3 \nb-{¥-Whpw GtIm-]\

- hpw

\mw apºv ]Tn- ® Xv

D±o-]-\-߃°v A\p-kr-X-ambn Pohn-I-fn¬ hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-

߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p.
ico-c-Øn¬ \nc-h[n {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xpw GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂Xpw
\mUo-hy-h-ÿ-bm-Wv.
ssl{U, πt\-dnb XpS-ßnb eLp-L-S-\-tbm-Sp- Iq-Snb Pohn-I-fnepw \nb-{¥-
Whpw GtIm-]-\hpw \S-°p-∂p.
akvXn-jvIw, kpjp-av\, \mUn-Iƒ Ch tN¿∂-XmWv \mUo-hy-h-ÿ.
ico-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ktµ-i-߃ kzoI-cn®v AXn\v adp-]Sn
Ab-bv°p∂ tI{µ-amWv akvXn-jvIw.
ktµ-i-߃ IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ hgn-I-fmWv \mUn-Iƒ.
akvXn-jvIw, \mUn-I-ƒ F∂nh \mUo-I-e-Iƒ sIm≠v \n¿an-X-am-Wv.
Xe-t®m-dnse c‡-°p-g-ep-I-fn¬ c‡-°´ (t{Xmw-_-kv) cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v skdn-
{_¬ t{Xmwt_m-knkv F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
Xe-t®m-dnse c‡-°p-g¬ s]m´p-∂-XmWv skdn-{_¬ sla-td-Pv.
Xe-t®m-dns‚ `mK-ßf
- n¬ c‡w FØm-ØX
- p-sIm≠v s]s´-∂p-≠m-Ip∂ Xf¿®-
bmWv kvt{Sm°v.

45
Poh- i mkv { Xw

PohnIfn¬ F√m-bvt∏mgpw hnhn[ Iƒ Iqºp-∂Xv \n߃ I≠n-´nt√? F¥m-

Poh¬ {]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p- bn-cn°mw ImcWw? kv]¿iw, {]Imiw XpS-
∂p. \mw \n¿hln-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°- ßn-bh Pohn-I-fn¬ Nne {]Xn-I-c-W-߃
\p-k-cn®v Poh¬ {]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS \nc- krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv.
°nepw hyXym-k-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p. Ifn-°p- Ch-bmWv D±o-]-\-߃ (Stimuli).
tºmgpw hymbmaw sNøp-tºmgpw lrZ-b-an-
D±o-]-\-߃°v IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-c-W-
Sn- ∏ n- s ‚bpw c‡- N w- { I- a - W - Ø ns‚bpw
߃ {i≤n°pI.
thKX IqSp-∂-Xmbn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sm-dn-t√?
AtXm-sSm∏w t]in-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ {]h¿Øn- z NqSv
°p∂Xn\mbn Du¿tPm-¬]m-Z\w h¿[n-°p- z XWp∏v
Ibpw ⁄mt\-{µn-bß - ƒ IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£- z a¿Zw
a-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CØ- z i_vZX-cwKw
c- Ø n- e p≈ Poh¬ {]- h ¿Ø- \ - ß - s f√mw
z cmk-h-kvXp-°-fpsS km∂n[yw
H∂p as‰m-∂n\p XS- -am-ImsX ]c-kv]c
z tcmKm-Wp-kw-{I-a-Ww.
_‘n-X-am-bmWv \S-°p-∂-Xv.
Ch-bn¬ ico-c-Øn-\-IØv A\p-`-h-s∏-
CsX-ßs\ km[y-am-Ip-∂p? Poh¬{]-
Sp-∂hbpw (B-¥-cnI D±o-]-\-߃) ]pdØv
h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw GtIm-]n-
A\p-`h
- s
- ∏-Sp-∂hbpw (_m-ly D
- ±- o-]\
- ß
- ƒ)
∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv \mUohy-hÿ - b
- m-Wv.
GsX-√m-sa∂v Is≠Øn kb≥kv Ub-dn-
\mUo- h y- h - ÿ - b psS LS- \ bpw [¿ahpw
bn¬ Ipdn-°p-I.
CXn\v F{Xam{Xw A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn-°p-
∂p- s h∂v ]cn- t im- [ n- ° mw. Ah- b psS D±o-]-\-߃°\pkr-X-am-bmWv Poh¬
{]h¿Ø-\sØ _m[n-°p∂ tcmK-ßfpw {]-h-¿Ø\-߃ \S-°p-∂-Xv. Pohn-I-fn¬
sshI-ey-ßfpw Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂pw Cu hnhn-[ Po-h¬ {]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥-
A[ym-b-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Whpw GtIm-]\ - hpw km[y-am-Ip-∂X - n-\p≈
ico-c-Øns‚ hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kwhn- [ m- \ - ß - f mWv \mUo- h y- h - ÿ bpw
ktµ-i-߃ kzoI-cn®v IrXy-ambn adp-]Sn (Nervous system) A¥x-{kmhn hyh-ÿbpw
Abbv-°p∂ tI{µ-am-Wt√m akvXn-jvIw. (Endocrine system). CXv km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v
CXn\v klm-b-I-amb coXn-bn¬ Pohn-I-fn¬ ktµ-i-hn-\n-abw ^e-{]-Z-am-tI-≠-Xnt√?
ktµ- i - h n- \ n- a bw \S- ° p- ∂ Xv Fß- s \-
bmsW∂p t\m°mw?
ktµ-i-hn-\n-abw eLp Pohn-I-fn¬
GI-tImi Pohn-I-fn¬ ktµ-i-hn-\n-
ktµ-i-hn-\n-abw Pohn-I-fn¬
abw Fß-s\-bm-sW-∂-dn-bmat√m? an°
H®ns\ kv]¿in-°p-tºmƒ F¥mWv GItImi Pohn-I-fnepw D±o-]-\-Øn-\-\p-k-
kw`-hn-°p∂Xv? kqcy-\-kvX-an-°p-tºmƒ cn®v {]Xn-I-cWw \S-°p-∂Xv Nne cmk-L-
sdbn≥ {So, XI-c, ]pfn F∂n-h-bpsS Ce- S-I-߃ hgn-bm-Wv.

