CN102008037A - Gos和多聚果糖的协同作用 - Google Patents
Gos和多聚果糖的协同作用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102008037A CN102008037A CN2010105863269A CN201010586326A CN102008037A CN 102008037 A CN102008037 A CN 102008037A CN 2010105863269 A CN2010105863269 A CN 2010105863269A CN 201010586326 A CN201010586326 A CN 201010586326A CN 102008037 A CN102008037 A CN 102008037A
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- polyfructosan
- inulin
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Abstract
本发明涉及益生元领域。提供了含有协同有效量的多聚果糖和半乳寡聚糖(GOS)组合物的用途。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及人的健康和营养领域。提供了益生元碳水化合物的新协同混合物,尤其是半乳寡聚糖(GOS,例如TOS)和多聚果糖(例如,菊粉)的混合物,以及含有这些的营养组合物。当喂给奶瓶喂养或部分奶瓶喂养的婴儿时,营养组合物具有有益的效果,当具有肠问题如炎性肠病(IBD)或肠易激综合征(IBS)的成人摄入时,也具有促进健康的效果。
背景技术
人大肠(通常分成盲肠,结肠和直肠)中的微生物菌丛在人的营养和健康中起着关键作用。细菌组成可以受到膳食摄入的影响和调节。穿过胃和小肠的碳水化合物通过细菌来代谢并形成作为主要代谢终产物的短链脂肪酸(SCFA),如醋酸,丙酸,丁酸和戊酸,其随后释放至血液中。细菌发酵的其他终产物包括例如乳酸和琥珀酸。这些终产物的总量和组成(相对量)随后对细菌生长,pH,排除致病物种等具有深远影响。有益影响微生物菌丛和人健康的一种方法是给予益生元。将“益生元”定义为“通过选择性刺激结肠中一种或有限数量细菌的生长和/或活性来有益地影响宿主并因此改善宿主健康的不易消化的食品成分”(Gibson和Roberfroid 1995,J.Nutr.125,1401-1412)。为了归类为益生元,化合物必须满足的标准是:1)在胃肠道的上部(胃,小肠)必须不被水解或吸收,2)必须通过结肠中一种或多种潜在有益细菌来选择性发酵,3)必须改变结肠的微生物群接近更健康的组成和4)必须优选诱导对受试者健康有益的效果。通常所用的益生元是所谓的不易消化的碳水化合物(或“可溶膳食纤维”),其未经消化而通过胃肠道上部进入大肠。这些包括例如果糖低聚糖(FOS),低多聚果糖,菊粉和转半乳寡聚糖(TOS)。应当注意到在文献中,不同术语的使用之间通常存在不一致性,如果糖低聚糖,菊粉,低多聚果糖和菊粉低聚糖,且相同的术语可以用于不同的化合物或组合物。
公知的有益菌,其受到益生元摄取的刺激,是乳酸细菌,如乳杆菌(Lactobacilli)和双歧杆菌(Bifidobacteria),且健康益处归因于这种刺激作用。例如,已经描述了菊粉和菊粉-型果聚糖,如低多聚果糖,对肠功能的有益效果(Jenkins等,1999,J.Nutrition 129,1431S-1433S),且认为这种效果是由促双歧杆菌生长(bifidogenic)作用而引起的,其指的是对全部双歧杆菌的选择性生长刺激作用,通过粪便双歧杆菌计数的体内或体外来测量(参见,例如,Roberfroid,Am J Clin Nutr 2001,73(增刊),406S-409S)。
人乳似乎也具有促双歧杆菌生长作用,因为母乳喂养的婴儿中确认的主要细菌是双歧杆菌。相反,配方奶喂养婴儿的细菌集群不是由双歧杆菌占优势的而是细菌种更多样(Harmsen等,2000,J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr.30,61-67)。认为人乳中发现的低聚糖引起了促双歧杆菌生长或益制食品生元效果并以尽可能近似于人乳,尤其是具有与人乳相同或非常相似的益生元效果的方式来尽力改良婴儿配制食品。这已经通过将益生元加入婴儿配方奶粉中来完成(Boehm等,Acta Paediatr.增刊,2003,441,64-67和Moro等,J PediatrGastroenterol Nutr 34,291-295)。例如,已经描述了补充包括转半乳寡聚糖(TOS)和菊粉HP的低聚糖混合物的牛奶配方奶粉来提高奶瓶喂养婴儿中双歧杆菌的粪便计数(Boehm等,2002,Arch Dis Child86,F178-F181)。
此外,已经描述了在婴儿配方奶粉中补充TOS和菊粉以具有促双歧杆菌生长效果,并降低粪便pH(Boehm等,2003,上文;Moro等,2003,Acta Paediatr.增刊,441:77-79;Marini等,2003,ActaPaediatr.增刊,441:80-81;Boehm等,2002,Arch.Dis.Child Fetal.Neonata.编辑,86:F178-F181;Moro等,2002,J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr.34:291-295;Schmelzle等,2003,J Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr.36:343-51)。
在益生元通过乳酸细菌发酵时,产生了有机酸并降低了pH。乳杆菌产生乳酸或乳酸和醋酸(短链脂肪酸;SCFA)。乳酸可以是L-或D-型的。另一方面,双歧杆菌产生L-乳酸和醋酸,但不产生D-乳酸。双歧杆菌(和其他乳酸细菌)通常不导致气体如H2和CH4的产生。它们也不产生其他SCFA,如丙酸,丁酸,异丁酸,戊酸和异戊酸。SCFA如异丁酸和异戊酸的存在,表明碳水化合物被其他细菌种发酵,如梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridia)和拟杆菌(Bacteroides)或肠杆菌(Enterobacteriaceae),或表明蛋白质发酵(其中双歧杆菌的能力差)。此外,其他肠细菌能够产生醋酸或乳酸,如丙酸杆菌(Propionibacteria),肠球菌(Enterococci)和小球菌(Pediocci)。
之前已经报道了某些益生元碳水化合物的摄入提高了双歧杆菌和/或乳杆菌的(相对)量。已经观察到伴随的SCFA形成增加和pH降低。已经报道了将益生元如菊粉或GOS引入膳食中时,还形成了气体,其导致了不希望的症状如肠胃气胀和腹痛。此外,已经报道了不仅醋酸而且例如丁酸增加,这是不理想的。因此描述了由食用补充了某些益生元的营养物引起的一系列不利影响。
在母乳喂养婴儿的结肠和粪便中,发现主要的SCFA是醋酸。此外,发现了高浓度的乳酸。这些(相对)量高于成人(其中乳酸的浓度通常是可忽略不计的)或标准配方奶粉喂养的婴儿中所观察到的那些。其次,母乳喂养婴儿结肠和粪便中的丙酸且尤其是丁酸的浓度比成人中的低得多,甚至低于用标准婴儿配方奶粉喂养的婴儿中的浓度。母乳喂养婴儿中粪便的pH最低。如上所述,理想的是提供营养组合物,尤其是配方奶粉组合物,当食用时,其导致肠微生物菌丛近似于母乳喂养婴儿的。
已经描述了SCFA和乳酸以及低结肠pH的许多健康效果。已经描述了降低的pH和有机酸的存在具有抗致病效果,并提供了对酸耐受性细菌如乳酸细菌(包括双歧杆菌)的有利条件。还描述了SCFA对肠壁的作用。SCFA是结肠细胞(colonocyte)的能量源,并因此有助于肠屏障的完整性。SCFA还涉及对蠕动,胆汁酸代谢,水吸收和细胞分化的影响(参见,例如EP1105002)。已知SCFA刺激粘液的产生并涉及矿物质吸收和粘液产生。
