CN104521040B - 二次电池用正极活性材料及包含其的二次电池 - Google Patents
二次电池用正极活性材料及包含其的二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104521040B CN104521040B CN201380041917.XA CN201380041917A CN104521040B CN 104521040 B CN104521040 B CN 104521040B CN 201380041917 A CN201380041917 A CN 201380041917A CN 104521040 B CN104521040 B CN 104521040B
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- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052909 inorganic silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003049 inorganic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001867 inorganic solvent Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010220 ion permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Pb]=O YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(II,IV) oxide Inorganic materials O1[Pb]O[Pb]11O[Pb]O1 XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- AFRJJFRNGGLMDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium amide Chemical compound [Li+].[NH2-] AFRJJFRNGGLMDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001547 lithium hexafluoroantimonate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni] RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001537 lithium tetrachloroaluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2,2,2-trifluoroacetate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C(=O)C(F)(F)F HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011356 non-aqueous organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000379 polypropylene carbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical group O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006277 sulfonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明提供一种正极活性材料,其中通过由下式1表示的锂过渡金属氧化物与涂层前体的反应而在正极活性材料的表面上形成包含下面M的复合涂层:LixMO2 (1)在所述化学式中,M由MnaM’1‑b表示,M’为选自Al、Mg、Ni、Co、Cr、V、Fe、Cu、Zn、Ti和B中的至少一种,0.95≤x≤1.5,且0.5≤a≤1。包含所述正极活性材料的锂二次电池显示提高的寿命特性和倍率特性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种表面处理过的二次电池用正极活性材料及包含其的锂二次电池。更特别地,本发明涉及一种表面处理过的正极活性材料及包含其的锂二次电池,所述表面处理通过使具有特定组成的锂过渡金属氧化物与涂层前体反应且由此形成包含源自锂过渡金属氧化物的过渡金属的复合涂层进行。