46
 \nb- { ¥- W hpw GtIm]- \ hpw

F∂m¬ ssl{U, πt\-dnb XpS-ßnb ZWvUp- I fpw tN¿∂v Fß- s \- b mWv

eLp-L-S-\-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb Pohn-I-fnse ktµ- ImWs∏Sp-∂Xv? ico-c-Øns‚ ap≥`m-KØv
i-hn-\n-abw Fß-s\-bm-sW∂p t\m°mw. \mUo ZWvUpIƒ tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ akvXn-
jvI-amWv (Cerebral ganglia) F√m {]h¿Ø-
Nn{X-߃ 3.1.(A - D) \nco-£n°pI. \-ß-sfbpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xpw GtIm-]n-∏n-
ssl{U- b nse \mUo- P m- e n- I - b psS °p-∂-Xpw. aÆn-c-bp-sSbpw ]m‰-bp-sSbpw
hn\ymkw {i≤n-°p-I. ico-c-Øns‚ GXp \mUo- Z - W v U ns‚ {]tXy- I X F¥mWv ?
`mK-Øp \n∂v e`n-°p∂ D±o-]-\hpw F√m \mUo- Z - W v U n¬ CS- h n- ´ n- S - h n´v apg- I ƒ
`mK-ß-fn-te°pw FØn-°m≥ \mUo-Pm-enI t]mep≈ `mK-߃ ImWp-∂n-t√? \mUo-
klm-bn-°p-∂p. πt\-dn-b-bpsS ico-c-Øn\v tIm-i-߃ IqSn-tN¿∂p-≠mb Kmw•n-tbm-
Ccp- h - i - ß - f n- e p- a mbn ImWp∂ \mUo- Z - Wp-I-fmWv Ch. CXn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏-Sp∂
fin¬ (Nerve cord) \n∂v ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ imJ- \mUn-Iƒ ico-c-Øns‚ F√m `mK-tØ°pw
Iƒ {i≤n-®nt√? Cu imJ-Ifpw \mUo FØp-∂p. Ch-bpsS \mUoZWvUns‚ A{K-
`m-K-amWv akvXn-jvIw.

IÆv
akvXnjvIw

\mUo-ZWvUv

\mUo-tIm-i-߃
sIm≠v \n¿an-X-amb
\mUo-Pm-enI

A. ssl{U B. πt\- d nb
akvXnjvIw

akvXnjvIw
sh≥{S¬ \mUn ZWvUv

Kmw•n-tbm¨
Kmw•n-tbm¨

\mUo-ZWvUv

C. aÆnc D. ]m‰
Nn{Xw 3.1
\mUo-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS hnImkw ˛ hnhn[ Pohn-I-fn¬

47
Poh- i mkv { Xw

eLpLS-\-tbm-Sp- Iq-Snb Pohn-I-fn¬ tImiico-c-Øn-se-Øp∂p. Ch BIvtkm-

\n∂v Db¿∂ Xe-ß-fnepƒs∏-Sp∂ Pohn-I- Wp-I-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p.
fn-te°v t]mIp-tºm-ƒ \mUo-hyhÿ-bpsS BIv t km- s sW- ‰ ns‚ A{K- ` m- K Øv
LS-\-bn¬ k¶o¿WX Zriy-am-Ip-∂nt√?
kn\m-]vSnIv t\m_vv ImWp-∂p. tImi-i-co-
N¿®-sNbvXv Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°p-I.
c-Øn¬ \n∂v BthKw BIvtkm-ssW-‰n-
\mUohyhÿ ˛ a\p-jy-\n¬ eqsS kn\m-]v‰nIv t\m_n¬ FØp∂p. Hcp
hnhn[ Pohn-I-fnse \mUo-kw-hn-[m-\- \yqtdm-Wns‚ BIvtkm-ssW-‰p-Ifpw as‰mcp
Ønse hyXymkw \mw a\- n-em-°n-bt√m? \yqtdm-Wns‚ sU≥ss{U-‰p-Ifpw XΩn¬
\mUo-hyq-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\LS-I-amWv _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v {i≤n-
\mUo-tImiw (Neuron). \mUo-tIm-iØns‚ °pI (Nn{Xw 3.3). Cu `mK-amWv kn\m]vkv
LS- \ bpw ktµ- i - h n- \ n- a bw \S- ° p∂ (Synapse) . ChnsS sU≥ss{U- ‰ p- I fpw
hn[hpw ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. BIvtkm-ssW-‰p-Ifpw XΩn¬ kv]¿in-°p-
∂n√. kn\m]v‰nIv t\m_n¬ \n∂v Ak-
\mUo-tImiw ˛ LS-\bpw [¿ahpw ‰n¬ sImfn≥ (Acetyl choline) F∂ \mUob
\mUo-tIm-i-Øns‚ Nn{Xw (3.2) \nco- t{]jIw (Neurotransmitter) kn\m-]v‰nIv hnS-
£n-°pI. hn-te°v {khn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXv ASpØ
tImi-i-co-c-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ \mUo- t Im- i - Ø ns‚ sU≥ss{U- ‰ p- I sf
BIvtkm¨ {i≤n-®nt√? Ah Fßs\ DtØ-Pn-∏n-°p-∂p. C{]-Imcw \mUo-tIm-i-
sU≥t{Um-Wp-I-fn¬ \n∂v hyXym-k-s∏-´n- Øn¬°qSn Bth-K-ß-fpsS {]k-cWw Xp-S-
cn-°p-∂p? cp∂p. Cu Bth- K - ß ƒ Xe- t ®m- d n- t em

BIvtkm-ssW‰v sU≥ss{U‰v

sU≥t{Um¨
ab-en≥joØv

BIvtkm¨ tImi-ic
- ocw
Nn{Xw 3.2
amXrIm \mUo-tImiw
kn\m-]v‰nIv t\m_v

sU≥ss{U‰v
BIvtkmssW‰v
sU≥ss{U‰ns‚ A{K-߃ D±o-]-\-
ßsf kzoI- c n- ° p∂ {Kmln- I - f mbn
(Receptors) h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Cu D±o-]-\-߃
sshZypX Bth- K - ß - f mbn (Impulse) BIvtkm¨ sU≥t{Um¨

