A SEMINAR REPORT ON GEOPOLYMER

CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

COARSE AGGREGATE BY RECYCLED
CONCRETE AGGREGATE.

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

KEONJHAR
(BIJU PATNAIK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,
ODISHA)

SUBMITTED BY:
JIBAN NATH
REGISTRATION NO-2001104031
BRANCH-CIVIL ENGINEERING
SEMESTER-5TH

SUBMITTED TO:
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AJIT BARIK
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SOURCE
A CASE STUDY-

GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE

AGGREGATE BY RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE.

AUTHOR:

Hamid Khan, Dushyant Purohit, Deependra Bagara, Hanuman Sahay Pahadiya Department of
Civil Engineering Poornima group of institutions, Jaipur

PUBLISHED ON:
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume
8, Issue 6, November - December 2017, pp. 10–14, Article ID: IJARET_08_06_002 Available
online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=8&IType=6
ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499 © IAEME Publication
 ABSTRACT
Concrete is the world’s most versatile, durable, and reliable construction material. Next
to water, concrete is the most used material, which required large quantities of Portland
Cement. Ordinary Portland Cement production is the second only to the automobile as
the major generator of carbon dioxide, which polluted the atmosphere. In addition to
that large amount of energy was also consumed for cement production. Hence, it is
inevitable to find an alternative material to the existing most expensive, most
resoresource-consumingtland Cement. Geopolymer concrete is an innovative
construction material that shall be produced by the chemical action of inorganic
molecules. Fly Ash, a by-product of coal obtained from the thermal power plant is
plenty available worldwide. Fly ash is rich in silica and alumina reacted with an
alkaline solution produced aluminosilicate gel that acted as the binding material for
the concrete. It is an excellent alternative construction material to the existing plain
cement concrete. Geopolymer concrete shall be produced without using any amount
of ordinary Portland cement. This paper briefly reviews the constituents of geopolymer
concrete, its strength, and potential applications.

KEYWORDS: Geopolymer Concrete, Fly Ash, Strength, Curing, ggbs, Applications.

 CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 OBJECTIVE
 METHODOLOGY
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION:
Portland cement concrete industry has full-fledged universally in recent years. The demand for
concrete as a construction material has enlarged due to enhance of infrastructure. However,
production of Portland cement concrete generates problems such as carbon di oxide emission,
global warming. Human activities on earth produce in considerable quantities of wastes more
than 2,500 million tons per year, including industrial and agricultural wastes from rural and
urban societies. This creates serious problems to the environment, health and also the land
filling. Now a day the concrete is most used manmade material in the world. The Indian
construction industry alone consumes approximately 400 million tons of concrete every year
and the relative amount of mortar too. Therefore the demand of the concrete and the required
raw materials are very high. This causes the hike in the costs of cement, fine and coarse
aggregates. Quite often the shortage of these materials is also occurred. To avoid the problems
like cost hike and cuts in supply of concrete and mortar, the alternate material or the partial
replacements for the cement and aggregate should be developed by recycling of waste
materials. This provides us the low cost, lightweight and eco-friendly construction products.
Use of the waste materials also reduces the problem of land-filling, environmental and health
concern.

A. Origin of Term ‘Geo-polymer’ The term ‘‘Geo-polymer’’ was first introduced to the world
by Davidovits of France resulting in a new field of research and technology. Geo-polymer also
known as ‘inorganic polymer’ has emerged as a ‘green’ binder with wide potentials for
manufacturing sustainable materials for environmental, refractory and construction
applications. Geo-polymer concrete (gpc) has ingredients required for creation of geo-polymer
binders such as Geo-polymer source materials such as fly ash, ggbs, Metakaolin, rice husk ash,
etc.