发明内容
本发明者令人惊讶地发现GOS(尤其是TOS)和多聚果糖(尤其是菊粉),当一起给予时,提供了多种有益效果,其不能通过提高肠双歧杆菌的数量来解释,因此,其不是由现有技术中(例如,Boehm等,2002,上文)所述的TOS或菊粉HP促双歧杆菌生长效果而引起的。尤其是,出人意料地发现,给予GOS和多聚果糖混合物后,所形成的SCFA总量增加,醋酸和乳酸的相对量增加,婴儿粪便的pH降低,由此这些效果与双歧杆菌增加的(相对)量无关。除了有益的SCFA量和分布特征以及增加量的乳酸,还观察到气体形成减少。此外,发现乳酸自身具有迄今未知的对结肠的有益效果,因为发现其提高了前列腺素E1和前列腺素E2的分泌。这种效果之前只对SCFA,尤其是醋酸报道过(Willemsen等,2003,Gut 52,1442-1447)。包括乳酸的组合物,和包括刺激乳酸产生的益生元的组合物,因此可以用于刺激粘蛋白产生并支持粘膜屏障的完整性(粘液保护)。进一步发现乳酸降低了结肠肌肉的自发收缩和张力,导致痉挛和疼痛的缓解。
因此益生元组合物是新的,因为它们没有或没有显著地提高双歧杆菌的数量,而是确实导致SCFA总量的增加,SCFA分布特征的有益改变(醋酸增加,丁酸和丙酸减少),乳酸增加(并导致有益收缩和张力减轻效果和粘液刺激效果),粪便pH降低,气体形成减少,和SCFA更渐进的形成(包括结肠远侧部分中的形成),即,完整的发酵产物的最佳模式(更多L-乳酸,更少丁酸等)。所有这些改变使得结肠环境更类似于母乳喂养婴儿的结肠环境。因此本发明的一实施方案中,在此提供了有效量的GOS和多聚果糖的混合物制备组合物的用途,所述组合物导致结肠环境基本上与母乳喂养婴儿的相似。
当共同给予时比单独给予GOS或多聚果糖(例如,TOS或菊粉)时所发现的有益效果更显著,表明GOS和多聚果糖的协同作用。现有技术中,没有进行将给予TOS和菊粉的单独效果与共同给予这两种化合物直接相比较的研究,并且显然这样独立的单独研究不能相互比较且不适于鉴定协同效应。
GOS和多聚果糖(例如,TOS和菊粉)这种新的协同相互作用,及其共同给予的体内效果,导致含有合适(协同)量的GOS和多聚果糖的组合物的新用途,如治疗或预防绞痛和/或腹部痉挛,腹胀,肠胃气胀,腹痛,便秘,IBS,IBD,过敏和/或提高肠粘液保护。此外,含有乳酸(D-乳酸和/或L-乳酸,优选L-乳酸)的组合物可以用于治疗或预防这些症状或疾病中的一种或多种。
因此,出人意料地,益生元(GOS和多聚果糖)的特定混合物通过肠菌丛的发酵导致提高的和动力学有利的SCFA和乳酸形成以及改善的代谢终产物模式。结果,导致许多有益效果,如对粘液产生的效果,抗炎效果,对痛觉的效果和对腹部痉挛/绞痛的效果(都是通过结肠的松弛和自发收缩的减少)。含有这些益生元混合物的营养组合物还可以用于具有肠问题如IBD或IBS或由于营养不良肠屏障完整性降低的成人。
定义
“多糖”指的是具有至少10个单元链长的单糖单元的碳水化合物链。相反,“低聚糖”具有少于10个单元的链长。
“聚合度”或“DP”指的是低聚糖或多糖链中糖单元的总数。“平均DP”指的是组合物中低聚糖或多糖链的平均DP,没有考虑可能的单糖或双糖(如果存在,优选将其除去)。组合物的平均DP用于区分组合物。此外,组合物中的%糖单元,如%葡萄糖和%果糖单元是不同的。
“多聚果糖”或“多聚果聚糖”或“果糖多糖”指的是含有β连接的果糖单元链的具有10或更高聚合度的多糖碳水化合物,并包括例如菊粉(例如,菊粉IP),果聚糖和/或“混合类型的多聚果聚糖”(参见下文)。
在此所用的“菊粉”或“非水解的菊粉”或“菊粉HP”指的是以葡萄糖为链端的果糖链,大部分链(至少90%,优选至少95%)具有10或更高的聚合度(DP)。因此菊粉可以描述为GFn,其中G表示葡糖基单元,F表示果糖基单元,n是相互连接的果糖基单元的数目,n是9或更多。G/F比为约0.1∶0。然而,小部分的菊粉分子可以没有末端葡萄糖单元。平均DP在此优选为至少15,更优选20或更高,如20,21,22,23,25,30,40,60,70,100,150或更高。菊粉中,通过β(1→2)键连接果糖单元。合适的菊粉是例如可购得的具有>23平均DP的(Orafti)。
“水解的菊粉”或“低多聚果糖”指的是以葡萄糖和果糖为链端的果糖链混合物,具有低于10的DP。因此,水解的菊粉可以描述为GFn链和Fn链的混合物(其中G是葡糖基单元,F是果糖基单元,且n=1-8)。水解的菊粉是菊粉的(酶或酸)水解产物或部分水解产物,由β(1→2)果糖基-果糖键的断裂而形成。术语水解的菊粉还包括合成制得或重组制得的具有相同结构组成的菊粉。
“左聚糖(levan)”或“果聚糖(levulan)”或“菊芋糖”(levulin)“左旋聚糖(levulosan)”指的是由多聚果糖构成的多糖,其中果糖单元由β(2→6)键连接。起始葡萄糖部分可以存在,但这不是必需的。聚合度高于10。
“混合类型的多聚果聚糖”中,由β(2→1)和β(2→6)键连接果糖单元。混合类型的多聚果聚糖是支链的并具有>10的DP。
“GOS”或“半乳寡聚糖”,或“转半乳寡聚糖”或“TOS”指的是由半乳糖单元构成的低聚糖,具有10或更低的DP,且平均DP为2,3,4,5或6。葡萄糖单元可以存在于链的还原端。优选GOS含有至少2/3的半乳糖单元。最优选的是具有β-(1→4)糖苷键的转半乳寡聚糖(TOS)。这样的GOS是例如发现于GOS(从Borculo DomoIngredients,Zwolle,Netherlands可购得),包括具有β(1→4)糖苷键和β(1→6)糖苷键的半乳寡聚糖。
“SCFA”或“短链脂肪酸”指的是脂肪酸,具有至多C6的碳链长,作为细菌肠发酵的终产物产生,如醋酸(C2),丙酸(C3),丁酸和异丁酸(C4),戊酸和异戊酸(C5)和其他。表述“iC4-5”指的是异丁酸,戊酸和异戊酸的总和。
“协同有效量”指的是当共同给予时,赋予一种(或多种)特定生理效应(如本文别处所述的)的GOS和多聚果糖(例如,TOS和菊粉)的量,借此共同给予的总效果显著大于单独给予GOS或多聚果糖效果的总和。例如,如果单独给予GOS的效果是X,单独给予多聚果糖的效果是Y,那么共同给予GOS和多聚果糖的效果大于X+Y,例如,共同给予1/2浓度的GOS加上1/2浓度的多聚果糖的效果大于1/2X+1/2Y的效果等。
两种或多种物质的“共同给予”指的是将这些物质给予一个个体,以一种组合物或分开的组合物(药盒部分;作为联用的组合物),同时给予(同时)或在短的时间间隔内给予(分开或连续使用,例如,在几分钟或几小时内)。
“肠道”在此指的是直接递送至患者的胃肠道(例如,口服或通过管子,导管或人造口)。
术语“含有”应理解为指定所述部分、步骤或成分的存在,但不排除一个或多个其他部分、步骤或成分的存在。
“婴儿”在此指的是0-36个月大的人,优选0-18个月,或更优选0-12个月。
“母乳喂养的婴儿”指的是只用人母乳喂养的婴儿。“非或部分母乳喂养的婴儿”是不只用人母乳喂养的婴儿。这包括每天至少一瓶(约80ml)配方奶粉喂养的婴儿。
“百分比”或“平均”通常指的是重量平均的百分比,除非另外指出或除非明显地是指另一种基准。
本发明的一实施方案中提供了含有合适(协同有效)量的GOS和多聚果糖的组合物的多种新用途。
根据本发明的用途和方法
在此所述的各种用途中,患者优选是人患者,更优选是婴儿,如新生婴儿至12个月大的婴儿。尤其是指奶瓶喂养的婴儿或部分奶瓶喂养的婴儿。或者,患者还可以是儿童,少年或成人。尤其是使用根据本发明的组合物可以预防和/或治疗肠问题,如但不限于炎性肠病(IBD),肠易激综合征(IBS),肠胃气胀,腹部痉挛,绞痛,腹胀,腹痛等,其还可以导致疲劳,抑郁或喜怒无常。此外,可以提高粘膜产生和预防或治疗由肠次最优功能引起的过敏。可以提高由营养不良,外科手术,化疗等引起的屏障功能削弱患者的肠屏障功能。
