Papers by oktay dumankaya
OANNES-International Journal of Ancient History, 2022
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Caesarea Germanicia'nın Seramik Ticaretine Dair Ilk Kanıtlar Roma Donemi Kırmızı Astarlı Seramikleri//First Evidence on the Ceramic Trade of Caesarea Germanicia: Roman Red Slip Ware, 2022
Caesarea Germanicia is thought to be located in Kahramanmaras province, which is located at the i... more Caesarea Germanicia is thought to be located in Kahramanmaras province, which is located at the intersection of the eastern and southeastern Mediterranean regions. Caesarea Germanicia, which means “the emperor city”, was founded in 38 AD in honor of Caligula and the empire by Antiochus IV, a King of Commagene. This article assesses the imported ceramics unearthed during the Roman Bath excavations in Caesarea Germanicia. Imported ceramics include Eastern Sigillata (Eastern Sigillata A-B) and red slip ware (Sagalassos, Africa, Phokaia ). It aims to reveal data about the ceramic culture of the city and its importance in ceramic trade with different regions and geographies in this context. Most of the ceramics constitute ESA dated between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD. ESB has also been identified in Caesarea Germanicia. These finds revealed that Caesarea Germanicia had commercial relations with nearby cities and commercial relations with western Anatolia. The ceramics dated to the late Roman Period had wide usage in the city. The earliest examples in the Sagalassos Red Slip Wares, which are among them, are from the 3rd-4th centuries AD. The fact that ceramics produced in Sagalassos have also been identified in Caesarea Germanicia provides important information in determining Caesarea Germanicia's commercial trade network. During the excavations of the ancient city, Phokaia ceramics were also found that were dated to the 4th and 6th centuries AD. The city might have been a relation with Western Anatolia as it had been observed in the first century AD. Although Anatolian production ceramics were intensively found in Caesarea Germanicia, there were overseas ceramics. The African red slip ware dated to the 4th and 6th centuries AD was the evidence of this fact.
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Kahramanmaraş Ansiklopedisi 5. Cilt (K-N), 2021
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Çağlar Boyunca Nehirler, Denizler ve Göller Prehistorya’dan Bizans Dönemi’ne // Rivers, Seas and Lakes Through the Ages: From Prehistory to the Byzantine Period, 2021
Günümüzde Ceyhan Irmağı olarak bilinmekte olan Pyramos, Türkiye’nin
en uzun nehirlerinden bir... more Günümüzde Ceyhan Irmağı olarak bilinmekte olan Pyramos, Türkiye’nin
en uzun nehirlerinden birisi olup toplam uzunluğu 509 km’dir. Pyramos adının
eski Yunanca bir kelime olmadığı bilinmekle birlikte, Akadca’da “Puran”, Hititçe’de “Puruna” adlarına dayandığı düşünülmektedir. Pyramos adının antik
Roma ve Yunan dünyasına aktarılması Babil mitolojisine dayanmaktadır ve bu da Pyramos’un Doğu Akdeniz kültürlerinden aktarıldığı fikrini pekiştirmektedir. İlk nehir tanrısının tanımı, Herakles ile Nehir Tanrısı Akheloos arasındaki mücadeleyi anlatan mitolojiye dayanmaktadır. İlk Pyramos tasvirleri İÖ. 5. yüzyıla ait Mallos sikkelerinde görülmektedir. Pyramos tasvirleri Kilikya bölgesindeki birçok antik kentte ve Kapadokya Bölgesindeki Caesarea Germanicia sikkelerinde görülmekle birlikte bu tasvirler 1. Tip: Nehir Tanrısı Pyramus’un Başı, 2. Tip: Yüzen Nehir Tanrısı Pyramus, 3. Tip: Uzanmış, yarı giyimli Nehir Tanrısı Pyramus şeklinde üç ana tipe ayrılmaktadır. Caesarea Germanicia’nın sikkelerinde Pyramos yüzen nehir tanrısı olarak tasvir edilmiştir. Caesarea Germanicia’da Roma İmparatorları Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus ve Commodus döneminde sikkeler basılmıştır (MS 161-180). Sikkelerin ön yüzünde Roma imparatorlarının portreleri ve unvanları yer almaktadır. Sikkelerin arka yüzünde ise kent tanrıçası Tykhe bir kayanın üzerine oturmakta ve elinde bereket boynuzu tutmaktadır. Nehir Tanrısı Pyramos ise Tykhe’nin ayakları altında yüzer şekilde betimlenmektedir. Pyramos nehri personifikasyonlarının yer aldığı Caesarea Germanicia sikkelerinde ve benzer sikkelerde yer alan betimlemelerin, bölgesel mitolojik efsaneler ve karakterlerin farklı kültürler ile harmanlanmış olduğunu ve kendine özgü yeni bir kültür yaratmış olduğunu görmekteyiz.
The river, which was called Pyramus in the Roman period, is now called
the Ceyhan River. Many civilizations have been established around the Pyramus river. Although it is known that the name Pyramos is not an ancient Greek word, it is thought to be based on the names “Puran” in Akkadian and “Puruna” in Hittite. Because the transfer of the name Pyramos to the ancient Roman and Greek world is also based on Babylonian mythology, and this reinforces the idea that Pyramos was transferred from the cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean. The description of the first river god is based on mythology, which is the subject of the struggle between Heracles and the River God Akheloos. Depiction of Pyramos the first coin it is seen on Mallos coins of the 5th century BC. The depictions of Pyramos have been seen in many ancient cities in the Cilicia region and Caesarea Germanicia coins in the Cappadocia Region these depictions are 1. Type: Head of the River God Pyramus, 2. Type: Swimming River God Pyramus 3. Type: The reclining, half-dressed River God is divided into three main types in the form of Pyramus. The coins of Caesarea Germanicia, are depicted as a swimming river god, and for this reason, it is included in the group of depictions of Pyramos, which are of the primary type. During the reign of the Roman Emperors Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, and Commodus, the coins of Caesarea Germanicia were minted (161-180 AD). On the obverse of the coins are portraits of Roman emperors and their titles. on the reverse of the coins, Tyche seated on a rock, holding Cornucopia in her hand, and River God Pyramos swimming at the feet of Tyche. We see that on the coins of Caesarea Germanicia and other ancient Cilicia Region city coins containing the Pyramus river personifications; regional mythological legends and characters have been blended with different cultures and created a unique new culture.
