na
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See also: Appendix:Variations of "na"
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Symbol
na
 |
This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them! |
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Middle English na, from Old English nā, from Old English ne (“not”) + ā (“ever”). More at no.
Adverb
na (not comparable)
Etymology 2
Development of Etymology 1, above; compare nah.
Interjection
na
References
- Frank Graham, editor (1987), “NA”, in The New Geordie Dictionary, Rothbury, Northumberland: Butler Publishing, →ISBN.
- Bill Griffiths, editor (2004), “na”, in A Dictionary of North East Dialect, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear: Northumbria University Press, →ISBN.
Etymology 3
Noun
na
- (linguistics) Abbreviation of noun animate.
Etymology 4
Adverb
na (not comparable)
- (Philippines, slang) Now; already.
- You need to sleep na.
- I have to go na.
Etymology 5
Adverb
na (not comparable)
- (North India, slang) Isn't it?
- It is far na?
See also
Anagrams
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Verb
na
- to be (exist)
Derived terms
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *nō̆s (“we”).
Pronoun
na
Alternative forms
Article
na
References
- Kateřina Naitoro, A Sketch Grammar of 'Are'are: The Sound System and Morpho-Syntax (2013)
Etymology
From a contraction of the preposition en (“in”) + feminine singular article la (“the”).
Contraction
na f (masculine nel, neuter no, masculine plural nos, feminine plural nes)
- in the
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
Noun
na
Etymology 2
Particle
na (tone nà)
- auxiliary marker for future tense
- sini, i bɛ na taa sugu jɔ
- You will go to the market tomorrow
References
- 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.
Pronunciation
Adverb
na (Basahan spelling ᜈ)
Particle
na (Basahan spelling ᜈ)
- connects consonant ending noun or adjective to a noun or adjective that it modifies
- Synonym: -ng
- Bilog na bulan ― Whole month
Phrase
na (Basahan spelling ᜈ)
Etymology
From Proto-Trans-New Guinea *na. Cognate to Zia na.
Pronunciation
Pronoun
na
Noun
na
References
- H. Steinhauer, "Going" and "Coming" in the Blagar of Dolap (Pura--Alor--Indonesia) (1977)
- W. A. L. Stokhof, Preliminary notes on the Alor and Pantar languages (East Indonesia) (1975)
- A. Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1
Pronunciation
Predicative
na
- copula for nouns and adjectives
- 2019 November 19, Kimzy K-Buoy (lyrics and music), “Flex”, 0:57–0:59:
- MUSIC NA THE KEY SO I NODI PLAY
- Music is the key so I am not engaging in play.
- a topic marker introducing a clause to lay focus on a subject
- 2019 November 19, Kimzy K-Buoy (lyrics and music), “Flex”, 1:39–1:42:
- I go make you number one for ma list because
Na you be the hardest- I will make you the number one of my list by reason that, behold, you are the hardest.
Etymology
Pronunciation
Article
na f sg (elided n', masculine en)
- (Eastern) personal article used before feminine given names instead of the definite article la
- En Pau i na Maria arribaran demà.
- Pau and Maria will be arriving tomorrow.
Usage notes
- While this article (and its masculine counterpart en) is standard in Balearic Catalan, in other Eastern Catalan dialects its use is waning, and the elided of the definite article, l', is used before names beginning with vowels. There is no plural personal article, so the plural definite article les is used in all dialects.
Related terms
Noun
na
- root of ena
References
- Antoine Guillaume, A Grammar of Cavineña (2008, →ISBN
Pronunciation
Adverb
na (Badlit spelling ᜈ)
- (after an adjective) marks that something is already the case when it wasn't so before; is now
- Antonym: pa
- puti na ang balay
- the house is now colored white
- lahi na ang panahon karon
- things are now different these days
- (after verb in the inchoative[1] aspect) marks verb as completed; have, already (perfect aspect)
- niadto na siya ― he has gone out already
- (after verb in the prospective aspect) marks something that will happen very soon; about to
- moadto na siya ― he is about to go out
Adjective
na (Badlit spelling ᜈ)
- (after pronouns or names) indicates a shift in the performance of a task to the person as mentioned
- Antonym: pa
- ikaw na ― it's your turn
- si Tonyo na ― it's Tonyo's turn
Derived terms
- adto na ko
- adto na mi
- ari na ko
- ari na mi
- na lang
- na man
- na pud
- na sad
- unsa na
References
- encompasses the complete and progressive aspects: the mi-, nag-, gi- form
Pronoun
na
Etymology
Borrowed from Portuguese na, contraction of em a.
Pronunciation
Preposition
na
- indirect object marker: to
- Ya dale yo todos na mi amigo. ― I gave everything to my friend.
- used to refer to the location of something or some action: in; on; at
- Na Ciudad de Zamboanga ele nacido. ― He/she was born in Zamboanga City.
- used to refer toward a location of something or some action: to; toward
- used to refer to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)
- used to refer to a place of origin or where one comes from: from; of
Etymology
Inherited from Old Czech na, from Proto-Slavic *na.
Pronunciation
Preposition
na
- on, onto (direction, + accusative case)
- Dej skleničku na stůl. ― Put the glass on the table.
- on (location, + locative case)
- Sklenička je na stole. ― The glass is on the table.
- to (direction, + accusative case, used only with certain places (do + genitive is more common))
- Jdeme na poštu. ― We're going to the post office.
- at, in (location, + locative case, used only with certain places (v is more common))
- Jsme na poště. ― We're at the post office.
- for (purpose, + accusative case)
- Ty nůžky nejsou na hraní. ― The scissors are not for playing with.
- at (in the direction of, + accusative case)
- Nekřič na mě! ― Don't yell at me!
Further reading
Etymology
Numeral
na
- (Aleppo, cardinal number) nine
References
- Bruno Herin (2012) “The Domari Language of Aleppo (Syria)”, in Linguistic Discovery, volume 10, number 2, →DOI
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Middle Dutch na, from Old Dutch *nāh, *nā, from Proto-West Germanic *nāhw, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw.
Preposition
na
- after
- Antonym: voor
- (op ... na, with a cardinal number) bar, except Used to form ordinal numbers in relation to a superlative quality. The number that is used is 1 lower than in the English translation.
- Brazilië is met zijn 8,5 miljoen vierkante kilometer het grootste land van Zuid-Amerika en het op vier na grootste ter wereld.
- With its 8.5 million square kilometers, Brazil is the largest country in South America and the fifth largest in the world.
- Naast dat de toonladder een kenmerkend gegeven is, zijn er ook bepaalde tonen, die een speciale rol hebben, zoals de vadi en de samvadi, respectievelijk: de belangrijkste en de op een na belangrijkste toon.
- Next to [the fact] that the musical scale is a characteristic datum, there are also certain tones that have a special role, such as the vadi and the samvadi: respectively the most important and second most important tones.
Declension
More information preposition, postpositional adv. ...
| preposition | na |
|---|---|
| postpositional adv. | na |
| + het (it) | erna |
| + dit (this) | hierna |
| + dat (that) | daarna |
| + wat (what) | waarna |
| + iets (something) | ergens na |
| + niets (nothing) | nergens na |
| + alles (everything) | overal na |
Close
Pronominal adverbs of na
Derived terms
verbs
- nabakken
- nabauwen
- nabellen
- nabeschouwen
- nabestellen
- nabetalen
- nabewerken
- nablaffen
- nablazen
- nablijven
- nablikken
- nabloeden
- nabloeien
- nablussen
- nabootsen
- nabouwen
- nabranden
- nabrengen
- nabruisen
- nabrullen
- nachecken
- nadenken
- nadoen
- nadraaien
- nadragen
- nadraven
- nadreunen
- nadruppelen
- naduiden
- nadweilen
- nafietsen
- nafladderen
- nafluisteren
- nafluiten
- nagaan
- nagalmen
- nagapen
- nageven
- naglijden
- naglimmen
- nagloeien
- nagloren
- nagluren
- nagonzen
- nagooien
- nahaken
- nahijgen
- nahinken
- nahollen
- nahuilen
- najagen
- najanken
- najoelen
- najouwen
- najubelen
- najuichen
- nakaarten
- nakaatsen
- nakakelen
- nakalken
- nakauwen
- nakeffen
- nakijken
- naklagen
- naklauteren
- nakletsen
- nakleuren
- naklimmen
- naklinken
- nakloppen
- nakluiven
- nakomen
- nakraaien
- nakrijgen
- nakrijsen
- nakruipen
- nakuieren
- nakwaken
- nalachen
- nalaten
- naleven
- nalezen
- nalichten
- naliegen
- naloeren
- nalopen
- naluiden
- naluisteren
- namaken
- namalen
- nameten
- namijmeren
- namompelen
- naogen
- naoogsten
- napalen
- napassen
- napersen
- napiepen
- napitten
- naplegen
- napleiten
- napluizen
- napoetsen
- napraten
- narennen
- narijden
- naroepen
- naschallen
- naschetsen
- naschilderen
- naschouwen
- naschreeuwen
- naschrijven
- naschuiven
- naschuren
- naseinen
- nasissen
- naslaan
- naslenteren
- naslijpen
- nasluipen
- nasmeulen
- nasmijten
- nasnellen
- nasnijden
- nasnikken
- nasnorren
- nasnuffelen
- naspelen
- naspeuren
- naspieden
- nasporen
- naspreken
- naspringen
- nastamelen
- nastappen
- nastaren
- nastreven
- nastrompelen
- nastrooien
- nasturen
- nasudderen
- nasuizen
- natekenen
- natellen
- natrekken
- navertellen
- navoelen
- navolgen
- navorsen
- nawegen
- nawerken
- nawuiven
- nazeggen
- nazenden
- nazetten
- nazitten
Descendants
Etymology 2
From Old Dutch *nāh, *nā, from Proto-Germanic *nēhwaz.
