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    Ammonium Sulphate Modified

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    Nitin Mohandas
    Ammonium sulfate is a white crystalline solid that is commonly used as an agricultural fertilizer and as a protein precipitant in biochemistry. It can be manufactured through two main processes - one using sulfuric acid and the other using gypsum. The sulfuric acid process involves reacting ammonia with sulfuric acid in a scrubber to produce liquid ammonium sulfate, which is then dried. The gypsum process produces ammonium carbonate by reacting ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water, and then treats it with gypsum to form ammonium sulfate and insoluble calcium carbonate. Ammonium sulfate has various industrial and agricultural uses and can be an important source of nitrogen for plant growth.

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    Ammonium Sulphate Modified

    Uploaded by

    Nitin Mohandas
    397 views13 pages
    Ammonium sulfate is a white crystalline solid that is commonly used as an agricultural fertilizer and as a protein precipitant in biochemistry. It can be manufactured through two main processes - one using sulfuric acid and the other using gypsum. The sulfuric acid process involves reacting ammonia with sulfuric acid in a scrubber to produce liquid ammonium sulfate, which is then dried. The gypsum process produces ammonium carbonate by reacting ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water, and then treats it with gypsum to form ammonium sulfate and insoluble calcium carbonate. Ammonium sulfate has various industrial and agricultural uses and can be an important source of nitrogen for plant growth.

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    Ammonium sulfate is a white crystalline solid that is commonly used as an agricultural fertilizer and as a protein precipitant in biochemistry. It can be manufactured through two main processes - one using sulfuric acid and the other using gypsum. The sulfuric acid process involves reacting ammonia with sulfuric acid in a scrubber to produce liquid ammonium sulfate, which is then dried. The gypsum process produces ammonium carbonate by reacting ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water, and then treats it with gypsum to form ammonium sulfate and insoluble calcium carbonate. Ammonium sulfate has various industrial and agricultural uses and can be an important source of nitrogen for plant growth.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    397 views13 pages

    Ammonium Sulphate Modified

    Uploaded by

    Nitin Mohandas
    Ammonium sulfate is a white crystalline solid that is commonly used as an agricultural fertilizer and as a protein precipitant in biochemistry. It can be manufactured through two main processes - one using sulfuric acid and the other using gypsum. The sulfuric acid process involves reacting ammonia with sulfuric acid in a scrubber to produce liquid ammonium sulfate, which is then dried. The gypsum process produces ammonium carbonate by reacting ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water, and then treats it with gypsum to form ammonium sulfate and insoluble calcium carbonate. Ammonium sulfate has various industrial and agricultural uses and can be an important source of nitrogen for plant growth.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    The document discusses the manufacturing processes, properties, and uses of ammonium sulfate.

    There are two main methods discussed - using sulfuric acid or the Mesberg process using gypsum instead of sulfuric acid.

    It is mainly used as a fertilizer and also has uses in food additives, flame retardants, and protein purification.

    AMMONIUM SULPHATE

    By

    NITHIN MOHANDAS.
    Roll No : 67.

    AMMONIUM SULPHATE

    CONTENTS :
    Basic Knowledge About Ammonium Sulphate. Uses Of Ammonium Sulphate. Manufacture Of Ammonium Sulphate. By Use of Sulphuric Acid . Mesberg Process. Biblography.

    1. Basic Knowledge About Ammonium Sulphate.


    Ammonium Sulphate is a white rhombic solid, (NH4)2SO4; that decomposes at 235C. It is very soluble in water and insoluble in ethanol. Ammonium Sulphate is basically an inorganic salt which has a great commercial use. It is usually used for producing artifical fertilizer.

    Chemical Structure of Ammonium Sulphate:

    Ball and Stick Model of Ammonium Sulphate:

    Properties Of Ammonium Sulphate:


    Ammonium Sulphate is white crystalline solid, having a Molecular Formula : Molecular Weight Density IUPAC : : : (NH3)2SO4 . 132. 1.77 gm/cm3 . Diazanium sulfate

    Other recommended names are Diammonium Sulfate , Sulfuric acid Diammonium salt , Dolamin . Regarding its Solubility,it is Soluble in Water { 70.6 g/100 mL (0 C) , 74.4 g/100 mL (20 C) , 103.8 g/100 mL (100 C) } , but it is insoluble in solvents like acetone , alcohol and ether. Its Melting Point is about 235-280 C , 508-553 K , 455-536 F and has a Critical Relative Humidity of 79.2% (30 C). NFPA 704 ( National Fire Protection Association) is a standard maintained by the U.S which has listed following "FIRE DIAMOND" for Ammonium Sulphate which can be used by emergency personnel to quickly and easily identify the risks posed by nearby hazardous materials.

