CN105144436B - 具有提高的能量密度的二次电池用电极和含其的锂二次电池 - Google Patents
具有提高的能量密度的二次电池用电极和含其的锂二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PVADDRMAFCOOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium monoxide Inorganic materials [Ge]=O PVADDRMAFCOOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001841 imino group Chemical group [H]N=* 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052909 inorganic silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000010220 ion permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Pb]=O YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(II,IV) oxide Inorganic materials O1[Pb]O[Pb]11O[Pb]O1 XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001547 lithium hexafluoroantimonate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001537 lithium tetrachloroaluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2,2,2-trifluoroacetate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C(=O)C(F)(F)F HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)nickel Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Ni]=O VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- QLOAVXSYZAJECW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;molecular fluorine Chemical compound C.FF QLOAVXSYZAJECW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003495 polar organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006277 sulfonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Sn]=O QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;azanide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[NH2-] BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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Abstract
本发明公开了具有提高的能量密度的二次电池用电极和包括其的锂二次电池。更特别地,提供了二次电池用电极,和包括其的锂二次电池,在所述二次电池用电极中,包括电极活性材料和作为导电材料的具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料的电极混合物被涂覆在电极集电器上。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于具有提高的能量密度的二次电池用电极和包括所述电极的锂二次电池。
背景技术
随着移动装置技术的持续发展及其需求的持续增加,对作为能源的二次电池的需求快速增长。在这些二次电池中,表现出高能量密度和电压、长寿命和低自放电比的锂二次电池是可商购的和广泛使用的。