Adjective
na (comparative nader, superlative naast)
Declension
The forms of the positive are obsolescent, particularly the inflected one. The comparative and superlative forms are functioning as independent adjectives to an increasing extent.
More information Declension of, uninflected ...
| Declension of na | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uninflected | na | |||
| inflected | naë | |||
| comparative | nader | |||
| positive | comparative | superlative | ||
| predicative/adverbial | — | nader | het naast het naaste | |
| indefinite | m./f. sing. | naë | nadere | naaste |
| n. sing. | na | nader | naaste | |
| plural | naë | nadere | naaste | |
| definite | naë | nadere | naaste | |
| partitive | na's | naders | — | |
Close
Derived terms
- nabij
- te na komen
Related terms
Etymology 3
Preposition
na
Etymology
Presumably from Russian на (na) and Polish na; alternatively, from the accusative suffix -n (possibly a blend with the article la or with the suffix -a).
Pronunciation
Preposition
na
- (neologism, rare, nonstandard, proscribed) Preposition introducing an accusative phrase.
- Mi legis na Gerda Malaperis.
- I read Gerda Disappeared.
- Mi legis na Gerda Malaperis.
Usage notes
Unofficial; it is recognized by some Esperantists on the Internet, but disapproved of by most high-level speakers. Proponents recommended using it only where the accusative suffix isn't possible: with numerals (unu (“one”)), particles (iom (“some”), kies (“whose”)), letters (J), titles of books, and quotations, etc. More standard options are to use the general preposition je, to omit the accusative ending, or to rephrase the sentence to avoid the issue.
Etymology 1
From contraction of preposition en (“in”) + feminine article a (“the”).
Pronunciation
Contraction
na f (masculine no, masculine plural nos, feminine plural nas)
Etymology 2
From a mutation of a.
Pronoun
na f (accusative)
Usage notes
The n- forms of accusative third-person pronouns are used when the preceding word ends in -u or a diphthong, and are suffixed to the preceding word.
Related terms
Further reading
- “o”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2024
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “na”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Perhaps from an unstressed form of nu.
Interjection
na
- well!, so!; used to introduce a statement
- Na, dann fangen wir mal an!
- So, let’s get started!
- Ich bin ein Narr? Na, du auch!
- I am a clown? Well, so are you!
- oh, hm, huh, och, nu; expressing a (usually mild) degree of surprise, doubt, or frustration
- Na, das ist ja nett, dass ihr vorbeikommt!
- Oh, that’s nice of you to come by!
- Na? Ob das so stimmt...
- Huh? Not sure if that’s correct...
- Na! Warum will das denn jetzt wieder nicht?
- Och! Why does this thing not work yet again?
- Na toll! Kein Empfang.
- Oh great! No signal.
- (regional, chiefly northern and central Germany) huh?; used as a question marker, often implying that the speaker knows the answer
- Was ist zwei plus drei? Na?
- What’s two plus three? Huh?
- (regional, chiefly northern and central Germany) hey!, hi!; used as a greeting, but with an interrogative intonation, as if saying “So? You see me there?”, or “So? How is everything?”
- Na! Lang nicht gesehen!
- Hey! Long time no see!
- Na! Wie geht’s?
- Hi! How are you?
Derived terms
Etymology 2
A variant of nein.
Interjection
na
Anagrams
Etymology
From Portuguese na. Cognate with Kabuverdianu na.
Preposition
na
Pronoun
na
- I (first-person singular pronoun)
References
- Ninuk Kleden-Probonegoro, The Ethnolinguistic Identity of the Hamap People in Change, page 198, 2008
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
Preposition
na
Usage notes
- Used for acquired possessions, while no is used for possessions that are inherited, out of personal control, and for things that can be got into (houses, clothes, cars).
Pronunciation
Interjection
na
Derived terms
Further reading
- na in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Etymology
Pronunciation
Interjection
na
- here! there you go! (said when handing something over)
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 331
Pronunciation
Article
na (definite article)
- genitive singular feminine of an (triggers h-prothesis)
- na háite ― of the place
- nominative/dative plural of an (triggers h-prothesis)
- na héin ― the birds
- ó na cailíní ― from the girls
- genitive plural of an (triggers eclipsis)
- na bpáistí ― of the children
Contraction
na
- Nonstandard form of ina
- 1906, E. C. Quiggin, “Áindrías an Ime”, in A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties, page 196:
- Bhí Áindrías an Ime na chomhnaidhe i mBaile ui Mún i nGleann an Bhaile Dhuibh.
- Áindrías of the Butter lived in Ballymoon in Gleann an Bhaile Dhuibh.
Mutation
More information radical, lenition ...
| radical | lenition | eclipsis |
|---|---|---|
| na | not applicable | not applicable |
Close
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
Descendants
- → Yola: na
Further reading
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “na”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “na”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
- “na”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024
Etymology
From Portuguese na.
Preposition
na
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.
Pronoun
na
Etymology 2
Possibly a contraction of nanu (“what”). Compare Tagalog 'no, Japanese な (na), ね (ne).
Interjection
na
Particle
na
Ligature
na
- connects adjectives to nouns
- Malairo na banwa.
- the blue sky.
- kakatua na tau.
- A strange person.
Adverb
na
- already; now (expresses the event when following a verb)
- Yari na.
- Finished already.
- Munta naka.
- Are you going now?.
- already; now (declares the event of action when following a verb in the past tense)
- Matudtud na.
- Slept already.
- Sinali na.
- Bought already.
- already; now (suggests immediate or quick action when following the infinitive form and future tense of the verb)
- Lungub nakata.
- Let's go in already.
- Pepasali nakung panulu.
- I'm having someone buy the medicine now.
See also
Alternative forms
- на (Cyrillic)
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *na.
Interjection
na
- here you are! take it!
Noun
na
References
- SIL Burkina Faso, Dictionnaire bilingue kassem - français, 2007
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.
Preposition
na
- denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
- Synonym: nó
- denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]
Etymology 2
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.
Interjection
na
Further reading
- Stefan Ramułt (1893) “na”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), page 110
- Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “na 1”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi, volume 2, page 2
- Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “na 2”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi, volume 2, page 2
- “na”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
- “na!”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
Particle
na
- (instrumental) with[1]
- Gũtema na kanua ti gũtema na rũhiũ.
- To cut with a mouth is not to cut with a knife.
- (comitative) and, with[1]
- Ikinya na thĩ itiaganaga.
- The foot and the earth cannot help meeting.
- (source) from[1]
- Synonym: kuuma
- Wega uumaga na mũciĩ.
- Goodness comes from home.
- but[1]
- Kanua njero, na mũciĩ ndũkomeka nĩ heho.
- The mouth is sweet, but the house is too cold to lie at.
References
- “na” in Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English dictionary, p. 277. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Noun
na
- (in compounds) woman
References
- Gunter Senft (1986), Kilivila: the Language of the Trobriand Islanders. Berlin • New York • Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 372, 591. →ISBN
Alternative forms
- nalda, nalde (Monastir)
Etymology
From Greek να (na), from Ancient Greek ἤν (ḗn).
Interjection
na (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling נה)
Conjunction
na
Pronunciation
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /naː/, [näː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /na/, [näː]
Verb
nā
- imperative singular of nō, swim!
References
- na in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *na.
Pronunciation
Preposition
na
Further reading
- Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “na_2”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
- Starosta, Manfred (1999) “na”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
Etymology 1
From Portuguese na, itself from Old Galician-Portuguese na. Semantically, compare Chavacano na.
Preposition
na
- in
- botâ na fólia ― to place in the newspaper
- Já levâ ung'a perada na cara qui ficó vangueado.
- The ball hit him so hard in the face that he fainted.
- at
- na casa ― at home
- na festa ― at the party
- on
- estendê na chám ― to stretch on the ground
Usage notes
- As grammatical gender is not differentiated in Macanese, na is invariable, and there is no alternative form *no.