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Arkeolojik Küçük Buluntular Pişmiş Toprak, Metal, Kemik, Cam ve Taş Eserler Archaeological Small Artifacts Terracotta, Metal, Bone, Glass and Stone Artifacts
Bu makale, literatürde Kaisereia Germanikeia/Caesarea Germanicia (?)
olarak geçen antik kentte 2... more Bu makale, literatürde Kaisereia Germanikeia/Caesarea Germanicia (?)
olarak geçen antik kentte 2019 yılında gerçekleştirilen ve Roma Hamamı veya
Villa (?) olduğunu düşündüğümüz yapıda ortaya çıkartılan seramiklerin arkeolojik ve arkemotrik yönden incelenmesini konu edinmektedir. Arkeolojik alanından ele geçen Geç Roma Dönemi’ne ait seramik örnekler çeşitli arkeometrik yöntemler (FTIR, XRD ve XRF) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. FTIR analiz sonuçları, seramik örneklerinin kalsit ve dolomitik yapıda olduğunu göstermiştir. XRD ve PED-XRF analizleri de bu içeriği destekleyen veriler sunmuştur. PED-XRF analizi ile örneklerin ana ve eser element bileşimlerine ulaşılmıştır. Fiziksel yönden oldukça benzeşen örneklerin kimyasal yönden de benzer içeriğe sahip oldukları anlaşılmıştır. Buradan hareketle ele geçen seramik örneklerin yerel karakter taşıdıkları, yakın çevreye ait işliklerde üretilmiş olmalıdırlar.
Ceramic samples from the Germanicia (?) The archaeological area, known
as Kaisereia Germanikeia in the literature, that may belong to the Late Roman
period were analyzed using various archaeometric methods (FTIR, XRD, and
PED-XRF). Before the analysis, the photographs of the samples were taken and their drawings were made. The body and slip colors of the ceramics were also documented using the Munsell Color Catalogue. FTIR analysis showed that the ceramic samples were in calcite and dolomite structures. XRD and PED-XRF analyses also provided data supporting this content. Major and trace element compositions of the samples were obtained by PED-XRF analysis. It has been understood that the samples, which are quite similar in physical terms, also have similar contents in chemical terms. Based on this, the pottery samples recovered must have been produced in workshops belonging to the immediate surroundings, where they had a local character.
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International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
Myndos is an important ancient city in the Caria Region of Western Anatolia. In 1837, Thomas Grav... more Myndos is an important ancient city in the Caria Region of Western Anatolia. In 1837, Thomas Graves created a bathymetric map of the ancient city’s harbours (Figs 1 and 2). The project reported here compared data taken from this historic mapwith bathymetric data recorded in 2014, in order to investigate changes to the main eastern harbour basin over the past 177 years. Myndos is located in the town of Gümüşlük on the Bodrum Peninsula, in Muğla Province, Turkey. Strabo wrote that the Termerion promontory belonged to the Myndians, and that Myndos was reached via the Astypalai and Zephyrion promontories (Strabo, Geographica, 14.2.20). The earliest information, though, comes from Herodotus, who mentions that Myndian ships joined the campaign ofNaxos in 500 BC under the command ofMegabates, the cousin of Darius I (Herodotus, Histories, 5.33.1–3). Polybius stated that during the Lade Sea Battle of 494 BC, Rhodian ships that wanted to cross to Kos Island had to anchor overnight in Myndos Harbour (Polybius, The History, 16.15.1–8), indicating that Myndos provided a sheltered harbour for warships in the 5th century BC. Moreover, prevailing winds and weather conditions change very quickly on the coasts of the Aegean and the Mediterranean, and sailing ships and galleys have tended to voyage close to the shore (Pryor, 2004: 29–41). Myndos was likely an important port of call for the ships travelling via the Bodrum Peninsula in antiquity. During underwater research at Myndos in 2013, a second harbour, dated to the Roman period, was discovered in the west of the city. The western harbour is thought to have been used as an exterior harbour, and the eastern one as the main harbour (Dumankaya, 2015: 12–20; Dumankaya and Gündüz, 2016a: 10–3; 2016b: 1–5). The eastern harbour is examined in detail here. Kocadağ Hill, 484m in height, which forms the western arm of the bay, was joined to the mainland over time at its northern end by a sand tombolo. Such features have commonly been made use of as natural harbours (Frost, 1973: 90; Erol, 1991; Doğaner, 2000; Brückner et al., 2002, Brückner et al., 2004; Ceylan, 2011; 2012), and Myndians likewise made use of this natural topography. However, wave action and alluvial deposits could cause such harbours to silt up. To inhibit siltation and to accelerate water circulation channels were opened in other harbours (see Blackman, 1982: 193–202; 2008: 662–663; Franco, 1996: 115–151; Raban, 2009: 63; Büyüközer, 2013: 11–12). While no such channel has been located at Myndos, the bay’s use as a harbour is indicated by a mole (Fig. 3a–c), a fortification wall (Fig. 4a–b) and a harbour wall (Fig. 4c), all dated to the 5th–4th BC and theMausolus period. These would have prevented undercurrents and siltation. The fortification wall also served to reduce the effects of theLodoswind and connect Asar Island to the mainland (Fig. 1). The mole protected the basin from waves and undercurrents by narrowing the entrance.
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Journal of Mosaic Research, 2018
Germanicia, Antik Caglardan beri bircok medeniyete ev sahipligi yapan Dogu, Guneydogu ve Akdeniz ... more Germanicia, Antik Caglardan beri bircok medeniyete ev sahipligi yapan Dogu, Guneydogu ve Akdeniz Bolgesi’nin kesisme noktasinda yer alan Kahramanmaras ilinde yer almaktadir. Lokalizasyonu tam olarak yapilamasa da kentin, 2339 metre yuksekligindeki Ahir Dagi’nin guney eteklerinde yer aldigi dusunulmektedir. 2000’li yillarin basinda Kahramanmaras il merkezinin dogusunda yer alan Dulkadiroglu ilcesinde ortaya cikartilan kalintilarin Germanicia Antik Kenti’ne ait olabilecegi dusunulmektedir. Erken Bizans doneminde, Germanicia’nin onemli bir piskoposluk merkezi oldugu bilinmektedir. Eudoxius, Nestorius, Suras, Salamanes (Salamias), Anaphora Thomas ve John gibi bircok piskopos, “Germanikeia” Agnomeni ile anilmistir. Makalenin konusunu olusturan Erken Bizans Donemi’ne ait mozaikler 2001 ve 2016 yillarinda arkeolojik kazilarda Dulkadiroglu ilcesinde bir villa da ortaya cikartilmistir. Bu mozaikler uzerinde koy yasami, cesitli bitkiler, evcil ve vahsi hayvan turleri bir arada tasvir edilmist...