含有GOS和多聚果糖的组合物,如含有TOS和菊粉的组合物,一实施方案中,可以用于诱导在患者的大肠中产生SCFA和显著提高给予后(肠和/或粪便)所产生的SCFA总量和/或显著改变(肠和/或粪便)所产生的SCFA相对量,尤其是提高(肠和/或粪便)总SCFA中的醋酸相对量,和/或显著提高所产生的肠乳酸(绝对和相对)量,和/或显著降低或防止肠气体产生,和/或将SCFA产生延伸至结肠远侧部分,和/或显著降低大肠中的pH和粪便pH。此外,可以降低相对于总SCFA的肠和/或粪便丁酸,异丁酸,戊酸和/或异戊酸的总和。给予后可以获得这些效果,而对肠双歧杆菌的总数和/或相对数量没有显著影响。在此提供了用于治疗或预防与这些肠效果的一种或多种相关或由其引起的任何疾病或失调或不适的组合物。
本发明提供了半乳寡聚糖和多聚果糖用于制备治疗或预防腹胀,气体形成,腹痛和/或肠胃气胀的组合物的用途。再一实施方案中,本发明提供了半乳寡聚糖和多聚果糖用于制备治疗或预防过敏,湿疹或特应性疾病的组合物的用途。再一实施方案中,本发明提供了半乳寡聚糖和多聚果糖用于制备治疗和/或预防绞痛和/或用于松弛结肠收缩,优选紧张性收缩和/或位相性收缩的组合物的用途。另一实施方案中,本发明提供了半乳寡聚糖和多聚果糖用于制备治疗或预防肠易激综合征或炎性肠病的组合物的用途。再一实施方案中,本发明提供了半乳寡聚糖和多聚果糖用于制备提高肠屏障功能和/或大肠中粘液产生的组合物的用途。
除非另外指出,(例如,SCFA,醋酸或乳酸)的“显著提高”在此指的是与单独给予GOS或多聚果糖(例如,菊粉)时产生的量相比较,至少5%,优选至少10%,更优选至少20%,或更多的提高。相似地,除非另外指出,(例如,气体形成)的显著降低指的是与单独给予多聚果糖(例如,菊粉)产生的量相比较,至少5%,优选至少10%,更优选至少20%,25%,50%或更多(例如,70%,80%,90%,100%)的降低。
还可以测量作为GOS和多聚果糖组合物发酵产物所产生的SCFA总量的提高,表示为患者粪便样品pH的显著降低,反映出大肠中pH的体内降低。在婴儿中,发现共同给予TOS和多聚果糖(例如,菊粉)后,粪便pH降低至约5.8或更低,如pH5.6,5.5或5.4或5.2,而标准配制食品喂养的婴儿的pH为约或高于pH6,如约pH 5.9,6.8或甚至7.0。因此,pH的显著降低指的是与标准配制食品喂养的婴儿相比较,pH降低至少15%或0.9个单位。
共同给予合适量GOS和多聚果糖的另一有益效果是SCFA的组成显著不同于给予GOS或多聚果糖时的。尤其是丁酸的相对量显著降低,而醋酸的相对量显著提高。因此,组合物不仅可以用于改变总SCFA量,而且改变了相对SCFA比例。在共同给予TOS和多聚果糖(例如,菊粉)的婴儿中,相对SCFA水平更类似于母乳喂养婴儿中发现的水平,醋酸∶丙酸∶丁酸比例通常为约80-85%∶10-15%∶1-5%,而标准配方奶粉喂养婴儿中的比例通常为约69-74%∶16-19%∶5-6%(如实施例中所示的)。因此,通过本发明的组合物尤其提高了醋酸的相对量,而降低了丙酸和丁酸的相对量。GOS和多聚果糖的共同给予导致醋酸∶丙酸∶丁酸比例比配制食品喂养婴儿的更接近类似于母乳喂养的婴儿(其产生了高水平的丁酸和丙酸和相对低水平的醋酸)。可以通过本领域已知的方法来测量对相对SCFA比例的效果,如给予后各个时间点的粪便样品的气相色谱,使用体内研究或体外发酵系统,如例如实施例中所述的。“显著改变的SCFA组成”或“显著提高含量的醋酸”指的是醋酸量(%总SCFA)至少为约4%,5%,10%,15%,或更多,高于没有给予GOS或多聚果糖时的或单独给予GOS或多聚果糖时的。优选丙酸和/或丁酸的相对量低于没有给予GOS或多聚果糖时的或单独给予GOS或多聚果糖时的。一实施方案中,根据本发明的组合物适于将肠和/或粪便醋酸提高至高于总SCFA的约85%,如86%,87%,88%,90%或更多。
当共同给予GOS和多聚果糖时观察到的再一有益效果是与只给予GOS或只给予多聚果糖时发现的支链SCFA的比例相比较,支链SCFA的显著降低。如在此所用的,“支链SCFA的显著降低”指的是与没有喂养益生元婴儿中发现的浓度相比较降低至少70%,或导致粪便中的比例低于总SCFA的1.5%。通过将支链SCFA,即异丁酸,加上异戊酸加上戊酸的总和除以总SCFA,即醋酸,加上丙酸,加上丁酸,加上异丁酸,加上异戊酸,加上戊酸等的总和可以测量支链SCFA相对于总SCFA的比例。
降低支链SCFA的比例对患者的健康是有益的,因为支链SCFA是有害的。这表明较少的蛋白质降解,蛋白质降解是不希望的,因为蛋白质发酵导致pH升高和有害物质如H2S的形成。
丁酸的显著降低指的是与没有喂养益生元婴儿中发现的浓度相比较降低至少50%,或导致粪便中的比例低于总SCFA的4%。一实施方案中,根据本发明的组合物适于降低肠(和/或粪便)丁酸,异丁酸,戊酸和异戊酸的总和,低于总SCFA的7%,如总SCFA的6.5%,6%,5%,4%或更低。
另一实施方案中,含有GOS和多聚果糖的组合物适于提高结肠内的发酵持续时间。特别地,共同给予后细菌发酵在结肠最远侧部分仍然是旺盛的,如通过结肠远侧部分中产生SCFA所示的。在给予只含有GOS或只含有多聚果糖的组合物后,结肠远侧部分中没有产生或只产生非常少的SCFA。此外,共同给予后观察到结肠开始处的快速发酵,这对于抗致病效果尤其重要,且这也是在母乳喂养的婴儿中观察到的。总的说来,这表明组合物适于建立和/或维持患者整个结肠中相对平衡的发酵模式并将发酵和SCFA产生延伸至结肠的远端。SCFA,很可能还有其他发酵产物,尤其是乳酸,因此在整个结肠中,在结肠的开端,中部和末端产生。
再一实施方案中,以协同量共同给予GOS和多聚果糖可以用于显著提高乳酸产生,这可以通过分析测试患者和对照患者的粪便样品来再次测定,这些患者接受含有单独GOS或单独多聚果糖的组合物或没有益生元的等价基础组合物。“乳酸的显著提高”指的是与没有给予GOS或多聚果糖的患者相比较,共同给予含有GOS和多聚果糖组合物的患者产生至少5%,10%,20%或甚至50%或更多的乳酸。例如,喂养补充6g/l TOS/菊粉混合物(90%∶10%)标准配方奶粉的婴儿在16周产生约16%乳酸(作为总酸的%),而标准配方奶粉喂养的婴儿产生约0.6%乳酸,母乳喂养的婴儿产生约35%乳酸。尽管比不上母乳喂养婴儿产生的乳酸量,但补充TOS和菊粉混合物的标准配方奶粉导致乳酸产生的显著提高。如实施例中所示的,发现乳酸具有意想不到的有益效果。与醋酸相似,其提高了前列腺素E1和前列腺素E2产生并导致增强的上皮粘蛋白表达。肠粘膜在人健康中起重要作用,因为其作为对抗感染病原体,过敏原和致癌物的屏障。因此正面影响粘膜生长和/或完整性的组合物可用于帮助新生儿建立健康粘膜和帮助奶瓶喂养或部分奶瓶喂养婴儿和患有由肠粘膜不完全功能引起或与其相关症状或疾病患者建立健康粘膜。例如,可以治疗或预防肠问题,如炎性肠病(IBD,例如,结肠炎或节段性回肠炎)或肠易激综合征(IBS),或可以减少通过粘膜的病原体附着和/或进入,或可以预防或减少其他免疫问题,如哮喘的产生。还可以预防或减少由营养不良,外科手术,化疗等引起的肠屏障完整性的丧失。
此外,给予D-或L-乳酸后,自发收缩和腹部紧张以剂量依赖性方式显著减轻。因此,根据本发明的组合物可以用于提高肠乳酸水平并因此治疗或预防如腹痛,绞痛,腹部收缩,腹部紧张等的症状。
因为发现乳酸本身具有未知的作用,所以本发明的再一目的是提供含有合适量乳酸的组合物,其可以用于治疗或预防上述症状和疾病。一实施方案中,组合物只含有合适量的乳酸,而另一实施方案中,在此所述的GOS和多聚果糖组合物还包含乳酸来进一步提高肠乳酸水平。根据本发明的一种这样的组合物包含协同有效量的TOS和菊粉,并进一步包含合适量的乳酸。一实施方案中,提供了适于将肠和/或粪便乳酸提高至高于约10mmol/kg粪便的组合物。