sU≥ss{U-‰n¬ \n∂v sU≥t{Um¨ hgn Nn{Xw 3.3

kn\m]vkv

48
 \nb- { ¥- W hpw GtIm]- \ hpw

t]in- I - f n- t em {KŸn- I - f ntem FØn aben≥ joØns‚ {]tbm- P \w

{]h¿Ø-\ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p. sk°‚n¬ Fs¥∂v t\m°mw.
0.5 apX¬ 100 ao‰¿ hsc-bmWv Bth-K-ß-
z C≥kp-te-‰-dmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
fpsS thK-X.
z Bth-Kß
- f
- psS thKX h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂p.
tImi-i-co-c-Øn¬ \n∂p ]pd-s∏-Sp∂
z _mly-£-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂v BIvtkm-
\o≠ X¥p-hmWv BIvtkm-sW∂v a\- n-em-
°n-bt√m? CXns\ Bh-cWw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂ Wns\ kwc-£n-°p-∂p.
aben≥ joØv (Mylein sheath) sImgp∏v aben≥ joØn\v sh≈ \ndamWp≈-
\n¿anXamWv. sImgp-∏v \nd-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Xv. Xe-t®m-dnepw kpjpav\-bnepw aben≥
BIv t km- W ns\ Np‰p∂ jzm≥ tImi- joØv D≈ \mUo-X¥ - p-°ƒ H∂n®p IqSnb
ßfnemWv (Schawnn cells) (Nn{Xw 3.4). `mKsØ ssh‰v am‰¿ (White matter) F∂p
]d-bp-∂p.- F∂m¬ tImi-i-cocw t{K \nd-
Øn-em-Wv. tImii-co-chpw aben≥ joØn-
jzm≥ tImi-w √mØ \mUo- t Imi `mK- ß fpw H∂n®p
tN¿∂p-≈- Cu `mKsØ t{Kam-‰¿ (Grey
matter) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

BIvtkm¨ Hcp \yqtdm-Wn¬ \n∂v sXm´-SpØ

\yqtdm-Wn-te°v Bth-K-߃ {]k-cWw
ab-en≥joØv sNøp-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v Nn{Xw 3.5 \nco-
£n®v kb≥kv Ub- d n- b n¬ tcJ- s ∏- S p-
ØpI.
Nn{Xw 3.4
ab-en≥ joØns‚ LS\

sU≥ss{U‰v ˛
BIvtkm¨ ˛ Bth- K - ß sf sU≥t{Um¨ ˛
B-th-K-߃ D-±o-]-\-߃
BIvtkmssW-‰n-te°v hln-°p-∂p
tImiico-cØ
- n kzoI-cn-°p-∂p
seØn-°p-∂p
kn\m]vkv D±o-]\w

kn\m]v‰nIv t\m_v ˛ B-th-Kß

- sf cmko-
bm-th-K-ß-fm°n sXm´-SpØ \yqtdm-Wn- tImi-i-cocw ˛ Bth-K-߃
te°v IS-Øn-hn-Sp-hm≥ cmko-b-t{]-jIw BIvtkm-Wn-te°v IS-Øn-
{khn-°p-∂p. hn-Sp-∂p
Nn{Xw 3.5
\mUo-tIm-iØ
- n-eqsS Bth-Kß - f
- psS {]k-cWw

49
Poh- i mkv { Xw

Atbm-Wp-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS \mUo-tIm-i-ß-fn¬ sshhn-[ytam

Bth-K-ß-fpsS {]k-cWw
\mUo- t Im- i - ß - f psS LS- \ - b n- e p≈
hn{i-am-h-ÿ-bn-en-cn-°p∂ Hcp \mUo-tIm- sshhn[yw {i≤n-°pI. (Nn{Xw 3.6)
i- Ø nse BIv t km- W ns‚ tImi- k v X - c -
Øns‚ _mly-`mKw t]mkn-‰ohv Nm¿Ppw
BIvtkm¨ sU≥t{Um¨
Dƒ`mKw s\K-‰ohv Nm¿Ppw Bbn ImW-s∏-
Sp- ∂ p. \mUo- X - ¥ p- h n- \ p- ≈ n¬ \n∂v
tkmUnbw Atbm-Wp-Isf (Na+) Du¿Pw
D]-tbm-Kn®v ]ºp sNbvXv (Sodium pump)
tImi-ic
- ocw
]pdØm°nbmWv Nm¿Pn- e p≈ s]m´≥
jy¬ hyXymkw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xv. km[m-
_
cW Cu Nm¿Pv hyXymkw 70 mv (an√n
thmƒ´v) BWv. Hcp \mUo-X¥p D±o-]n-∏n- sU≥t{Um¨
BIvtkm¨
°- s ∏- ´ m¬ DS≥ Xs∂ B `mKØv
tkmUnbw ]ºv \n¿ho-cy-am-Ip-∂p. AXns‚
^e-ambn tkmUnbw Atbm-Wp-Iƒ D≈n¬
tImi-ic
- ocw
IS-°-Ø-°-hn[w tImi-kvXcw kpXm-cy-am-
hp- ∂ p. Aßs\ Uot]m- f - s sd- t k- j ≥
(Depolarisation) \S-°p-∂-Xns‚ ^e-ambn
kv X c- Ø n- \ p- ≈ n¬ t]mkn- ‰ ohv Nm¿Ppw
]pdØv s\K- ‰ ohv Nm¿Pp- a mbn amdp- ∂ p. BIvtkm¨ tImi-ic
- ocw
DS≥Xs∂ tkmUnbw ]ºv {]h¿Ø-\-k-
÷-amIp-∂p. ATP bn¬ \n∂v Du¿Pw D]-
sU≥t{Um¨
tbm-Kn®v ho≠pw tkmUnbw Atbm-Wp-Isf
]pd-tØ°v ]ºp sNøp-∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w
Ah XncnsI D≈n-te°v IS-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Nn{Xw 3.6
tImi-kvXcw AXm-cy-am-Ip-∂p. Cßs\ hnhn-[X
- cw \mUo-tIm-iß
- ƒ
tImi- k v X cw hn{i- a m- h - ÿ - b n¬ FØp-
tºmƒ s]m´≥jy¬ hyXymkw ho≠pw
_ \n¿h- l n- ° p∂ [¿a- Ø n- \ - \ p- k - c n®v
70 mv Bbn amdp- I bpw ]q¿h- ÿ nXn
{]m]n-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p (Repolarisation). \mUo-tIm-i-߃ Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-´n-
AI-tØ°pw ]pd-tØ-°p-ap≈ tkmUnbw cn-°p∂p F∂p t\m°mw.
Atbm- W p- I - f psS hym]- \ - t Øm- s Sm∏w
{Kmln-If- n¬ \n∂v tI{µ\mUo-hyq-lØ - n-
s]m´mkyw Atbm-Wp-I-fpsS hym]-\hpw
te°v Bth-Kß - sf hln-°p-∂Xv kwthZ
\S- ° p- ∂ p. BIv t km- W ns‚ Hcp `mKw
]q¿h-ÿnXn {]m]n-°p-tºmƒ sXm´-SpØ \yqtdm-Wp-If- m-Wv (Sensory neurons). \mUo-
`mKw DtØ-Pn-°p-Ibpw Uot]m-f-ssd-tk- hyq-lØ- n¬ \n∂v Bth-Kß - sf C^-Itv S-gkv n-
j≥ \S-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu {]{Inb te°v hln-°p∂Xv t{]cI\yqtdm-Wp-If - m-Wv
Hcp Xcw- K w- t]mse BIv t km- W n- e qsS (Motor neurons). {]Xn-Ic- Ww \S-°p∂ t]in-
{]k-cn-°p-∂p. CXmWv \mUo Bth-K- Itfm {KŸn- I tfm BWv C^- I v t Sgv k v
Ønse sshZypXn {]hm-lw. (Effectors).