- Unlike the Chavacano term, the preposition does not bear the meaning of "to"; that function is fulfilled by pa.
Derived terms
- têm na trâs di porta (“to be very near, to be just around the corner”)
Etymology 2
Possibly a reduced form of Portuguese ainda.
Alternative forms
Adverb
na
Etymology 3
Borrowed from Cantonese 嗱 (naa4).
Alternative forms
Interjection
na
- here!, here you go, here you are (offering something to the listener)
Particle
na
- emphatic particle
- Cudí ná! ― Help!
- Vai racolê nâ! ― Get lost!
References
Pronunciation
Audio: (file)
Romanization
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 吶 / 呐
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 哪
na
- Nonstandard spelling of nā.
- Nonstandard spelling of ná.
- Nonstandard spelling of nǎ.
- Nonstandard spelling of nà.
Usage notes
- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Old Dutch nāh, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw.
Preposition
na
Adverb
na
Descendants
Etymology 2
From Old Dutch *nāh, from Proto-Germanic *nēhwaz.
Adjective
nâ
Inflection
This adjective needs an inflection-table template.
Further reading
- “na (I)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- “na (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- “na (III)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “na (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I
- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “na (II)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page II
Etymology
From Proto-Central Chadic *nɨh.
Verb
na
- to ripen
References
- S. Allison, Makary Kotoko Provisional Lexicon (SIL)
- R.C. Gravina, The Phonology of Proto-Central Chadic
Etymology
From Proto-Iranian *ná, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ná, from Proto-Indo-European *ne. Related to ne.
Pronunciation
- Rhymes: -ɑː
Interjection
na
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.
Verb
-na
- to rain
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
Adverb
na
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Further reading
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.
Verb
na
- to rain
Etymology
From Old Norse hana, the accusative form of hon (“she”). Compare with Swedish na. The correct term in Norwegian Bokmål would be henne, and either ho or henne in Norwegian Nynorsk.
Pronoun
na
- (dialectal, colloquial) her; object form of ho
Usage notes
- It is almost without exceptions used as a clitic, and is always unstressed.
See also
Particle
na
- Question marker for yes/no questions. It is always placed after the first word in the sentence. If the first word ends in a vowel, use the particle na; if it ends in a consonant, use ina.
- Giminikwe na? — Are you drinking?
- Gigii-anokii na bijiinaago? — Did you work yesterday?
- but: Giwiisin ina? — Are you eating?
Synonyms
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.
Pronunciation
Preposition
na
- on, onto (direction, + accusative case)
- I přivedli oslici a oslátko s ní, i položichu na ně rúcha svá. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- on (location, + locative case)
- for (purpose, + accusative case)
- at (in the direction of, + accusative case)
Descendants
- Czech: na
Further reading
- Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “na”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-West Germanic *nai (“never”), equivalent to a contraction of ne (“not”) and ā (“ever”).
Pronunciation
Adverb
nā
- not
- Nis þæt nā rēad, ac is grēne.
- That's not red, it's green.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 22:17
- Is hit ālīefed þæt man Cāsere gafol selle, þe nā?
- Is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar, or not?
- c. 992, Ælfric, "The Fifth Sunday in Lent"
- Dryhten nis nā ōðrum mannum tō wiþmetenne.
- The Lord is not comparable to other people.
- c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
- Nōn egō, sed tū: “Nā iċ, ac þū.” Nōn bōs est, sed equus: “Nis hit nā oxa, ac is hors.”
- Non ego, sed tu: “Not me, you.” Non bos est, sed equus: “It's not an ox, it's a horse.”
- no
- Þæt iċ cwæþ for þon āne þe iċ nā bet nysse.
- I only said that because I didn't know any better (literally "no better").
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
- Þā ġecwæð sē abbod and ealle þā ġebrōðra þæt þēr ne mihte nā mā muneca wunian...
- Then said the abbot and all the brothers, that no more monks could dwell there...
- Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Version B, year 897
- Þȳ ilcan sumora forwearþ nā lǣs þonne twēntiġ sċipa be þǣm sūðriman.
- That same summer, no less than twenty ships perished on the south coast.
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "Ash-Wednesday"
- Þā cwæð eall sēo meniu þe ðǣr mid stōd ofwundrod þæt sē cwellere ne sceolde swencan hī nā leng...
- Then said all the multitude who stood there astonished,that the executioner should vex her no longer,...
- (poetic) never
- 10th century, The Wanderer:
- Hwǣr cōm mearg? Hwǣr cōm mago? · Hwǣr cōm māþþumġyfa?
Hwǣr cōm symbla ġesetu? · Hwǣr sindon seledrēamas?
Ēalā beorht bune! · Ēalā byrnwiga!
Ēalā þēodnes þrym! · Hū sēo þrāg ġewāt,
ġenāp under nihthelm, · swā hēo nō wære.- Whither did the horse come? Whither did the man come? Whither did the treasure-giver come?
Whither did the seats of feasts come? Where are the hall-joys?
Alack and alas, bright cup! Alack and alas, mailed warrior!
Alack and alas, the army of the king! How did the time pass,
grow dark under the cover of night, as if it never did.
- Whither did the horse come? Whither did the man come? Whither did the treasure-giver come?
Conjunction
nā
- not
- c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent"
- Māre wundor is þæt God Ælmihtiġ ǣlce dæġe fētt ealne middanġeard þonne þæt wundor wǣre þæt hē þā ġefylde fīf þūsende manna mid fīf hlāfum—ac þæs wundrodon menn nā for þȳ þæt hit māre wundor wǣre, ac for þȳ þæt hit wæs unġewunelīċ.
- It's more of a miracle that God Almighty feeds the whole world every day than that he fed five thousand people with five loaves of bread—but that amazed people not because it was more miraculous, but because it was unusual.
- c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent"
Synonyms
- (conjunction): næs
Derived terms
Descendants
See also
Etymology 1
From Proto-West Germanic *nai, equivalent to a blend of ne (“not”) + ā (“ever”). Akin to Old English nā.
Pronunciation
Adverb
nā
Descendants
- West Frisian: nea
Particle
nā
Descendants
- Saterland Frisian: noa
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
Preposition
nā (+ dative)
- Alternative form of nēi
References
- Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
Article
na (triggers /h/-prothesis in the feminine genitive singular, in the feminine and neuter nominative plural, and in the accusative plural; triggers eclipsis in the genitive plural)
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
Determiner
na (‘his’ and ‘its’ trigger lenition, ‘her’ triggers /h/-prothesis, ‘their’ triggers eclipsis)
Etymology 3
Pronunciation
Determiner
na
- neuter nominative/accusative singular of nach (“any”)
Etymology 4
Pronunciation
Particle
na (triggers /h/-prothesis)
- Alternative spelling of ná (“don’t”)
Etymology 5
Pronunciation
Conjunction
na (triggers /h/-prothesis)
- (chiefly in the negative) Alternative spelling of ná (“or, nor”)
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na. First attested in the 14th century.
Pronunciation
Preposition
na
- denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]
- denotes movement towards some nouns; to, toward [with accusative]
- denotes the length of time for which an action will be done; for [with accusative]
- denotes a goal or purpose; for [with accusative]
- used in some temporal and physical measurements; by [with accusative or locative]
- denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
- denotes a period of time; during [with locc]
- denotes frequency; per [with case]
- denotes location with events; at [with locative]
- denotes manner [with accusative]
Descendants
References
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “na”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Alternative forms
Particle
na
- forms the negative of verbs and adjectives [with -i]
- forms the negative of nouns [with ruã]
- hopefully; if only [with ruã ymã]
- shall not stop [with -e'ymi]
- 1555, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter VII, in Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil (overall work in Portuguese), Coimbra: Antonio de Mariz, published 1595, page 34v:
- […] naipotareîmixoéne […]
- [ […] n'aîpotare'ymi xûéne […] ]
- I shall not stop wanting it.
References
- Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “na”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 325, columns 1–2
Alternative forms
Etymology 1
Inherited from Sanskrit न (na).
Particle
na
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Adjective
na
- (demonstrative) that
Declension
More information Case \ Number, Singular ...
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Accusative (second) | naṃ | ne |
| Dative (fourth) | nassa | nesaṃ |
| Genitive (sixth) | nassa | nesaṃ |
Close
Declension table of "na" (masculine)
Declension table of "nā" (feminine)
More information Case \ Number, Singular ...
Close
Declension table of "na" (neuter)
Synonyms
Derived terms
Pronoun
na m or n
- (demonstrative) that
- him, it
- (in the plural) them
- 2006, The Fifth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Majjhimanikāya (II), page 558:
- පුන ච පරං භන්තෙ, ඉමෙ ඉසිදත්තපුරාණා ථපතයො මමභත්තා
මමයානා අහං නෙසං ජීවිතස්ස පදාතා යසස්ස ආහත්තා අථ ච පන
නො තථා මයි නිපච්චාකාරං කරොන්ති යථා භගවති.- Puna ca paraṃ bhante, ime isidattapurāṇā thapatayo mamabhattā
mamayānā ahaṃ nesaṃ jīvitassa padātā yasassa āhattā atha ca pana
no tathā mayi nipaccākāraṃ karonti yathā bhagavati. - Furthermore, sir, these chamberlains Isidatta and Purāṇa share my meals and my carriages. I give them a livelihood and bring them renown. And yet they don’t show me the same level of devotion that they show to the Buddha.