可以理解当涉及粪便样品分析时,这是实际体内效果的间接测量。同样,可以进行体外测定,借此细菌群在体外生长并将合适量组合物加入培养物中。特别地,可以使用实施例中描述的体外发酵系统。
因此共同给予含有GOS和多聚果糖的组合物可以用于获得以下的一种或多种生理效应:
-总SCFA的显著增加
-pH的显著降低
-显著改变的SCFA组成
-支链SCFA的显著减少
-每mol产生的SCFA气体产生的显著降低
-更长和更平衡的发酵,甚至包括结肠最远侧部分的发酵,和/或
-SCFA的高初始形成和/或结肠最近侧部分中的乳酸形成
-促进结肠开端,中部和末端的SCFA产生
-乳酸的显著增加(绝对和/或相对)和/或
-L-乳酸作为所形成总乳酸比例的相对量的增加
优选实施方案中,当使用含有GOS和多聚果糖二者的组合物时,与给予只含有GOS或多聚果糖,或不含有GOS或多聚果糖的组合物时相比较,显著改变至少2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9或所有这些效果。特别地,共同给予(协同有效量)GOS和多聚果糖后,至少2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9或所有这些效果显著大于单独给予GOS和多聚果糖的效果的总和。
因此,根据本发明的协同组合物在给予协同有效量后特别适于在婴儿的大肠中建立和/或维持健康微生物菌丛。优选实施方案中,婴儿在出生后的头几周内只喂养补充协同有效量GOS和多聚果糖的基础组合物如配方奶粉。因此,优选的组合物是婴儿的膳食组合物。另一实施方案中,婴儿只是部分喂养根据本发明的组合物。一实施方案中,组合物用于治疗或预防选自以下的一种或多种症状:气体形成,肠胃气胀,结肠炎,腹胀,腹部痉挛,腹痛,IBS,IBD,过敏和/或作为粘膜保护剂。因此,GOS和多聚果糖可以用于制备组合物或联用的组合物,用于同时,分开或按序用于治疗肠胃气胀,过量气体形成,结肠炎,腹胀,腹部痉挛,腹痛,IBS,IBD,过敏,降低的肠屏障功能和/或作为粘膜保护剂。这种情况下的患者可以是任何患者,从婴儿,儿童,青少年至成人。无疑地,其中加入协同有效量GOS和多聚果糖的基础组合物,将根据患者的年龄,给予方式和待治疗或预防的主要症状而改变。对于婴儿,例如基础组合物优选是液体或粉末形式的婴儿或较大婴儿(follow-on)配制食品,而对于成人,营养补充组合物(液体,半液体或固体)或管饲可能更合适。
优选实施方案中,以适于显著提高所形成肠SCFA总量和/或显著改善肠SCFA组成(尤其是显著提高醋酸相对于SCFA总量的百分比)和/或显著提高乳酸产生和/或显著降低肠pH和/或显著减少肠气体形成的协同有效量来共同给予GOS和多聚果糖。
提供了含有协同有效量GOS和多聚果糖的组合物用于治疗和/或预防绞痛和/或腹部痉挛,腹胀和/或肠胃气胀,腹痛,IBS,IBD和/或过敏的用途。还提供了该组合物用于提高粘膜保护和强化肠屏障的用途。可以理解不一定涉及一种组合物,而是GOS和多聚果糖可以存在于当共同给予时提供协同有效量的分开的组合物中。
通过SCFA水平,分布特征和肠pH的这些改变,组合物能够导致以下的一种或多种下游有益效果:
a)降低了SCFA产生部位的肠渗透性。这对于预防疾病和维持健康是重要的,尤其是预防过敏产生。共同给予GOS和多聚果糖导致更平稳的发酵并将发酵延伸至结肠远侧部分的发现在这方面是重要的,因为肠的渗透性,包括结肠的远侧部分,可以均匀地降低,并因此可以均匀地将肠维持于健康状态。
b)增强了肠的运动性或蠕动,其减轻或预防便秘,这是配制食品喂养的婴儿中观察到的常见问题。
c)降低自发收缩的量和结肠肌肉紧张,导致较少的痉挛和较少的腹痛。
d)提高钙离子吸收,其对于患者的骨矿物化和骨发育是重要的,尤其如果患者是婴儿的话。
e)可以减少健康下降的继发性症状,如疲劳,抑郁和情绪波动,
f)肠粘膜的粘液产生显著增加,其提供了对抗病原体附着和群集的保护。特别地,发现乳酸水平与粘液产生正相关。因此根据本发明的组合物可以用于刺激粘液产生。
g)可以将胆汁代谢改变至母乳喂养婴儿中观察到的水平和/或模式。
h)沿着整个结肠抑制了肠致病微生物的生长。
因此含有协同有效量GOS和多聚果糖的组合物可以用于维持或建立(例如,在新生儿,早产儿或足月儿或非-或部分母乳喂养婴儿或其他患者如成人中)一种或多种以上的生理效应和维持或改善患者的健康,通过确保或建立健康的大肠环境和最佳的大肠活性。
特别地,通过给予本发明的组合物可以减轻、消除或预防疾病、失调或症状如绞痛和/或腹部痉挛,腹胀和/或肠胃气胀,腹痛,IBS,IBD和/或过敏,肠病原菌感染(例如,细菌,病毒,真菌),腹泻,湿疹,过敏诱导的哮喘和其他特应性疾病,和/或便秘的发生率,持续时间和/或严重程度。根据本发明的组合物还可以用于松弛结肠的收缩,优选阶段性和/或紧张性收缩。
根据本发明的组合物
适于上述用途的组合物含有协同有效量的多聚果糖和GOS二者。该组合物含有3/97至97/3,优选5/95至95/5,更优选90/10至45/55比例的GOS/多聚果糖。在此包括所有这些端点之间的单个比例,如10/90,20/80,30/70,40/60,50/50,55/45,60/40,70/30,80/20,85/15,90/10等。
获得(最佳)协同效果需要的剂量和GOS/多聚果糖比例可以根据组合物的类型以及给予的方法和频率而改变。然而,以下给出了几个实施例。本领域技术人员容易测定每个成分需要多大剂量来获得最佳生理效应和怎样的GOS/多聚果糖比例是最合适的。例如,如果主要目的是为了提高口服含有GOS和多聚果糖组合物后的SCFA总水平,则本领域技术人员将制得各种组合物(包括GOS加上多聚果糖,GOS单独,多聚果糖单独)并使用本领域已知的体内或体外测试来比较它们诱导高SCFA水平的功效。可以理解当涉及“日剂量”或“每天的剂量”时,这不意味着必须将该剂量一次给予患者。
例如,协同有效的婴儿配制食品可以由含有约4g/l,5g/l或更多GOS和多聚果糖混合物的基础组合物(例如,标准婴儿配制食品),借此可以改变GOS与多聚果糖的比例,如本文别处所述的(例如,90%GOS:10%多聚果糖)。
例如,多聚果糖是左聚糖和/或菊粉。用于组合物中的多聚果糖,如左聚糖或菊粉,可以如本领域已知的从天然来源(植物或细菌)提取或可以通过从头合成或通过重组DNA技术来制得。例如在DeLeenheer(1996),US 6569488和US 5968365中,已经描述了菊粉的提取、大小分离和纯化方法。例如已经在US 6559356中描述了重组生产方法。合成通常包括使用蔗糖分子和具有果糖基转移酶活性的酶。适用于组合物中的菊粉也已经可以购得,例如,HP,Ofafti。
植物菊粉通常具有比细菌菊粉低得多的聚合度(至多150,与细菌中的高达100,000相比较)。植物来源包括双子叶物种,如菊科(Compsitae)。产生相对大量菊粉的物种实例是菊苣,芦笋,大丽花,菊芋,大蒜和其他,主要在它们的根,球茎或块茎中(参见,Kaur和Gupta,J.Biosci.2002,27,703-714)。因为优选菊粉不应当包含低多聚果糖,应当避免水解或在使用前应当除去存在的低多聚果糖和/或单糖或双糖。
尤其优选的是具有至少10,15,20,50,70,100,120,130,150,200,300,500或更高PD的多聚果糖。可以水解多聚果糖,如左聚糖,以避免与太长链相关的粘度问题,只要保持10或更高的PD。
还可以从天然来源如植物(例如,单子叶植物),酵母,真菌,细菌获得或化学或使用重组DNA技术制得左聚糖。
