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DE19738457B4 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung für die In-vivo-Tiefenkoagulation biologischer Gewebevolumina bei gleichzeitiger Schonung der Gewebeoberfläche mit hochfrequentem Wechselstrom - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung für die In-vivo-Tiefenkoagulation biologischer Gewebevolumina bei gleichzeitiger Schonung der Gewebeoberfläche mit hochfrequentem Wechselstrom Download PDF

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DE19738457B4
DE19738457B4 DE1997138457 DE19738457A DE19738457B4 DE 19738457 B4 DE19738457 B4 DE 19738457B4 DE 1997138457 DE1997138457 DE 1997138457 DE 19738457 A DE19738457 A DE 19738457A DE 19738457 B4 DE19738457 B4 DE 19738457B4
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Gerhard Prof. Dr. Müller
Kai Dipl.-Ing. Desinger
Thomas Dr. Bocher
Jürgen Prof. Dr. Beuthan
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Celon AG Medical Instruments
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A61B18/1442Probes having pivoting end effectors, e.g. forceps
    • A61B18/1445Probes having pivoting end effectors, e.g. forceps at the distal end of a shaft, e.g. forceps or scissors at the end of a rigid rod
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00005Cooling or heating of the probe or tissue immediately surrounding the probe
    • A61B2018/00011Cooling or heating of the probe or tissue immediately surrounding the probe with fluids
    • A61B2018/00029Cooling or heating of the probe or tissue immediately surrounding the probe with fluids open
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/00773Sensed parameters
    • A61B2018/00791Temperature
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A61B2018/1472Probes or electrodes therefor for use with liquid electrolyte, e.g. virtual electrodes

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Abstract

Vorrichtung, welche über Branchen verfügt, auf denen Elektrodenpaare unterschiedlicher elektrischer Potentiale zur Applikation hochfrequenter Wechselströme für die In-vivo-Tiefenkoagulation biologischer Gewebevolumina angeordnet sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Vorrichtung über wenigstens zwei Elektrodenpaare verfügt, welche einander symmetrisch oder unsymmetrisch gegenüberstehend in Bezug auf die drei Raumrichtungen angeordnet sind.