背景技术
随着移动装置技术的持续发展和对其需求的持续增加,对作为能源的二次电池的需求在快速增加。在这些二次电池中,具有高能量密度和工作电压、长循环寿命及低自放电率的锂二次电池是市售并被广泛使用的。
另外,随着对环境问题关注的不断增加,对于可以取代作为空气污染主要原因之一的使用化石燃料的车辆如汽油车辆、柴油车辆等的电动车辆(EV)和混合动力车辆(HEV)的研究正在积极进行。作为EV、HEV等的电源,主要使用镍金属氢化物二次电池。然而,对于具有高能量密度和高放电电压的锂二次电池的研究正在积极进行且一些锂二次电池是市售的。
在常规小型电池中使用的锂离子二次电池通常使用具有层状结构的锂钴复合氧化物作为正极和石墨材料作为负极。然而,在锂钴复合氧化物的情况中,主要构成元素钴非常贵且锂钴复合氧化物对于电动车辆的应用不是十分的稳定。因此,作为电动车辆用锂离子电池的正极,由便宜且具有优异稳定性的锰组成的具有尖晶石结构的锂锰复合氧化物可能是合适的。
然而,在锂锰复合氧化物的情况中,锰在高温存储期间通过电解液溶出至电解液,并因此降低电池特性。因此,需要解决这一问题的方案。另外,当与锂钴复合氧化物或锂镍复合氧化物相比时,锂锰复合氧化物的缺点在于其每单位重量的容量小,因此单位电池重量的容量增加是有限的。因此,当设计电池使得所述限制提高时,该电池可作为电动车辆的电源商业化。
在充电期间这种正极活性材料可通过放热反应降低电池单元的稳定性,伴随表面结构的劣化和剧烈的结构塌陷。热稳定性与电解质和正极活性材料之间的界面稳定性相关。因此,大部分专利文献使用普通涂层方法以提高表面稳定性且公开了多种不同的涂层方法。
当综合考虑现有技术时,存在两种类型的涂层方法,即正极离子涂层和负极离子涂层。Al2O3涂层是正极离子涂层的代表性地实例,负极离子涂层的实例包括氟化物、磷酸盐和硅酸盐涂层。此处,氟化物涂层是最优选地,这是因为由于LiF的保护膜的形成使得氟化物涂层热力学非常稳定,且因为氟化物涂层不与电解质反应而可在高温和高电压下提供良好的稳定性。同时,涂层类型可分为无机涂层和有机涂层,作为有机涂层实例的聚合物涂层可提供弹性涂层。
然而,常规的涂层方法不能提供良好的电池单元稳定性。由于LiF的高熔点和差润湿性,也不能提供薄且致密的LiF膜,由于诸如差的电导率和锂迁移的问题,聚合物涂层可能会劣化锂二次电池的整体性能。
因此,对于可通过保护正极活性材料的表面提高稳定性而不劣化电池特性且可提高电池的整体性能的涂层技术存在迫切的需求。
发明内容
技术问题
因此,已经完成了本发明以解决上述和其它仍要解决的技术问题。
作为各种广泛和细致研究及实验的结果,本发明的发明人确认,当使用其中预定的锂过渡金属氧化物与涂层前体反应且由此形成包含源自锂过渡金属氧化物的过渡金属的复合涂层的正极活性材料时,可以防止正极活性材料粒子的表面损坏且可以提高锂离子迁移特性,如此可以达到期望的效果,由此完成了本发明。
技术方案
根据本发明的一个方面,提供极活性材料,所述复合涂层包含包含下面M的复合涂层,通过由下式1表示的锂过渡金属氧化物与涂层前体的反应而在正极活性材料的表面上形成。
LixMO2 (1)
其中M由MnaM’1-b表示,M’为选自Al、Mg、Ni、Co、Cr、V、Fe、Cu、Zn、Ti和B中的至少一种,0.95≤x≤1.5,且0.5≤a≤1。
通常,在锂锰基氧化物中,当电池进行充放电时不可逆容量损失很大,且由于低的电导率而导致倍率特性低。这样的问题随着锰量的增加而加剧。
根据本发明的正极活性材料包含预定的金属涂层且由此在高倍率充放电期间保护了正极活性材料粒子的表面,因此提高了稳定性。另外,提高了锂离子的迁移特性,如此可以提高可逆放电容量和倍率特性。
当式1的锂过渡金属氧化物的量过大或过小时,在高电压充放电期间的放电容量可能降低。优选地,锂的量可以为1≤x≤1.5。