50
 \nb- { ¥- W hpw GtIm]- \ hpw

hn`-Pn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ tImitam?

km[m-c-W-tIm-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-
ambn hf¿® FØnb \mUo-tImiw hn`-Pn-
°p-∂n-√. CsXmcp hkvXp-X-bm-sW-¶nepw akvXnjvIw
\mUo hf¿®m LSIw (Nerve growth factor )
F∂ t{]m´o≥ apdn-™Xpw \miw kw`-hn-
kpjpav\
®- X p- a mb \mUn- I sf ]p\¿\n¿an- ° p∂ intcm-\m-Un-Iƒ

{]h¿Ø- \ sØ DtØ- P n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X mbn

Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. {`qWsÃw tImi-߃
(Embryonic stem cells) D]-tbm-Kn®v \miw kw`-
hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ akvXnjvI IeI-fpsS
tISp- ] m- S p- I ƒ Xo¿°m≥ Ign- b p- s a∂pw
Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

\mUnIƒ kpjva\m
\m-Un-Iƒ
- p-°ƒ (Nerve fibres)
Hcp Iq´w \mUo-X¥
tN¿∂mWv \mUn- b p- ≠ m- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v .
BIvtkm-WpIfmWv \mUo-X¥ - p°ƒ. Chsb
s]mXn™v sImgp∏v \n¿anX Bh-cW - a - p-≠.v
\mUo-X-¥p-°-fpsS kz`m-ha\pk-cn-®v
hnhn-[-Xcw \mUn-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

kwth-Z- - \mUn (Sensory Nerve)

z kwthZ\mUoX¥p-°ƒ tN¿∂p-≠m-
bncn-°p-∂p.
z kwthZ Bth- K - ß sf kpjpav \ - b n-
tet°m akvXn-jvI-Øn-tet°m hln-
°p-∂p.
DZm-l-cWw : t\{X-\mUn

t{]cI- \mUn (Motor Nerve)

z t{]c-I\
- m-Uo-X¥
- p-°ƒ tN¿∂p-≠m-bncn-
°p-∂p.
z akvXn-jI
v Ø
- n¬ \nt∂m kpjpav\b- n¬
\nt∂m D≈ t{]cI Bth-Kß - sf ico-c-
Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßf- n¬ FØn-°p-∂p.
DZm-l-cWw : sslt∏m-t•m- ¬ \mUn Nn{Xw 3.7
\mUo-hy-hÿ
˛11-mw intcm-\mUn

51
Poh- i mkv { Xw

kΩn{i \mUn (Mixed Nerve) akvXn-jvIsØ s]mXn™v aq∂v ]mfn-

Ifp≠v. Chsb sa\n-≥Pnkv (Meninges)
z kwthZ\mUoX¥p-°fpw t{]c-I\
- m-Uo-
F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Xe-t®m-dns\ kwc£n°pI,
X-¥p-°fpw IqSnt®¿∂-Xv.
AXnse teman-II-fn¬\n∂v akvXnjvI Ie-
z ⁄mt\- { µn- b - ß - f n¬\n∂v Bth- K - Iƒ°v t]mj-Whpw HmIvkn-P\pw FØn-
ßsf akvXn-jvIw, kpjpav\ F∂n-h- °pI XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv sa\n≥Pnkns‚
bn-se-Øn-°p-∂p. [¿aw. CXns‚ AIsØ ]mfn-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬
skdnt{_m kvss]-\¬ {Zhw (Cerebrospinal
z akv X n- j v I w, kpjv a \ F∂n- h - b n¬ fluid - CSF) \nd-™n-cn-°p-∂p. akvXn-jvI-
\n∂v t{]cI Bth- K - ß sf ico- c - Ønse c‡teman-II-fn¬ \n∂mWv CXv
Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-se-Øn-°p-∂p. cq]-s∏-Sp-∂X
- v. skdnt{_m kvss]-\¬ {Zhw
DZm-l-cWw : hmK-kv, t^jy¬ XpS- XncnsI c‡-Øn-te°v ]p\-cm-Kn-cWw sNø-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. At∏mƒ akvXnjvI
ßnb intcm- \ m- U n- I ƒ, kpjpav \ m
Ie-Iƒ°v HmIvkn-P\pw t]mj-Whpw e`n-
\mUn-Iƒ
°p- ∂ Xv Fß- s \- s b∂v hy‡- a m- b nt√?
Kmw•n-tbm¨ (Ganglion) akvXnjvI Ie-I-fn¬\n∂v aen\ ]Zm¿Y-
߃ \o°w sNøp- ∂ Xv Fß- s \sb∂v
\mUo-X-¥p-°-fpsS Iq´-amWv \mUn-
Duln-°m-at√m? skdnt{_m kvss]-\¬ {Zh-
Isf∂dn-bm-at√m? Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ \mUo-
Øns‚ a‰p [¿a- ß ƒ Fs¥- √ m- s a∂p
tIm-i-i-cocw Hcm-h-c-W-Øm¬ s]mXn™v
t\m°mw.
Iq´-ambn tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ ImWp-∂p. Ch-
bmWv Kmw•n- t bm¨. akv X n- j v I - Ø n¬ z akvXn-jvI sØ _mly-£-X-ß-fn¬
intcm-\m-Un-Iƒ Bcw-`n-°p∂ `mKØpw \n∂v kwc-£n-°p-∂p.
\s´-√ns‚ Ccp-h-iØpw Kmw•n-tbm-Wp-Iƒ z Xe-tbm-Sn-\p-≈n¬ a¿Zw ÿnc-ambn
A[n-I-ambn ImWp-∂p. \n¿Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