- Puna ca paraṃ bhante, ime isidattapurāṇā thapatayo mamabhattā
Usage notes
Note that this is not used to reference, explicitly or implicitly, a neuter noun in the plural.
Declension
More information Case \ Number, Singular ...
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Accusative (second) | naṃ | ne |
| Dative (fourth) | nassa | nesaṃ |
| Genitive (sixth) | nassa | nesaṃ |
Close
Declension table of "na" (masculine)
More information Case \ Number, Singular ...
Close
Declension table of "na" (neuter)
Synonyms
References
Pali Text Society (1921–1925) “na”, in Pali-English Dictionary, London: Chipstead
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
Particle
na (negating, Perso-Arabic spelling نہ)
- not
- don't
References
- Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “na”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7), Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “na”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
Interjection
na (Perso-Arabic spelling نہ)
- no!
References
- Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “na”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7), Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.
Verb
-na
- to rain
Inflection
This entry needs an inflection-table template.
Etymology
Inherited from Old Polish na.
Pronunciation
- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈna/
- (Greater Poland):
- (Masovia):
- (Far Masovian) IPA(key): /ˈna/
Preposition
na
- denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
- Siedzę na koniu. ― I'm on a horse.
- denotes location with events; at [with locative]
- Mieszkam na wsi. ― I live in the countryside.
- denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]
- Uważaj, zaraz to na mnie spadnie! ― Watch out, it's going to fall on me!
- denotes the length of time for which an action will be done; for, by [with accusative]
- Sprawozdanie ma być gotowe na piątą. ― The report should be ready by five o'clock.
- denotes a goal or purpose; for, to deal with [with accusative]
- lek na grypę ― flu medication
- na zdrowie ― for [your] health; cheers; bless you.
- denotes frequency; per [with accusative]
- pięć metrów na sekundę ― five meters per second
- denotes manner [with accusative or adverb]
- (mathematics) surjective usage; onto [with accusative]
Adjective
na (not comparable, no derived adverb)
Interjection
na
Usage notes
- When used as an adjective, this word is indeclinable, postpositive (when used attributively), and usually placed inside quotation marks, e.g. funkcja „na”.
Trivia
According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), na is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 1784 times in scientific texts, 1884 times in news, 1681 times in essays, 1932 times in fiction, and 1319 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 8600 times, making it the 5th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References
Further reading
- na in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- na in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “na”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “na”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “NA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 29.01.2012
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “na”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “na”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “na”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 1
- Wojciech Grzegorzewicz (1894) “na”, in Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 5, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 115
- Dr Nadmorski (Józef Łęgowski) (1889) “na”, in “Spis wyrazów właściwych gwarze malborskiej i kociewskiej”, in Wisła. Miesięcznik Geograficzno-Etnograficzny (in Polish), volume 3 z.4, page 746
Pronunciation
- Hyphenation: na
Etymology 1
From Old Galician-Portuguese na, clipping of ena, from en (“in”) + a (“the”).
Contraction
na f sg
- Contraction of em a (“in the”): feminine singular of no
- 2005, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe [Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] (Harry Potter; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 184:
- Eu estava na esperança de encontrá-lo antes do jantar!
- I was hoping to meet you before dinner!
Quotations
For quotations using this term, see Citations:no.
Preposition
na
Etymology 2
Pronoun
na
- Alternative form of a (third-person feminine singular objective pronoun) used as an enclitic following a verb form ending in a nasal vowel or diphthong
Usage notes
- This form is not found in Brazilian speech.
Quotations
For quotations using this term, see Citations:no.
Etymology
From Proto-Trans-New Guinea *na. Cognate to Blagar na.
Pronoun
na
Etymology
Adverb
na
Interjection
na
Particle
na
References
- Dieter W. Halwachs (2021 September 19 (last accessed)) “Morphology”, in Romani Projekt Graz, archived from the original on 13 April 2016
- Yūsuke Sumi (2018) “na”, in ニューエクスプレスプラス ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 152
Etymology
Cognate to Bulgarian на (na), from Proto-Slavic *na.
Pronunciation
Interjection
na
- here you are! take it!
Further reading
- na in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)
Conjunction
na
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Univerbation of an (“in”) + a (“his/her”).
Preposition
na (+ dative)
Inflection
More information singular, plural ...
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| first person | namL | narN | |
| second person | nadL | nurN | |
| third person | m | naL | nanN, namN 1) |
| f | naH | ||
Close
L Triggers lenition; H Triggers H-prothesis;
N Triggers eclipsis; 1) Used before b-, f-, m- or p-
Etymology 2
From Old Irish indás (“than (it) is”).
Conjunction
na
Etymology 3
Particle
na
- don’t (particle used to introduce a negative imperative; triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)
- Na bruidhinn!
- Do not speak!
- particle used to emphasise a negative reply to a question
- An do rinn iad e Disathairne? – Cha do rinn na!
- Did they do it on Saturday? – They certainly did not!
Etymology 4
From Old Irish a (“that which”).
Pronoun
na
Etymology 5
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Article
na (triggers H-prothesis)
Declension
More information masculine, feminine ...
| masculine | feminine | plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nom. | dat. | gen. | nom. | dat. | gen. | nom. | dat. | gen. | |
| + f- | am | anL | anL | na | na | nam | |||
| + m-, p- or b- | am | a'L | a'L | na | na | nam | |||
| + c- or g- | an | a'L | a'L | na | na | nan | |||
| + sV-, sl-, sn- or sr- | an | anT | anT | na | na | nan | |||
| + other consonant | an | an | an | na | na | nan | |||
| + vowel | anT | an | an | naH | naH | nan | |||
Close
L Triggers lenition; H Triggers H-prothesis; T Triggers T-prothesis
Etymology 6
Univerbation of an (interrogative particle) + do (past tense particle)
Particle
na
- (colloquial) marks an interrogative in the past tense
- Na rinn thu sin? ― Did you do that?
Usage notes
- Particularly commonly used in Lewis and Skye.
Etymology 7
Conjunction
na
- Alternative form of no
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *na.
Pronunciation
Preposition
na (Cyrillic spelling на)
- (+ locative case) on, at, in (with certain nouns, expressing location without a change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ; see usage notes below)
- knjiga je na stolu ― the book is on the table
- biti na koncertu ― to be at the concert
- biti na ulici ― to be in the street
- zv(ij)ezde na nebu ― stars in the sky
- (+ locative case) on (indicating medium)
- čuti nešto na radiju ― to hear something on the radio
- (+ accusative case) to, on, onto (with certain nouns, expressing the goal of motion, answering questions kùda (Bosnian, Serbian) or kȁmo (Croatian); see usage notes below)
- staviti knjigu na sto(l) ― to put a book on the table
- ići na koncert ― to go to a concert
- (+ accusative case) for (with verbs of motion and certain other verbs, to express something which will last for a limited period; after that a reverse action is implied)
- otići nekuda/nekamo na dva dana ― to go somewhere for two days
- (+ accusative case) in (used with seasons)
- na l(j)eto ― in summer, next summer, the following summer
- (+ accusative case) noun attribute for permanent properties, such as sources of power or energy, but not including purpose
- krevet na kat ― bunk bed (literally, “bed on story, level”)
- podmornica na atomski pogon ― nuclear-powered submarine (literally, “submarine (run) on the nuclear power”)
- jaje na oko ― sunny-side up egg (literally, “egg on the eye”)
- ljubav na daljinu ― long-distance relationship (literally, “love on distance”)
- r(ij)eči na a ― words ending in a (literally, “words on a”)
- (+ accusative case) by, on, through (adverbial phrase of manner)
- ući na prednja vrata ― to enter through the front door (literally, “to enter on the front door”)
- plaćena na sat ― paid by the hour (literally, “paid on an hour”)
- na brzinu ― hastily (literally, “on speed”)
- na vr(ij)eme ― on time
- (+ accusative case) indirect object of certain verbs
- vikati na ljude ― to yell at people
- pods(j)ećati na nekog ― to remind of someone
- (+ accusative case) a part of certain set expressions, which can be spelled also as one word in Croatian
- na sreću ― luckily
- na prim(j)er ― for example
Usage notes
na is used to indicate the location (with locative) or the goal of motion (with accusative), with:
- surfaces, either horizontal (table) or vertical (wall), including open spaces such as playgrounds, mountains, islands, most neighborhoods, pictures, the sky
- activities, such as ručak lunch, odmor vacation, posao work, predavanje lecture, sastanak meeting
- exposure to the sun, fresh air, wind, rain and snow (na suncu ― in the sun)
- limits: rub, ivica edge, početak beginning, kraj end, vrh top, dno bottom
- languages (na engleskom ― in English)
- with more sea, to express at/to the seaside; with selo village, to express in/to the countryside
- the noun fakultet
Interjection
na! (Cyrillic spelling на!)