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Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 2020
Balikesir ili, Bandirma ilcesi, Şirincavus Mahallesi kiyi hattinda yer alan antik liman bolge hal... more Balikesir ili, Bandirma ilcesi, Şirincavus Mahallesi kiyi hattinda yer alan antik liman bolge halki tarafindan “Tas Liman” olarak adlandirilmaktadir. Bu makale soz konusu antik liman ve cevresinde tespit edilen M.S. IV-VI. yuzyillara tarihlendirilen tas eserleri konu edinmektedir. Calismada Ion Sutun Basligi, Korinth Basligi, Ion-impost basligi, sutun kaidesi, sutun kaideli postament, korkuluk payesi ve vida pres agirligindan olusan toplam 9 tas eser degerlendirmeye alinmistir. Şirincavus Antik Limani’nin cevresinde herhangi bir yapi kalintisinin olmamasi, antik limanin polygonal taslarin ust uste rastgele yigilmasiyla meydana getirilmis olmasi, soz konusu limanin tarihlendirilmesini engellemektedir. Bu eserler Şirincavus Antik Limani’nin kullanim gordugu tarihler hakkinda onemli ipuclari sunmaktadir.
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Kızlar Hamamı Bay Underwater Hoard, 2019
The subject of this paper is a hoard of about 400 coins found at the depth of 7 meters during tra... more The subject of this paper is a hoard of about 400 coins found at the depth of 7 meters during training dives in Kızlar Hamamı Bay of Silifke district of Mersin in 2016. The fact that the coins were exposed to salt water for a long time made it difficult to identify. A total of 117 coins were restored and conserved. 111 of these coins have been identified. The identified coins are dated between 355-367 AD. The first of the two earliest coins of a standing emperor holding a spear and a globus on the reverse. While the second coin bearded head of an emperor on the obverse. The first of the coin should be Julian II or Constantius II (355-361 AD). On the second coin Julian II (AD. 361-363) is depicted. The remaining 109 coins are of Valens minted in Antioch and date to 364-367 AD. They are arranged into two groups based on their obverse. The first group consists of 69 coins depicting the emperor dragging a captive surrounded by the inscription “GLORIA RO-MANORVM”; the second group of 41 coins have the depiction of Victoria (Nike) holding a wreath and a palm surrounded by the inscription “SECVRITAS-REIPVBLICAE”. Five coins in the first group were minted in four different workshops marked “A, Δ, Γ and Θ” and three coins in the second group were minted in workshops “E, Γ and Θ”. Late Antique pottery observed in this bay suggest that this coin group belongs to a shipwreck. Given the place where the coins were minted, it should belong to a ship heading westward. The historical events of this period were studied, and it is argued that the shipwreck and the hoard must be related to the Crete earthquake in 365 AD or the revolt of Procopius which broke out in the fall of 365 AD and was suppressed in the spring.
Keywords: Underwater Archaeology, Shipwreck, Coins, Hoard, Porto Calamie Harbour.
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Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 2020
This article deals with the stone artifacts found around the ancient harbor located on the coasta... more This article deals with the stone artifacts found around the ancient harbor located on the coastal line of Şirinçavuş Quarter of Bandırma District of Balıkesir Province. A total of nine stone artifacts consisting of Ionic capital, Corinthian capital, Ionic‑impost capital, column base, postament, templon and screw press weigh were evaluated in our article. In this article, Ion, Corinthian and Ion-impost types of three column capitals were evaluated. This stone artifacts dated to the 4th and 6th centuries AD. Information about Ion column capital is given in Cat.1. A spiral scroll, based on the scroll of an ionic capital, fills the triangular space between a vertical and horizontal. However, the scroll details are quite simple. Due to these
features, it is thought that this capital dates back to the 5th century AD. The other artifact under consideration is Cat. No. 2. There are broken parts above the Corinthian capital. The dimension of the Corinthian capital is small. Therefore, we think that a building was used in the partitioning of spaces within the building rather than the main carrier. This capital dates to the
5th and 6th centuries AD. The last artifact evaluated in the column capital group is Cat No. 3
with Ion-impost type capital features (Figs. 4-5). Only one side of the artifact and part of the
facade was preserved. No decoration and scroll are found on the capital. For this reason, it is
thought that it is one of the examples of the capital that was shipped from Prokonnesos quarries
in a semi-finished/unfinished artifact. And also, no sample similar to this artifact has been
identified during our survey. Therefore, it was concluded that it was a completed capital rather
than a semi-finished capital. In the typological evaluation made according to the forms of
ion-impost capital, it was understood that this artifact should be included in the 3rd type capital
group. Considering similar examples, we think that this capital should be dated to the second
half of the 6th century AD. Two column bases were identified in the coastal line. Cat. No.
4 (Figs. 8-9). Some parts of the artifact are broken. The column base consists of semicircular
torus and square slab (thin plinthos). Considering these features and similar examples, it is
thought that this column base dates to the 5th and 6th centuries AD. Another column base is Cat. No. 5 (Figs. 10-11). This column base consists of plinth, torus, and trochilus respectively. The trochilus is divided into equal parts with tiny bands of reliefs. The column base is included in group A in the typological evaluation by Ötüken. Considering these features and similar examples, it is thought that this column base dates to the 5th and 6th centuries AD. In the expedition, two postaments were detected. Both artifacts have similar characteristics and designed on the template, the square-based body. Another artifact detected in the survey is the templon shown in Cat. No. 8 (Figs. 16-17). There is a soffit decoration consisting of two rectangles intertwined on the front of the artifact, which has been subjected to intense destruction. Considering these features and similar examples, it is thought that this templon dates to the 5th and 6th centuries AD. The last artifact evaluated in this article is screw press weight (Cat. No. 9, Figs. 18-19). Screw press weights used for pressing in olive oil and wine workshops generally have a square form. Since this artifact has an oval form, it is concluded that this is the column drum. In the expeditions, nine stone artifacts were identified in the harbor basin, and 8 of them have been historically evaluated and examined in the article. The history of the stone artifacts also provides us with clues regarding the usage phase of the harbor. In the research, many ceramic pieces belonging to Rome, Early Byzantine and Islamic period were identified. However, in order to be able to show definite evidence on when the harbor was used, dated harbor materials or written documents are needed. Because our artifact on the ancient harbor is ongoing, and the results will be shared with the world of science as soon as possible. However, more archaeological findings and written documents are needed in order to have precise information about the periods when the harbor was used. The results obtained from our research in the coming years will be shared as soon as possible.
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ayıp Kent Germanicia: Lokalizasyon Problemleri Üzerine Yeni Gözlemler/The Lost City Germanicia: New Observation on Localization Problems, 2019
Maras which dates back to the Prehistoric Pe-riods and hosted important kingdom and cities such a... more Maras which dates back to the Prehistoric Pe-riods and hosted important kingdom and cities such as Mama, Gurgum, Antiocheia ad Taurum, Germanicia. However, their localization is still not determination. In this article, suggestions are made on the localization of the ancient Roman city of Caesarea Germanicia Commagene or Comma-gene Germanicia. It is believed that the antiquity structures in Dulkadiroglu district, which is located on the east of Kahramanmaras city center, belong to the Germanicia Ancient City. Today, there is a dense urban structure in this region. This situation prevents the determination of the archaeological cultural heritage and the elevation borders of the ancient city. In order to determine the boundaries of the ancient city, (Digital elevation Models) hydrological models of the region were created. In addition, aerial photographs of 1948, 1975 and 2016 determined the distribution area of ancient structures.