作为用于这样的锂二次电池的正极活性材料,主要使用含锂钴氧化物如LiCoO2。另外,也考虑使用含锂锰氧化物如具有层状晶体结构的LiMnO2、具有尖晶石晶体结构的LiMn2O4等和含锂镍氧化物如LiNiO2。
由于优异的整体物理性质如优异的循环性质等,LiCoO2被广泛使用,但它安全性低。此外,由于作为原材料的钴的资源限制,LiCoO2是昂贵的并且其在如电动车辆等的领域作为电源的大规模使用是受限制的。由于LiNiO2的制备方法的特性,难以以合理的成本将LiNiO2应用到大规模生产过程。
另一方面,锂锰氧化物如LiMnO2、LiMn2O4等的有利之处在于,它们含有丰富且环境友好的原材料Mn,并因此作为能代替LiCoO2的正极活性材料吸引了很多关注。然而,这样的锂锰氧化物也有如差的循环特征等的缺点。
首先,LiMnO2具有如小的初始容量等的缺点。特别地,LiMnO2在达到恒定的容量之前需要数十次的充放电循环。此外,随着循环次数的增加,LiMn2O4的容量减少变得严重,并且在50℃以上的特别高的温度下,由于电解质溶液的分解、锰的溶出等,循环特性快速劣化。
同时,作为含锂锰氧化物,除了LiMnO2和LiMn2O4还有Li2MnO3。由于Li2MnO3的结构稳定性是优异的但它是电化学无活性的,所以Li2MnO3自身不能用作二次电池的正极活性材料。因此,一些现有技术提出了使用Li2MnO3和LiMO2(M=Co,Ni,Ni0.5Mn0.5,Mn)的固溶体作为正极活性材料的技术。在这样的正极活性材料固溶体中,Li和O在4.5V的高电压下从晶体结构脱离,并由此显示出电化学活性。然而,存在如下问题,例如在高电压下电解质溶液分解和气体生成的可能性高,和大量使用相对昂贵的材料如LiMO2(M=Co,Ni,Ni0.5Mn0.5,Mn)等的问题。
此外,在使用通过烧制含锂锰氧化物等前体制备的二次粒子的活性材料中,在电极加工期间容易产生裂纹,在裂纹生成后,由于内部粒子崩塌而展示寿命劣化。因此,难以保证所需的稳定性,并且在预期能量密度的改进上受限制。
因此,存在对于解决这样的问题的技术的迫切需要。
发明内容
技术问题
因此,做了本发明以解决以上问题和尚未解决的其它技术问题。
作为种种深入和细致研究和实验的结果,本发明的发明人确认了,如下所述,当电极混合物包括电极活性材料和作为导电材料的具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料时,可以达到所需效果,由此完成了本发明。
技术方案
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了二次电池用电极,所述电极包括涂覆在电极集电器上的电极混合物,所述电极混合物包括电极活性材料和作为导电材料的具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料。
在一个具体的实施方式中,所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料可以为天然石墨和/或在2800℃以上热处理过的人造石墨。这样的石墨系材料可以起到防止在电极的压制过程中电极活性材料的粒子崩塌的缓冲作用。
本申请的发明人确认了用作常规导电材料的炭黑系导电材料通过在800~1500℃下热处理获得并因此具有高的表面硬度,但是,由于天然石墨或在2800℃以上热处理过的人造石墨具有像半导体的软的形状并因此具有相对低的表面硬度和预定弹性,当所述天然石墨或人造石墨与电极活性材料被添加至电极混合物中时,所述天然石墨或人造石墨起到缓冲作用,并且因此,在被压制时,可以有效防止所述电极活性材料的粒子崩塌。
作为所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料的特有性质,其平均粒径可以为3微米~20微米,其比表面积可以为5.0m2/g~8.0m2/g,其振实密度可以为0.85g/ml~1.20g/ml,其真密度可以为2.20g/cc~2.30g/cc,特别地,2.20g/cc~2.24g/cc。此外,其球化程度可以为10~100。
所述球化程度可以通过使用X射线衍射仪测定石墨材料的(110)和(004)面的强度,根据下式导出。
球化程度={(110)面的强度/(004)面的强度}×100
当这些值中的真密度在该范围之外时,表面硬度是高的,由此可能得不到根据本发明的在压延期间的缓冲效果。
在本发明的一个具体实施方式中,所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料的形状不受限制并且可以为鳞片形、类球形、椭圆形、纤维形、纺锤形或洋葱形,特别是鳞片形或椭圆形。
同时,在具体的实施方式中,如上所述与电极活性材料一起包括在电极混合物中的作为导电材料的具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料可以被均匀地分散在整个电极混合物中,并且为了更有效地起到缓冲作用,可以以包裹表面的形式被集中分散在电极活性材料的表面上。