- Here you are! Take it!
- Help yourself!
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Inherited from Old Polish na, from Proto-Slavic *na.
Preposition
na
- denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
- Antonym: pod
- denotes inessive position of some countries and regions; in, [with locative]
- denotes location with events; at [with locative]
- denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]
- denotes time; for [with accusative]
- denotes measurement; by [with accusative]
- denotes aim of an action; for [with accusative]
- denotes color of painted object [with adverb]
- denotes manner [with adverb]
Etymology 2
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.
Interjection
na
Further reading
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *na, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-.
Pronunciation
Preposition
na
- (with locative) on (touching from above)
- 1922, Terézia Vansová, Na Čertovici. In: Z našej dediny:
- Na koči sedel pán, cifrovaný, ako páni bývajú.
- A nobleman was sitting on the carriage in decorated clothes, as noblemen usually are.
- Na koči sedel pán, cifrovaný, ako páni bývajú.
- (with locative) by, with, using (indicates a means or an instrument)
- Synonym: o
- 1883, Pavol Dobšinský, O krásnej Ibronke. In: Prostonárodné slovenské povesti:
- Viezol sa tadiaľ na koči mladý pán a zazrel tú krásnu ľaliu.
- A young lord was travelling that way by carriage and he saw the beautiful lily.
- Viezol sa tadiaľ na koči mladý pán a zazrel tú krásnu ľaliu.
- (with locative) at (indicates time)
- 1873, Ján Kalinčiak, Láska a pomsta. Chapter 1:
- Bol večer na konci jara.
- It was an evening at the end of the spring.
- Bol večer na konci jara.
- (with locative) at, because of (indicates reason)
- 1930, Ladislav Nádaši-Jégé, Stolica sa smeje :
- Stolica sa na celej veci veľmi dobre zabávala.
- The whole office was very much amused by the whole matter.
- Stolica sa na celej veci veľmi dobre zabávala.
- (with locative, in connection with byť) on, usually translated with a corresponsing verb (indicates state)
- (with accusative) on, to (indicates motion towards the upper surface of an object or contact with the object from any side)
- Synonyms: smerom na, smerom do, smerom k, o
- 1846, Ján Kalinčiak, Milkov hrob. Chapter 10:
- Musel znovu vysadnúť na koňa a ísť za chlapom, ktorého poslal s ním kuchár.
- He had to mount the horse again and follow the man, whom the cook had sent with him.
- Musel znovu vysadnúť na koňa a ísť za chlapom, ktorého poslal s ním kuchár.
- (with accusative) for, on, to (indicates purpose or goal)
- 1842, Jozef Miloslav Hurban, Svadba kráľa veľkomoravského. Chapter 3:
- Takmer celý nasledujúci deň po príchode, určený na hry a rytierske preteky, strávil v rade.
- He spent almost the whole day after the arrival, which was dedicated to plays and tournaments, with the council.
- Takmer celý nasledujúci deň po príchode, určený na hry a rytierske preteky, strávil v rade.
- (with accusative) at, on (indicates time)
- 1910, Ľudmila Podjavorinská, Žena :
- Štefan Zaťko, otec piatich detí, cez Vianoce pochoval ženu a na Tri krále prišiel o ohlášky.
- Štefan Zaťko, a father or five children, buried his wife at Christmas and on Epiphany he came to arrange his banns.
- Štefan Zaťko, otec piatich detí, cez Vianoce pochoval ženu a na Tri krále prišiel o ohlášky.
- (with accusative) at, because of, of (indicates reason)
- 1943, Dobroslav Chrobák, Drak sa vracia. Chapter 2:
- Nezomrel od staroby, ani na chorobu, ale po páde do jamy na hlinu.
- He did not die of old age, nor of a disease, but after he fell in a pit for dirt.
- Nezomrel od staroby, ani na chorobu, ale po páde do jamy na hlinu.
Further reading
- “na”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2024
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *na.
Pronunciation
Preposition
na
Further reading
- “na”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
- “na”, in Termania, Amebis
- See also the general references
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.
Preposition
na
- denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
- denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]
- denotes time for which consequences of something may occur; for [with accusative]
- denotes day on which something occurs; on
Derived terms
prefixes
Etymology 2
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.
Interjection
na
Further reading
- Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “na”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 681
- Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “na!”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 682
Adverb
na
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.
Verb
-na
- to rain
Inflection
This entry needs an inflection-table template.
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Contraction of enna.
Contraction
na
Etymology 2
Representing accents where intervocalic /d/ is lost after a stressed syllable.
Alternative forms
Pronoun
na
Derived terms
Further reading
- “na”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Alternative forms
Article
na
Etymology 2
Particle
na
Usage notes
Unlike for verbs, the aspect cannot be modified by particles such as ben, (d)e, sa and (g)o. If an aspect needs to be indicated, the verb de is used instead.
Etymology 3
Perhaps borrowed from Dutch naar.
Alternative forms
Preposition
na
- at; to; on; according to
- A de na oso.
- He (or she) is at home.
- Na liba e lon na a bigi se.
- The river flows to the ocean.
Synonyms
- (on): na tapu
- (to): go na, g'a
Romanization
na
- Romanization of 𒈾
Etymology
Akin to Lingala na, Luganda na. From Proto-Bantu *nà.
Pronunciation
Conjunction
na
Usage notes
Older or more conservative Swahili writings only use na to connect two nouns, never to connect two adjectives; the second adjective is changed into an abstract noun instead. However, in modern colloquial Swahili, this is not always the case.
Preposition
na
Usage notes
na can be suffixed with special suffixes (for human pronominals) or any -o of reference (for other objects) to inflect it with an object (for example, nayo = "with it"):
Inflection
More information Singular, Plural ...
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | nami | nasi | |
| 2nd person | nawe | nanyi | |
| 3rd person | m-wa(I/II) | naye | nao |
| m-mi(III/IV) | nao | nayo | |
| ji-ma(V/VI) | nalo | nayo | |
| ki-vi(VII/VIII) | nacho | navyo | |
| n(IX/X) | nayo | nazo | |
| u(XI) | nao | see n(X) or ma(VI) | |
| ku(XV/XVII) | nako | ||
| pa(XVI) | napo | ||
| mu(XVIII) | namo | ||
| For a full table, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns. | |||
Close
Object-inflected forms of na
Verb
-na
Particle
nâ
- Interrogative particle; indicates a yes-no question. Placed at the end of the sentence.
Etymology
From Old Swedish hana, accusative form of hon. In most dialects, the corresponding dative form (henne, in Old Norse: hænni) has taken its place.[1] Compare Norwegian Nynorsk na.
Pronoun
na
- (dialectal) her; accusative/dative of hon
- Synonym: henne
- – Har hon sett'na? – Jo, hon såg'na igår, och gav'na brevet. Jag var hem ti'na [till'na] igår och snacka [snackade] me'na [med'na] [clipping "till," "med," and "-de" from the past tense is common in general and not dialectal].
- – Has she seen her? – Yeah, she saw her yesterday, and gave her the letter. I went to her house ["was home to her" – standard] yesterday and talked to her.
Usage notes
- Common enough to be universally understood by native speakers.
- Rarely in written form unless supposed to imitate (dialectal) speech. See also the usage notes for honom.
See also
References
Anagrams
Pronunciation
- (Standard Tagalog) IPA(key): /na/ [n̪ɐ]
- Rhymes: -a
- Syllabification: na
Etymology 1
Influenced by Baybayin character ᜈ (na).
Noun
na (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)
- the name of the Latin-script letter N/n, in the Abakada alphabet
See also
Etymology 2
From Proto-Philippine *na (“now; already”). Compare Bikol Central na, Cebuano na, Hiligaynon na, and Tausug na.
Adverb
na (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)
- already; now; anymore (expresses the event when following a verb)
- Tapos na.
- Finished already.
- Yari na tayo.
- We've now been made.
- already; now (declares the event of action when following a verb in the past tense)
- Natulog na.
- Slept already.
- Bumili na.
- Bought already.
- already; now (suggests immediate or quick action when following the infinitive form and future tense of the verb)
- Pumasok na tayo.
- Let's go in already.
- Ipinabibili ko na ang gamot.
- I'm having someone buy the medicine now.
Adjective
na (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)
- already; now (expresses the event when following a noun)
- Bagsak na.
- Failure already.
- Abogado na siya.
- He/She is now a lawyer.
- now; already (expresses a shift or change in the performance of a task when following a personal pronoun)
- Ako na.
- My turn.
- (literally, “Me now.”)
- Ikaw na.