B. Properties of Geo-Polymer Concrete Geopolymer are inorganic binders, which are identified
by the basic properties such as Compressive strength depends on curing time and curing
temperature. As the curing time and temperature increases, the compressive strength increases.
Then, Resistance to corrosion, since no limestone is used as a material, Geopolymer cement
has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments. It is especially suitable for
tough environmental conditions. Geopolymer specimens are possessing better durability and
thermal stability characteristics.
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW:
 P. K. Jamdade and U. R. Kawade studied the strength of Geopolymer concrete by
using oven curing. In this study Geopolymer concrete is prepared by mixing sodium
silicate and sodium hydroxide with processed fly ash. The concrete is cured at different
condition and different temperatures i.e; 600 C, 900 C and 1200 C so as to increase the
strength of concrete.
 Shankar H. Sanni and R. B. Khadiranaikar carried out investigation on the variation
of alkaline solution on mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete. It was concluded
that the strength of geopolymer concrete can be improved by decreasing the water/
binding and aggregate/binding ratios. Compressive strength and split tensile strength
obtained were in the range of 20.64-60N/ mm2 and 3-4.9 N/mm2
 Benny Joseph and George Mathew:- carried out the influence of aggregate content
on the engineering properties of Geopolymer concrete. It was observed that there is a
good correlation between the rheological parameters and slump for fly ash based
geopolymer concrete, 14.4% enhancement in modulus of elasticity and 19.2%
enhancement in Poisson’s ratio could be achieved in geopolymer concrete.
 Rangan, B.V. (2008) stated that Geopolymer concrete is more resistant to heat, sulphate
attack, water ingress & alkali-aggregate reaction. The role of calcium in Geopolymer
concrete made up of fly ash is very prominent since it may cause flash setting.
 Wallah et. al, (2006) Explained that, heat-cured fly ash-based Geopolymer concrete
undergoes low creep and very little drying shrinkage in the order of about 100 micro
strains after one year. And it has an excellent resistance to sulphate attack.
 CHAPTER-3

OBJECTIVES:

• To make a concrete without using cement.

• To reduce environment pollution mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) which is produced by

the production of portland cement.
 CHAPTER-4

METHODOLOGY:

In this study various materials and method of conducting the test was discussed in detail and
detailed methodology of the work was presented in Fig. 1. In this study materials are used such
as Fly ash, Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), Chemicals (Sodium hydroxide,
Sodium silicate) and aggregates (Fine aggregates and Coarse aggregates). Fly ash is one of the
most abundant materials on the Earth. It is also a crucial ingredient in the creation of
geopolymer concrete due to its role in the geopolymerization process. A pozzolan is a material
that exhibits cementitious properties when combined with calcium hydroxide. Fly ash is the
main by product created from the combustion of coal in coal-fired power plants. There are two
“classes” of fly ash, Class F and Class C. Each class of fly ash has its own unique properties.
Ground granulated blast furnace slag comprises mainly of calcium oxide, silicon di-oxide,
aluminium oxide, magnesium oxide. It has the same main chemical constituents as ordinary
portland cement but in different proportions. And the addition of G.G.B.S in Geo-Polymer
Concrete increases the strength of the concrete and also curing of Geo-Polymer concrete at
room temperature is possible. A combination of alkaline silicate solution and alkaline
hydroxide solution was chosen as the alkaline liquid. Sodium-based solutions were chosen
because they were cheaper than Potassium-based solutions. The sodium hydroxide solids were
of a laboratory grade in pellets form with 99% purity, obtained from local suppliers. The
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was prepared by dissolving the pellets (a small, rounded,
compressed mass of a substance of sodium hydroxide) in water. The mass of sodium hydroxide
solids in a solution varied depending on the concentration of the solution expressed in terms of
molar, M. For instance, sodium hydroxide solution with a concentration of 8M consisted of
8x40 = 320 grams of sodium hydroxide solids (in pellet form) per liter of the solution, where
40 is the molecular weight of sodium hydroxide. Sodium silicate solution (water glass)
obtained from local suppliers was used. The chemical composition of the sodium silicate
solution was Na2O=8%, SiO2=28%, and water 64% by mass. The mixture of sodium silicate
solution and sodium hydroxide solution forms the alkaline liquid. The methodology explains
about the step by step procedure that is going to be done in the project. The methodology is
explained in the figure given in the next page.
 FIG 1: FORMATION OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

(https://www.nbmcw.com/images/87-Concrete/41777-Fig-5.webp)
PROCEDURE FOR PRODUCTION OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

Step1: Collection and preparation or raw materials.

