von der Abdichtoberfläche oder der Gewebekontaktoberfläche35 um einen vorbestimmten Abstand entsprechend den spezifischen Materialeigenschaften (z. B. Kompressionsfestigkeit, Wärmeausdehnung usw.), um einen konsistenten und präzisen Spaltabstand während der Abdichtung zu gewähren. Bevorzugt beträgt der Spaltabstand zwischen den gegenüberliegenden Abdichtoberflächen35 während der Abdichtung von ungefähr 25,4 μm bis ungefähr 127 μm (0,001 Zoll bis 0,005 Zoll) und besonders bevorzugt zwischen ungefähr 50,8 μm bis ungefähr 76,2 μm (0,002 und 0,003 Zoll). - Bevorzugt sind die Anschläge
50a bis50g aus einem Isoliermaterial, z. B. Parylen, Nylon und/oder Kermaik hergestellt und sind so bemessen, dass sie die entgegengesetzte Bewegung der Klemmbacken22 und24 auf den oben genannten Spaltbereich beschränken. Es ist vorgesehen, dass die Anschläge50a bis50g auf einer oder beiden Klemmbacken22 und24 angeordnet sein können, abhängig vom bestimmten Zweck oder um ein bestimmtes Ergebnis zu erzielen. -
6A –6F zeigen verschiedene in Betracht gezogene Gestaltungen der nicht leitenden Anschläge50a –50g , die auf, entlang oder durch die Klemmbacke24 hindurch angeordnet sind. Es ist vorgesehen, dass einer oder mehrere Anschläge, z. B.50a und50g , auf einer oder beiden Klemmbacken22 und24 positioniert sein können, abhängig von einem bestimmten Zweck oder um ein erwünschtes Ergebnis zu erzielen. Wie aus der vorliegenden Offenbarung ersichtlich ist, sind die verschiedenen Gestaltungen der Anschläge50a –50g so konzipiert, dass sie sowohl die Bewegung des Gewebes150 vor und während der Aktivierung beschränken als auch einen Kurzschluss der Klemmbacken22 und24 verhindern, während das Gewebe150 komprimiert wird. -
6A und6B zeigen eine mögliche Gestaltung der Anschläge50a –50g zur Steuerung des Spaltabstands zwischen den gegenüberliegenden Abdichtoberflächen35 . Insbesondere sind ein paar von in Längsrichtung orientierten, streifenähnlichen Anschlägen50a in der Nähe der Mitte der Abdichtoberfläche35 auf einer Seite der Messernut36 der Klemmbacke24 angeordnet. Ein zweiter Anschlag, z. B.50b , ist am proximalen Ende26 der Klemmbacke24 angeordnet und ein dritter Anschlag50g ist an der distalen Spitze28 der Klemmbacke24 angeordnet. Bevorzugt können die Anschläge50a –50g auf jede bekannte geometrische oder polynomiale Weise gestaltet sein, z. B. dreieckig, geradlinig, kreisförmig, oval, ausgebogt usw., abhängig von einem bestimmten Zweck. Darüber hinaus wird in Betracht gezogen, dass jede Kombination unterschiedlicher Anschläge50a –50g entlang der Abdichtoberflächen35 montiert werden kann, um einen erwünschten Spaltabstand zu erzielen. Es ist auch vorgesehen, dass die Anschläge als erhöhte Lippe (nicht gezeigt) gestaltet werden können, die aus dem äußeren Rand der Klemmbacke24 hervorsteht. -
6C zeigt eine erste Reihe von kreisähnlichen Anschlägen50c , die sich vom proximalen Ende26 zum distalen Ende28 der Klemmbacke24 auf abwechselnde, seitlich versetzte Weise relativ zueinander auf einer Seite der Messernut36 erstrecken, und eine zweite Reihe von kreisähnlichen Anschlägen50c , die sich vom proximalen Ende26 zum distalen Ende28 der Klemmbacke24 auf abwechselnde, seitlich versetzte Weise relativ zueinander auf der anderen Seite der Messernut36 erstrecken. Es ist vorgesehen, dass die kreisähnlichen Anschläge50c im Wesentlichen die gleiche Größe besitzen, jedoch können ein oder mehrere Anschläge50c größer oder kleiner als die anderen Anschläge50c bemessen sein, abhängig von einem bestimmten Zweck oder um ein erwünschtes Ergebnis zu erzielen. -
