Fresh and Hardened Properties of Fly Ash
Fresh and Hardened Properties of Fly Ash
Fresh and Hardened Properties of Fly Ash
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2013
ABSTRACT
Concrete is a widely used as a construction Keywords-green house gas, global warming,
material in civil Engineering field for various types Copper Slag, Sodium Hydroxide Pellets, Sodium
of structures due to its durability. For a long time it Silicate Solution.
was considered to be very durable material
requiring a little or no maintenance. Many OBJECTIVE
environmental factors are known significantly the
durability of reinforced concrete structures. To study the experimental behaviour of
The climate change due to global Various Grades concrete in which the fine
warming, one of non Portland cements the greatest aggregate is partially replaced by Copper
environmental issues has become a major concern Slag.
during the past decade. Main reason of global Owing to the scarcity of fine aggregate
warming is because of caused by the emission of (river sand) for the preparation of mortar
greenhouse gases, such as CO2, to the atmosphere and concrete, partial replacement of CS
by more human activities. Among the greenhouse with sand have been attempted.
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gases, CO2 is responsible for contributes about Making eco friendly and green concrete.
65% of global warming. The cement manufacturing Making modern concrete for strength
industry is responsible for nearly 6% of all CO2 effective, cost effective
emissions, because the production of one ton
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2013
curing. Alkaline liquids are used in Nadu, India. SIL is producing CS during the
geopolymerisation. The common alkaline liquid manufacture of copper metal. Currently, about
used in geopolymerisation is a combination of 2600 tons of CS is produced per day and a total
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate accumulation of around 1.5 million tons. This slag
solution (Na2SiO3). In the present investigation, a is currently being used for many purposes ranging
combination of Sodium hydroxide solution and from land-filling to grit blasting. These applications
sodium silicate solution was used as alkaline utilize only about 15% to 20% and the remaining
activator solution. Commercially available Sodium dumped as a waste material.Surrounding
hydroxide is purchased in flakes or pellets form and environment may pollute because of this dumped
converted in to liquid by mixing with distilled waste material. The microscopic view of CS tells
water based on molarity.In this present study, that it is a glassy granular material with high
sodium hydroxide flakes with 98% purity were specific gravity. Particle sizes are of the order of
used for the preparation of alkaline solution. sand and have a potential for use as fine aggregate
2.1 Fly ash in concrete. In order to reduce the accumulation of
Fly ash is a thermal industrial by-product, CS and also to provide an alternate material for
generated in the stage of combustion of coal in the sand, the Sterlite Industries Ltd, proposed to study
power plants. The increasing scarcity requirement the potential of CS as replacement material for sand
or demand of raw materials and an urgent need to in cement concrete.
protect the environment against pollution has
accentuated the significance of developing new
building materials based on industrial waste
generated from coal fired thermal power station
which creates unmanageable disposal problems due
to its potential to pollute the environment. Fly ash
when used as a mineral admixture in concrete
improves its strength and durability. Fly ash can be
used either as mineral admixture or as a partial
replacement of cement or as a partial replacement
of fine aggregates or total replacement of fine
aggregate and as supplementary addition to achieve
different properties of concrete. Fig2: copper slag in dumped yard
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2013
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2013
period is defined as the time taken from the completion electrons in the sample, producing various signals
of casting of test specimens to the start of curing at an which contain information about the sample's
elevated temperature. To keep rest period for specimens surface topography and composition. SEM can
before curing may be important in certain practical achieve resolution better than 1 nanometer.
applications. When fly ash-based geopolymer concrete is
used for precast concrete elements, sufficient time is
available between casting of products and sending them
to the curing chamber. At the end of the Rest Period,
some specimens were kept under ambient conditions for
curing at room temperature Remaining six specimens
were kept at 90oC in hot oven for 24 h The compressive
strength test was conducted for h sample and the results
showed that there is an increase in compressive strength
with the increase in age for ambient cured specimens.
For hot air cured samples the increase in compressive
strength with age was very less as compared to that of
specimens subjected to ambient curing. The density of
geopolymer concrete was 2400 kg/m3 which is
equivalent to that of conventional concrete.
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3. SEM ANALYSIS
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2013
56.97
60 53.56
50
OPC + SAND
40 32.25
35.1
28
30
20 16.85 OPC +
COPPER
4. MIX DESIGN 10 SLAG
0
The details of the mix design are given in Mix
Design Calculation for M25 and M30 Grade 7TH 14TH 28TH
Concrete Using IS 10262:2009
Fig8: Comparison of strength development of
M25 M30 Cement using river sand and Copper Slag
7th Day
15
5.1 Properties of Fine Aggregate 10 14th Day
5 0 28th Day
Property River Copper 0
Sand Slag NORMAL
CONCRETE
GEO
POLYMER
Specific gravity 2.68 3.86 CONCRETE
TYPE OF CONCRETE
Loose density 1.57 g/cc 2.12 g/cc
Rodded density 1.72 g/cc 2.36 g/cc
Fig10: Cube compressive strength for M25Grade
Grading Zone II I
concrete
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2013
44.86
42.45
39.33
40 35.68 36.5
COMPRESSION STRENGTH
30 23.28
25.78
1th Day 3.95
20 4 3.35
3.5
7th Day 3
10 3
0
14th Day 14th Day
0 2
NORMAL GEO
28th Day 28th Day
CONCRETE POLYMER
CONCRETE
1
0
TYPE OF CONCRETE NORMAL GEO
CONCRETE POLYMER
CONCRETE
TYPE OF CONCRETE
Fig11: Cube compressive strength for M30 Grade
concrete
28.43
30 26
27.95
25.56
25 23.03
21.21
22.67
15 4 3.7
7th Day 3.5 3.25
10 3
14th Day
5 2.5 14th Day
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0
0
28th Day 2
1.5 28th Day
NORMAL GEO
CONCRETE POLYMER
CONCRETE
1
0.5
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0
TYPE OF CONCRETE NORMAL GEO
CONCRETE POLYMER
CONCRETE
40 34.86
COMPRESSION STRENGTH
33.89
35 31
30 25.67
27.2
24.8
25 1th Day
19.7
20 7th Day
15
10 14th Day
5 0 28th Day
0
NORMAL GEO
CONCRETE POLYMER
CONCRETE
TYPE OF CONCRETE
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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2013
pH value of concrete
Concrete pH pH value
grade value(normal (geopolymer
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concrete) concrete)
M25 11.2 10.08
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6. Conclusion
A detailed review of literature has been
done for copper slag, geopolymer concrete
and fly ash.
Physical and chemical properties of
individual (fly ash, copper slag, coarse
aggregate and fine aggregate) components
of geopolymer concrete are found in
laboratory tests and SEM Analysis is also
done.
Experiment investigation of strength
(Compressive strength, split tension
strength) for geopolymer concrete are
found and listed.
Test of alkalinity for conventional
concrete and geopolymer are found.
Test on durability of geopolymer concrete
will be done.
7. References:
[1]. K. Vijai1, R. Kumutha1 and B. G. Vishnuram
” Effect of types of curing on strength of geopolymer
concrete” July, 2010.
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