GOS可以从天然来源如植物(例如,菊苣,大豆)或细菌获得,或可以如本领域技术人员已知的经合成或通过重组DNA技术来制得。GOS可以是β半乳寡聚糖或α半乳寡聚糖或两者的混合物。特别地,半乳糖残基通过β(1-4)和β(1-6)糖苷健连接(转GOS或TOS)。适用于组合物中的GOS也已经可购得,例如,GOS,Borculo DomoIngredients,Zwolle,The Netherlands。GOS也可以得自乳糖,通过用β-半乳糖苷酶酶促处理乳糖或通过水解聚葡聚糖。优选实施方案中,使用TOS。一实施方案中,优选多聚果糖是菊粉HP,所以TOS和菊粉HP的组合也是在此的优选实施方案。
所提供的其他组合物是含有合适量乳酸的组合物,尤其是用于上述的用途。乳酸的合适量可以改变,例如可以每天1至30克。
根据本发明的组合物可以是食品组合物,食品补充组合物或药物组合物。除了多聚果糖和GOS(和/或乳酸),它们可以含有另外的成分。对于食品组合物或食品补充组合物,这些应当是食品级的和生理学上可接受的。“食品”指的是液体,固体或半固体膳食组合物,尤其是完全食品组合物(食品替代物),其不需要另外的营养摄入或食品补充组合物。食品补充组合物不能完全替代通过其他方式摄入营养素。优选的实施方案中食品和食品补充组合物是婴儿食品或食品补充剂,用于早产儿的食品或食品补充剂,婴儿食品,学走路孩子的食品等,优选通过肠道给予,优选每天口服几次。食品或食品补充组合物特别适于非-或部分母乳喂养的婴儿。此外,可以将组合物有益地给予处于对固体食品的适应期的婴儿或从母乳改为奶瓶喂养的婴儿。组合物还可以是人乳强化补充剂的一部分。
一实施方案中,组合物是如本领域已知的婴儿或较大婴儿配制食品,尤其是如欧洲委员会指令91/321/EEC及其修订中所述的,但可以改良以包含有效量的多聚果糖和GOS。婴儿或较大婴儿配制食品可以基于奶(牛奶,羊奶等),婴儿配方奶粉(IMF)或用于乳糖不耐受婴儿的大豆或可以含有作为氮源的氨基酸,用于具有过敏或吸收相关问题的婴儿。因此,可购得的婴儿或较大婴儿配制食品包含日推荐量的乳蛋白或大豆蛋白基料,脂肪,维生素,可消化的碳水化合物和矿物质并可以是粉末,液体浓缩物或即可喂养的组合物。
改良的婴儿或较大婴儿配制食品的给予导致类似母乳喂养婴儿的大肠环境,这可以通过粪便pH,细菌组成,SCFA产生和特征,气体形成等的分析来测定。当组合物是饮料时,优选以每日基础所食用或给予的体积(包括每日有效剂量)为约100至1500ml,更优选约450至1000ml每天。当配制食品是固体时,优选以每日基础所食用或给予的量(包括每日有效量)为约15至220g/天,优选约70至150g/天的配制食品粉末。
对于婴儿,每日有效量的GOS和多聚果糖为约1至30g/天,优选约2至10g/天,优选对于成人为约5至20g/天。
根据本发明的食品或食品补充组合物可以另外包含其他活性成分,如维生素(A,B1,B2,B3,B5,B12,C,D,E,K等),益生菌(例如,双歧杆菌,乳杆菌等),其他益生元,纤维素,乳铁蛋白,免疫球蛋白,核苷酸等。可以存在各种量的营养物如蛋白质,脂质和其他碳水化合物(例如,可消化的碳水化合物,不可消化的碳水化合物,可溶或不可溶的碳水化合物)。通常婴儿营养物中存在的不可溶不可消化的碳水化合物是大豆多糖,抗性淀粉,纤维素和半纤维素。通常用于婴儿营养物中的可溶且可消化的碳水化合物是例如麦芽糖糊精,乳糖,麦芽糖,葡萄糖,果糖,蔗糖和其他单糖或双糖或其混合物。组合物还可以包含其他无活性成分和载体,如例如,葡萄糖,乳糖,蔗糖,甘露醇,淀粉,纤维素或纤维素衍生物,硬脂酸镁,硬脂酸,糖精钠,滑石,碳酸镁等。组合物还可以包含水,电解质,必需和非必需氨基酸,微量元素,矿物质,纤维,甜味剂,调味料,色素,乳化剂和稳定剂(如大豆卵磷脂,柠檬酸,单或双甘油酯),防腐剂,粘合剂,香料等。
适于组合物,尤其适于婴儿食品或食品补充剂的脂质是乳脂,植物脂质,如低芥酸菜籽油,红花油,向日葵油,橄榄油,鱼油等,或其含有合适脂肪酸(多不饱和的和/或饱和的)的级分或其混合物。
适于组合物,尤其适于婴儿食品或食品补充剂的蛋白质包括酪蛋白,乳清,脱脂炼乳,大豆,牛肉,胶原蛋白,玉米和其他植物蛋白或水解蛋白,游离氨基酸等。优选包含于婴儿食品或食品补充剂组合物中的蛋白质得到大量水解和/或部分水解来降低过敏风险。根据本发明的婴儿食品组合物优选包含每日或每周膳食中必需的营养上有效量的所有维生素和矿物质,如最小日推荐量。
一实施方案中,还可以基于(即,始于或包含)食品基料制得食品或食品补充组合物。例如,可以基于或包含乳制品,如发酵的乳制品,包括但不限于奶,酸奶基饮料或酪乳。这样的组合物可以以本身已知的方法制备,例如,通过将有效量的多聚果糖和GOS或TOS加入合适的食品或食品基料中。其他合适的食品基料是植物基料,肉基料等。
根据本发明的食品或食品补充组合物可以用于治疗和/或预防。这就是说可以在已经诊断为胃肠道问题或疾病后,或者在症状发作之前(例如,高风险患者,可能产生胃肠道问题)将其给予患者。例如,如果观察到与大肠的疾病或次最优功能相关的病状,如便秘,肠胃气胀,过敏,绞痛,腹痛,腹部痉挛,IBD,IBS,组合物的给予将有助于重新建立健康的大肠环境或防止这样症状的产生。
一实施方案中,预防性地给予组合物,来支持健康微生物菌丛的产生和/或健康的大肠环境。“健康的大肠环境”指的是正常的肠生理机能和活性,尤其是营养物、水的正常吸收,粘膜对病原菌附着、群集和感染的抵抗力等,这可以通过粪便分析和气体产生来测定。尤其指的是最佳的生理机能和活性。任何大肠的次最优功能均导致所述的症状并可以通过粪便分析和/或气体产生来测定。在此包括由次最优功能引起的肠疾病或失调。
用于治疗或预防肠失调或次最优肠功能的症状如IBD,结肠炎,IBS和/或提高的屏障完整性的药物组合物,可以包含其他生物活性成分,如药物,生物活性蛋白或肽,益生菌和其他。对于食品或食品补充组合物所述的实施方案也适用于药物组合物。
根据本发明的组合物根据给予的方法可以是任何剂型,如液体,固体,半固体,片剂,饮料,粉末等。优选口服给予患者,尽管对于一些用途,直肠或管饲(使用直接进入胃,十二指肠,或小肠或大肠的管子)可能是合适的。
本发明的再一实施方案提供了制备根据本发明组合物的方法,通过将协同有效量的GOS(或TOS)和多聚果糖加入合适的组合物基料中,如上所述。
以下非限制性实施例描述了GOS和多聚果糖的协同效应。除非另外指出,本发明的实施将使用分子生物学,药物学,免疫学,病毒学,微生物学或生物化学的标准常规方法。这样的技术描述于Sambrook和Russell(2001)Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,第三版,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,NY,Ausubel等(1994)Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,Current Protocols,USA和Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,Mark PublishingCompany,Philadelphia,Pa.,第17版(1985),Microbiology:ALaboratoryManual(第6版)James Cappuccino,LaboratoryMethodsin Food Microbiology(第3版),W.Harrigan(作者)Academic Press,在此全部引入作为参考。
附图说明
图1
用从婴儿获得的新鲜粪便体外发酵TOS,菊粉,TOS/菊粉9/1的混合物以及寡果糖和菊粉1/1的混合物48小时后醋酸,丙酸和丁酸的形成。
图2
用从婴儿获得的新鲜粪便体外发酵TOS,菊粉,TOS/菊粉9/1的混合物以及寡果糖和菊粉1/1的混合物48小时后,所形成的醋酸,丙酸和丁酸的相对量。对于每种测试纤维,将所形成的醋酸加上丙酸加上丁酸的总和设定为100%。