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Tina Denizcilik Arkeolojisi Dergisi, 2019
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Antik Çağ Anadolusu'nda Su Ürünleri Tüketimi Ve Ticareti-I: Paleolitik Çağ'dan Tunç Çağı'na // Aquatic Animals Consumption And Trade in the Ancient Anatolian Period-I: From Paleolithic Age to Bronze Age, 2018
The most important source of life for human beings is undoubtedly water. As a matter of fact, the... more The most important source of life for human beings is undoubtedly water. As a matter of fact, the archaeological remains of the Paleolithic Age indicate that the first human communities prefer to settle in areas close to water resources. As it is today, fish and other aquatic animals have been an important source of food and income in ancient times the first communities fishing in terrestrial waters, such as rivers, lakes, streams, and coasts, are not delayed in producing the tools and technology necessary to hunt in open seas. The first evidences for the consumption of marine and freshwater animals begins with the Archaic Homo Sapiens. In the era called epi-palaeolithic or mesolithic, the first signs of transition to settled life have started to be seen with the creation of new hunting strategies. In the Neolithic Age, communities started to settle on the shores of the lakes and the sea where they could obtain easier food. In general, in the Neolithic period societies, in the transition stage to the producer society, while agriculture and animal husbandry were in the foreground compared to aquatic animals in the inner regions of Anatolia, in the coastal cultures people had eating habits called "mixed food/diet economy". It is known that these people mostly engaged in open sea fishing, gathering seashells like mussels from the shore, eating animals such as deer, wild boar and cattle as well as their own domestic animals and also often consuming from the edible wild nuts. As a result of archaeological researches and excavations, the remains of aquatic animal such as sea water or in fresh water fish, amphibians and crustaceans, carp, cat fish, pickerel, tuna fish, grey mullet and also mussels, marine invertebrates, oysters, spiny snails fish, molluscs, have been widely found in the Neolithic settlements. Since the Early Bronze Age, population growth and correspondingly increased consumption of fisheries necessitated the development of new hunting strategies and techniques, particularly in the western Anatolian coastal settlements.
As a matter of fact, in the Middle and Late Bronze Age, fishing was developed in parallel with the port and ship technologies of the period. It has been proved by the archaeological findings that fishing has become an occupational group and these products are used as industrial material. At the same time there are many ancient texts that indicate that aquatic animals used in perfume, incense and alternative medicine. These texts show that ancient periods people not only used aquartic animals for diet but also used them for different purposes.
Key Words: Prehistoric Period, Aquatic Animals, Fish, Shells, Mollusks, Crustaceans, Marine Invertebrates, Medicine.
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JOURNAL OF MOSAIC RESEARCH, 2018
Abstract
Germanicia has been hosted by many civilizations since Antiquity and is located in the K... more Abstract
Germanicia has been hosted by many civilizations since Antiquity and is located in the Kahramanmaraş pro-vince at the intersection of East, Southeast and Mediterranean Regions. Even though the localization cannot be done completely, it is thought that the city was located on the southern hillsides of Ahir Mountain in 2339 meters high. It is thought that the ruins discovered at the district of Dulkadiroğlu, located in the east of Kahramanmaraş city center at the beginning of 2000s, may belong to Germanicia ancient city. It is known that Germanicia was an important episcopal city in the Early Byzantine period and many bishops such as Eudoxius, Nestorius, Suras, Salamanes (Salamias), Anaphora Thomas and John were called “Germanikeia” Agnomen. The villa room and corridor mosaics mentioned in the article belong to the Early Byzantine Period. The founds in the district of Dulkadiroğlu were unearthed in the archaeological excavations in 2001 and 2016. Various plants, domestic and wild animal species were depicted together on these mosaics. These mosaics give us information about fauna and flora of Germanicia. The mosaic that forms the subject of our article and animal depictions had importance in Roman art since the 1st century BC. Village life, nature, animals and hunting scenes (Emblemata) began to appear on mosaics in North Africa in the 2nd century AD, in Anatolia, Europe and Adriatic in the 4th century AD and later. However, the meaning of these themes changed in the Jewish and Christian communities and were perceived as religious symbols. Village life, nature, animals and hunting scenes are associated with stories in the Old and New Testament.
Keywords: Kahramanmaraş, Germanicia, Late Roman, mosaic, Opus Tessellatum.
Öz
Germanicia, Antik Çağlardan beri birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapan Doğu, Güneydoğu ve Akdeniz Bölgesi’nin kesişme noktasında yer alan Kahramanmaraş ilinde yer almaktadır. Lokalizasyonu tam olarak yapılamasa da kentin, 2339 metre yüksekliğindeki Ahir Dağı’nın güney eteklerinde yer aldığı düşünülmektedir. 2000’li yılların başında Kahramanmaraş il merkezinin doğusunda yer alan Dulkadiroğlu ilçesinde ortaya çıkartılan kalıntıların Germanicia Antik Kenti’ne ait olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Erken Bizans döneminde, Germanicia’nın önemli bir piskoposluk merkezi olduğu bilinmektedir. Eudoxius, Nestorius, Suras, Salamanes (Salamias), Anaphora Thomas ve John gibi birçok piskopos, “Germanikeia” Agnomeni ile anılmıştır. Makalenin konusunu oluşturan Erken Bizans Dönemi’ne ait mozaikler 2001 ve 2016 yıllarında arkeolojik kazılarda Dulkadiroğlu ilçesinde bir villa da ortaya çıkartılmıştır. Bu mozaikler üzerinde köy yaşamı, çeşitli bitkiler, evcil ve vahşi hayvan türleri bir arada tasvir edilmiştir. Bu mozaikler bize Germanicia’nın fauna ve florası hakkında bilgiler vermektedir. Makalemizin konusunu oluşturan mozaik üzerinde gözlemlenen hayvan betimlemelerinin İÖ I. yüzyıldan itibaren Roma resim sanatında önemli bir yer tuttuğu bilinmektedir. Köy yaşamı doğa, hayvan ve av sahnelerinin (Emblemata) mozaikler üzerine yansımaları Kuzey Afrika’da İS II.yüzyılda, Anadolu Avrupa ve Adriyatikte ise İS IV. yüzyıl ve sonrasında mozaikler üzerinde görülmeye başlamıştır. Ancak, bu sahneler Yahudi ve Hristiyan topluluklarda anlam değiştirerek dini semboller olarak algılanmıştır. Mozaikler üzerindeki köy hayatı, doğa, hayvan ve av sahneleri Eski ve Yeni Ahit’teki hikayelerle ilişkilendirilmiştir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Kahramanmaraş, Germanicia, Geç Roma, mozaik, Opus Tessellatum.