根据式1的锂过渡金属氧化物的金属,即M由MnaM’1-b表示,且锰的量在显示最佳效果的范围内。因此,过度低的锰量是不优选的。优选地,锰的量可以为0.6≤a≤0.9。另外,金属,即M’可以为选自Ni、Co、Cr、V、Fe、Cu和B中的至少一种。
根据式1的锂过渡金属氧化物通过与第一涂层前体和第二涂层前体同时进行的反应可形成包含源自锂过渡金属氧化物的金属即M的复合涂层。
这样的复合涂层例如可具有选自Li-M-X、Li-M-m和Li-M-X-m中的至少一种组合结构,X可以为源自第一涂层前体的卤素,且m可以为源自第二涂层前体的金属元素。
作为一个实施方式,第一涂层前体可以是包含卤素即X的有机或无机化合物。就这一点而言,X可以是源自有机或无机化合物的F、Cl、Br或I,特别是F或Cl。
有机或无机化合物没有特别限制,只要所述化合物包含F、Cl、Br或I即可。例如,有机化合物可以为选自PVdF、PVdF-HFP、PVF、PTFE和ETFE中的任一种,无机化合物可以为包含卤素的锂盐或铵盐。
更特别地,第一涂层前体可以为包含F的PVdF。
作为一个实施方式,第二涂层前体可以是包含金属即m的氧化物。就这一点而言,所述金属即m可以是选自源自氧化物的Al、Ba、Ca、Mg、Si、Ti、Zr、Zn和Sr中的至少一种。
氧化物没有限制,只要氧化物包含选自Al、Ba、Ca、Mg、Si、Ti、Zr、Zn和Sr中的至少一种即可。例如,氧化物可以为Al2O3。
作为另一个实施方式,第二涂层前体可以是包含金属即m的碳酸盐基材料。就这一点而言,所述金属即m可以是选自源自碳酸盐基材料的Al、Ba、Ca、Mg、Si、Ti、Zr、Zn和Sr中的至少一种。
碳酸盐基材料没有限制,只要碳酸盐基材料包含选自Al、Ba、Ca、Mg、Si、Ti、Zr、Zn和Sr中的至少一种即可。例如,碳酸盐基材料可以是CaCO3。
作为另一个实施方式,第二涂层前体可以是包含金属即m的有机物质。就这一点而言,所述金属即m可以是选自源自有机物质的Al、Ba、Ca、Mg、Si、Ti、Zr、Zn和Sr中的至少一种。
通常,有机物质包含C和H,选择性地O等。根据本发明的有机物质可还包含选自Al、Ba、Ca、Mg、Si、Ti、Zr、Zn和Sr中的至少一种,特别地Al,更特别地C9H21O3Al。
作为具体实施方式,在具有上述组合结构的复合涂层中,基于正极活性材料的总重量,X的量可以为0.01~1.00重量%,特别地为0.15~0.5重量%。另外,基于正极活性材料的总重量,m的量可以为0.01~0.5重量%,特别地为0.05~0.3重量%。
在复合涂层中,当X和m的量过大时,锂过渡金属氧化物的量相对地降低,由此可能得不到期望的容量。另一方面,当X和m的量过小时,可能得不到期望的电池单元稳定性提高效果。
制备这种正极活性材料的过程例如包括:(a)制备根据式1的锂过渡金属氧化物;(b)同时将第一涂层前体和第二涂层前体涂布到锂过渡金属氧化物上;和(c)在根据步骤(b)的涂布之后的热处理。
根据式1的锂过渡金属氧化物、第一涂层前体和第二涂层前体的组成配方与上述的相同。
热处理可以在例如250~600℃的温度范围内进行。
可以使用干法进行步骤(b)的涂布以防止正极活性材料特性的劣化。
在具体实施方式中,当使用高能研磨或基于干法的混合时,可以以点状形式在锂过渡金属氧化物的表面部分形成复合涂层。
这种涂层方法在本领域是广为人知的,因此省略其说明。
可以使用干法进行步骤(b)的涂布以防止正极活性材料特性的劣化。
另外,在步骤(b)中,可以以2:3~5:2的混合比使用第一涂层前体和第二涂层前体。
本发明还提供包含上述正极活性材料的二次电池用正极混合物和包含所述正极混合物的二次电池用正极。
除正极活性材料外,正极混合物可选择性地包含导电材料、粘合剂、填料等。
基于包含正极活性材料的混合物的总重量,通常以1~30重量%的量添加导电材料。对于导电材料没有特别限制,只要其在制造的电池中不引起化学变化且具有导电性即可。导电材料的实例包括但不限于石墨如天然或人造石墨;炭黑类如炭黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、槽法炭黑、炉黑、灯黑和热裂法炭黑;导电纤维如碳纤维和金属纤维;金属粉末如氟化碳、铝粉和镍粉;导电晶须如氧化锌晶须和钛酸钾;导电金属氧化物如二氧化钛;以及聚亚苯基衍生物。