Description

  • Aufgabenstellung
  • Ziel ist die Entwicklung eines Applikationssystems für die Übertragung und partiellen Anwendung von hochfrequentem Wechselstrom zur In-vivo-Tiefenkoagulation biologischer Gewebevolumina bei gleichzeitiger Schonung der Gewebeoberfläche für interne und externe Anwendungen.
  • Stand der Technik
  • Es ist grundsätzlich bekannt, daß in der HF-Chirurgie hochfrequenter Wechselstrom in dem dafür vorgesehenen Frequenzbereich (300 kHz bis 2 MHz) zur Gewebekoagulation oder zur Gewebetrennung (Elektrotomie) Anwendung findet. Dabei unterscheidet man zwei Anwendungstechniken: die monopolare und die bipolare HF-Technik. Bei der monopolaren Anwendungstechnik wird eine der beiden Elektroden als großflächige Patientenableitung (Neutralelektrode NE) ausgelegt und in der Nähe der Eingriffsstelle am Patienten angebracht (Oberarm, Oberschenkel etc.). Die eigentliche Arbeitselektrode, die sog. Aktivelektrode, ist entsprechend der vorgesehenen Anwendung (Koagulation bzw. Elektrotomie) ausgelegt. Zur Gewebekoagulation finden großflächige Kugel-, Platten- oder Nadelelektroden, zur Gewebetrennung dünne Nadel-, Lanzetten- oder Schlingenelektroden Verwendung. Die bipolare Technik unterscheidet sich insofern von der monopolaren Technik, daß hier die großflächige Neutralelektrode miniaturisiert und in die unmittelbare Nähe der sog. Aktivelektrode gebracht wird. Damit kann gewährleistet werden, daß die Anwendung von hochfrequentem Wechselstrom auf die unmittelbare Eingriffsstelle begrenzt wird und damit ein hohes Maß an Sicherheit für Patient und Anwender gewährleistet. Unfälle, verursacht durch kapazitive Leckströme oder Verbrennungen an der Neutralelektrode, können somit nicht mehr auftreten. Ferner werden durch den viel geringeren Lastwiderstand des Gewebes viel geringere Generatorleistungen zur Erzielung desselben thermischen Gewebeeffektes benötigt. Es sind nach dem Stand der Technik eine Reihe neuer Applikationssysteme in bipolarer Technik für die Elektrotomie und Gewebekoagulation entwickelt worden.
  • Bei der Gewebekoagulation unterscheidet man die sog. Oberflächenkoagulation und die Tiefenkoagulation. Zur Oberflächenkoagulation finden in der bipolaren Technik zwei parallel angeordnete Tastelektroden Verwendung, die auf das Gewebe aufgesetzt werden können. Zur Tiefenkoagulation (Desikkation) finden Nadelelektroden Verwendung. In bipolarer Technik werden solche Applikatoren z. B. zur Myomtherapie eingesetzt. Diese Applikatoren bestehen aus zwei parallel angeordneten Nadelelektroden, die in das Gewebe eingestochen werden können. Dadurch wird das Gewebe zwischen beiden Elektroden, wie auch bei der Oberflächenkoagulation mit Tastelektroden, durch den Stromfluß erhitzt und damit koaguliert. Desweiteren gibt es eine Mischform der Oberflächen- und Tiefenkoagulation bei den HF-Faßzangen. Diese gibt es in monopolaren (2 Elektroden mit gleichem Potential + Neutralelektrode) und bipolaren Ausführungen (2 Elektroden mit unterschiedlichem Potential). Dabei wird das Gewebe zwischen den beiden Elektroden (Branchen) über das Handstück mechanisch komprimiert und anschließend durch den Stromfluß koaguliert. Diese sogenannte Koaptation (Koagulation + Adaption) ermöglicht es, das Gewebe über die Oberfläche bis tief in das Gewebe zu koagulieren, ferner Hohlorgane, Lumen oder Gefäße unter Druck thermisch zu verschweißen (z. B. arterielle Blutgefäße, Eileiter). Der bei der Koagulation entstehende thermische Effekt ist eine Funktion der herrschenden Stromdichteverteilung am und im Gewebe. Aufgrund des Impedanzsprunges zwischen Elektrode und Gewebe entsteht an der Übergangsstelle zwischen Elektrode und Gewebe die höchste Stromdichte. Im Gewebe nimmt die Stromdichte mit zunehmendem Abstand von der Elektrode ab. Daher ist die generierte Wärme an der Gewebeoberfläche bei den derzeit verfügbaren HF-Zangen immer größer bzw. gleich der in der Tiefe erzeugten Wärme.
  • Für die In-vivo-Tiefenkoagulation sind nach dem Stand der Technik jedoch keine Applikationssysteme bekannt, die durch ihre technische Ausführung an der Elektroden-Gewebekontaktfläche geringere Wärmemengen erzeugt als in der Tiefe des Gewebes und damit eine thermische Schonung der Gewebeoberfläche (z. B. Haut) sicherstellen kann. Aus der Anmeldung DE 195 41 566 A1 ist bekannt, daß sich über speziell modifizierte Elektroden die elektrische Feldausbreitung für den Einsatz zur interstitiellen Tiefenkoagulation beeinflussen läßt, sowie Maßnahmen zur Optimierung der Leistungsankopplung an das Gewebe treffen lassen.
  • Erfindungsgemäße Lösung
  • In grundlegenden Untersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß beim Einsatz spezieller Elektroden in Form und Material, deren geometrischer Anordnung und elektrischer Verschaltung, sowie der Verwendung spezieller Spül-, und Beschichtungstechniken, eine interne bzw. externe In-vivo-Tiefenkoagulation von biologischem Gewebe unter thermi scher Schonung der Gewebekontaktfläche möglich ist. Ferner wird dadurch auch das Anbacken und Verschmutzen der Elektrode verhindert.
  • Das erfindungsgemäße HF-Applikationssystem, bei dem Branchen mit Elektrodenpaaren unterschiedlicher elektrischer Potentiale zur In-vivo-Tiefenkoagulation von biologischen Gewebe unter gleichzeitiger Schonung der Gewebeoberfläche Verwendung finden, kennzeichnet sich dadurch aus, daß durch die Elektrodenanordnung und deren spezielle Ausführung in der Tiefe des Gewebes eine höhere Temperatur entstehen kann als an der Elektroden-Gewebeübergangsstelle. Die erfindungsgemäße Lösung besteht darin, daß hier zwei oder mehrere Elektrodenpaare in symmetrischer oder unsymmetrischer Anordnung in Bezug auf die drei Raumrichtungen einander gegenüberstehen, daß jedes Elektrodenpaar unterschiedliche elektrische Potentiale aufweist und die einzelnen Elektrodenpaare teilweise voneinander galvanisch entkoppelt sind. Durch die Verwendung galvanisch entkoppelter Elektrodenpaaranordnungen wird ermöglicht, eine Superposition der Stromdichte in tieferen Gewebeschichten zu erzeugen.