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Abstract: Kahramanmaraş Province has been home to many cultures dating back to the prehistoric ti... more Abstract: Kahramanmaraş Province has been home to many cultures dating back to the prehistoric times. In order to reveal the archaeological richness of the prov-ince, an archeological survey in Afşin and Elbistan was conducted in 2016. Inventory records of the archeologi-cal material identified in the Arıtaş quarter of Afşin district during the survey were made. This article con-cerns the evaluation of the Early Byzantine architectural stone elements found in the area of Arıtaş. These arte-facts were grouped according to their functions and from historical evaluations. The map of distribution of these finds was made and the areas of their use exam-ined. The aim is to contribute to the understanding of building localization and the qualities of the architec-ture of the period from these stone finds, which cannot be found in situ today in the Afşin neighborhood. In this survey detailed documentation was made of 14 artefacts: 5 column-capitals, 2 column-bases, 3 carved parapet plates, 3 door frames and 1 gargoyle. In addi-tion to these, records concerning 15 columns and their evaluation was made. When an evaluation of the dates of these finds was made, it was found that the stone artefacts found at the Arıtaş quarter can be dated to the Vth-VIth centuries A.D.
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en uzun nehirlerinden birisi olup toplam uzunluğu 509 km’dir. Pyramos adının
eski Yunanca bir kelime olmadığı bilinmekle birlikte, Akadca’da “Puran”, Hititçe’de “Puruna” adlarına dayandığı düşünülmektedir. Pyramos adının antik
Roma ve Yunan dünyasına aktarılması Babil mitolojisine dayanmaktadır ve bu da Pyramos’un Doğu Akdeniz kültürlerinden aktarıldığı fikrini pekiştirmektedir. İlk nehir tanrısının tanımı, Herakles ile Nehir Tanrısı Akheloos arasındaki mücadeleyi anlatan mitolojiye dayanmaktadır. İlk Pyramos tasvirleri İÖ. 5. yüzyıla ait Mallos sikkelerinde görülmektedir. Pyramos tasvirleri Kilikya bölgesindeki birçok antik kentte ve Kapadokya Bölgesindeki Caesarea Germanicia sikkelerinde görülmekle birlikte bu tasvirler 1. Tip: Nehir Tanrısı Pyramus’un Başı, 2. Tip: Yüzen Nehir Tanrısı Pyramus, 3. Tip: Uzanmış, yarı giyimli Nehir Tanrısı Pyramus şeklinde üç ana tipe ayrılmaktadır. Caesarea Germanicia’nın sikkelerinde Pyramos yüzen nehir tanrısı olarak tasvir edilmiştir. Caesarea Germanicia’da Roma İmparatorları Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus ve Commodus döneminde sikkeler basılmıştır (MS 161-180). Sikkelerin ön yüzünde Roma imparatorlarının portreleri ve unvanları yer almaktadır. Sikkelerin arka yüzünde ise kent tanrıçası Tykhe bir kayanın üzerine oturmakta ve elinde bereket boynuzu tutmaktadır. Nehir Tanrısı Pyramos ise Tykhe’nin ayakları altında yüzer şekilde betimlenmektedir. Pyramos nehri personifikasyonlarının yer aldığı Caesarea Germanicia sikkelerinde ve benzer sikkelerde yer alan betimlemelerin, bölgesel mitolojik efsaneler ve karakterlerin farklı kültürler ile harmanlanmış olduğunu ve kendine özgü yeni bir kültür yaratmış olduğunu görmekteyiz.
The river, which was called Pyramus in the Roman period, is now called
the Ceyhan River. Many civilizations have been established around the Pyramus river. Although it is known that the name Pyramos is not an ancient Greek word, it is thought to be based on the names “Puran” in Akkadian and “Puruna” in Hittite. Because the transfer of the name Pyramos to the ancient Roman and Greek world is also based on Babylonian mythology, and this reinforces the idea that Pyramos was transferred from the cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean. The description of the first river god is based on mythology, which is the subject of the struggle between Heracles and the River God Akheloos. Depiction of Pyramos the first coin it is seen on Mallos coins of the 5th century BC. The depictions of Pyramos have been seen in many ancient cities in the Cilicia region and Caesarea Germanicia coins in the Cappadocia Region these depictions are 1. Type: Head of the River God Pyramus, 2. Type: Swimming River God Pyramus 3. Type: The reclining, half-dressed River God is divided into three main types in the form of Pyramus. The coins of Caesarea Germanicia, are depicted as a swimming river god, and for this reason, it is included in the group of depictions of Pyramos, which are of the primary type. During the reign of the Roman Emperors Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, and Commodus, the coins of Caesarea Germanicia were minted (161-180 AD). On the obverse of the coins are portraits of Roman emperors and their titles. on the reverse of the coins, Tyche seated on a rock, holding Cornucopia in her hand, and River God Pyramos swimming at the feet of Tyche. We see that on the coins of Caesarea Germanicia and other ancient Cilicia Region city coins containing the Pyramus river personifications; regional mythological legends and characters have been blended with different cultures and created a unique new culture.
olarak geçen antik kentte 2019 yılında gerçekleştirilen ve Roma Hamamı veya
Villa (?) olduğunu düşündüğümüz yapıda ortaya çıkartılan seramiklerin arkeolojik ve arkemotrik yönden incelenmesini konu edinmektedir. Arkeolojik alanından ele geçen Geç Roma Dönemi’ne ait seramik örnekler çeşitli arkeometrik yöntemler (FTIR, XRD ve XRF) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. FTIR analiz sonuçları, seramik örneklerinin kalsit ve dolomitik yapıda olduğunu göstermiştir. XRD ve PED-XRF analizleri de bu içeriği destekleyen veriler sunmuştur. PED-XRF analizi ile örneklerin ana ve eser element bileşimlerine ulaşılmıştır. Fiziksel yönden oldukça benzeşen örneklerin kimyasal yönden de benzer içeriğe sahip oldukları anlaşılmıştır. Buradan hareketle ele geçen seramik örneklerin yerel karakter taşıdıkları, yakın çevreye ait işliklerde üretilmiş olmalıdırlar.
Ceramic samples from the Germanicia (?) The archaeological area, known
as Kaisereia Germanikeia in the literature, that may belong to the Late Roman
period were analyzed using various archaeometric methods (FTIR, XRD, and
PED-XRF). Before the analysis, the photographs of the samples were taken and their drawings were made. The body and slip colors of the ceramics were also documented using the Munsell Color Catalogue. FTIR analysis showed that the ceramic samples were in calcite and dolomite structures. XRD and PED-XRF analyses also provided data supporting this content. Major and trace element compositions of the samples were obtained by PED-XRF analysis. It has been understood that the samples, which are quite similar in physical terms, also have similar contents in chemical terms. Based on this, the pottery samples recovered must have been produced in workshops belonging to the immediate surroundings, where they had a local character.