6D zeigt noch eine weitere Gestaltung, wobei der Anschlag als in Längsrichtung orientierte Kante50e gestaltet ist, die sich von einem proximalen Ende26 zu einem distalen Ende28 der Klemmbacke24 entlang einer Seite der Messernut36 erstreckt. Wie oben erwähnt kann eine zweite in Längsrichtung orientierte Kante50e auf der gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacke22 auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite der Messernut36 zu Zwecken der Abdichtung angeordnet werden.6E zeigt eine Reihe von länglichen streifenähnlichen Elementen50f , die unter einem Winkel relativ zur Messernut36 angeordnet sind.6F zeigt noch eine weitere Gestaltung, in der verschiedene Anschläge, z. B.50a ,50c und50g , oben auf der Abdichtoberfläche35 auf beiden Seiten der Messernut36 angeordnet sind. - Bevorzugt sind die nicht leitenden Anschläge
50a –50g auf den Klemmbacken22 und24 angeformt (z. B. durch Übergießen, Spritzgießen usw.), auf die Klemmbacken22 und24 aufgeprägt oder auf die Klemmbacken22 und24 abgeschieden (z. B. Abscheidung). Die Anschläge50a –50g können auch gleitend an den Klemmbacken angebracht sein und/oder an den elektrisch leitenden Oberflächen35 auf einschnappende Weise angebracht sein. Andere Techniken umfassen das thermischen Aufsprühen eines Keramikmaterials auf die Oberfläche der Klemmbacken22 und24 , um die Anschläge50a –50g zu bilden. Verschiedene thermische Sprühtechniken werden in Betracht gezogen, die das Abscheiden eines breiten Auswahl von hitzebeständigen und isolierenden Materialien auf den elektrisch leitenden Oberflächen35 miteinbeziehen, um die Anschläge50a –50g zu erzeugen, z. B. Hochgeschwindigkeitsbrenngasabscheidung (oxy-fuel desposition), Plasmaabscheidung und so weiter. - Es ist vorgesehen, dass die Anschläge
50a –50g ungefähr 25,4 μm bis ungefähr 127 μm (0,001 bis 0,005 Zoll) aus den nach innen gewandten Oberflächen35 der Klemmbacken22 und24 hervorstehen, was, wie aus der vorliegenden Offenbarung ersichtlich ist, sowohl die Möglichkeit von Kurzschlüssen zwischen den elektrisch leitfähigen Oberflächen verringert als auch die Greifeigenschaften der Klemmbacken22 und24 während des Abdichtens und Teilens verbessert. Bevorzugt stehen die Anschläge50a –50g ungefähr 50,8 μm bis ungefähr 76,2 μm (0,002–0,003 Zoll) aus der elektrisch leitenden Oberfläche35 hervor, wofür bestimmt wurde, dass es einen idealen Spaltabstand liefert, um eine wirkungsvolle, gleichmäßige und konsistente Gewebeabdichtung zu erzeugen. - Alternativ können die Anschläge
50a –50g auf die nach innen gewandten Oberfläche35 einer oder beider Klemmbacken22 und24 angeformt werden, oder es kann in einigen Fällen bevorzugt sein, die Anschläge50a –50g mit Hilfe jedes bekannten Haftverfahrens an den nach innen gewandten Oberflächen35 einer oder beider Klemmbacken22 und24 anzuhaften. Das Prägen wird hier so definiert, dass es im Wesentlichen jeden im Gewerbe bekannten Pressvorgang umfasst, inklusive und nicht beschränkt auf: Stanzen, Abscheren, Heiß- oder Kaltformung, Ziehen, Biegen und Prägen. -