粘合剂是辅助活性材料与导电材料之间的粘合及辅助活性材料对集电器的粘合的成分。基于包含正极活性材料的混合物的总重量,通常以1重量%~30重量%的量添加粘合剂。粘合剂的实例包括但不限于聚偏二氟乙烯、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、磺化的EPDM、丁苯橡胶、氟橡胶和各种共聚物。
填料任选地用作抑制正极膨胀的成分。填料没有特别限制,只要其为在制造的二次电池中不引起化学变化的纤维材料即可。填料的实例包括烯烃基聚合物如聚乙烯和聚丙烯;以及纤维材料如玻璃纤维和碳纤维。
根据本发明的正极可通过在正极集电器上对浆料进行涂布且然后进行压制而制备,所述浆料通过将包含上述化合物的正极混合物与溶剂如NMP等进行混合而制备。
正极集电器通常制造成3~500μm的厚度。正极集电器没有特别限制,只要其在制造的电池中不引起化学变化且具有导电性即可。例如,正极集电器可以由如下材料制成:不锈钢,铝,镍,钛,烧结碳或用碳、镍、钛、银进行表面处理的铝或不锈钢,等。正极集电器可以在其表面具有微小的不规则处,以提高正极活性材料和正极集电器之间的粘附力。另外,可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式中的任一种使用正极集电器。
另外,本发明提供由正极、负极、隔膜和含锂盐的非水电解液组成的锂二次电池。
负极例如通过在负极集电器上对包含负极活性材料的负极混合物进行涂布且然后进行干燥而制备。根据需要,负极混合物可包含如上所述的成分。
负极活性材料的实例包括但不限于碳如硬碳和石墨基碳;金属复合氧化物如LixFe2O3(0≤x≤1)、LixWO2(0≤x≤1)、SnxMe1-xMe’yOz(Me:Mn,Fe,Pb或Ge;Me’:Al,B,P,Si,I、II和III族元素,或者卤素;0<x≤1;1≤y≤3;且1≤z≤8);锂金属;锂合金;硅基合金;锡基合金;金属氧化物如SnO、SnO2、PbO、PbO2、Pb2O3、Pb3O4、Sb2O3、Sb2O4、Sb2O5、GeO、GeO2、Bi2O3、Bi2O4、Bi2O5等;导电聚合物如聚乙炔;和Li-Co-Ni基材料。
负极集电器通常制造成3~500μm的厚度。负极集电器没有特别限制,只要其在制造的电池中不引起化学变化且具有导电性即可。例如,负极集电器可以由如下材料制成:铜,不锈钢,铝,镍,钛,烧结碳,用碳、镍、钛或银进行表面处理的铜或不锈钢,以及铝-镉合金。与正极集电器一样,负极集电器可以在其表面上具有微小的不规则处以提高负极集电器和负极活性材料之间的粘合力。另外,负极集电器可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式使用。
将隔膜置于正极与负极之间,且将具有高离子渗透性和机械强度的绝缘薄膜用作隔膜。隔膜通常具有0.01~10μm的孔径和5~300μm的厚度。作为隔膜,使用由烯烃聚合物如聚丙烯、玻璃纤维或聚乙烯制成的具有耐化学性和疏水性的片或无纺布。当将固体电解质如聚合物用作电解质时,固体电解质也可充当隔膜。
含锂的非水电解液由电解液和锂盐组成。作为电解液,使用非水无机溶剂、有机固体电解质、无机固体电解质等。
例如非水有机溶剂可以为非质子有机溶剂如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲基亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮、碳酸亚丙酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯等。
有机固体电解质的实例包括聚乙烯衍生物、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚环氧丙烷衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物、聚搅拌赖氨酸、聚酯硫化物、聚乙烯醇、聚偏二氟乙烯和含有离子离解基团的聚合物。
无机固体电解质的实例包括锂(Li)的氮化物、卤化物和硫酸盐如Li3N、LiI、Li5NI2、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、LiSiO4、LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li2SiS3、Li4SiO4、Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH和Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2。