图3
用从婴儿获得的新鲜粪便体外发酵TOS,菊粉,TOS/菊粉9/1的混合物以及寡果糖和菊粉1/1的混合物48小时后气体的形成。所形成的气体量(ml与所形成的总SCFA量)(每g纤维mmol)相关。
图4
SCFA(以摩尔为基准90/5/5比例的醋酸/丙酸/丁酸)的混合物和L-乳酸的影响。
图4A:0,0.1,0.5,1和4mM SCFA混合物或L-乳酸对CCD18/T84共培养物(n=6)中muc-2表达的影响。误差棒表示SEM。在1和4mM SCFA混合物和0.5,1和4mM L-乳酸下的提高是统计学上显著的。
图4B:0,50,100,250和500μM SCFA混合物或乳酸对CCD18细胞(n=7)中自发PGE1和PEG2应答的影响。误差棒表示SEM。在100,250和500μM SCFA混合物和100μM L-乳酸下PGE1的增加是统计学上显著的。在100,250和500μM SCFA混合物和250μM L-乳酸下PGE2的增加是统计学上显著的(P<0.05)。
图5
醋酸钠和L-乳酸钠对结肠远端和近侧部分的自发收缩的影响。空白(设定为1g的张力)为0%。将加入40mM KCl后的张力设定为100%。
具体实施方式
实施例1
体外发酵研究表明对发酵模式的协同效应
1.1材料和方法
微生物
从奶瓶喂养婴儿的新鲜粪便中获得微生物。收集1至4个月大婴儿的新鲜粪便材料并在2小时内放入防腐培养基中。
组合物/底物
作为底物,使用9/1(w/w)比例的益生元(TOS;TOS(来自Vivinal GOS,Borculo Domo Ingredients,荷兰)和菊粉(来自Orafti的raftilinHP,比利时)的混合物;菊粉;1/1(w/w)比例的寡果糖和菊粉混合物,或无(空白)。
培养基
McBain & MacFarlane培养基:缓冲的蛋白胨水3.0g/l,酵母提取物2.5g/l,粘蛋白(刷状缘)0.8g/l,胰蛋白胨3.0g/l,L-半胱氨酸-HCl 0.4g/l,胆汁盐0.05g/l,K2HPO4.3H2O 2.6g/l,NaHCO30.2g/l,NaCl 4.5g/l,MgSO4.7H2O 0.5g/l,CaCl20.228g/l,FeSO4.7H2O0.005g/l。将500ml斯科特瓶装满培养基并在121℃灭菌15分钟。
缓冲培养基:K2HPO4.3H2O 2.6g/l,NaHCO30.2g/l,NaCl 4.5g/l,MgSO4.7H2O 0.5g/l,CaCl20.228g/l,FeSO4.7H2O 0.005g/l。用K2HPO4或NaHCO3将pH调节至6.3±0.1。将500ml斯科特瓶装满培养基并在121℃灭菌15分钟。
防腐培养基:缓冲蛋白胨20.0g/l,L-半胱氨酸-HCl 0.5g/l,巯基醋酸钠0.5g/l,每升1片刃青天。用1M NaOH或HCl将pH调节至6.7±0.1。将培养基在微波中煮沸。向30ml血清瓶装入25ml培养基并在121℃灭菌15分钟。
将新鲜粪便与防腐培养基混合。新鲜粪便以这种形式可以在4℃保存几个小时。
粪便悬浮液:将粪便的保存溶液在13,000rpm离心15分钟。除去上清液并将粪便与McBain & MacFarlane培养基以1∶5的重量比混合。
发酵
将3.0ml粪便悬浮液和85mg葡萄糖或益生元或没有添加(空白)合并于瓶子中并彻底混合。抽取t=0的样品(0.5ml)。将所得到的2.5ml悬浮液放入装满60ml缓冲培养基的60ml瓶子中的透析管中。将瓶子盖紧并在37℃温育。在3,24和48小时用皮下注射器从透析管(0.2ml)或从分析缓冲液(1.0ml)中取出样品并立即放在冰上来停止发酵。
短链脂肪酸和乳酸的测定
参见实施例2。将测定值对空白来做校正。
气体测定
在t=3,t=24和t=48,通过气压计(Druckmes sumformer,Econtronic,德国)来测量60ml瓶子顶部空间中的气压,通过将6ml皮下注射器通过瓶子的橡胶盖刺入并通过该注射器从顶部空间抽取气体直至气压为0巴。注射器中的体积是所形成气体的体积。将测定值对空白来做校正。
1.2结果
使用以下样品来进行体外发酵:
1.)85mg TOS(来自VivinalGOS,Borculo Domo Ingredients,荷兰)
2.)85mg菊粉(RaftilinHP,来自Orafti,比利时)
3.)85mg TOS/菊粉,TOS/菊粉比例为9/1(w/w)和
4.)85mg OF(raftiloseP95,来自Orafti,比利时)/菊粉(raftilinHP),OF/菊粉比例为1/1(w/w)。
所产生的SCFA总量
图1中显示了结果。图1显示了TOS/菊粉混合物导致每g纤维的SCFA量显著高于单个成分的,而且还高于低多聚果糖(OF)和菊粉混合物的。此外测试的是85mg比例为1/1的TOS/菊粉(数据未显示),其也提供了协同效应。
L-和D-乳酸产生
只在t=3测定了L-和D-乳酸。表1表明在该时间点所形成的代谢终产物。
表1-体外发酵3小时后所形成的代谢终产物(mmol/g纤维)
此外,对于TOS/菊粉混合物,与单个成分TOS和菊粉相比较,观察到乳酸的协同较多形成。与OF和菊粉的混合物相比较,乳酸百分比(基于总酸)和L-/D-乳酸比例在TOS/菊粉混合物中较高。
SCFA的相对量
图2显示了48小时后发酵产物的模式。TOS/菊粉的混合物显示出比单个成分显著高的醋酸百分比,其还高于低多聚果糖(OF)和菊粉混合物的。母乳喂养婴儿的粪便显示出高百分比的醋酸,因此TOS/菊粉混合物导致发酵产物的模式最类似母乳喂养婴儿的。
气体形成
图3中显示了结果。关于气体形成,每mmol所形成的SCFA中,TOS和TOS/菊粉混合物形成最低量的气体。菊粉和OF/菊粉混合物表明更高量的气体形成。在TOS/菊粉混合物中每mmol所形成的SCFA中气体量最低。
SCFA形成的动力学
表2表明了SCFA形成的动力学。TOS/菊粉的组合在24至48小时之间仍然显示出高的SCFA形成,表明在结肠远侧部分中仍然形成SCFA并对结肠渗透性,粘液形成和抗致病效果等具有有益效果。同样在头3小时内,形成最高量的SCFA,和人乳低聚糖的情况一样(数据未显示)。由于抗致病效果,结肠开端处的快速发酵是重要的。
表2:SCFA形成(mmol)的动力学SCFA(校正的空白)
OF=低多聚果糖
实施例2
使用TOS/菊粉的临床研究:醋酸的相对增加和丁酸的相对减少与
双歧杆菌的增加无关。TOS和菊粉具有协同效应。
2.1材料和方法
在怀孕的最后三个月,招募了63名已经决定母乳喂养的孕妇和57名选择不母乳喂养的孕妇。在分娩后3天内登记正常出生体重的婴儿,没有先天性异常,先天病或胃肠道疾病。研究得到医学中心伦理委员会,St.Radboud,Nijmegen,荷兰的批准。在研究登记之前从双亲获得书面的知情同意。
将已经决定不母乳喂养母亲的婴儿随机并双盲分配到两个配方组(OSF,OF)中的一个。标准配方组(SF;n=19,接受常规的,无补充的婴儿配方奶粉(Nutrilon I,Nutricia,荷兰)。表3中给出了131g/l标准稀释度的标准配方的主要组成数据。益生元配方组(OSF;n=19)接受补充了6g/l转半乳寡聚糖(TOS;Vivinal GOS,Borculo DomoIngredients,Zwolle,荷兰)和菊粉(PF;RaftilineHP,Orafti活性食品配料,Tienen,比利时)混合物的相同标准婴儿配制食品。混合物包含90%TOS和10%菊粉(多聚果糖)。在研究阶段的过程中随意喂养研究配方。在研究过程中激励决定母乳喂养的母亲继续母乳喂养并在需要时得到哺乳顾问的支持。在母乳喂养结束时,她们的婴儿接受两种配方中的一种。在每次探望过程中通过计数未使用配方罐的数量来评定顺应性并与所记录的食品摄入的食用配方量相比较。