akvXnjvIw (Brain) akvXn-jvI-Øns‚ LS\

\mUo-hy-h-ÿ-bnse {][m\`mK-ß-fm- Nn{X߃ (3.8, 3.9) \nco-£n-°pI. akvXn-
Wt√m akvXn-jvIhpw kpjp-av\-bpw. Pohn- jvI-Øns‚ {][m-\-s∏´ `mK-߃ Xmsg
I-fn¬ F√m Poh¬ {]-h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw s
- Im-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kqN-Iß - f- psS ASn-ÿm-
\nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv akvXn-jvIa
- m-Wv. Cu [¿aw \-Øn¬ hni-Ie - \w sNøp-I. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
\n¿h-ln-°m≥ a\pjyakvXn-jvI-Øns‚
LS\ F{X-am{Xw A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW∂p z skdn-{_w, skdn-_ew F∂n-h L - S\
t\m°mw. bn¬ Fßs\ hyXym-ks - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p?
z kpjpav\ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv Fhn-sS-\n∂v?
akvXnjvIw Aÿn-\n¿an-X-amb I]m-
eØn-\p-≈n-em-Wv (Cranium) ÿnXnsNøp- z Xem-ak
- n\p sXm´p-Xmsg Im-Wp∂ `mK-
∂Xv. I]m-esØ IqSmsX akvXnjvIw Øns‚ {]tXy-IX F¥v?
Fßs\sb√m-amWv kwc-£n-°s-∏-´n-cn-°p- z GXp `mK- a mWv IqSp- X ¬ hnImkw
∂Xv? {]m]n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv?

52
 \nb- { ¥- W hpw GtIm]- \ hpw

skdn{_w
akvXn-jvIØ - nse G‰hpw henb `mKw.
D]-cn-Xe - Ø
- n¬ [mcmfw Npfn-hp-Ifpw aS-
°p-If - pw. CS-X˛v heXv A¿[tKmf-߃.
c≠v A¿[tKm- f - ß sf, Nph- ´ n¬
tIm¿∏kv Itemkw (Corpus callosum)
F∂ \mUo-]m-fn-sIm≠v _‘n-®n-cn-°p-
∂p. CSsØ A¿[-tKmfw ico-cØ - ns‚
heXv `mK-s Øbpw hesØ A¿[-
tKmfw ico-cØ - ns‚ CSXv `mK-sØbpw
\nb- { ¥n- ° p- ∂ p. skdn- { _- Ø ns‚
tIm¿´Ivkv (_m-ly-`m-Kw) t{Kam-‰d - pw,
saU√ (Dƒ`mKw) ssh‰v am‰-dp-am-Wv.
t]m¨kv
skdn-_-eØns‚ c≠v Zf-ß- skdn-_ew
sfbpw XΩn¬ IpdpsI skdn-{_-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ Xmsg- c≠p Zf-ß-
_‘n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. fmbn ImWp-∂p. D]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ Npfn-hp-
Iƒ°pw aS-°p-Iƒ°pw ]Icw Bg-Øn-
ep≈ Nmep-Iƒ. tIm¿´Ivkv ˛ t{Kam-‰¿,
saU√ HtªmwtK‰ saU√˛ssh‰v am‰¿..
akvXn-jvIØns‚ G‰hpw Nph-´nse `mKw;
CXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn kpjpav\. ]pdw-`mKw
kpjpav\
ssh‰vam-‰¿, Dƒ`mKw t{Kam-‰¿.

Nn{Xw 3.8
akvXn-jI
v Ø
- ns‚ _mly-LS- \

skdn{_w
_mly- ` mKw (tIm¿´- I v k v ) t{Kam- ‰ ¿.
Dƒ`mKw (sa-U-√) ˛ ssh-‰vam-‰¿; D≈n¬
skdn-{_¬ sh≥{Sn-°nƒ F∂ Ad-Iƒ,
AXn¬ skdn-t{_mkvss]\¬ {Zhw \nd-
™n-cn-°p-∂p.

tIm¿∏kv Itemkw Xem-akv

skdn-{_-Øn\p sXm´p-
sslt∏m-Xe
- m-akv
Xmsg ImW- s ∏- S p∂
Xem-a-kn-\p sXm´p Xmsg -
\mUo-tI{µw
Im- W p∂ \mUo- t I- { µw.
]obqj {KŸn- b p- a mbn
\mUn-If- mepw c‡-Ip-ge
- p-I-
sa\n-≥Pnkv
fmepw _‘n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
]obqj {KŸn
skdn-_ew
saU√ H_vtfmw-tK‰

Nn{Xw 3.9
akvXn-jvIØ
- ns‚ s\Sp-sI-bp≈ tOZw

53
Poh- i mkv { Xw

akvXn-jvI-Øns‚ [¿a-߃ hnhc߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
akvXn-jvI-Øns‚ LS\ a\- n-em-°n.
Zn\w{]Xn Ac-en-‰¿
akvXn-jvI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-߃ \n¿h-
ln-°p∂ [¿aw ]´n-I- III.a bn¬ \¬In-bn- akvXn-jvI-Ønse tImtdm-bnUvπIvkn¬
\n∂v \nc-¥cw cq]w sIm≈p∂ CSFs‚
cn-°p-∂Xv {i≤n-°p-I. Afhv F{X-sbt∂m? aWn-°q-dn¬ 20 an√o
z skdn{_w, skdn-_√w F∂n-h-bpsS en‰¿ hoXw. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ Hcp Znh-
ktam? skdn-{_-Ønse 4 sh≥{Sn-°n-fp-I-
[¿a-Ønse hyXymkw Is≠-Øp-I.
fn¬ XpSßn kpjp- a v \ - b nse sk≥{S¬
z saU√ Htªmw-tK-‰b
- psS {]m[m-\y-sa¥v? I\m¬ hsc hym]n®pIn-S-°p∂ Cu {Zhw
akvXn-jvI-Øns‚bpw kpjp-av\-bpsSbpw
z B¥- c - k - a - ÿ nXn ]men- ° p- ∂ - X n¬ sshI-ey-߃ Is≠-Øm≥ th≠n CSF
sslt∏m-X-em-a-kns‚ ]s¶-¥mWv? sSÃv sNøm-dp-≠v.