  • Durch eine bevorzugt zangenartige Vorrichtung, an deren beiden vorderen Branchen das Elektrodenpaar oder die Elektrodenpaare auf der jeweiligenen Brancheninnenseite angebracht sind, wird das zu koagulierende Gewebe zunächst mechanisch fixiert und komprimiert sowie anschließend mit einer definierten HF-Leistung beaufschlagt. In der erfindungsgemäß bevorzugten Ausführungsform einer zangenartige Vorrichtung sind desweiteren die beiden Branchen gegeneinander elektrisch isoliert und besitzen des weiteren unterschiedlich elektrische Potentiale. (1).
  • In der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung stehen die Elektroden entweder in direktem Kontakt mit dem Gewebe oder über eine spezielles Kontaktfluid, wie Gel, NaCl-Lsg. oder andere geeigneten Substanzen oder Materialien zur Verminderung der Übergangsimpedanz (Elektrode/Gewebe) sowie zur Kühlung der Gewebeoberfläche. Diese Substanz wird entweder vorher zwischen die Elektroden und das Gewebe gebracht oder über das Applikationssystem selbst über geeignete Zuführungen (Bohrungen, Membranen etc.) eingebracht. Die erfindungsgemäß vorzugsweise starren Branchen bestehen entweder aus den Elektroden selbst, wie z. B. aus einer elektrisch leitenden metallischen Legierung, einem elektrisch leitenden Kunststoff, einem elektrisch leitenden Biomaterial oder anderen geeigneten Materialien. Sie können aber auch aus einem dielektrischen Material wie z. B. Kunststoff gefertigt werden, die ihrerseits wiederum die eigentlichen Elektroden, bestehend aus den o. g. Materialien aufnehmen können. Die Form der Elektroden ist vorzugsweise flächig, kugelförmig oder zylindrisch oder sie weisen eine andere geeignete Form auf, um störende elektri sche Spitzeneffekte auf der Gewebeoberfläche zu vermeiden. Eine weitere Spezifikation der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung ist die hohle Ausbildung der Elektroden. Diese können aber auch in ihrer Auslegung als massive Baugruppe gefertigt werden.
  • Die erfindungsgemäße Lösung schließt die Verwendung einer speziellen Spülvorrichtung mit ein. Die Elektroden werden entweder vor oder während der HF-Applikation durch eine geeignete Spüleinrichtung elektrisch direkt mit dem Gewebe angekoppelt, um einen Austrocknen und Erwärmen des Gewebes zu vermeiden. Diese Spülung kann vor oder während der Applikation, kontinuierlich oder intermittierend erfolgen. Als Spülvorrichtungen kommen ein offener Flüssigkeitskühl- und Spülkreislauf oder eine Verdampfungskühlung zur Anwendung. Dazu werden erfindungsgemäß die einzelnen Elektroden durch Einbau eines offenen Flüssigkeitskühlkreislaufes und/oder oder das vorherige oder parallele Besprühen mit einem speziellen Kälte- oder Kontaktspray (Verdampfungskühlung/Kontaktierung) versehen. Das verwendete Spülmittel besteht in der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung aus einer physiologischen Kochsalzlösung oder anderen geeigneten Flüssigkeiten oder Gasen.
  • In Weiterführung des Erfindungsgedankens kann statt der starren Elektroden oder Branche auch an eine flexible Ausführung gedacht werden. Dabei könnten sich die Elektroden besser an die Gewebeoberfläche anpassen. Die Elektroden oder Branchen könnten dabei aus flexiblen oder semi-flexiblen Materialien oder Verbundmaterialien bestehen.
  • In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausbildung des erfindungsgemäßen Übertragungssystems werden die elektrischen Zuleitungen auf der Innenseite oder innerhalb der Griffe der vorzugsweise zangenförmigen Vorrichtung bis zu den Elektroden an der Innenseite der beiden Branchen geführt. Ferner wird durch geeignete mechanische Abstandshalter wie Potentiometer und einem integrierten Drucksensor sichergestellt, daß ein definierter Anpressdruck der Elektroden ans Gewebe und ein definierter Abstand der beiden Branchen eingehalten wird, um eine entsprechende Leistungseinstellung am HF-Generator vornehmen zu können. Dieser Anpressdruck und Abstand sind variabel und können auf die einzelne Applikation eingestellt werden.
  • In Weiterführung des Erfindungsgedankens ist auch ein paralleler Betrieb mehrerer zangenförmiger Vorrichtungen realisierbar. Hierbei werden erfindungsgemäß mehrere vorzugsweise zangenförmige Vorrichtungen, wie oben beschrieben, mit entsprechenden Elektrodenanordnungen durch einen HF-Generator gespeist der mehrere galvanisch entkoppelte Ausgangskanäle besitzt oder über eine separate HF-Weiche, die vom Ausgangsteil des Generators gespeist die HF-Leistung entsprechend dem Bedarf in mehrerer Ausgangskanäle galvanisch entkoppelt aufteilt. Die vorzugsweise zangenförmigen Vorrichtungen können einzeln oder gleichzeitig eingesetzt werden. Dadurch wird es möglich, gleichzeitig oder zumindest unter Ersparnis von Zeit und Kosten HF-Applikationen an verschiedenen Gewebestellen eines Tieres oder eines Menschen oder mehrerer Tiere oder mehrerer Menschen gleichzeitig durchzuführen.
  • Eine bevorzugtes Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung des vorherig beschriebenen HF-Applikationssystems stellt eine Vorrichung zur minimal traumatisierenden Sterilisierung von männlichen Säugetieren oder Menschen dar. Eine bevorzugte Anwendung ist die Sterilisierung von Bullen, Hengsten, Hammeln, Böcken, Rüden oder Katern jeden Alters. Durch den Einsatz dieser erfindungsgemäßen Lösung zur Verödung der Samenleiter unter Schonung der Gewebeoberfläche steht somit erstmals ein nicht-invasives, intern oder extern oberflächlich angewandtes Tiefenkoagulationsverfahren zur Verfügung.
  • Es folgt die Beschreibung der Abbildungen.
  • 1)
  • Dargestellt ist eine zangenartige Vorrichtung (3) bestehend aus zwei Branchen verbunden über ein isolierendes Gelenk (2) mit integriertem Potentiometer (2). In den einstellbar gelagerten (2a) Elektrodenhaltern am Ende der beiden Branchen (1) befinden sich die Elektroden (1a), Spülkanäle (1b) und Sensoren (1c) (Druck, Temperatur) in ihren erfindungsgemäßen Konfigurationen (1.11.4). Die Elektroden werden über geeignete elektrische Zuleitungen (4) mit einer Energiequelle (5) (HF-Generator) verbunden. Ferner befinden sich an der Vorrichtung Anschlüsse für eine Spülung (6) der Elektroden-Gewebe-Kontaktfläche.

