Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Archaeology Department

This article describes the ancient city of Myndos between the years 2005-2012 made in the archaeological excavations uncovered water structures is discussed.  4th century BC and 7th century AD Among the town's economy centuries change and this change effects on water structures was evaluated. Eligible buildings, situated in the basin of the harbour in 5th and 6th centuries AD holy springs,  the water well shown on the Piri Reis map is shown on water well, located on the island of Asar 5th and 6th centuries BC the remains of structures and cisterns, ancient town uncovere 4th and 3th century BC terracotta pipes made from the water channel.

Key words: Myndos, Asar Island, Holy spring, Cistern, water supply

Myndos, one of the major coastal cities of ancient Caria, lies within the boundaries of the town of Gümüşlük, on the west side of the Bodrum The first known information on the location of the city comes from Strabo, an ancient historian and geographer.The harbour is encompassed by Kocadağ (484 m) to
the southwest, which is a distinctly high hill, and Asar Island, a small island to the southeastBased on its geographical characteristics, the coastline, including the harbours of Myndos is a tombolo formation, comparable to those observed at the ancient cities of Halikarnassos and KnidosThe mole lies at the harbour’s entrance, extending
from the east bank of Kocadağ toward the open sea. The
harbour’s entrance, situated between Kocadağ and Asar Island,
is 155 m wide, and it was narrowed to 117 m after
completion of the mole.

This article concerns with the harbour structures that Salih Island shoreline located in the Province of Muğla, district of Bodrum (The ancient city of Karyanda ?). Many remains of structures associated with the harbor have been identified at the costal line of the island. These structures might be dated back to the Hellenistic and late ancient period. Comparisons of identified harbor structures with other harbor structures in the region, dating of the structures and questioning of which city they belong to are the subject of this article.

The subject matter of this article is the ancient stone quarry dock located in Quarter of Koyunbaba, municipality of Gümüşlük, district of Bodrum and province of Muğla. Rocks in Koyunbaba Ancient Stone Quarry are formed as a product of active volcanism in Mid-Upper Miocene. These rocks are easily shaped and also have beautiful appearances due to its green color. Thanks to this characteristic, block stones taken from this quarry are encountered in almost all the ancient settlements located in the coastal line along Halikarnassos Mausolleion and Bodrum Peninsula, particularly in Myndos Ancient City its close surrounding. When considering the size of stone quarry, it is seen that stones have been extracted from this quarry for long years. In the research we have carried out on this dock, mooring holes, bollards and (2 pieces of) sarcophagus made of Koyunbaba rock in the depth of 4 meters on the southern end of the dock are determined.

Our kknowledge about the ancient city of Miletopolis is very limited. From the informationgaied the ancient resourches, the city was located at the coast of a lake during the 1 st  century AD. The lake at the coast of the Miletopolitis was called as Miletopolis in some of  the ancient resources, for some others it is mentioned as Artynias. Hadrian coins found in the area and Athenian Tribute List indicates that this city was located at the coast of a lake. However, nowadays, Miletopolis is located in the rurar area, nearest lake is 17 km away and the nearest point  to reach  the sea Marmara is 37 km. It is interesting although, the city is not located on a slope of a plain which has the same level of height with the lake Uluabat. Localizations questions about the city of Miletopolis had risen in 20th century and until now and as result of the studies carried out a large scale of the city is determined. The aim of our research is to find harbour of the Miletopolis or at least to discuss where it could have been according to the archaeological date and georgraphical factors.

It is located in Kahramanmaras Province,  Körali and  Pazarcık district. Approximately 4 km from Pazarcık district. It is an island in Kartalkaya Dam reservoir located in the southeast of Turkey. The mound, which is located on a rocky geographical position, is becoming more prominent during the periods when the dam waters are draining and it gains a peninsular structure. Because the mound is mostly under the dam waters, deformation is high in the areas outside the summit areas. The remains of the building built with large stone blocks can be observed at the base level. The western slopes are surrounded by a fortified wall made of large-scale and processed stones, and the skeletons of the mound have basic remnants belonging to the square and rectangular plan constructions. The mound contains intensive pottery finds with lined samples with orange and orange red colors likely to be dated to the Early Bronze Age. Also II. Pottery pieces similar to the painted finds found in the millennium Southeast Anatolia were observed.