6A –6F zeigen einige der möglichen Gestaltungen der Anschläge50a –50f , jedoch sind diese Gestaltungen im Zuge eines Beispiels gezeigt und sollten nicht als beschränkend angesehen werden. Andere Anschlagsgestaltungen werden auch in Betracht gezogen, wobei diese genauso wirkungsvoll bei der Verringerung der Möglichkeit von Kurzschlüssen zwischen den elektrisch leitenden Oberflächen35 und der Verbesserung des Gewebegriffs während der Abdichtung und Teilung sein können. - Obwohl es bevorzugt ist, dass die Anschläge
50a –50g ungefähr 25,4 μm bis ungefähr 127 μm (0,001–0,005 Zoll) und bevorzugt ungefähr 50,8 μm bis ungefähr 76,2 μm (0,002–0,003 Zoll) aus den nach innen gewandten Oberflächen35 der Klemmbacken22 und24 hervorstehen, kann es des Weiteren in einigen Fällen bevorzugt sein, dass die Anschläge50a –50g mehr oder weniger hervorstehen, abhängig von einem bestimmten Zweck. Z. B. wird in Betracht gezogen, dass die Art des für die Anschläge50a –50g verwendeten Materials und die Fähigkeit des Materials, die großen kompressiven Verschlusskräfte zwischen den Klemmbacken22 und24 zu absorbieren, variieren werden und daher die Gesamtabmessungen der Anschläge50a –50g ebenso variieren kann, um den erwünschten Spaltabstand zu erzeugen. - Mit anderen Worten sind die Kompressionsfestigkeit des Materials zusammen mit dem erwünschten oder äußersten Spaltabstand, der für eine wirkungsvolle Abdichtung erforderlich ist, Parameter, die sorgfältig in Betracht gezogen werden, wenn die Anschläge
50a –50g geformt werden, und ein Material kann unterschiedlich vom anderen Material bemessen werden, um denselben Spaltabstand oder das erwünschte Ergebnis zu erzielen. Z. B. ist die Kompressionsfestigkeit von Nylon von jener von Keramik verschieden, und daher könnte das Nylonmaterial unterschiedlich bemessen werden müssen, z. B. dicker, um der Schließkraft der gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken22 und24 entgegenzuwirken und denselben erwünschten Spaltabstand zu erzielen, wie wenn ein keramischer Anschlag verwendet wird. - Ein Verfahren zum Abdichten und Teilen von Gewebe wird auch beschrieben und kann die Schritte des Vorsehens einer endoskopischen bipolaren Zange
10 umfassen, welche umfasst:
einen länglichen Schaft12 mit gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken22 und24 an dessen distalen Ende14 , die zusammenwirken, um Gewebe150 dazwischen zu greifen;
mindestens einen nicht leitenden und beabstandeten Anschlag50a –50g , der auf einer nach innen gewandten Oberfläche35 mindestens einer der Klemmbacken, z. B.24 , angeordnet ist, und der den Abstand zwischen den Klemmbacken22 und24 steuert, wenn Gewebe150 dazwischen gehalten wird; und
ein Messer60 . - Das Verfahren kann weiter die folgenden Schritte umfassen: Verbinden der Klemmbacken
22 und24 mit einer Quelle110 elektrischer Energie; Betätigen der Klemmbacken22 und24 , um Gewebe150 zwischen den gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken22 und24 zu greifen; Zuführen von Energie an die Klemmbacken22 und24 durch das dazwischen gehaltene Gewebe150 , um eine Abdichtung152 zu bewirken (7 –9 ); und Betätigen des Messers60 , um das Gewebe in der Nähe der Abdichtung152 zu durchtrennen. - Bevorzugt umfasst mindestens eine Klemmbacke, z. B.