Claims (8)

  1. Vorrichtung, welche über Branchen verfügt, auf denen Elektrodenpaare unterschiedlicher elektrischer Potentiale zur Applikation hochfrequenter Wechselströme für die In-vivo-Tiefenkoagulation biologischer Gewebevolumina angeordnet sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Vorrichtung über wenigstens zwei Elektrodenpaare verfügt, welche einander symmetrisch oder unsymmetrisch gegenüberstehend in Bezug auf die drei Raumrichtungen angeordnet sind.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als Elektrodenmaterial eine metallische Legierung oder ein elektrisch leitender Kunststoff oder ein elektrisch leitendes Biomaterial oder andere elektrisch leitende Materialien Anwendung finden.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Form der Elektroden flächig, kugelförmig oder zylindrisch ist oder eine andere geeignete spitzen- und kantenfreie Form aufweisen.
  4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Elektroden zugänglich als Hohlkörper ausgelegt sind.
  5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Elektroden zugänglich massiv ausgelegt sind.
  6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Elektrodenpaare voneinander ganz, teilweise oder nicht galvanisch entkoppelt betrieben werden können.
  7. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass im Behandlungsfall das Elektrodenpaar oder die Elektrodenpaare das zu koagulierende Gewebe mit Hilfe einer vorzugsweise zangenartigen Vorrichtung zwischen zwei oder mehreren gegeneinander elektrisch isolierten Brachenpaaren fixiert bzw. fixieren, bevor das Gewebe mit dem hochfrequenten Wechselstrom mit einer Frequenz zwischen 100 kHz und 1 GHz beaufschlagt wird.
  8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Elektroden nach Anspruch 4 und 5 im Behandlungsfall direkt oder indirekt über geeignete Zuführungen wie Bohrungen mit geeigneten Substanzen wie Kochsalzlösungen zu spülen sind und zwischen Gewebe und Elektrode in Kontakt gebracht werden um diese zu kühlen und das Austrocknen des Gewebes zu verhindern, wobei als Spülvorrichtungen ein Flüssigkeitsspülkreislauf oder eine Verdampfungskühlung zur Anwendung kommen.
DE1997138457 1997-09-03 1997-09-03 Verfahren und Vorrichtung für die In-vivo-Tiefenkoagulation biologischer Gewebevolumina bei gleichzeitiger Schonung der Gewebeoberfläche mit hochfrequentem Wechselstrom Expired - Lifetime DE19738457B4 (de)

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