锂盐是易溶于非水电解质的材料。其实例包括LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、低级脂族羧酸锂、四苯基硼酸锂和氨基锂。其中,LiPF6是最优选的。
另外,为了提高充放电特性和阻燃性,例如,可以向非水电解液中添加吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、正甘醇二甲醚、六磷酸三酰胺(hexaphosphorictriamide)、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化铝等。在某些情况下,为了赋予不燃性,电解质可还包含含卤素的溶剂如四氯化碳、三氟乙烯。此外,为了提高高温存储特性,电解质可还包含二氧化碳气体、氟代碳酸亚乙酯(FEC)、丙烯磺酸内酯(PRS)、氟代碳酸亚丙酯(FPC)等。
根据本发明的二次电池可以用作小型装置的电源而在电池单元中使用,也可以用作包含多个电池单元的中型和大型电池模块的单元电池。
本发明还提供包含所述电池模块的电池组作为中型和大型装置的电源。中型和大型装置的实例包括但不限于电动车辆(EV)、混合动力车辆(HEV)和插电式混合动力车辆(PHEV);及用于存储电力的装置。
附图说明
图1是根据实施例1的正极活性材料的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图;
图2是根据比较例1的正极活性材料的SEM图;
图3是说明根据试验例2的放电容量的图;及
图4是说明根据试验例3的放电容量的图。
具体实施方式
<实施例1>
制备具有5~10μm的粒度的Li1.11Mn0.53Ni0.36O2粉末。另外,以1:1.18的质量比将NH4F和C9H12O3Al进行混合,然后与Li1.11Mn0.53Ni0.36O2粉末进行混合。在Li1.11Mn0.53Ni0.36O2粉末中,F的量为0.08重量%且Al的量为0.04重量%。随后,将得到的混合物在400℃下进行5小时的热处理,然后进行粉碎并过筛。
<比较例1>
制备具有5~10μm的粒度的Li1.11Mn0.53Ni0.36O2粉末。
<试验例1>
根据实施例1和比较例1制备的正极活性材料的SEM图分别示为图1和图2.
如图1中所示,可以观察到在根据实施例1的正极活性材料的表面上形成的Li-M-F、Li-M-Al和Li-M-F-Al涂层。
<试验例2>
将根据实施例1和比较例1各自制备的正极活性材料混合在NMP中以使得活性材料:导电材料:粘合剂的比率(重量%)为95:2.5:2.5。随后,将得到的混合物涂布在具有20μm的厚度的铝(Al)箔上,然后在130℃下进行干燥得到正极。使用石墨作为负极活性材料和包含1M LiPF6的由EC、DMC和DEC以1:2:1的比率混合组成的溶剂作为电解液,得到电池。在2.5~4.65V和0.1C下对所得电池进行充电和放电,且将得到的放电容量示于下表1和图3中。
表1
<试验例3>
通过在3.0~4.4V和在0.5C下进行充放电对根据试验例2制造的电池进行测试。此处,通过在30次循环后相对于初始容量的保持率对寿命特性进行估算。将结果总结于下表2和图4中。
表2
<试验例4>
对于根据试验例2制造的电池,通过测试在3.0~4.4V的倍率特性对相对于在0.1C下的容量的根据各个C-倍率的容量进行计算。将结果总结于下表3中。
表3
实施例1(涂布后) | 比较例1(涂布前) | |
0.1C | 186.6mAh/g(100%) | 182.6mAh/g(100%) |
0.5C | 159.6mAh/g(85.5%) | 153.9mAh/g(84.3%) |
1.0C | 145.9mAh/g(78.2%) | 138mAh/g(75.6%) |
如在表1~3和图2~4中所示,由于在根据实施例1的正极活性材料的表面上形成的Li-M-F、Li-M-Al和Li-M-F-Al涂层,当与使用根据比较例1的正极活性材料的电池相比时,使用所述正极活性材料的电池的寿命和容量特性优异。
本领域技术人员可以以上述内容为基础,在本发明的范围内进行各种应用和变化。