Keywords: Underwater Archaeology, Shipwreck, Coins, Hoard, Porto Calamie Harbour.
features, it is thought that this capital dates back to the 5th century AD. The other artifact under consideration is Cat. No. 2. There are broken parts above the Corinthian capital. The dimension of the Corinthian capital is small. Therefore, we think that a building was used in the partitioning of spaces within the building rather than the main carrier. This capital dates to the
5th and 6th centuries AD. The last artifact evaluated in the column capital group is Cat No. 3
with Ion-impost type capital features (Figs. 4-5). Only one side of the artifact and part of the
facade was preserved. No decoration and scroll are found on the capital. For this reason, it is
thought that it is one of the examples of the capital that was shipped from Prokonnesos quarries
in a semi-finished/unfinished artifact. And also, no sample similar to this artifact has been
identified during our survey. Therefore, it was concluded that it was a completed capital rather
than a semi-finished capital. In the typological evaluation made according to the forms of
ion-impost capital, it was understood that this artifact should be included in the 3rd type capital
group. Considering similar examples, we think that this capital should be dated to the second
half of the 6th century AD. Two column bases were identified in the coastal line. Cat. No.
4 (Figs. 8-9). Some parts of the artifact are broken. The column base consists of semicircular
torus and square slab (thin plinthos). Considering these features and similar examples, it is
thought that this column base dates to the 5th and 6th centuries AD. Another column base is Cat. No. 5 (Figs. 10-11). This column base consists of plinth, torus, and trochilus respectively. The trochilus is divided into equal parts with tiny bands of reliefs. The column base is included in group A in the typological evaluation by Ötüken. Considering these features and similar examples, it is thought that this column base dates to the 5th and 6th centuries AD. In the expedition, two postaments were detected. Both artifacts have similar characteristics and designed on the template, the square-based body. Another artifact detected in the survey is the templon shown in Cat. No. 8 (Figs. 16-17). There is a soffit decoration consisting of two rectangles intertwined on the front of the artifact, which has been subjected to intense destruction. Considering these features and similar examples, it is thought that this templon dates to the 5th and 6th centuries AD. The last artifact evaluated in this article is screw press weight (Cat. No. 9, Figs. 18-19). Screw press weights used for pressing in olive oil and wine workshops generally have a square form. Since this artifact has an oval form, it is concluded that this is the column drum. In the expeditions, nine stone artifacts were identified in the harbor basin, and 8 of them have been historically evaluated and examined in the article. The history of the stone artifacts also provides us with clues regarding the usage phase of the harbor. In the research, many ceramic pieces belonging to Rome, Early Byzantine and Islamic period were identified. However, in order to be able to show definite evidence on when the harbor was used, dated harbor materials or written documents are needed. Because our artifact on the ancient harbor is ongoing, and the results will be shared with the world of science as soon as possible. However, more archaeological findings and written documents are needed in order to have precise information about the periods when the harbor was used. The results obtained from our research in the coming years will be shared as soon as possible.
As a matter of fact, in the Middle and Late Bronze Age, fishing was developed in parallel with the port and ship technologies of the period. It has been proved by the archaeological findings that fishing has become an occupational group and these products are used as industrial material. At the same time there are many ancient texts that indicate that aquatic animals used in perfume, incense and alternative medicine. These texts show that ancient periods people not only used aquartic animals for diet but also used them for different purposes.
Key Words: Prehistoric Period, Aquatic Animals, Fish, Shells, Mollusks, Crustaceans, Marine Invertebrates, Medicine.
Germanicia has been hosted by many civilizations since Antiquity and is located in the Kahramanmaraş pro-vince at the intersection of East, Southeast and Mediterranean Regions. Even though the localization cannot be done completely, it is thought that the city was located on the southern hillsides of Ahir Mountain in 2339 meters high. It is thought that the ruins discovered at the district of Dulkadiroğlu, located in the east of Kahramanmaraş city center at the beginning of 2000s, may belong to Germanicia ancient city. It is known that Germanicia was an important episcopal city in the Early Byzantine period and many bishops such as Eudoxius, Nestorius, Suras, Salamanes (Salamias), Anaphora Thomas and John were called “Germanikeia” Agnomen. The villa room and corridor mosaics mentioned in the article belong to the Early Byzantine Period. The founds in the district of Dulkadiroğlu were unearthed in the archaeological excavations in 2001 and 2016. Various plants, domestic and wild animal species were depicted together on these mosaics. These mosaics give us information about fauna and flora of Germanicia. The mosaic that forms the subject of our article and animal depictions had importance in Roman art since the 1st century BC. Village life, nature, animals and hunting scenes (Emblemata) began to appear on mosaics in North Africa in the 2nd century AD, in Anatolia, Europe and Adriatic in the 4th century AD and later. However, the meaning of these themes changed in the Jewish and Christian communities and were perceived as religious symbols. Village life, nature, animals and hunting scenes are associated with stories in the Old and New Testament.
Keywords: Kahramanmaraş, Germanicia, Late Roman, mosaic, Opus Tessellatum.
Öz
Germanicia, Antik Çağlardan beri birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapan Doğu, Güneydoğu ve Akdeniz Bölgesi’nin kesişme noktasında yer alan Kahramanmaraş ilinde yer almaktadır. Lokalizasyonu tam olarak yapılamasa da kentin, 2339 metre yüksekliğindeki Ahir Dağı’nın güney eteklerinde yer aldığı düşünülmektedir. 2000’li yılların başında Kahramanmaraş il merkezinin doğusunda yer alan Dulkadiroğlu ilçesinde ortaya çıkartılan kalıntıların Germanicia Antik Kenti’ne ait olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Erken Bizans döneminde, Germanicia’nın önemli bir piskoposluk merkezi olduğu bilinmektedir. Eudoxius, Nestorius, Suras, Salamanes (Salamias), Anaphora Thomas ve John gibi birçok piskopos, “Germanikeia” Agnomeni ile anılmıştır. Makalenin konusunu oluşturan Erken Bizans Dönemi’ne ait mozaikler 2001 ve 2016 yıllarında arkeolojik kazılarda Dulkadiroğlu ilçesinde bir villa da ortaya çıkartılmıştır. Bu mozaikler üzerinde köy yaşamı, çeşitli bitkiler, evcil ve vahşi hayvan türleri bir arada tasvir edilmiştir. Bu mozaikler bize Germanicia’nın fauna ve florası hakkında bilgiler vermektedir. Makalemizin konusunu oluşturan mozaik üzerinde gözlemlenen hayvan betimlemelerinin İÖ I. yüzyıldan itibaren Roma resim sanatında önemli bir yer tuttuğu bilinmektedir. Köy yaşamı doğa, hayvan ve av sahnelerinin (Emblemata) mozaikler üzerine yansımaları Kuzey Afrika’da İS II.yüzyılda, Anadolu Avrupa ve Adriyatikte ise İS IV. yüzyıl ve sonrasında mozaikler üzerinde görülmeye başlamıştır. Ancak, bu sahneler Yahudi ve Hristiyan topluluklarda anlam değiştirerek dini semboller olarak algılanmıştır. Mozaikler üzerindeki köy hayatı, doğa, hayvan ve av sahneleri Eski ve Yeni Ahit’teki hikayelerle ilişkilendirilmiştir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Kahramanmaraş, Germanicia, Geç Roma, mozaik, Opus Tessellatum.