akvX njvI `mKw [¿aw

skdn{_w • `mh-\ , Nn¥, Hm¿a, kpt_m-[ w, bp‡n-N n-¥ F∂n-h -b psS tI{µw
• ImgvN , tIƒhn, K‘w, cpNn, kv] ¿iw, NqSv F∂n-h -s b∏‰n t_m[w
Df-h m-° p-∂ p.
• sFOnI {]h¿Ø-\ -ß sf \nb-{¥n-° p-∂ p.
skdn-_ ew • ico-c-Ø ns‚ Xpe-\ m-h ÿ \ne-\ n¿Øp-∂ p.
• t]io-{]-h ¿Ø-\ -ß sf GtIm-] n-∏ n-° p-∂ p. CXn\v Bh-i y-amb
Bth-K -ß ƒ skdn-{_-Ø n¬\n∂v FØp-∂ p.
saU√ Htªmw-tK‰ • lrZ-b -k v] -µ -\ w, izk-\ w, c‡-° p-g -e p-I -f psS kt¶m-N w, A∂-I q-e y-
bnse Ne-\ -ß ƒ, O¿±n, XpΩ¬, Npa XpS-ß nb A-s s\-— nI
{]h¿Ø-\ -ß sf \nb-{¥n-° p-∂ p.
Xem-a kv • skdn-{_-Ø n-te°pw skdn-{_-Ø n¬ \n∂pap≈ \mUob Bth-K -ß -
fpsS ]p\x{]k-c Ww \S-Ø p-∂ p.
• \n{Zm-th-f -b n¬ skdn-{_-Ø n-te°p≈ an° Bth-K -ß -s fbpw XS-b p-
∂p.
• thZ-\ m-k w-l m-cn-I ƒ CXn¬ {]h¿Øn®v skdn-{_-Ø n-te°v thZ-\ -
bpsS Bth-K -ß ƒ t]mIp-∂ Xv XS-b p-∂ p.
sslt∏m-X -e m-a kv • ico-tcm-j vam-h v, Pe-Ø ns‚ Afhv F∂nh \nb-{¥n®v B¥cka-
ÿ nXn ]men-° p-∂ p.
• hni∏v, Zmlw, ssewKnIm-k ‡n F∂nh D- m-° p-∂ p.
• ]obpj {KŸn-b psS tlm¿tam¨ D¬]m-Z -\ sØ \nb-{¥n-° p-∂ p.
• HmIvk n-t‰m-k n≥, hmtkm-{]-  n≥ F∂nh D¬]m-Z n-∏ n-° p-∂ p.
• c‡LS-I -ß -f psS km[m-c -W -ÿ nXn \ne-\ n¿Øp-∂ -X n\p klm-b n-
°p-∂ p.
t]m¨kv • skdn-_ -e w,kpjpav\ , akvX n-j vI -Ø ns‚ a‰p`mK-ß ƒ F∂n-h -b n-
te°pw Ah-b n¬\n∂pw Bth-K -ß -f psS ]p\x{]-k -c -W -tI-{µw.
tIm¿∏kv Itemkw • CS-X v˛heXv A¿[-tKm-f -ß -s f XΩn¬ _‘n-∏ n-° p-∂ p.
F∂ \mUo-I e
]´n-I III.a
akvXn-jvIØ
- ns‚ [¿a-߃

54
 \nb- { ¥- W hpw GtIm]- \ hpw

akv X n- j v I - Ø ns‚ G‰hpw henb \s´-√ns\ IqSmsX as‰¥v kwc-£-W-

`mKamb skdn{_Øns‚ D]-cn-X-e-Ønse amWv kpjp-av\-bv°p-≈Xv?
Npfn-hp-Ifpw aS-°p-If - p-w AXns‚ hnkvXrXn
akv X n- j v I - s Øt∏mse kpjpav \
h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂p. CXp-aqew [mcmfw \yqtdm-
sbbpw sa\n-≥Pnkv Bh-cWw sNbvXn-cn-
Wp-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. CX-c-
°p-∂p. kpjp-a\ v b- psS a[y-`m-KØv ImWp∂
P¥p- ° - f n¬\n∂v a\p- j y- a - k v X n- j v I - Ø n-
sk≥{S¬ I\m¬ {i≤n- ® nt√? CXn¬
\p≈ a‰p {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-sb∂p
skdn- t {_m- k v s s]- \ ¬ {Zhw \nd- ™ n- c n-
t\m°mw.
°p∂p. Nn{Xw 3.10 \nco-£n-°pI. t{K
A\p-`-h-ßfpw Adn-hp-Ifpw Hm¿a-I- am‰dns‚bpw ssh‰v am-‰-dns‚bpw ÿm\w
fmbn tiJ-cn®p sh°p-∂-Xn\pw ]pXnb skdn-{_-ØnteXn¬ \n∂v Fßs\ hyXym-
kml-N-cy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn {]tbm- k-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?
Kn-°p-∂-Xn\pap≈ tI{µ-ßfpw kwkmc
kpjp-av\-bn-te°v Bth-K-߃ FØp-
`mjbv°p≈ (Broca's area) {]tXyI tI{µ-
∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v {i≤n-®nt√? kwth-Z
ßfpw skdn-{_-Øn-ep-≠v.
Bth-K-߃ FØp-∂Xv kpjpav\\mUn-
Pohn-If
- psS akvXn-jvIØ
- ns‚ hnIm-k- bpsS tUm¿k¬ dq´n- (Dorsal root)eq-sS-bm-
Øn-ep≈ hyXymkw a\- n-em-°m≥ klm- Wv. F∂m¬ ico-c-`m-K-ß-fn-te°v t{]cI
bn-°p∂ Nn{X-߃ tiJ-cn®v _p≈-‰n≥ Bth- K - ß ƒ {]k- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv kpjpav \
t_m¿Un¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°pI. \mUn-bpsS sh≥{S¬ dq´n- (Ventral root) eqsS-
bm-Wv.
kpjpav\ (Spinalcord)
C{]- I mcw kpjp- a v \ - b n¬ \n∂v 31
saU√ Htªmw-tK-‰-bpsS XpS¿®-bmbn
tPmSn \mUn-Iƒ D¬`-hn-°p-∂p.
ImWp∂ `mK-amWv kpjp-av\-sb-∂-dn-bm-
at√m? \s´-√n-\p-≈n¬ ÿnXnsNøp∂
kpjp-av\sb°pdn®v IqSp-X¬ a\- n-em-°mw.