- Your turn.
- (literally, “You now.”)
- Siya na.
- His/her turn.
- (literally, “Him/her now.”)
See also
Etymology 3
From Proto-Austronesian *na (“linker marking emphatic attribution”).
Ligature
na (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)
- Connects words, phrases, and sentences: which is; that is; who is
- Connects adjectives to nouns.
- May matinis na boses siya.
- He/she has a piercing voice.
- Mahilig ako sa mga matatangkad na lalaki
- I like tall boys.
- Connects adverbs to verbs.
- Siya ay mabilis na tumakbo.
- He/she ran fast.
- Malugod ka naming tinatanggap.
- We welcome you.
- Connects clauses: that; to
- Masaya ka lang na meron kang pera.
- You're only happy that you have money.
- Magandang ipanggawa ng saranggola.
- Good to use to make a kite.
- Connects quantifiers (mayroon and wala only uses -ng)
- Tanang Pilipino ― Every Filipino.
- Mayroon kang kanin sa pisngi mo
- You have rice on your cheeks.
- Apat na palo. ― Four sticks.
- Connects adjectives to nouns.
Usage notes
- na becomes the -ng suffix if the preceding word ends in a vowel.
- Magandang bulaklak
- Pretty flower
- Bigla siyang nagsalita.
- He/She suddenly spoke.
- Words ending in -n will become -ng (-g)
- Dayuhang turista
- Foreign tourist
- Siya ay dahan-dahang pumunta doon.
- He/She carefully went there.
- It becomes the -ng- interfix in compound words, if the preceding stem ends in a vowel.
- haba + -ng- + buhay → habang-buhay
- bunga + -ng- + kahoy → bungangkahoy
- It becomes the -m- interfix in compound words, where the next stem starts with a (b) or (p).
- haba + -m- + buhay → habambuhay
- ganti + -m- + pala → gantimpala
- Words ending with -n inside compounds ending will become -ng- (-g-)
- daan + -g- + bakal → daang-bakal
- kababaan + -g- + loob → kababaang-loob
- kabungguan + -g- + balikat → kabungguang-balikat
See also
Further reading
- “na”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
Anagrams
Etymology
From Proto-Tai *ʰnaːᴬ (“thick”). Cognate with Lao ໜາ (nā), Lü ᦐᦱ (ṅaa), Shan ၼႃ (nǎa), Ahom 𑜃𑜡 (nā), Bouyei nal, Zhuang na, Thai หนา (nǎa).
Pronunciation
- (Thạch An – Tràng Định) IPA(key): [naː˧˧]
- (Trùng Khánh) IPA(key): [naː˦˥]
Adjective
- thick
- phải na ― thick fabric
- 律𪫆𥿯[]那
- Loảt mừa phải tắm na
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 禁那遮敏詩
- Gụm na già mắn thí
- With a thick [layer of] protection, it will be firmly covered.
- bold, brave
- nả na ― shameless, bold
Derived terms
References
- Hoàng Văn Ma, Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Chí (2006) Từ điển Tày-Nùng-Việt [Tay-Nung-Vietnamese dictionary] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Từ điển Bách khoa Hà Nội
- Lương Bèn (2011) Từ điển Tày-Việt [Tay-Vietnamese dictionary] (in Vietnamese), Thái Nguyên: Nhà Xuất bản Đại học Thái Nguyên
- Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội
Etymology
Conjunction
na
- and
- 1995, John Verhaar, Toward a reference grammar of Tok Pisin: an experiment in corpus linguistics, →ISBN, page 433:
- Mekim olsem pinis, orait tupela i planim taro na banana, na kumu, painap, kon, tomato, na kaukau tu.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 1986, John Hunter, “Vocabulary”, in Papua New Guinea phrasebook, →ISBN, page 60:
- and - na
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Derived terms
| 40[a], [b] | ||
| [a], [b] ← 3 | 4 | 5 → [a], [b] |
|---|---|---|
| Cardinal: -na, (in abstract counting) ina Ordinal: -a kana Adverbial: kana, enyakana, emirundi ena Fractional: ekicweka ekya kana | ||
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *-nàì. Cognate with Swahili -nne and Tswana -nne. Doublet of omunaana (“eight”).
Numeral
-na
Declension
More information Noun class, indefinite ...
| Noun class | indefinite | definite |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | bbana | abbana |
| 4 | ena | ena |
| 6 | ana | ana |
| 8 | bbina | ebbina |
| 10 | ina | ina |
| 13 | tuna | otuna |
| 14 | bbuna | obbuna |
| 16 | hana | ahana |
| Adverbial form | ||
| kana | ||
Close
Inflected forms of -na (plural only)
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *nà. Cognate with Swahili na, Lingala na and Luganda na.
Conjunction
na (apocopic form n')
Adverb
na (apocopic form n')
- even
- Na Kisembo naasobora kwetegereza. ― Even Kisembo can understand.
References
- Entry 3674 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3
- Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, pages 148, 439-441
Pronunciation
Noun
na
Inflection
More information indefinite possession, singular ...
| indefinite possession | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nail | |||
| singular | plural | ||
| inclusive | exclusive | ||
| 1st | jna | jnatik | jnakutik (San Andrés Larráinzar) jnatikotik (Zinacantán) |
| 2nd | ana | anaik | |
| 3rd | sna | snaik | |
Close
possessive forms of na
Derived terms
(Nouns)
- ti' na
References
- Laughlin, Robert M. (1975) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- Laughlin, Robert M. [et al.] (1988) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán, vol. I. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Possibly a direct loan from Spanish anona or through other intermediaries. Compare Thai น้อยหน่า (nɔ́ɔi-nàa) and Malay nona.
Noun
(classifier cây, trái, quả) na • (𦰡)
- (Northern Vietnam) sugar apple (Annona squamosa)
- Synonym: mãng cầu
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Which dialect is this?”) Sino-Vietnamese word from 挪.
Verb
na
- (transitive) to carry, to move something laboriously
Etymology 3
Particle
na
Anagrams
Etymology 1
From Proto-Celtic *nekʷe, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ne (negative particle) + *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Old Irish nach[1] and Latin neque.
Pronunciation
Interjection
na
Particle
na (triggers mixed mutation)
Usage notes
Alternative forms
- nac (used before a vowel)
Conjunction
na (triggers mixed mutation)
- that … not (introduces a negative noun clause)
- Mae e’n dweud na fydd e’n mynd.
- He says that he will not go.
Usage notes
- Triggers mixed mutation (i.e. aspirate of p, t, c and soft of remaining mutatable letters) of a following consonant.
- The form nad is used before a vowel. When the following consonant is g, which disappears under soft mutation, the form na remains, thus na + gallan becomes na allan, not *nad allan.
- The form is always nad before an element fronted for emphasis.
Alternative forms
- nad (used before a vowel, or where an element is fronted for emphasis)
See also
- y (affirmative)
Etymology 2
Variant of no(g),[2] probably from rebracketing of the comparative “*-achn o” as “-ach no”.[3]
Pronunciation
Conjunction
na (triggers aspirate mutation)
Alternative forms
Etymology 3
Pronunciation
Verb
na
- Soft mutation of gna.
Verb
na (not mutable)
Mutation
More information radical, soft ...
Close
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
Etymology 4
Adjective
na
- Nasal mutation of da.
Noun
na
- Nasal mutation of da.
Mutation
More information radical, soft ...
Close
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
References
- Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, §§ 113 i (1), 147 iv (3)
Etymology 1
Particle
ná
- Interrogative particle; indicates a yes-no question. Placed at the end of the sentence.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.
Verb
-na
- (intransitive) to rain
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Pronunciation
Verb
na
- (transitive) to clear (a conuco garden)
- (transitive) to clear (brush)
References
Etymology 1
From Middle English na, no, from nan (“none”), from Old English nān. Cognates include English no and Scots nae.
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Determiner
na
- no
- 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 10, page 88:
- T' brek up ee bathès h' had na poustee;
- To break up the goal they had not power;
- 1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 106:
- Na speen to be multh, nar flaase to be shaure.
- no teat to be milked, nor fleece to be shorn.
- 1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 106:
- Vear'd nodhing mot Portheare. Na skeine e'er ee-waare.
- I feared nothing but Porter. No skein I ever wore.
Particle
na
Etymology 2
Interjection
na
- Alternative form of naay
- 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 9, page 88:
- Na, now or neveare! w' cry't t' Tommeen,
- Nay, now or never! we cry'd to Tommy,
Etymology 3
Adverb
na
- Alternative form of no (“not”)
- 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 34:
- Na dicke wye, nar dicka.
- Neither this way, nor that.
- 1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 4, page 104:
- Hea pryet ich mought na ha chicke or hen,
- He prayed I might not have chicken nor hen,
- 1867, “BIT OF DIALOGUE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 111:
- Caulès will na get to wullaw to-die.
- Horses will not get to wallow to-day.