在一个具体地实施方式中,为了有效地起到缓冲作用,所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料的含量基于所述电极混合物的总重量为0.1重量%~5重量%。
在此范围之外,当所述材料的含量少于0.1重量%时,可能达不到所需缓冲作用效果。当所述材料的含量大于5重量%时,所述电极活性材料的量相对降低,因此能量密度不理想地降低。
同时,所述电极活性材料可以包括由下式1或2表示的锂过渡金属氧化物。
LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz (1)
其中M为选自Al、Mg、Ni、Co、Fe、Cr、V、Ti、Cu、B、Ca、Zn、Zr、Nb、Mo、Sr、Sb、W、Ti和Bi中的至少一种元素;
A为至少一种一价或二价的阴离子;并且
0.9≤x≤1.2,0<y<2,且0≤z<0.2。
(1-x)LiM'O2-yAy-xLi2MnO3-y'Ay' (2)
其中M’为MnaMb;
M为选自Ni、Ti、Co、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zr、Zn和第II周期过渡金属中的至少一种;
A为选自阴离子如PO4、BO3、CO3、F和NO3中的至少一种;并且
0<x<1,0<y≤0.02,0<y’≤0.02,0.5≤a≤1.0,0≤b≤0.5,并且a+b=1。
所述电极活性材料可以包括平均粒径(D50)为10nm~50nm的一次粒子和/或其中所述一次粒子凝集的平均粒径(D50)为3微米~15微米的二次粒子。
当所述电极活性材料由如上描述的二次粒子组成时,电极活性材料的粒子在电极压制期间可可能更容易崩坏,从而通过本发明的应用可以更有效地防止所述电极活性材料的粒子崩塌。
在一个具体实施方式中,根据本发明的包括电极活性材料和具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料的电极混合物层由于所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料的缓冲作用可以在更大的压力下压制。因此,电极混合物层的孔隙率可以为17%~32%。
在一个具体的实施方式中,所述电极可以为正极。
一般来讲,通过在正极集电器上涂覆作为电极混合物的正极活性材料、导电材料和粘结剂的混合物后干燥来制备正极。在这种情况下,根据需要,所述混合物还可以包括填料。
除了由式1或2表示的锂过渡金属氧化物之外,所述正极活性材料的实例可以包括层状化合物如锂钴氧化物(LiCoO2)和锂镍氧化物(LiNiO2)或被一种或多种过渡金属取代的化合物;由Li1+xMn2-xO4表示的锂锰氧化物,其中0≤x≤0.33,如LiMnO3、LiMn2O3和LiMnO2;锂铜氧化物(Li2CuO2);钒氧化物如LiV3O8、LiV3O4、V2O5和Cu2V2O7;具有式LiNi1-xMxO2的镍位点型锂镍氧化物,其中M=Co,Mn,Al,Cu,Fe,Mg,B或Ga,且0.01≤x≤0.3;具有式LiMn2-xMxO2的锂锰复合氧化物,其中M=Co,Ni,Fe,Cr,Zn,或Ta,且0.01≤x≤0.1或具有式Li2Mn3MO8的锂锰复合氧化物,其中M=Fe,Co,Ni,Cu或Zn;由LiNixMn2-xO4表示的尖晶石结构锂锰复合氧化物;其中一些Li原子被碱土金属离子取代的LiMn2O4;二硫化物;Fe2(MoO4)3等,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
所述正极集电器通常制造成3~500μm的厚度。所述正极集电器没有特别限制,只要它在制造的锂二次电池中不引起化学变化并且具有高导电性即可。例如,正极集电器可以由不锈钢,铝,镍,钛,烧结碳,用碳、镍、钛或银等表面处理过的铝或不锈钢制成。正极集电器可以在其表面具有微细的不规则处以提高正极活性材料和正极集电器之间的粘附性。此外,正极集电器可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式中的任一种使用。
作为导电材料,可以仅用具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料。可选地,对于导电材料没有特别限制,只要它在制造的电池中不引起化学变化并且具有导电性即可。例如,石墨如未热处理的天然石墨或人造石墨;炭黑类如炭黑,乙炔黑,科琴黑,槽法炭黑,炉黑,灯黑和热裂法炭黑;导电纤维如碳纤维和金属纤维;金属粉如氟化碳粉、铝粉和镍粉;导电晶须如氧化锌晶须和钛酸钾晶须;导电金属氧化物如钛氧化物;导电材料如聚亚基苯衍生物等可以与该材料一起使用。
当根据本发明在电极压延期间一起使用具有容易压延形状的材料和所述材料时,一般来讲,导电材料的含量基于包括正极活性材料的混合物的总重量可以为1~50重量%。