ssh‰v am‰¿

tUm¿k¬ dq´v
t{Kam-‰¿

sk≥{S¬ I\m¬
sh≥{S¬ dq´v

Nn{Xw 3.10
kpjpav\ ˛ LS\

55
 Poh- i mkv { Xw

dn^vfIvkv {]h¿Ø\w ]mhvtem-hns‚ \mbv

hfsc NqSp≈ Hcp hkvXp-hn¬ Adn- djy≥ imkv{X-⁄-\mb ]mhvtemhv 1920

Ifn¬ dn^vf-Ivkp-Isf Ipdn®v IqSp-X¬
bmsX Nhn´n-bm¬ F¥p kw`-hn-°p∂p?
]T\w \S-Øn. hni-°p∂ \mbv `£Ww
CXpt]mse-bp≈ \nc-h[n A\p-`-h- ImWp-Itbm AXns‚ K‘w Adn-bp-Itbm
߃ \n߃°v D≠m-bn-´nt√? Ass\-—n- sNøp-tºm-ƒ Dan-\o¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂X - mbn
At±lw I≠p. CXns\ At±lw A¨
I-ambpw BI-kvan-Ia - mbpw \S-°p∂ CØcw
I≠o- j ≥Uv dn^v f Iv k v (unconditioned
{]h¿Ø-\-amWv dn^vfIvkv {]h¿Ø-\w. reflexes)F∂p hnfn- ® p. Ipd- ® p- Z n- h kw
CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ico-c-Øn¬ Fß- `£Ww \¬Iepw s_√-Snbpw Hcp-an®p \S-
s\- b mWv kw`- h n- ° p- ∂ - s X∂v Nn¥n- ® n- Øn. ]n∂oSv s_√Sn am{Xw tI´mepw \mbv
Dan-\o¿ {khn∏n°p∂-Xmbn I≠p. CXv
´pt≠m? {Kmln-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p∂ D±o-]-\-
I≠o-j≥Uv dn^vf-Ivkp-Iƒ (Conditioned
߃°\p- k - c n®v Fßs\- b mWv {]Xn- I - reflexes) F∂- d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ p. NqSp≈
cWw \S-°p-∂Xv? Nn{Xw 3.11 \nco-£n®v hkvXphn¬ Adn-bmsX kv]¿in-°p-tºmƒ
{]h¿Ø\w hni-I-e\w sNøq. \nK-a-\- ssIhen- ° p- ∂ Xv GXp Xc- Ø n- e p≈
߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI. dn^v f Iv k v BWv ? F¥p- s Im- s ≠- ∂ - d n-
bmtam?

kwth-Z-\m-Un-bn¬ \n∂v Bth-

K-߃ t{]c-I\- m-Un-bnseØn-°p-
∂p(C‚¿ \yqtdm¨)
Kmw•n-tbm¨

Bth-K-߃ sIm≠p-
t]m-Ip∂ kwth-Z
\mUn
t{]cI Bth-K-߃ hln-°p∂
t{]c-I\mUn

{]Xn-I-cW {]h¿Ø\w
\S-°p∂ t]in-Iƒ

D±o-]\w kzoI-cn-°p∂
{Kmln-Iƒ

Nn{Xw 3.11
dn^vfIvkv B¿°v

56
 \nb- { ¥- W hpw GtIm]- \ hpw

z {Kmln-Iƒ D±o-]-\-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. tIƒ°p-∂-Xns\ Im´n-Ø-cp∂ {]tZiw

z I≠p ]cn- N - b - a p≈ hkv X p- h ns‚ t]cp

tI´m¬ AXns‚ Nn{Xw a\- n¬ sXfn-bn-
z t√? skdn-{_-Øns‚ Hcp {]tXyI `mK-
Øns‚ khn-ti-j-XbmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww.
z
B `mKw sh¿Wn- ° ns‚ {]tZiw
z (Wernike's area) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. skdn-
{_- Ø nse Imgv N - b p- s Sbpw {ih- W - Ø n-
Cu {]h¿Ø- \ - h p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´ s‚bpw tI{µ-Øn¬ \n∂v [mcmfw BIvtkm-
Bth- K - ß - f psS k©m- c - ] m- X - b mWv Wp-Iƒ Ahn-sS-sb-Øp-∂p. AXn-\m-emWv
dn^vfIvkv B¿°v (Reflex arc). t]cp tIƒ°ptºmƒØs∂ Nn{Xhpw a\-
 n-se-Øp-∂Xv. `mj-sbbpw Nn¥sbbpw
dn^vfIvkv {]h¿Ø-\sØ GtIm-]n-∏n- ka-\z-bn-∏n-°m\pw sh¿Wn-°ns‚ {]tZiw
°p-∂-Xn¬ kpjp-av\-bpsS ]¶v hy‡-am- thWw. AhnsS tISp-]-‰n-bmtem? hm°p-
bnt√? as‰-s¥√mw [¿a-ß-fmWv kpjpav\ Iƒ tI´m¬ a\- n-em-Ip-sa-¶nepw Ah
{Iao-I-cn®v hmIy-am-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcpw.
\n¿h-ln-°p-∂Xv?
hmbn-°m≥ Ign-™mepw hmbn-®-sX-s¥∂p
z ico-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂p a\- n-em-hpI-bn-√.
hcp∂ Bth-K-ßsf akvXn-jvI-Øn¬
FØn-°p-∂p. kzX-{¥-\m-Uo-hy-hÿ
(Autonomous Nervous System)
z akvXn-jvI-Øn¬ \n∂v ktµ-i-߃
kzoI-cn®v kpjpav\m\mUn-If
- n-eqsS IS- lrZbkv ] µ- \ w, izk\w XpS- ß nb
Øn-hn-Sp-∂p. Ass\-—nI {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-
∂Xv saU√m Htªmw-tK‰bmsW∂v ]Tn-
IÆn-te°v s]s´∂v {]Imiw ]Xn-°p-
®p. C{]-Imcw B¥-cn-Im-h-b-h-ß-fpsS
tºmƒ IÆv NnΩp-∂Xpw Hcp dn^vfIvkv {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v klm-bn-°p∂ \mUo-hy-
{]h¿Ø-\-amWv? Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hÿbmWv kzX-{¥-\m-Uo-hy-hÿ- . saU√
\mUo-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS GXv `mK-amWv _‘- Htªmw-tK-‰bpsSbpw kzX{¥\mUo-hy-hÿ- -
s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂sX∂-dn-bmtam? skdn-{_hpw bp-sSbpw Iq´mb {]-h¿Ø\w hgn-bmWv
dn^vfIvkv {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-∂p-≠v. CØcw Ass\-—nI {]h¿Ø-\-߃ km[m-
cW tXmXn¬ \S-°p-∂-Xv.
akvXn-jvIhpw kpjp-av-\bpw Poh¬
{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw GtIm- kzX- { ¥- \ m- U o- h y- h ÿ Poh¬
]n- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw sNøp- ∂ - s X- ß - s \- s b∂v {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf kzm[o-\n-°p-∂sXßs\-
hy‡-am-bt- √m? \mUo-hy-hÿ - b - psS {][m\ sb∂p t\m°mw.
`mK-ß-fmb akvXn-jvIhpw kpjp-av\bpw Nn{Xw 3.12 \nco-£n°pI. kqN-I-ß-
tN¿∂-XmWv tI{µ\mUo-hy-h-ÿ. fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ N¿®sNbvXv \nK-
a\߃ kb≥kv Ubdnbn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
ØpI.