表3:每升标准配方的组成
问卷
在分娩之前收集母亲的人口,临床和人体测量数据。在分娩后第5天从母亲获得分娩的信息。在出生后第5,10,28天从问卷获得婴儿食品摄入,配方耐受性,粪便特征,健康和人体测量的信息,此后每四周一次直至研究结束。
粪便样品
在出生后第5,10,28天,请父母从他们的婴儿获取粪便样品,此后每4周一次。由父母在排便后尽快地从尿布获取样品,收集于粪便容器(Greiner Labortechnik,荷兰)中并立即存储于-20℃,并在便携式冰箱中转运至研究者的实验室。
粪便样品的制备:
为了SCFA的测定,将1g样品在冰水中融化,10X稀释于MilliQ中,并使用stomacher(IUL Instruments,Barcelona,西班牙)均质化10分钟。将350μl均质粪便与200μl 5%(v/v)甲酸,100μl1.25g/l 2-乙基丁酸(Sigma-Aldrich,Zwijindrecht,荷兰)和350μl MilliQ混合。将样品在14,000rpm离心5分钟以除去大的颗粒并将上清液存储在-20℃。为了FISH分析和乳酸测量,将样品在冰水中融化,10X(w/v)稀释于磷酸盐缓冲盐水,pH7.4(PBS)中并使用stomacher均质化10分钟。将均质粪便存储于-20℃。
荧光原位杂交
如所述的(Langendijk等,1995,Appl.Environ.Microbiol.61:3069-3075)进行FISH分析,所述方法略有改变。将多聚甲醛固定的样品施用于明胶涂敷的载玻片(PTFE涂敷的8-孔[1cm2/孔]载物片,CBN实验室供应商,Drachten,荷兰)上并空气干燥。将干燥的样品在96%的乙醇中脱水10分钟。将含有10ng/l Cy3标记的双歧杆菌特异性探针Bif 164mod(5’-CAT CCG GYA TTA CCA CCC)杂交缓冲液(20mm Tris-HCl,0.9M NaCl,0.1%SDS[pH7.1])预热并加入干燥的样品中。Bif 164mod是探针S-G-Bif-a-0164-a-A-18的修饰形式(Langendijk等,1995,Appl.Environ.Microbiol.61:3069-3075)。将载玻片在50℃的黑暗潮湿箱中温育过夜。杂交后,将载玻片在50ml预热的洗涤缓冲液(20mM Tris-HCl,0.9M NaCl[pH7.2])中洗涤30分钟并在MilliQ中简单漂洗。为了将所有细菌染色,将样品与PBS中的0.25ng/l 4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)在室温温育5分钟。DAPI染色后,将载玻片在MilliQ中简单漂洗,干燥,置于Vactashield(Vector Laboratories,Burlingame,CA,U.S.A)并盖上盖玻片。使用Olympus AX70落射荧光显微镜用自动图像分析软件(Analysis 3.2,Soft Imaging Systems GmbH,M ünster,德国)来自动分析载玻片。通过分析25个随机选择的显微镜位置来测定每个样品中的双歧杆菌百分比。在每个位置上,通过使用DAPI过滤装置(SP100,Chroma Technology Corp.,Brattleboro,U.S.A.)计数所有的细胞和使用Cy3过滤装置(41007,Chroma Technology,Brattleboro,U.S.A.)计数所有的双歧杆菌来测定双歧杆菌的百分比。
短链脂肪酸分析
通过配备有火焰电离检测仪的Varian 3800气相色谱仪(GC)(Varian Inc.,Walnut Creek,U.S.A.)来定量测定短链脂肪酸(SCFA),醋酸,丙酸,正丁酸,异丁酸和正戊酸。将0.5μl样品在80℃注射于柱子(Stabilwax,15X0.53nm,膜厚度1.00μm,Restek Co.,U.S.A.)中,使用氦作为载气(3.0psi)。注射样品后,以16℃/分钟的速度将烘箱加热至160℃,接着以20℃/分钟的速度加热至220℃并最终维持于220℃的温度1.5分钟。注射器和检测仪的温度是200℃。将2-乙基丁酸用作内标。
乳酸分析
将均质粪便在冰上融化并在14,000rpm离心5分钟。将100μl上清液在100℃加热10分钟来灭活所有的酶。通过酶来测定乳酸,使用含有D-和L-乳酸脱氢酶的L-乳酸检测试剂盒(BoehringerMannheim,Mannheim,德国)。只在那些足够大的粪便样品中测定乳酸。
pH分析
在-20℃存储后,将粪便样品融化并在室温使用装有Inlab 423pH电极(Mettler-Toledo,Columbo,U.S.A.)的Handylab pH计(ScottGlas,Mainz,德国)直接测量粪便中的pH。
数据分析
在研究之前,功率计算表明为了检测干预配方组和30%标准配方组之间的双歧杆菌百分比差异,具有25%的SD,每组应当包括13名婴儿。由于预计配方组中30%退出,研究中包括的婴儿比计算的多。将统计包SPSS(版本11/0)用于结果的统计分析。通过视觉观察概率正态分布曲线来检测所有值的正态性。使用方差分析测试组之间的双歧杆菌百分比,pH,SCFA和乳酸相对量的差异显著性。在显著差异(p<0.05)的情况中,此后(post hoc)使用Bonferroni检验来比较组。因为不可能双盲指定母乳和奶瓶喂养并确保适当的随机化,所以没有进行统计学分析来比较母乳喂养与任何配方喂养组。只给出了该时间点婴儿只喂养母乳时的母乳喂养组的数据。
2.2结果
总地,包括120名婴儿,57名婴儿在出生后直接开始喂养配方奶粉并在配方组中等分。在出生后直接喂养母乳的63名婴儿中,24名在16周大之前换成配方奶粉喂养,5名婴儿退出。表4中显示了研究对象的特征。配方组中,在出生后的头16周内,9名婴儿退出研究(SF中4名,OSF组中5名)。退出的原因包括:绞痛,怀凝牛奶过敏,便秘和实际问题。
表4-研究对象的特征
粪便双歧杆菌
表5和表5中的量中显示了喂养组5天,10天,4,8,12和16周大粪便中的双歧杆菌百分比。从所有年龄的总细菌计数看,OSF组倾向于具有比SF组高的双歧杆菌%,但是差异不是统计学差异。出人意料地,母乳喂养婴儿中的双歧杆菌百分比也相对低且和配方奶粉喂养组一致。
初步数据还表明BF和OSF组中乳杆菌的增加,但是粪便菌丛中乳杆菌的量至少比双歧杆菌低至少一个数量级,整个模式的改变非常小。
pH结果
表6中显示了配方奶粉喂养婴儿粪便中所测量的pH值。在母乳喂养的婴儿中发现了最低的pH。喂养OSF配方婴儿粪便的粪便pH低于SF组(p<0.045,所有年龄,除了第5天)。
SCFA结果
以下表5中显示了粪便中的SCFA总量。
表6中显示了总SCFA中不同SCFA的百分比。发现配方组之间总SCFA浓度不存在统计学显著差异。此外,SCFA的量与其他喂养组的SCFA量相当。然而,10天后,可以在喂养OSF或母乳婴儿之间观察到与喂养标准配方奶粉婴儿相比较的SCFA分布特征的差异。当与喂养标准配方奶粉的婴儿相比较时,喂养含有GOS和多聚果糖配方奶粉和喂养母乳的婴儿具有较高的醋酸百分比和较低的丙酸,丁酸,iC4-6SCFA百分比。
乳酸结果
表5中显示了所有组的乳酸浓度(mmol/kg粪便)。从5天大开始,与标准配方组相比较,OS配方(未显示)和母乳组具有较高量的乳酸。乳酸的相对量(作为SCFA和乳酸总和的百分比)在母乳喂养婴儿中最高而在标准配方喂养婴儿中最低。喂养含有TOS/菊粉配方的婴儿具有中间相对量的醋酸。16周OSF喂养婴儿中的乳酸百分比(相对于总酸)显著不同于SF婴儿的。
表5-出生和16周大之间乳酸和总SCFA(mmol/kg粪便)以及双歧杆菌(*1.1013kg/粪便)浓度、pH。平均值±SEM。除了pH,发现没有显著差异。
乳酸 | SCFA | pH | 双歧杆菌 | ||