Step2: Characterization of raw materials (Chemical and Mineralogical).

Step3: Optimization of mix design, paste and mortar

Step4: Trial mix with different material and different ratio.

Step5: Activation process with different ratio.

Step6: Fabrication and Casting of concrete.

Step7: Investigation of geopolymer products.

 CHAPTER-5

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

• This study mainly focuses on replacement of normal cement with silica fume as termed
to be Geopolymer concrete.

• If recycled geopolymer concrete emerges successfully and attain the properties as

normal concrete, it would be a milestone achievement for the local construction
industries.

TABLE-1 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

Mix Binder % Flexural

id strength n/mm2

Fly Ash GGBS 28th day

M1 100 0 2.40

M2 90 10 3.58

M3 80 20 4.16

M4 70 30 4.68

M5 60 40 5.97

TABLE -2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

COMPARATIVE TEST RESULTS BETWEEN OPC AND GPC

Slump Test

Compaction factor test

Flexure Strength Test

Compressive Strength
Split Tensile Test

Young Modulus Test

ADVANTAGES:

 Fly ash is cheaper than cement

 Geopolymer concrete has better compressive strength
 It has greater resistance towards fire and hence can be used as fire proofing
 It has lower permeability
 It is eco friendly
 Magnificent properties within both acid and salt environment, leeding free.
 It has a higher compressive strength of about 1.5 times than a normal OPC concrete
mix.
 It’s impermeable like normal OPC concrete.
 It shows a higher resistance to sulphate attack after full immersion for 15 weeks in
different % of magnesium sulphate solution.

LIMITATIONS:

 Geopolymer concrete did not harden immediately at room temperature as in conventional

concrete.

 Geopolymer concrete specimens took a minimum of 3 days for complete setting without
leaving a nail impression on the hardened surface.

 These two limitations of geopolymer concrete mix was eliminated by replacing 10% of
fly ash by OPC on mass basis with alkaline liquids resulted in Geopolymer Concrete
Composite and are considered as drawbacks of this concrete to be used for practical
applications
 CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION:
• Geopolymer concrete is a promising construction material due to its low carbon
dioxide emission
• High early strength, low creep and shrinkage, acid resistance, fire resistance makes it
better in usage than OPC
• Wide spread applications in precast industries due to
-its high production in short duration
-less breakage during transportation

• Enhanced research along with acceptance required to make it great advantage to the
industry
 CHAPTER-7
REFERENCE:
1. Nella shiva Kumar and Gone Punneshwar (2018), Strength properties of the
geopolymer concrete as partial replacement of recycled aggregate. IJETER, Volume 6,
pp 63-68.

2. Tavakoli and Parviz Sooushin (1996), strength of recycled aggregate concrete made
using field demolished concrete as aggregate, ACI-Material Journal, Volume 93, pp
182-190.

3. Ramurthy and Gumaste (1998), properties of recycled aggregate concrete, Indian

concrete Journal, Volume 72, pp 49-53.

4. Internet: Geopolymer Concrete: Properties, Composition and Applications

( https://theconstructor.org/concrete/geopolymer-concrete-ecofriendly-construction-
material/9430/ )

1. Internet: Fly ash ( https://theconstructor.org/building/fly-ash-properties-types-

mechanism/26654/ )

2. Internet: GGBS (https://ukcsma.co.uk/what-is-ggbs/)