所述粘结剂是辅助活性材料和导电材料之间的粘结和活性材料对集电器的粘结的成分。通常,所述粘结剂基于包括正极活性材料的混合物的总重量以1~50重量%的量添加。粘结剂的实例包括但不限于,聚偏二氟乙烯、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、磺化的EPDM、丁苯橡胶、氟橡胶和多种共聚物。
所述填料可选地用作抑制正极膨胀的成分。所述填料没有特别限制,只要它是在制造的电池中不引起化学变化的纤维材料即可。所述填料的实例包括烯烃系聚合物如聚乙烯和聚丙烯;和纤维材料如玻璃纤维和碳纤维。
本发明也提供包括所述电极的二次电池,并且所述二次电池可以为锂离子电池、锂离子聚合物电池或锂聚合物电池。
一般来讲,所述锂二次电池包括正极、负极、置于所述正极和所述负极之间的隔膜和含锂盐非水电解质。下面将描述所述锂二次电池的其它部件。
所述负极可以通过在负极集电器上涂覆、干燥和压制负极活性材料来制备。根据需要,还可以选择性地包括上述的导电材料、粘结剂、填料等。
负极活性材料的实例包括碳如硬碳和石墨系碳;金属复合氧化物如LixFe2O3,其中0≤x≤1,LixWO2,其中0≤x≤1,SnxMe1-xMe’yOz,其中Me:Mn,Fe,Pb或Ge;Me’:Al,B,P,Si,第I、II、III族元素,或卤素;0<x≤1;1≤y≤3;且1≤z≤8;锂金属;锂合金;硅系合金;锡系合金;金属氧化物如SnO,SnO2,PbO,PbO2,Pb2O3,Pb3O4,Sb2O3,Sb2O4,Sb2O5,GeO,GeO2,Bi2O3,Bi2O4和Bi2O5;导电聚合物如聚乙炔;和Li-Co-Ni系材料;钛氧化物;锂钛氧化物;等,特别是碳系材料和/或Si。
所述负极集电器通常制造成3~500μm的厚度。所述负极集电器没有特别限制,只要它在制造的锂二次电池中不引起化学变化并且具有导电性即可。例如,负极集电器可以由铜,不锈钢,铝,镍,钛,烧结碳,用碳、镍、钛或银表面处理过的铜或不锈钢和铝镉合金制成。与正极集电器相似,负极集电器可以在其表面具有微细的不规则处以提高在负极集电器和负极活性材料之间的粘附性。负极集电器可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式使用。
所述隔膜置于正极和负极之间,并且作为隔膜,使用具有高离子渗透性和高机械强度的薄绝缘膜。所述隔膜通常具有0.01~10μm的孔径和5~300μm的厚度。作为隔膜,使用例如由烯烃系聚合物如聚丙烯制成的片或无纺布;或具有耐化学性和疏水性的玻璃纤维或聚乙烯。当固体电解质如聚合物等用作电解质时,所述固体电解质也可以用作隔膜。
所述含锂盐非水电解质由非水电解质和锂组成。作为非水电解质,可以使用非水有机溶剂,有机固体电解质,无机固体电解质等,但本发明不限于此。
非水有机溶剂的实例包括非极性有机溶剂如N-甲基吡咯烷酮,碳酸亚丙酯,碳酸亚乙酯,碳酸亚丁酯,碳酸二甲酯,碳酸二乙酯,γ-丁内酯,1,2-二甲氧基乙烷,四氢呋喃,2-甲基四氢呋喃,二甲基亚砜,1,3-二氧戊环,甲酰胺,二甲基甲酰胺,二氧戊环,乙腈,硝基甲烷,甲酸甲酯,乙酸甲酯,磷酸三酯,三甲氧基甲烷,二氧戊环衍生物,环丁砜,甲基环丁砜,1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮,碳酸亚丙酯酯衍生物,四氢呋喃衍生物,醚,丙酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯。
有机固体电解质的实例包括聚乙烯衍生物,聚环氧乙烷衍生物,聚环氧丙烷衍生物,磷酸酯类聚合物,聚搅拌赖氨酸,聚酯硫化物,聚乙烯醇,聚偏氟乙烯和含有离子离解基团的聚合物。
所述无机固体电解质的实例包括但不限于锂(Li)的氮化物、卤化物和硫酸盐如Li3N,LiI,Li5NI2,Li3N-LiI-LiOH,LiSiO4,LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH,Li2SiS3,Li4SiO4,Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH和Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2。
所述锂盐是易溶于非水电解质的材料并且其实例包括但不限于LiCl,LiBr,LiI,LiClO4,LiBF4,LiB10Cl10,LiPF6,LiCF3SO3,LiCF3CO2,LiAsF6,LiSbF6,LiAlCl4,CH3SO3Li,(CF3SO2)2NLi,氯硼烷锂,低级脂肪族羧酸锂,四苯基硼酸锂和亚氨基锂。