en uzun nehirlerinden birisi olup toplam uzunluğu 509 km’dir. Pyramos adının
eski Yunanca bir kelime olmadığı bilinmekle birlikte, Akadca’da “Puran”, Hititçe’de “Puruna” adlarına dayandığı düşünülmektedir. Pyramos adının antik
Roma ve Yunan dünyasına aktarılması Babil mitolojisine dayanmaktadır ve bu da Pyramos’un Doğu Akdeniz kültürlerinden aktarıldığı fikrini pekiştirmektedir. İlk nehir tanrısının tanımı, Herakles ile Nehir Tanrısı Akheloos arasındaki mücadeleyi anlatan mitolojiye dayanmaktadır. İlk Pyramos tasvirleri İÖ. 5. yüzyıla ait Mallos sikkelerinde görülmektedir. Pyramos tasvirleri Kilikya bölgesindeki birçok antik kentte ve Kapadokya Bölgesindeki Caesarea Germanicia sikkelerinde görülmekle birlikte bu tasvirler 1. Tip: Nehir Tanrısı Pyramus’un Başı, 2. Tip: Yüzen Nehir Tanrısı Pyramus, 3. Tip: Uzanmış, yarı giyimli Nehir Tanrısı Pyramus şeklinde üç ana tipe ayrılmaktadır. Caesarea Germanicia’nın sikkelerinde Pyramos yüzen nehir tanrısı olarak tasvir edilmiştir. Caesarea Germanicia’da Roma İmparatorları Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus ve Commodus döneminde sikkeler basılmıştır (MS 161-180). Sikkelerin ön yüzünde Roma imparatorlarının portreleri ve unvanları yer almaktadır. Sikkelerin arka yüzünde ise kent tanrıçası Tykhe bir kayanın üzerine oturmakta ve elinde bereket boynuzu tutmaktadır. Nehir Tanrısı Pyramos ise Tykhe’nin ayakları altında yüzer şekilde betimlenmektedir. Pyramos nehri personifikasyonlarının yer aldığı Caesarea Germanicia sikkelerinde ve benzer sikkelerde yer alan betimlemelerin, bölgesel mitolojik efsaneler ve karakterlerin farklı kültürler ile harmanlanmış olduğunu ve kendine özgü yeni bir kültür yaratmış olduğunu görmekteyiz.
The river, which was called Pyramus in the Roman period, is now called
the Ceyhan River. Many civilizations have been established around the Pyramus river. Although it is known that the name Pyramos is not an ancient Greek word, it is thought to be based on the names “Puran” in Akkadian and “Puruna” in Hittite. Because the transfer of the name Pyramos to the ancient Roman and Greek world is also based on Babylonian mythology, and this reinforces the idea that Pyramos was transferred from the cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean. The description of the first river god is based on mythology, which is the subject of the struggle between Heracles and the River God Akheloos. Depiction of Pyramos the first coin it is seen on Mallos coins of the 5th century BC. The depictions of Pyramos have been seen in many ancient cities in the Cilicia region and Caesarea Germanicia coins in the Cappadocia Region these depictions are 1. Type: Head of the River God Pyramus, 2. Type: Swimming River God Pyramus 3. Type: The reclining, half-dressed River God is divided into three main types in the form of Pyramus. The coins of Caesarea Germanicia, are depicted as a swimming river god, and for this reason, it is included in the group of depictions of Pyramos, which are of the primary type. During the reign of the Roman Emperors Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, and Commodus, the coins of Caesarea Germanicia were minted (161-180 AD). On the obverse of the coins are portraits of Roman emperors and their titles. on the reverse of the coins, Tyche seated on a rock, holding Cornucopia in her hand, and River God Pyramos swimming at the feet of Tyche. We see that on the coins of Caesarea Germanicia and other ancient Cilicia Region city coins containing the Pyramus river personifications; regional mythological legends and characters have been blended with different cultures and created a unique new culture.
olarak geçen antik kentte 2019 yılında gerçekleştirilen ve Roma Hamamı veya
Villa (?) olduğunu düşündüğümüz yapıda ortaya çıkartılan seramiklerin arkeolojik ve arkemotrik yönden incelenmesini konu edinmektedir. Arkeolojik alanından ele geçen Geç Roma Dönemi’ne ait seramik örnekler çeşitli arkeometrik yöntemler (FTIR, XRD ve XRF) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. FTIR analiz sonuçları, seramik örneklerinin kalsit ve dolomitik yapıda olduğunu göstermiştir. XRD ve PED-XRF analizleri de bu içeriği destekleyen veriler sunmuştur. PED-XRF analizi ile örneklerin ana ve eser element bileşimlerine ulaşılmıştır. Fiziksel yönden oldukça benzeşen örneklerin kimyasal yönden de benzer içeriğe sahip oldukları anlaşılmıştır. Buradan hareketle ele geçen seramik örneklerin yerel karakter taşıdıkları, yakın çevreye ait işliklerde üretilmiş olmalıdırlar.
Ceramic samples from the Germanicia (?) The archaeological area, known
as Kaisereia Germanikeia in the literature, that may belong to the Late Roman
period were analyzed using various archaeometric methods (FTIR, XRD, and
PED-XRF). Before the analysis, the photographs of the samples were taken and their drawings were made. The body and slip colors of the ceramics were also documented using the Munsell Color Catalogue. FTIR analysis showed that the ceramic samples were in calcite and dolomite structures. XRD and PED-XRF analyses also provided data supporting this content. Major and trace element compositions of the samples were obtained by PED-XRF analysis. It has been understood that the samples, which are quite similar in physical terms, also have similar contents in chemical terms. Based on this, the pottery samples recovered must have been produced in workshops belonging to the immediate surroundings, where they had a local character.