24 , des Bereitstellungsschritts eine elektrisch leitende Oberfläche35 mit einer darin definierten, in Längsrichtung orientierten Nut36 , die die Betätigung des Messers60 in einer in Längsrichtung hin und her beweglichen Weise in der Nut36 erleichtert, um das Gewebe150 in der Nähe der Gewebestelle zu durchtrennen. - Aus dem vorangegangenen und mit Bezug auf die verschiedenen Zeichnungen Gesagten wird der Fachmann erkennen, dass auch gewisse Abwandlungen an der Zange der vorliegenden Erfindung durchgeführt werden können, ohne vom Schutzbereich der vorliegenden Erfindung abzuweichen. Z. B. kann es bevorzugt sein, andere Merkmale der Zange
10 hinzuzufügen, z. B. eine Gelenkanordnung, um die Endeffektoranordnung20 relativ zum länglichen Schaft12 axial zu verschieben. - Darüber hinaus wird in Betracht gezogen, dass die gegenwärtig offenbarte Zange eine wegwerfbare Endeffektoranordnung umfasst, die selektiv mit mindestens einem Abschnitt des elektrochirurgischen Instruments z. B. dem Schaft
12 und/oder der Griffanordnung80 in Eingriff gebracht werden kann. - Während verschiedene Ausführungsformen der Erfindung in den Zeichnungen gezeigt wurden, ist nicht beabsichtigt, dass die Erfindung hierauf beschränkt sein soll. Daher sollte die obige Beschreibung nicht als beschränkend ausgelegt werden, sondern lediglich als beispielhafte Veranschaulichung bevorzugter Ausführungsformen. Der Fachmann wird andere Abwandlungen innerhalb des Schutzbereichs der hier beigefügten Ansprüche in Betracht ziehen.
Claims (19)
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange (
10 ) zum Abdichten und Teilen von Gewebe, umfassend: einen länglichen Schaft (12 ) mit gegenüberliegenden Klemmbacken (22 ,24 ) an dessen distalen Ende (14 ), wobei die Klemmbacken relativ zueinander von einer ersten Position, in der die Klemmbacken in beabstandetem Verhältnis relativ zueinander angeordnet sind, in eine zweite Position, in der die Klemmbacken zusammenwirken, um Gewebe (50 ) zwischen ihnen zu greifen, beweglich ist; eine elektrische Energiequelle, die mit jeder Klemmbacke verbunden ist, sodass die Klemmbacken in der Lage sind, Energie durch das zwischen ihnen gehaltene Gewebe zu leiten, um eine Abdichtung (152 ) zu bewirken; mindestens zwei nicht leitende Anschläge (50a bis50g ), die an einer nach innen gewandten Oberfläche (34 ) mindestens einer der Klemmbacken angeordnet sind, welche den Abstand zwischen den Klemmbacken steuern, wenn Gewebe zwischen ihnen gehalten wird, wobei die Anschläge eine Reihe von in Längsrichtung orientierten Vorsprüngen umfassen, die sich von einem proximalen Ende (26 ) der mindestens einen der Klemmbacken zu einem distalen Ende (28 ) der mindestens einen der Klemmbacken erstrecken; und ein sich in Längsrichtung hin- und herbewegendes Messer (60 ) zum Durchtrennen von Gewebe in der Nähe der Abdichtung. - Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach Anspruch 1, wobei mindestens eine der Klemmbacken eine elektrisch leitende Oberfläche (
35 ) mit einer darin definierten in Längsrichtung orientierten Nut (36 ) für die Hin- und Herbewegung des Messers in Längsrichtung zum Durchtrennen von Gewebe umfasst. - Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei der Anschlag aus Parylen, Nylon oder Keramik hergestellt ist.
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Reihe aus kreisähnlichen Streifen besteht.
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach Anspruch 4, wobei die kreisähnlichen Streifen auf abwechselnde, seitlich versetzte Weise relativ zueinander entlang einer Länge der Klemmbacke angeordnet sind.
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, wobei die Reihe aus länglichen Streifen besteht.
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach Anspruch 6, wobei die länglichen Streifen unter einem Winkel relativ zur in Längsrichtung orientierten Nut entlang einer Länge der Klemmbacke angeordnet sind.
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, wobei die Streifen verschiedene geometrische Gestaltungen aufweisen.
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach Anspruch 8, wobei die verschieden geformten Streifen entlang der Länge einer der Klemmbacken angeordnet sind.
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei der Anschlag 25,4 μm bis 127 μm (0,001 Zoll bis 0,005 Zoll) aus der nach innen gewandten Oberfläche der Klemmbacke hervorsteht.
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach Anspruch 10, wobei der Anschlag 50,8 μm bis 76,2 μm (0,002 Zoll bis 0,003 Zoll) aus der nach innen gewandten Oberfläche der Klemmbacke hervorsteht.
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei der Anschlag durch thermisches Sprühen an der Klemmbacke befestigt ist.