此外,为了提高充放电特性和难燃性,可以将例如吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、正甘醇二甲醚、六磷酸三酰胺、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化铝等添加至含锂盐非水电解质。如果需要,为了赋予不燃性,所述电解质可以还包括含卤素溶剂如四氯化碳和三氟乙烯。此外,为了提高高温储存特性,所述非水电解质可以还包括二氧化碳气体,并且可以还包括氟代碳酸亚乙酯(FEC)、丙烯磺酸内酯(PRS)等。
在一个具体的实施方式中,含锂盐非水电解质可以通过向包括作为高介电溶剂和环状碳酸酯的EC或PC与作为低粘度溶剂和线性碳酸酯的DEC、DMC或EMC的混合溶剂添加如LiPF6、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiN(SO2CF3)2等的锂盐来制备。
本发明提供包括所述二次电池作为单元电池的电池模块,包括所述电池模块的电池组和包括所述电池组作为电源的装置。
在这方面,所述装置的特别实例包括但不限于电马达驱动的电动工具;电动车辆(EV),混合动力电动车辆(HEV),和插电式混合动力电动车辆(PHEV);电动二轮车如电动自行车和电动踏板车;电动高尔夫球车;和用于储电的系统。
具体实施方式
现在,将参照附图更详细地描述本发明。这些实例仅为了说明目的而提供,不应被解释为限制本发明的范围和主旨。
<实施例1>
将作为正极活性材料的90重量%的LiMn1.5N0.5iO2、作为导电材料的5.0重量%的天然石墨和作为粘结剂的5.0重量%的PVdF添加至作为溶剂的NMP并且混合,由此制备正极混合物。将所制备的正极混合物以200μm的厚度涂覆在具有20μm厚度的铝箔上,然后进行压延和干燥,由此制作正极。在此,所述天然石墨具有16μm的平均粒径、6.8m2/g的比表面积、1.04g/ml的振实密度、2.23g/cc的真密度和60的球化程度。
将作为负极活性材料的95重量%的人造石墨、作为导电材料的1.5重量%的Super-P和作为粘结剂的3.5重量%的PVdF添加至作为溶剂的NMP并且混合,由此制备负极混合物。将所制备的负极混合物以200μm的厚度涂覆在具有20μm厚度的铜箔上,然后进行压延和干燥,由此制作负极。
将多孔聚乙烯隔膜置于正极和负极之间,并且将其中1M LiPF6溶解在包括以1:2的比混合的EC和EMC的碳酸酯溶剂中的电解质溶液注入,以此制作电池。
<实施例2>
以与实施例1中相同的方式制作了正极、负极和电池,不同之处在于使用0.5重量%的天然石墨、4.5重量%的丹卡黑(Denka black)作为导电材料,和5.0重量%的PVdF作为粘合剂。
<实施例3>
以与实施例1中相同的方式制作了正极、负极和电池,不同之处在于使用5.0重量%的在3000℃下热处理过的人造石墨作为导电材料,和3.5重量%的PVdF作为粘结剂。在此,所述在3000℃下热处理过的人造石墨具有16μm的平均粒径、7.2m2/g的比表面积、1.1g/ml的振实密度、2.21g/cc的真密度和40的球化程度。
<实施例4>
以与实施例1中相同的方式制作了正极、负极和电池,不同之处在于使用2.5重量%的在3000℃下热处理过的人造石墨、2.5重量%的丹卡黑(Denka black)作为导电材料,和5.0重量%的PVdF作为粘结剂。
<比较例1>
以与实施例1中相同的方式制作了正极、负极和电池,不同之处在于使用5.0重量%的丹卡黑作为正极活性材料的导电材料。
<比较例2>
以与实施例1中相同的方式制作了正极、负极和电池,不同之处在于使用5.0重量%的Super-P作为正极活性材料的导电材料。
<比较例3>
以与实施例1中相同的方式制作了正极、负极和电池,不同之处在于使用2.5重量%的涂覆了沥青且在1200℃下热处理过的天然石墨和2.5重量%的丹卡黑作为正极活性材料的导电材料。在此,所述涂覆了沥青的天然石墨具有16μm的平均粒径、2.8m2/g的比表面积、1.01g/ml的振实密度、2.18g/cc的真密度和65的球化程度。
<实验例1>
电池试验
对于根据实施例1~4和比较例1~3制作的锂二次电池,进行了评价电池容量、倍率特性和循环特性的实验。将结果总结在下表1中。
如表1中所示,可以确认根据本发明实施例1~4的电池在与根据比较例1~3的电池比较时,表现了提高的电池容量、倍率特性和循环特性。这是由于该电池包括了在电极压制期间起到缓冲作用的材料作为导电材料,因此,通过防止在压制期间电极活性材料的粒子崩塌而降低了副反应性,并且通过防止内部粒子崩塌改进了其寿命特性。此外,由于通过防止粒子崩塌可以在更高的压力下进行压制,可以降低孔隙率,因此可以提高能量密度。
本领域技术人员可以以上述内容为基础,在本发明的范围内进行各种应用和变化。
工业应用性