Keywords: Underwater Archaeology, Shipwreck, Coins, Hoard, Porto Calamie Harbour.
features, it is thought that this capital dates back to the 5th century AD. The other artifact under consideration is Cat. No. 2. There are broken parts above the Corinthian capital. The dimension of the Corinthian capital is small. Therefore, we think that a building was used in the partitioning of spaces within the building rather than the main carrier. This capital dates to the
5th and 6th centuries AD. The last artifact evaluated in the column capital group is Cat No. 3
with Ion-impost type capital features (Figs. 4-5). Only one side of the artifact and part of the
facade was preserved. No decoration and scroll are found on the capital. For this reason, it is
thought that it is one of the examples of the capital that was shipped from Prokonnesos quarries
in a semi-finished/unfinished artifact. And also, no sample similar to this artifact has been
identified during our survey. Therefore, it was concluded that it was a completed capital rather
than a semi-finished capital. In the typological evaluation made according to the forms of
ion-impost capital, it was understood that this artifact should be included in the 3rd type capital
group. Considering similar examples, we think that this capital should be dated to the second
half of the 6th century AD. Two column bases were identified in the coastal line. Cat. No.
4 (Figs. 8-9). Some parts of the artifact are broken. The column base consists of semicircular
torus and square slab (thin plinthos). Considering these features and similar examples, it is
thought that this column base dates to the 5th and 6th centuries AD. Another column base is Cat. No. 5 (Figs. 10-11). This column base consists of plinth, torus, and trochilus respectively. The trochilus is divided into equal parts with tiny bands of reliefs. The column base is included in group A in the typological evaluation by Ötüken. Considering these features and similar examples, it is thought that this column base dates to the 5th and 6th centuries AD. In the expedition, two postaments were detected. Both artifacts have similar characteristics and designed on the template, the square-based body. Another artifact detected in the survey is the templon shown in Cat. No. 8 (Figs. 16-17). There is a soffit decoration consisting of two rectangles intertwined on the front of the artifact, which has been subjected to intense destruction. Considering these features and similar examples, it is thought that this templon dates to the 5th and 6th centuries AD. The last artifact evaluated in this article is screw press weight (Cat. No. 9, Figs. 18-19). Screw press weights used for pressing in olive oil and wine workshops generally have a square form. Since this artifact has an oval form, it is concluded that this is the column drum. In the expeditions, nine stone artifacts were identified in the harbor basin, and 8 of them have been historically evaluated and examined in the article. The history of the stone artifacts also provides us with clues regarding the usage phase of the harbor. In the research, many ceramic pieces belonging to Rome, Early Byzantine and Islamic period were identified. However, in order to be able to show definite evidence on when the harbor was used, dated harbor materials or written documents are needed. Because our artifact on the ancient harbor is ongoing, and the results will be shared with the world of science as soon as possible. However, more archaeological findings and written documents are needed in order to have precise information about the periods when the harbor was used. The results obtained from our research in the coming years will be shared as soon as possible.
As a matter of fact, in the Middle and Late Bronze Age, fishing was developed in parallel with the port and ship technologies of the period. It has been proved by the archaeological findings that fishing has become an occupational group and these products are used as industrial material. At the same time there are many ancient texts that indicate that aquatic animals used in perfume, incense and alternative medicine. These texts show that ancient periods people not only used aquartic animals for diet but also used them for different purposes.
Key Words: Prehistoric Period, Aquatic Animals, Fish, Shells, Mollusks, Crustaceans, Marine Invertebrates, Medicine.
Germanicia has been hosted by many civilizations since Antiquity and is located in the Kahramanmaraş pro-vince at the intersection of East, Southeast and Mediterranean Regions. Even though the localization cannot be done completely, it is thought that the city was located on the southern hillsides of Ahir Mountain in 2339 meters high. It is thought that the ruins discovered at the district of Dulkadiroğlu, located in the east of Kahramanmaraş city center at the beginning of 2000s, may belong to Germanicia ancient city. It is known that Germanicia was an important episcopal city in the Early Byzantine period and many bishops such as Eudoxius, Nestorius, Suras, Salamanes (Salamias), Anaphora Thomas and John were called “Germanikeia” Agnomen. The villa room and corridor mosaics mentioned in the article belong to the Early Byzantine Period. The founds in the district of Dulkadiroğlu were unearthed in the archaeological excavations in 2001 and 2016. Various plants, domestic and wild animal species were depicted together on these mosaics. These mosaics give us information about fauna and flora of Germanicia. The mosaic that forms the subject of our article and animal depictions had importance in Roman art since the 1st century BC. Village life, nature, animals and hunting scenes (Emblemata) began to appear on mosaics in North Africa in the 2nd century AD, in Anatolia, Europe and Adriatic in the 4th century AD and later. However, the meaning of these themes changed in the Jewish and Christian communities and were perceived as religious symbols. Village life, nature, animals and hunting scenes are associated with stories in the Old and New Testament.
Keywords: Kahramanmaraş, Germanicia, Late Roman, mosaic, Opus Tessellatum.
Öz
Germanicia, Antik Çağlardan beri birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapan Doğu, Güneydoğu ve Akdeniz Bölgesi’nin kesişme noktasında yer alan Kahramanmaraş ilinde yer almaktadır. Lokalizasyonu tam olarak yapılamasa da kentin, 2339 metre yüksekliğindeki Ahir Dağı’nın güney eteklerinde yer aldığı düşünülmektedir. 2000’li yılların başında Kahramanmaraş il merkezinin doğusunda yer alan Dulkadiroğlu ilçesinde ortaya çıkartılan kalıntıların Germanicia Antik Kenti’ne ait olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Erken Bizans döneminde, Germanicia’nın önemli bir piskoposluk merkezi olduğu bilinmektedir. Eudoxius, Nestorius, Suras, Salamanes (Salamias), Anaphora Thomas ve John gibi birçok piskopos, “Germanikeia” Agnomeni ile anılmıştır. Makalenin konusunu oluşturan Erken Bizans Dönemi’ne ait mozaikler 2001 ve 2016 yıllarında arkeolojik kazılarda Dulkadiroğlu ilçesinde bir villa da ortaya çıkartılmıştır. Bu mozaikler üzerinde köy yaşamı, çeşitli bitkiler, evcil ve vahşi hayvan türleri bir arada tasvir edilmiştir. Bu mozaikler bize Germanicia’nın fauna ve florası hakkında bilgiler vermektedir. Makalemizin konusunu oluşturan mozaik üzerinde gözlemlenen hayvan betimlemelerinin İÖ I. yüzyıldan itibaren Roma resim sanatında önemli bir yer tuttuğu bilinmektedir. Köy yaşamı doğa, hayvan ve av sahnelerinin (Emblemata) mozaikler üzerine yansımaları Kuzey Afrika’da İS II.yüzyılda, Anadolu Avrupa ve Adriyatikte ise İS IV. yüzyıl ve sonrasında mozaikler üzerinde görülmeye başlamıştır. Ancak, bu sahneler Yahudi ve Hristiyan topluluklarda anlam değiştirerek dini semboller olarak algılanmıştır. Mozaikler üzerindeki köy hayatı, doğa, hayvan ve av sahneleri Eski ve Yeni Ahit’teki hikayelerle ilişkilendirilmiştir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Kahramanmaraş, Germanicia, Geç Roma, mozaik, Opus Tessellatum.