工业应用性
如上所述,在根据本发明的正极活性材料中,预定的锂过渡金属氧化物形成了包含源自锂过渡金属氧化物的过渡金属的复合涂层,由此所述涂层通过在高电压下保护正极活性材料的表面而提高了稳定性,因此可以提高包含其的二次电池的寿命特性。另外,提高了锂离子的迁移特性,如此可以增加可逆放电容量且可以提高倍率特性。
Claims (18)
1.一种包含复合涂层的正极活性材料,所述复合涂层包含下面的M,并通过由下式1表示的锂过渡金属氧化物与涂层前体的反应而在正极活性材料的表面上形成,
其中所述复合涂层具有Li-M-X、Li-M-m和Li-M-X-m的组合结构,其中X为源自第一涂层前体的卤素,且m为源自第二涂层前体的金属元素,
其中所述第一涂层前体是包含卤素X的有机或无机化合物,X是源自所述有机或无机化合物的F、Cl、Br或I,
LixMO2 (1)
其中M由MnaM’1-a表示,M’为选自Al、Mg、Ni、Co、Cr、V、Fe、Cu、Zn、Ti和B中的至少一种,以及
0.95≤x≤1.5,且0.5≤a≤1。
2.根据权利要求1的正极活性材料,其中所述有机化合物是选自PVdF、PVdF-HFP、PVF、PTFE和ETFE中的任一种,且所述无机化合物是包含卤素的锂盐或铵盐。
3.根据权利要求1的正极活性材料,其中所述第一涂层前体是PVdF。
4.根据权利要求1的正极活性材料,其中所述第二涂层前体是包含金属m的氧化物,且金属m是源自所述氧化物的选自Al、Ba、Ca、Mg、Si、Ti、Zr、Zn和Sr中的至少一种。
5.根据权利要求4的正极活性材料,其中所述第二涂层前体是Al2O3。
6.根据权利要求1的正极活性材料,其中所述第二涂层前体是包含所述金属m的碳酸盐基材料,且所述金属m是源自所述碳酸盐基材料的选自Al、Ba、Ca、Mg、Si、Ti、Zr、Zn和Sr中的至少一种。
7.根据权利要求6的正极活性材料,其中所述第二涂层前体是CaCO3。
8.根据权利要求1的正极活性材料,其中所述第二涂层前体是包含所述金属m的有机物质,且所述金属m是源自所述有机物质的选自Al、Ba、Ca、Mg、Si、Ti、Zr、Zn和Sr中的至少一种。
9.根据权利要求8的正极活性材料,其中所述第二涂层前体是C9H12O3Al。
10.根据权利要求1的正极活性材料,其中基于锂过渡金属氧化物的表面积,所述复合涂层在60%~100%的涂布面积中形成。
11.根据权利要求1的正极活性材料,其中在所述复合涂层中,基于正极活性材料的总重量,X的量为0.01重量%~1.00重量%,且基于正极活性材料的总重量,m的量为0.01重量%~0.50重量%。
12.一种制备权利要求1的正极活性材料的方法,所述方法包括:
制备式1的锂过渡金属氧化物;
同时将第一涂层前体和第二涂层前体涂布到锂过渡金属氧化物上;以及
在所述制备和所述涂布之后进行热处理。
13.根据权利要求12的方法,其中通过高能研磨或基于干法的混合形成所述涂布。
14.根据权利要求12的方法,其中在所述涂布中,以2:3~5:2的重量混合比使用所述第一涂层前体和所述第二涂层前体。
15.一种正极混合物,其包含权利要求1的正极活性材料。
16.一种二次电池用正极,其中权利要求15的正极混合物涂布在集电器上。
17.一种二次电池,其包含权利要求16的二次电池用正极。
18.根据权利要求17的二次电池,其中所述二次电池是锂二次电池。
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EP2869369B1 (en) | 2018-01-03 |
US10014521B2 (en) | 2018-07-03 |
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US20150132651A1 (en) | 2015-05-14 |
EP2869369A1 (en) | 2015-05-06 |
EP2869369A4 (en) | 2015-12-30 |
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CN104521040A (zh) | 2015-04-15 |
KR101658503B1 (ko) | 2016-09-21 |
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