    2. USES OF AMMONIUM SULPHATE


    Ammonium Sulphate is used largely as an artificial fertilizer for alkaline soils. The ammonium ion is released in the soil forms a small amount of acid which lowers the pH balance of the soil, thus contributing essential nitrogen for the plant growth. It is also used as an agricultural spray adjuvant (An adjuvant is a pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents (e.g., drugs, vaccines) while having few if any direct effects when given by itself).for water soluble insecticides, herbicides, andfungicides. There it functions to bind iron and calcium cations that are present in both well water and plant cells. It is particularly effective as an adjuvant for 2,4-D (amine), glyphosate, and glufosinate herbicides. It is also used in the preparation of other ammonium salts. In biochemistry, ammonium sulfate precipitation is a common method for purifying proteins by precipitation. Ammonium sulfate is also a food additive. A saturated solution of ammonium sulfate in heavy water (D2O) is used as an external standard in sulfur (33S) NMR spectroscopy with shift value of 0 ppm. It has also been used in flame retardant compositions acting much like Diammonium phosphate. As a flame retardant, it lowers the combustion temperature of the material, decreases maximum weight loss rates, and causes an increase in the production of residue or char. In November 2009, a ban on ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizers was imposed in the former Malakand Division by the NWFP government , following reports that those chemicals were used by militants to make explosives. In January 2010, these substances were also banned inAfghanistan for the same reason.

    3.

    Manufacturing Of Ammonium Sulphate.


    Ammonium Sulphate can be manufactured by two process which are as

    follows: (a) By using Sulphuric Acid. (b) Mesberg Process.

    a) By Using Sulphuric Acid.


    This method is used by most of Indian Chemical Industries in producing Ammonium Sulphate,the reason for this is that Sulphuric Acid is comparatively cheaper than other raw materials. Raw Materials : Ammonia (NH3) , Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4). Chemical Reaction : Chemical reaction between Ammonia & Sulphuric Acid produces Ammonium Sulphate which is an exothermic reaction 2NH3 (s) + H2 SO4(aq) (NH)4SO4(s) H= -274 kJ/mol.

    The reaction mentioned above is NEUTRALISATION REACTION. The product from above reaction is liquid Ammonium Sulphate which is dried to convert it into solid Ammonium Sulphate.

    Process Flow Sheet for Ammonium Sulphate production by using H2SO4

    Process Description : Ammonium sulphate is made by reacting synthetic ammonia (or byproduct ammonia from coke-ovens) with sulphuric acid in a Scrubber. Here sulphuric acid is scrubbed with ammonia to get Ammonium sulphate in liquid form. Ammonium sulphate in liquid form is then passed into Evapourator were water is removed from the top portion to get a concenterated solution of Ammonium sulphate . The heat from above reaction is utilized for evapourating water from the solution . This molten solution is then passed on to a Drier were the solution is sprayed from the top and air hot air is blown from the bottom part. This results in a complete removal of water from the solution to obtain prills of Ammonium sulphate. This prills of Ammonium sulphate is then further cooled by passing it into a Cooler.The product from the Cooler is then passed into a Screening Section were the solids are seperated according to there sizes. This solid are further Coated and are packed in the Packing Section.

    (b) Mesberg Process :


    This method is used by most of Foreign Chemical Industries for producing Ammonium Sulphate. In this method, Sulphuric Acid is substituted by Gypsum. Raw Materials : Ammonia (NH3) , Carbon Di Oxide (CO2) , Water (H2O) , Gypsum(CaSO4). Chemical Reaction : In this reaction Ammonia is treated with Carbon di Oxide and Water to form Ammonium Carbonate . 2NH3 + CO2+H2O (NH)4CO3 (NH)4CO3+CaSO4 (NH)2SO4 + CaCO3 This reaction procced by forming an intermediate compound called Ammonium Carbonate which is then treated with Gypsum to form Ammonium Sulphate and insoluble Calicum Carbonate.

    Process Flow Sheet for Ammonium Sulphate production by using Gypsum.

    Process Description : Ammonia along with CO2 is added into Absorption tower and Water is sprayed from the top. Both gases get absorbed in water and react to form Ammonium Carbonate. Ammonium Carbonate is then feed into a Reactor along with Grounded Gypsum, reaction between them produces Ammonium Sulphate and Insoluble Calicum Carbonate. This solution is then feed into Filteration Section .The solution is feed onto a Drum Dryer where the drum is rotated which causes the insoluble CaCO3 to attach on the drum surface which is then dried to form a cake of filterate on the Drum surface which is then removed by using a sharpe edge Knife.This process is continued till most of CaCO3 is removed. The product solution remaining inside the pool is then passed onto a Storage Tank & Settling Tank were settling of insoluble CaCO3 take place. The pure solution obtained is taken out andpassed to a Solidifying Section were it is Condensed in a Condenser, which is then dried by passing it onto a Crystal Evapourator to obtain a concenterated molten solution of Ammonium Sulphate. This molten solution of Ammonium Sulphate is passed onto a Drier and to a Cooler to obtain dried Ammonium Sulphate. The product from the Cooler is then passed into a Screening Section were the solids are seperated according to there sizes. This solid are further Coated and are packed in the Packing Section.

    4.

    Bibliography
    The following sources were referred in order to prepare this project :

    1] Shreves Chemical Process Industries G.T.Austin, McGraw Hill 2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate 3] www.images.google.com

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