如上所述,根据本发明的二次电池用电极包括作为导电材料的具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料,因此,所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料在电极混合物中起到缓冲作用。因此,通过防止在压制过程中的电极活性材料的粒子崩塌,同时通过降低孔隙率,可以提高寿命特性和单位体积的能量密度。
Claims (17)
1.一种二次电池用电极,所述电极包含涂覆在电极集电器上的电极混合物,所述电极混合物包含电极活性材料和作为导电材料的具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料,
其中所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料的平均粒径为3μm~20μm,
所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料的比表面积为5.0m2/g~8.0m2/g,
所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料的振实密度为0.8g/ml~1.2g/ml,
所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料的真密度为2.20g/cc~2.30g/cc,以及
所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料的球化程度为10~100。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电极,其中所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料为天然石墨和/或在2800℃以上热处理过的人造石墨。
3.根据权利要求1所述的电极,其中所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料起到防止在电极的压制过程中电极活性材料的粒子崩塌的缓冲作用。
4.根据权利要求1所述的电极,其中所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料均匀地分散在整个电极混合物中。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电极,其中所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料分散在所述电极活性材料的表面上。
6.根据权利要求1所述的电极,其中所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料具有鳞片形、类球形、椭圆形、纤维形、纺锤形或洋葱形。
7.根据权利要求1所述的电极,其中相对于电极混合物的总重量,所述具有在电极压延期间容易压延的形状的材料的含量为0.1重量%~5重量%。
8.根据权利要求1所述的电极,其中所述电极活性材料包含由下式1或2表示的锂过渡金属氧化物:
LixMyMn2-yO4-zAz (1)
其中M为选自Al、Mg、Ni、Co、Fe、Cr、V、Ti、Cu、B、Ca、Zn、Zr、Nb、Mo、Sr、Sb、W、Ti和Bi中的至少一种元素;
A为至少一种一价或二价的阴离子;并且
0.9≤x≤1.2,0<y<2,且0≤z<0.2,
(1-x)LiM'O2-yAy-xLi2MnO3-y'Ay' (2)
其中M’为MnaMb;
M为选自Ni、Ti、Co、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zr、Zn和第II周期过渡金属中的至少一种;
A为选自阴离子如PO4、BO3、CO3、F和NO3中的至少一种;并且
0<x<1,0<y≤0.02,0<y’≤0.02,0.5≤a≤1.0,0≤b≤0.5,并且a+b=1。
9.根据权利要求1所述的电极,其中所述电极活性材料包含平均粒径D50为10nm~50nm的一次粒子和/或由一次粒子聚集得到的平均粒径D50为3微米~15微米的二次粒子。
10.根据权利要求1所述的电极,其中所述电极为正极。
11.根据权利要求1所述的电极,其中所述电极混合物层的孔隙率为17%~32%。
12.一种二次电池,其包含权利要求1~11中任一项的电极。
13.根据权利要求12所述的二次电池,其中所述二次电池为锂离子电池、锂离子聚合物电池或锂聚合物电池。
14.一种电池模块,其包含权利要求12的二次电池作为单元电池。
15.一种电池组,其包含权利要求14的电池模块。
16.一种装置,其包含权利要求15的电池组作为电源。
17.根据权利要求16所述的装置,其中所述装置为电动车辆、混合动力电动车辆、插电式混合动力电动车辆或用于储电的系统。
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