5天 | SF | 13.5±7.7 | 54.7±12.6 | 5.93±0.15 | 0.58±0.49 |
OSF | 10.7±4.3 | 56.5±7.7 | 5.49±0.15 | 1.20±2.24 | |
BF | 13.3±2.8 | 48.7±4.4 | 5.27±0.07 | 0.47±0.39 | |
10天 | SF | 4.6±3.0 | 62.0+7.9 | 6.88±0.15 | 0.96±0.83 |
OSF | 9.7±3.6 | 62.3±7.2 | 5.95±0.20 | 1.10±0.99 | |
BF | 15.1±3.2 | 54.7±4.9 | 5.35±0.07 | 0.48±0.61 | |
4周 | SF | 2.6±1.4 | 68.3±10.3 | 6.77±0.21 | 0.97±0.96 |
OSF | 9.9±3.4 | 83.1±8.8 | 5.88±0.18* | 1.20±0.55 | |
BF | 22.8±4.4 | 59.8±4.8 | 5.45±0.12 | 0.56±0.64 | |
8周 | SF | 7.6±6.8 | 76.5±13.2 | 6.80±0.20 | 0.89±0.56 |
OSF | 24.4±5.3 | 76.0+8.4 | 5.68±0.18* | 1.00±0.52 | |
BF | 30.9±5.3 | 62.8±5.4 | 5.27±0.15 | 0.58±0.59 | |
12周 | SF | 14.1±9.4 | 73.9±11.9 | 6.88±0.20 | 0.91±0.80 |
OSF | 18.4±7.0 | 76.1±12.1 | 5.60±0.18* | 1.30±0.99 | |
BF | 42.1±7.1 | 60.4±4.9 | 5.29±0.17 | 1.40+1.38 |
16周 | SF | 1.7±1.2 | 68.6±14.0 | 7.09±0.15 | 1.00±0.80 |
OSF | 18.5±5.7 | 67.7±11.7 | 5.60±0.20* | 1.30±0.76 | |
BF | 45.1±9.0 | 59.2±6.9 | 5.68±0.24 | 0.89±0.78 |
表6-出生和16周之间的SCFA(总SCFA的%),乳酸(总酸的%),双歧杆菌%的相对量
与SF相比较,P<0.05;SF=标准配方喂养,OSF=补充了GOS+菊粉的SF;BF=母乳喂养。
上述证明了喂养该GOS和菊粉组合的婴儿粪便中,降低了pH,形成了更多的乳酸,且所形成的酸(醋酸和乳酸)模式与母乳喂养婴儿的更相似,且该效果不能归因于双歧杆菌的数量增加。
实施例3-乳酸和SCFA混合物对Muc-2,PGE1和PGE2表达的有
益效果
3.1材料和方法
如Willemsen,LEM,Koetsier MA,van Deventer SJH,van TolEAF(2003),Gut 52:1442-1447中所述的来分析乳酸和SCFA混合物的效果,具有以下的改进:测试了乳酸和90/5/5醋酸/丙酸/丁酸混合物。对于粘液产生实验,使用CCD18和T84细胞共培养物,而对于PGE1和PGE2产生实验,使用CCD18细胞的单培养物。
3.2结果
90/5/5(醋酸/丙酸/丁酸)混合物中的SCFA和L-乳酸剂量依赖性地诱导CCD18和T84细胞共培养物中的MUC-2表达,如图4A中可看到的。此外,CCD18细胞中PGE1和PGE2的浓度提高,如图4B中可看到的。在所加入有机酸的较高浓度下,提高达到了统计学显著性。
实施例4:乳酸对结肠收缩的效果
4.1材料和方法
将雄性Wistar大鼠(CKP/Harlan,Wageningen/Horst,荷兰)饲养在受控温度和光照周期的条件下并可自由摄取食物颗粒和饮水。用N2O,O2和异氟醚混合物来麻醉动物,打开腹部并立即取出结肠。将组织放入pH7.4的Krebs-Henseleit缓冲液(以mM计的组成:118.0NaCl,4.75KCl,1.18MgSO4,2.5CaCl2,10葡萄糖,1.17KH2PO4和24.9NaHCO3)中。
将结肠切成远侧和近侧部分并用Krebs-Henseleit缓冲液冲洗,同时轻柔地挤出粪便内含物。为了尽可能地接近体内条件,将1cm完整节段纵向连接于20ml含有Krebs-Henseleit缓冲液的水夹套(37℃)器官浴(Schuler,HSE,德国)中的等容测力传感器(F30型372,HSE,德国)上,向缓冲液中连续充入95%O2-5%CO2。然后将节段逐渐拉伸至1g的静止张力并使其平衡45分钟,伴随间歇的冲洗。通过传感器放大器组件(HSE,德国)来放大静止和响应不同刺激的节段张力并在多笔记录仪(Pikadenki,HSE,德国)上记录。
将节段与40mM KCl温育5分钟并测量收缩性反应。通过5分钟间隔的三次连续洗涤来洗掉KCl。然后用高达100mM的递增浓度的醋酸或L-乳酸钠来温育节段。酸溶液在蒸馏水中新鲜制备。将NaOH加入醋酸中来获得中性pH。与脂肪酸的温育结束时,加入40mM KCl来测定对KCl的收缩性反应是否受到脂肪酸的影响。在新温育之前,使节段在新鲜Krebs-Henseleit缓冲液中平衡45分钟,伴随间歇的洗涤。
实验方案由结肠的两个近侧和两个远侧部分组成。为了数据分析(n=3),将通过刺激诱导的收缩水平定义为5分钟温育后以g计的张力。从相同节段(近侧或远侧)获得的数据用于计算平均值,且每个节段作为其自身的对照样品。
4.2结果
如可从图5中所看到的,醋酸钠,且尤其是L-乳酸钠降低了紧张性收缩的张力。结肠远侧部分的松弛效果大于结肠近侧部分的。
此外,当加入醋酸钠和L-乳酸钠时,在结肠的近侧部分自发收缩数量、位相性收缩降低,而在结肠的远侧部分没有观察到效果。
然而,在25mM醋酸钠和L-乳酸钠存在或不存在时,结肠近侧部分中作为对KCl应答的紧张性收缩是类似的。在较高浓度下,甚至在加入KCl后,观察到显著松弛。
Claims (12)
1.半乳寡聚糖和多聚果糖用于制备治疗或预防炎性肠病的组合物的用途,其中所述多聚果糖是平均聚合度高于20的菊粉。
2.根据权利要求1的用途,其中半乳寡聚糖∶菊粉含量的比例为5∶95至95∶5,优选90∶10至45∶55。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2的用途,其中半乳寡聚糖是转半乳寡聚糖。
4.根据权利要求1或权利要求2的用途,其中半乳寡聚糖和菊粉的每日剂量范围为大约1至30g/天,优选为大约2至10g/天。
5.根据权利要求1或权利要求2的用途,其中所述组合物进一步包含除半乳寡聚糖和多聚果糖之外的蛋白质、脂质和碳水化合物。
6.根据权利要求1或权利要求2的用途,其中所述组合物是食品组合物或食品补充组合物。
7.根据权利要求6的用途,其中所述组合物是婴儿营养物。
8.根据权利要求7的用途,其中所述组合物是婴儿配制食品或较大婴儿配制食品。
9.根据权利要求8的用途,其中所述组合物包含至少4g/l的半乳寡聚糖和菊粉的混合物。
10.根据权利要求8的用途,其中每日给予组合物的量在大约100至1500ml的范围内,优选在大约450至1000ml的范围内。
11.根据权利要求8的用途,其中所述蛋白质是全部水解的和/或部分水解的。
12.根据权利要求1或权利要求2的用途,用于促进短链脂肪酸在结肠的开始、中间和末尾的产生。
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN105848499A (zh) * | 2013-11-04 | 2016-08-10 | N·V·努特里奇亚 | 含有不可消化寡糖的发酵配方物 |
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