The mound lies on the Ekinözü-Elbistan highway, within the borders of the Akpınar Quarter. There are sherds that form a limited number of illicit diggings on the mound. The potsherds observed in the mound are similar to the Early Transcaucasian-Karaz type sherds found in the Afşin-Elbistan  mounds. These finds indicate that the mound was under the influence of Early Transcaucasus-Karaz Culture. According to historical sources and researches, the region was also found in Roman and Byzantine Periods. The remains of the Roman period buildings found near the mound support this view.

Kahramanmaraş province is located in Nurhak district of Ağcaşar Qarter. No scientific research has been done on the mound until present. The mound is settled on the hill just south of Ağcaşar Quarter and is in a position dominated by its geography. There are wall remains formed with filled rubble stones at the peak point that has been destroyed by illegal excavations. Probably pottery pieces with paint-tape decorations in coffee tones were found on the handmade, orange lining of the Early Bronze Age. In addition, potsherds of orange colored, sand-added, well-cooked, short necked, spherical body pottery were also observed intensively in the mound. These pottery pieces are similar to the ones found in the mounds of Afşin - Elbistan region. In addition, funerary stele  belonging to the Roman Period was found on the wall of a house in the village center.

It is located in Kahramanmaraş Province, Elbistan District, Akbayır Qurter. In the mound located in the south-east of the Elbistan Plain, mudbrick walls measuring 8-10 m in height were identified. It is formed of rubble stones between the damaged parts of the mound and stone wall remains can be seen in thicknesses ranging from 0.8 to 1.5 m. burned strata and footprints can be seen between the constructions. Late Kalkalolitic and Early Bronze Age pottery were found in the mound. It is understood that the observed Early Bronze Age pottery reflects the general characteristics of Early Bronze Age cultures in other settlement areas identified in the Elbistan Plain. Pottery pieces with orange and red lined, flat rimmed, short necked, spherical body and round bottoms were observed in the investigations. In addition to these pottery pieces observed, dark-faced, brightened samples of the same forms were also identified. Examples of pottery decorated with lining decorated with Early Bronze Age dating back to the South East of Anatolia were found in this mound. Early Bronze Age pottery with a paint band decoration, which is described as Elazığ-Malatya painted in the mound, has also been identified.

Myndos was one of the important coastal settlements in the region of Caria, which had kept its importance through every era with its large scaled and sheltered harbors. It was one of the eight Lelegian settlements in the Bodrum peninsula. While, later it appears to be one of the cities in the Delian League. At the period of Mausolus, it became an important gathering-place in the region. During the underwater archaeological research, some harbor structures dating back to different ages, were detect-ed at the east harbor area. Mole, hagiasma and quay structures are some examples of the featured ar-chaeological remains. Archaeological evidence found both in the excavation and underwater excava-tions shows that the harbor functioned uninterruptedly from the Ancient Period to the Modern Era.
Karia Bölgesi’nin önemli kıyı yerleşmelerinden birisi olan Myndos, sahip olduğu büyük ve korunaklı limanları sayesinde her dönemde önemini korumuştur. Bodrum Yarımadası’ndaki sekiz Leleg yerleşiminden birisi olan kent, daha sonra Attik Delos Deniz Birliği uyesi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Mausolos Dönemi’nde ise, bölgede önemli bir toplanma yerleşimi olduğu görulmektedir. Yapılan sualtı araştırmalarında doğu limanında farklı çağlara ait birçok liman yapısı tespit edilmiştir. Mendirek, ayazmalar ve rıhtımlar liman yapıları arasında öne çıkan arkeolojik kalıntılar arasındadır. Sualtı araştırmaları ve kazılarda elde edilen bulgular kentin, Antik Çağlar’dan günümüze kadar kesintisiz liman faaliyetlerinin olduğunu göstermektedir.