Etymology 4
Pronunciation
Article
na
- of the
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 3-4:
- na coshe an loyale dwellerès na Baronie Forthe,
both(the) faithful and loyal inhabitants of the Barony of Forth,
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 4-5:
- crave na dicke luckie acte t'uck neicher th' Eccellencie,
- beg
leave at(of) this favourable opportunity to approach your Excellency,
- beg
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 10-11:
- az Irishmen, an az dwellerès na cosh an loyale o' Baronie Forthe,
- as Irishmen, and as inhabitants, (of) faithful and loyal, of the Barony Forth,
- in the
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 5-6:
- an na plaine garbe o' oure yola talke,
- and in the simple dress of our old dialect,
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 16-18:
- y'ast, bie ractzom o'honde, ee-delt t'ouz ye laas ee-mate var ercha vassale, ne'er dwythen na dicke waie nar dicka.
- you have with impartial hand ministered the laws made for every subject, without regard to this party or that.
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 1-2:
- Ye state na dicke daie o'ye londe, na whilke be nar fash nar moile, albiet 'constitutional agitation,'
- The condition, (on) this day, of the country, in which is neither tumult nor disorder, but that constitutional agitation,
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 6-8:
- Na oure gladès ana whilke we dellt wi' mattoke, an zing t'oure caulès wi plou,
- In our valleys where we were digging with the spade, or as we whistled to our horses in the plough,
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 8-9:
- wee hert ee zough o'ye colure o' pace na name o' Mulgrave.
- we heard the distant sound of the wings of the dove of peace, in the word Mulgrave.
References
- Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 58
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Verb
nà
- to beat; to hit; to smack
- Synonym: lù
- Ó nà án ní pàṣán ― She beat him with a whip
- to defeat
- Synonym: borí
Usage notes
- na before a direct object.
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Verb
ná
- to spend
- Synonym: náwó (“to spend money”)
- Àníkẹ́ ń ná owó nínàákúkàá ― Anike is spending money extravagently
- to cost
- Ó ná mi ní ogún náírà péré ― It only cost me 20 naira
- Ó lè máa ná wọn tó ẹgbẹ̀rún dọ́là ― It may cost them up to a thousand dollars
- to haggle; to bargain
- Synonyms: yọwó, nájà
- Ìyá mi ń bá oníkiri ná ― My mother's haggling with the hawker
Derived terms
Etymology 3
Verb
nà
- to stretch; to raise
- Mo na ọwọ́ mi dì í mú ― I stretched out my hand to grasp it
- Àwòdì na ìyẹ́ rẹ̀, kí ó sì fò lọ ― The hawk spread its wings and flew away
- to aim; to point
- Ọlọ́pàá na ìbọn sí wọn lójú ― The police pointed a gun in their face
Usage notes
- na before a direct object.
Derived terms
- nàka (“to point one's finger”)
- nasẹ̀ (“to introduce”)
- nawọ́ (“to stretch one's hand”)
- nàyìn (“to stretch one's back”)
Pronunciation
Pronoun
na
References
- Beria-English English-Beria Dictionary [provisional] ADESK, Iriba, Kobe Department, Chad
Etymology
From Proto-Trans-New Guinea *na. Cognate to Blagar na.
Pronoun
na
- I (first person pronoun singular)
Etymology 1
From Proto-Kuki-Chin *naa, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na. Cognates include Tibetan ན (na) and Burmese နာ (na).
Pronunciation
Adjective
na
Etymology 2
From Proto-Kuki-Chin *hnaar, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-na. Cognates include Tibetan སྣ (sna) and Burmese နှာ (hna).
Pronunciation
Noun
na
References
- Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, pages 40, 47
Etymology 1
Possibly from na-.
Pronunciation
Particle
na
- Interrogative particle; indicates a yes-no question. Placed at the end of the sentence.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.
Pronunciation
Verb
-na
- (intransitive) to rain
Inflection
More information Tone L, Infinitive ...
| Tone L | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | ukuna | ||||||||
| Positive | Negative | ||||||||
| Infinitive | ukuna | ukungani | |||||||
| Imperative | |||||||||
| Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
| Singular | yina | -ne | |||||||
| Plural | yinani | -neni | |||||||
| Present | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngiyana, ngina | enginayo, engina | ngina | angini | engingani | ngingani | |||
| 2nd singular | uyana, una | onayo, ona | una | awuni | ongani | ungani | |||
| 1st plural | siyana, sina | esinayo, esina | sina | asini | esingani | singani | |||
| 2nd plural | niyana, nina | eninayo, enina | nina | anini | eningani | ningani | |||
| Class 1 | uyana, una | onayo, ona | ena | akani | ongani | engani | |||
| Class 2 | bayana, bana | abanayo, abana | bena | abani | abangani | bengani | |||
| Class 3 | uyana, una | onayo, ona | una | awuni | ongani | ungani | |||
| Class 4 | iyana, ina | enayo, ena | ina | ayini | engani | ingani | |||
| Class 5 | liyana, lina | elinayo, elina | lina | alini | elingani | lingani | |||
| Class 6 | ayana, ana | anayo, ana | ena | awani | angani | engani | |||
| Class 7 | siyana, sina | esinayo, esina | sina | asini | esingani | singani | |||
| Class 8 | ziyana, zina | ezinayo, ezina | zina | azini | ezingani | zingani | |||
| Class 9 | iyana, ina | enayo, ena | ina | ayini | engani | ingani | |||
| Class 10 | ziyana, zina | ezinayo, ezina | zina | azini | ezingani | zingani | |||
| Class 11 | luyana, luna | olunayo, oluna | luna | aluni | olungani | lungani | |||
| Class 14 | buyana, buna | obunayo, obuna | buna | abuni | obungani | bungani | |||
| Class 15 | kuyana, kuna | okunayo, okuna | kuna | akuni | okungani | kungani | |||
| Class 17 | kuyana, kuna | okunayo, okuna | kuna | akuni | okungani | kungani | |||
| Recent past | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | nginile, nginē | enginile, enginē | nginile, nginē | anginanga | engingananga | ngingananga | |||
| 2nd singular | unile, unē | onile, onē | unile, unē | awunanga | ongananga | ungananga | |||
| 1st plural | sinile, sinē | esinile, esinē | sinile, sinē | asinanga | esingananga | singananga | |||
| 2nd plural | ninile, ninē | eninile, eninē | ninile, ninē | aninanga | eningananga | ningananga | |||
| Class 1 | unile, unē | onile, onē | enile, enē | akananga | ongananga | engananga | |||
| Class 2 | banile, banē | abanile, abanē | benile, benē | abananga | abangananga | bengananga | |||
| Class 3 | unile, unē | onile, onē | unile, unē | awunanga | ongananga | ungananga | |||
| Class 4 | inile, inē | enile, enē | inile, inē | ayinanga | engananga | ingananga | |||
| Class 5 | linile, linē | elinile, elinē | linile, linē | alinanga | elingananga | lingananga | |||
| Class 6 | anile, anē | anile, anē | enile, enē | awananga | angananga | engananga | |||
| Class 7 | sinile, sinē | esinile, esinē | sinile, sinē | asinanga | esingananga | singananga | |||
| Class 8 | zinile, zinē | ezinile, ezinē | zinile, zinē | azinanga | ezingananga | zingananga | |||
| Class 9 | inile, inē | enile, enē | inile, inē | ayinanga | engananga | ingananga | |||
| Class 10 | zinile, zinē | ezinile, ezinē | zinile, zinē | azinanga | ezingananga | zingananga | |||
| Class 11 | lunile, lunē | olunile, olunē | lunile, lunē | alunanga | olungananga | lungananga | |||
| Class 14 | bunile, bunē | obunile, obunē | bunile, bunē | abunanga | obungananga | bungananga | |||
| Class 15 | kunile, kunē | okunile, okunē | kunile, kunē | akunanga | okungananga | kungananga | |||
| Class 17 | kunile, kunē | okunile, okunē | kunile, kunē | akunanga | okungananga | kungananga | |||
| Remote past | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngāna | engāna | ngāna | anginanga | engingananga | ngingananga | |||
| 2nd singular | wāna | owāna | wāna | awunanga | ongananga | ungananga | |||