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, wobei der Anschlag mittels eines Klebmittels an der Klemmbacke befestigt ist.
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, wobei der Anschlag durch ein Gießverfahren an der Klemmbacke befestigt ist.
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Zange eine Antriebsstabanordnung (
70 ) umfasst, die die Klemmbacken mit der elektrischen Energiequelle verbindet, sodass die erste Klemmbacke auf einem ersten elektrischen Potential liegt und die zweite Klemmbacke auf einem zweiten elektrischen Potential liegt; und einen Griff (80 ) umfasst, der an der Antriebsstabanordnung angebracht ist, um die Bewegung der ersten und zweiten Klemmbacke von der ersten und zweiten Position zu vermitteln. - Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach Anspruch 15, weiter einen Auslöser (
86 ) umfassend, der mechanisch ein Messer zum Durchtrennen von Gewebe neben der Abdichtung betätigt. - Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach Anspruch 16, wobei der Auslöser das Messer in Längsrichtung hin- und herbewegt.
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach Anspruch 1, wobei ein erster Anschlag auf der elektrisch leitenden Oberfläche der einen Klemmbacke angeordnet ist und mindestens ein zweiter Anschlag auf der elektrisch leitenden Oberfläche der anderen Klemmbacke angeordnet ist.
- Endoskopische bipolare Zange nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 15, wobei mindestens ein Anschlag auf der elektrisch leitenden Oberfläche der Klemmbacke in der Nähe einer Seite der in Längsrichtung orientierten Nut angeordnet ist und mindestens ein anderer Anschlag auf der elektrisch leitenden Oberfläche der Klemmbacke in der Nähe der anderen Seite der in Längsrichtung orientierten Nut angeordnet ist.
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DE102012110660A1 (de) * | 2012-11-07 | 2014-05-22 | Aesculap Ag | Elektrochirurgisches Instrument mit Klemmdruckregelung für Elektrodenbranchen |
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- 2001-04-06 JP JP2002578835A patent/JP4499992B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2001-04-06 WO PCT/US2001/011413 patent/WO2002080796A1/en active IP Right Grant
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102012110660A1 (de) * | 2012-11-07 | 2014-05-22 | Aesculap Ag | Elektrochirurgisches Instrument mit Klemmdruckregelung für Elektrodenbranchen |
US10398496B2 (en) | 2012-11-07 | 2019-09-03 | Aesculap Ag | Electrosurgical instrument with clamping pressure control for electrode branches |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1685806B1 (de) | 2011-06-08 |
EP1656901A1 (de) | 2006-05-17 |
ES2364666T3 (es) | 2011-09-12 |
US7473253B2 (en) | 2009-01-06 |
US20150250532A1 (en) | 2015-09-10 |
EP1656901B1 (de) | 2009-09-02 |
US8241284B2 (en) | 2012-08-14 |
US10265121B2 (en) | 2019-04-23 |
US20180344385A1 (en) | 2018-12-06 |
EP1685806A3 (de) | 2009-02-04 |
US20120303026A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
EP1685806A2 (de) | 2006-08-02 |
ES2262639T3 (es) | 2006-12-01 |
CA2442598A1 (en) | 2002-10-17 |
EP1372507A1 (de) | 2004-01-02 |
CA2442598C (en) | 2011-10-04 |
AU2001249933B2 (en) | 2006-06-08 |
DE60139815D1 (de) | 2009-10-15 |
US20150257819A1 (en) | 2015-09-17 |
US20190247111A1 (en) | 2019-08-15 |
JP4499992B2 (ja) | 2010-07-14 |
US20040122423A1 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
US10251696B2 (en) | 2019-04-09 |
ES2332143T3 (es) | 2010-01-27 |
JP2004532676A (ja) | 2004-10-28 |
US20170042607A1 (en) | 2017-02-16 |
EP1372507B1 (de) | 2006-06-28 |
DE60121229D1 (de) | 2006-08-10 |
US10687887B2 (en) | 2020-06-23 |
WO2002080796A1 (en) | 2002-10-17 |
US20180193087A1 (en) | 2018-07-12 |
US20090171350A1 (en) | 2009-07-02 |
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