| 1st plural | sāna | esāna | sāna | asinanga | esingananga | singananga | |||
| 2nd plural | nāna | enāna | nāna | aninanga | eningananga | ningananga | |||
| Class 1 | wāna | owāna | āna | akananga | ongananga | engananga | |||
| Class 2 | bāna | abāna | bāna | abananga | abangananga | bengananga | |||
| Class 3 | wāna | owāna | wāna | awunanga | ongananga | ungananga | |||
| Class 4 | yāna | eyāna | yāna | ayinanga | engananga | ingananga | |||
| Class 5 | lāna | elāna | lāna | alinanga | elingananga | lingananga | |||
| Class 6 | āna | āna | āna | awananga | angananga | engananga | |||
| Class 7 | sāna | esāna | sāna | asinanga | esingananga | singananga | |||
| Class 8 | zāna | ezāna | zāna | azinanga | ezingananga | zingananga | |||
| Class 9 | yāna | eyāna | yāna | ayinanga | engananga | ingananga | |||
| Class 10 | zāna | ezāna | zāna | azinanga | ezingananga | zingananga | |||
| Class 11 | lwāna | olwāna | lwāna | alunanga | olungananga | lungananga | |||
| Class 14 | bāna | obāna | bāna | abunanga | obungananga | bungananga | |||
| Class 15 | kwāna | okwāna | kwāna | akunanga | okungananga | kungananga | |||
| Class 17 | kwāna | okwāna | kwāna | akunanga | okungananga | kungananga | |||
| Potential | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngingana | — | ngingana | ngingene | — | ngingene | |||
| 2nd singular | ungana | — | ungana | ungene | — | ungene | |||
| 1st plural | singana | — | singana | singene | — | singene | |||
| 2nd plural | ningana | — | ningana | ningene | — | ningene | |||
| Class 1 | angana | — | engana | angene | — | engene | |||
| Class 2 | bangana | — | bengana | bangene | — | bengene | |||
| Class 3 | ungana | — | ungana | ungene | — | ungene | |||
| Class 4 | ingana | — | ingana | ingene | — | ingene | |||
| Class 5 | lingana | — | lingana | lingene | — | lingene | |||
| Class 6 | angana | — | engana | angene | — | engene | |||
| Class 7 | singana | — | singana | singene | — | singene | |||
| Class 8 | zingana | — | zingana | zingene | — | zingene | |||
| Class 9 | ingana | — | ingana | ingene | — | ingene | |||
| Class 10 | zingana | — | zingana | zingene | — | zingene | |||
| Class 11 | lungana | — | lungana | lungene | — | lungene | |||
| Class 14 | bungana | — | bungana | bungene | — | bungene | |||
| Class 15 | kungana | — | kungana | kungene | — | kungene | |||
| Class 17 | kungana | — | kungana | kungene | — | kungene | |||
| Immediate future | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngizokuna | engizokuna | ngizokuna | angizukuna | engingezukuna | ngingezukuna | |||
| 2nd singular | uzokuna | ozokuna | uzokuna | awuzukuna | ongezukuna | ungezukuna | |||
| 1st plural | sizokuna | esizokuna | sizokuna | asizukuna | esingezukuna | singezukuna | |||
| 2nd plural | nizokuna | enizokuna | nizokuna | anizukuna | eningezukuna | ningezukuna | |||
| Class 1 | uzokuna | ozokuna | ezokuna | akazukuna | ongezukuna | engezukuna | |||
| Class 2 | bazokuna | abazokuna | bezokuna | abazukuna | abangezukuna | bengezukuna | |||
| Class 3 | uzokuna | ozokuna | uzokuna | awuzukuna | ongezukuna | ungezukuna | |||
| Class 4 | izokuna | ezokuna | izokuna | ayizukuna | engezukuna | ingezukuna | |||
| Class 5 | lizokuna | elizokuna | lizokuna | alizukuna | elingezukuna | lingezukuna | |||
| Class 6 | azokuna | azokuna | ezokuna | awazukuna | angezukuna | engezukuna | |||
| Class 7 | sizokuna | esizokuna | sizokuna | asizukuna | esingezukuna | singezukuna | |||
| Class 8 | zizokuna | ezizokuna | zizokuna | azizukuna | ezingezukuna | zingezukuna | |||
| Class 9 | izokuna | ezokuna | izokuna | ayizukuna | engezukuna | ingezukuna | |||
| Class 10 | zizokuna | ezizokuna | zizokuna | azizukuna | ezingezukuna | zingezukuna | |||
| Class 11 | luzokuna | oluzokuna | luzokuna | aluzukuna | olungezukuna | lungezukuna | |||
| Class 14 | buzokuna | obuzokuna | buzokuna | abuzukuna | obungezukuna | bungezukuna | |||
| Class 15 | kuzokuna | okuzokuna | kuzokuna | akuzukuna | okungezukuna | kungezukuna | |||
| Class 17 | kuzokuna | okuzokuna | kuzokuna | akuzukuna | okungezukuna | kungezukuna | |||
| Remote future | |||||||||
| Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
| 1st singular | ngiyokuna | engiyokuna | ngiyokuna | angiyukuna | engingeyukuna | ngingeyukuna | |||
| 2nd singular | uyokuna | oyokuna | uyokuna | awuyukuna | ongeyukuna | ungeyukuna | |||
| 1st plural | siyokuna | esiyokuna | siyokuna | asiyukuna | esingeyukuna | singeyukuna | |||
| 2nd plural | niyokuna | eniyokuna | niyokuna | aniyukuna | eningeyukuna | ningeyukuna | |||
| Class 1 | uyokuna | oyokuna | eyokuna | akayukuna | ongeyukuna | engeyukuna | |||
| Class 2 | bayokuna | abayokuna | beyokuna | abayukuna | abangeyukuna | bengeyukuna | |||
| Class 3 | uyokuna | oyokuna | uyokuna | awuyukuna | ongeyukuna | ungeyukuna | |||
| Class 4 | iyokuna | eyokuna | iyokuna | ayiyukuna | engeyukuna | ingeyukuna | |||
| Class 5 | liyokuna | eliyokuna | liyokuna | aliyukuna | elingeyukuna | lingeyukuna | |||
| Class 6 | ayokuna | ayokuna | eyokuna | awayukuna | angeyukuna | engeyukuna | |||
| Class 7 | siyokuna | esiyokuna | siyokuna | asiyukuna | esingeyukuna | singeyukuna | |||
| Class 8 | ziyokuna | eziyokuna | ziyokuna | aziyukuna | ezingeyukuna | zingeyukuna | |||
| Class 9 | iyokuna | eyokuna | iyokuna | ayiyukuna | engeyukuna | ingeyukuna | |||
| Class 10 | ziyokuna | eziyokuna | ziyokuna | aziyukuna | ezingeyukuna | zingeyukuna | |||
| Class 11 | luyokuna | oluyokuna | luyokuna | aluyukuna | olungeyukuna | lungeyukuna | |||
| Class 14 | buyokuna | obuyokuna | buyokuna | abuyukuna | obungeyukuna | bungeyukuna | |||
| Class 15 | kuyokuna | okuyokuna | kuyokuna | akuyukuna | okungeyukuna | kungeyukuna | |||
| Class 17 | kuyokuna | okuyokuna | kuyokuna | akuyukuna | okungeyukuna | kungeyukuna | |||
| Present subjunctive | |||||||||
| Positive | Negative | ||||||||
| 1st singular | ngine | ngingani | |||||||
| 2nd singular | une | ungani | |||||||
| 1st plural | sine | singani | |||||||
| 2nd plural | nine | ningani | |||||||
| Class 1 | ane | angani | |||||||
| Class 2 | bane | bangani | |||||||
| Class 3 | une | ungani | |||||||
| Class 4 | ine | ingani | |||||||
| Class 5 | line | lingani | |||||||
| Class 6 | ane | angani | |||||||
| Class 7 | sine | singani | |||||||
| Class 8 | zine | zingani | |||||||
| Class 9 | ine | ingani | |||||||
| Class 10 | zine | zingani | |||||||
| Class 11 | lune | lungani | |||||||
| Class 14 | bune | bungani | |||||||
| Class 15 | kune | kungani | |||||||
| Class 17 | kune | kungani | |||||||
| Past subjunctive | |||||||||
| Positive | Negative | ||||||||
| 1st singular | ngana | ngangana, angana, angangana | |||||||
| 2nd singular | wana | wangana, awana, awangana | |||||||
| 1st plural | sana | sangana, asana, asangana | |||||||
| 2nd plural | nana | nangana, anana, anangana | |||||||
| Class 1 | wana | wangana, akana, akangana | |||||||
| Class 2 | bana | bangana, abana, abangana | |||||||
| Class 3 | wana | wangana, awana, awangana | |||||||
| Class 4 | yana | yangana, ayana, ayangana | |||||||
| Class 5 | lana | langana, alana, alangana | |||||||
| Class 6 | ana | angana, awana, awangana | |||||||
| Class 7 | sana | sangana, asana, asangana | |||||||
| Class 8 | zana | zangana, azana, azangana | |||||||
| Class 9 | yana | yangana, ayana, ayangana | |||||||
| Class 10 | zana | zangana, azana, azangana | |||||||
| Class 11 | lwana | lwangana, alwana, alwangana | |||||||
| Class 14 | bana | bangana, abana, abangana | |||||||
| Class 15 | kwana | kwangana, akwana, akwangana | |||||||
| Class 17 | kwana | kwangana, akwana, akwangana | |||||||
Close
See also
References
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “na”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “na (3-8)”
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “na”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “na”
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