57
 Poh- i mkv { Xw

]mcm-knw-]-X-‰nIv hyhÿ knw-]-X-‰nIv hyhÿ

Hm°p-tem-tam-t´m¿

Ir
p∂p j
vW
¶mNn-° -aW
kt
vW-aWn nh
nI
Irj Dan k
-\o n-°
p ¿˛D p∂
´p∂ -¬] p
-Z\ w Iq m-Z\
¬]m wI
o¿˛D pdb
t^jy¬ \mUn Dan-\ v°
p∂
p
izmk-\mfw izmk-\mfw
kt¶m-Nn-°p∂p hnIkn-°p∂p
Kmw•n-tbm¨
hmKkv \mUn

lrZ-b-kv]-µ\w lrZ-b-kv]-µ\w
Ipd-bp∂p IqSp∂p
DZ-cm
-i-b-{
]-h¿
]n Xzcn-X-s Ø DZ-cm-i-b
Ø ∏-Sp-Ø \w aµo-`-hn--{∏
]-h¿Ø\
m-i p-∂p n-°p∂p w
D t -b
Ø - Ø ]nØm-i-b-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\w
P n ns‚ aµo-`-hn-∏n-°p-∂p
-∏
n - ° {]
p-∂h¿
p Ø
\w
\w
tl ]m-Z
m¿t D¬
am¨ ¨
am - p .
m¿t IqSp∂
Ipd D¬ tl
b
- p∂
- p ]m-Z\
w

m-hp ÿ
n- ] q¿h
p-∂
nse t]ip n-Iƒ]n-°
aq{X-\m-ft-Øm-N °
n- ∂
p- t]i {]m
Iƒ k ¶

Nn{Xw 3.12
kzX-{¥-\m-Uo-hy-hÿ
z \s´-√-n\-Sp-Øp≈ Kmw•n-tbm-Wp-I-fn¬ z ]mcm-knw-]-X-‰nIv hyhÿ GsX√mw
\n∂v GsX√mw Ah- b - h - ß - f n- t e- Ah-bh - ß
- f
- psS {]h¿Ø-\sØ DtØ-
°mWv \mUn-Iƒ t]mIp-∂-Xv? Pn-∏n-°p-∂p?
z akvXn-jvI-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ knw]-X‰- n°v hyhÿ DtØ-Pn-∏n-°p∂
\mUn- I ƒ GsX√mw Ah- b - h - ß - {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]mcm-knw-]-X-‰nIv hyhÿ
fnemWv FØp-∂-Xv? aµo-`-hn-∏n-°p-Ibpw knw]-X-‰nIv hyhÿ
z knw]-X-‰n°v hyhÿ GsX√mw Ah- aµo-`-hn-°p∂ {]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf ]mcm-knw-
b-h-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\sØ DtØ-Pn- ]- X - ‰ nIv hyhÿ DtØ- P n- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw
∏n-°p-∂p? sNøp∂p.

58
 \nb- { ¥- W hpw GtIm]- \ hpw

\s´-√n-\-Sp-Øp≈ Kmw•n-tbm-Wp-Iƒ Sp∂ hn`m-K-ßsf Hcp ^vtfm Nm¿´ns‚ cq]-

hnhn[ \mUn-Iƒ hgn kpjp-av\-bp-ambn Øn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv {i≤n-°p-I
_‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. (Nn{Xo-I-cWw I).
\s´- √ ns‚ Ccp- h - i - Ø p- a p≈ Kmw•n- -\m-Uo-hy-hÿsb _m[n-°p∂ XI-cm-dp-
tbm¨ irwJ-ebpw Ah-tbmSp _‘-s∏´ Iƒ ˛ tcmK-߃
\mUo-tI-{µ-ßfpw tN¿∂-XmWv knw]-X‰ - nIv
Poh¬{]h¿Ø- \ - ß sf \nb- { ¥n- ° p-
hyh-ÿ. akvXn-jvI-Øn¬ \n∂pw kpjpav-
Ibpw GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ \mUo-
\-bpsS Ah-km-\-`m-K-sØ Kmw•n-tbm-Wp-
hy-h-ÿbv°v XI-cmdv ]‰n-bm-ep≈ {]Xym-
I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ \mUn-Iƒ tN¿∂-
LmXw F¥m-bn-cn°pw? \mUo-hy-h-ÿsb
Xm-Wv ]mcm-knw-]-X-‰nIv hyhÿ. Cu c≠v
_m[n-°p∂ Nne XI-cm-dp-I-sfbpw tcmK-
hyh-ÿ-Ifpw tN¿∂XmWv kzX{¥ \mUo-
ß-sfbpw \ap°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
hy-hÿ. 12 tPmUn intcm-\m-Un-Ifpw 31
tPmUn kpjpav\m \mUn-Ifpw tN¿∂ s]cn-
A]-kvamcw (Epilepsy)
^- d ¬ \mUo- h y- h - ÿ - b psS (Peripheral
nervous system) `mK-am-Wn-Xv. A]- k v a m- c sØ°pdn®v tI´n- c n- ° p-
Nn{Xw 3.12 \nco-£n°q. ]Ømw intcm at√m? F¥mWv CXns‚ e£-W-߃?
\mUn-bmb hmKkv \mUn (Vagus nerve) z tcmKn At_m-[m-hÿbnem-Ip-∂p.
GsX√mw Poh¬{]h¿Ø- \ - ß - s f- b mWv
\nb-{¥n-°p-∂-sX∂v a\- n-em-°p-I. z ssIIm-ep-Iƒ Xd-bn-e-Sn-°p-∂p.

B¥- c n- I m- h - b - h - ß - f psS km[m- c W z

\ne-bn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v kzX-{¥-\m-

z
Uo-hy-hÿ Fßs\ klm-b-I-am-Ip∂p?
Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I. CsXmcp akvXn-jvI-tcmKe£-W-am-Wv.
a\p-jy-\nse \mUo-hy-hÿ
- s
- b°pdn®v skdn-{_¬ tIm¿´-Ivkn¬\n∂v Bth-K-ß-
\n߃ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. AXn¬ Dƒs∏- fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´v Xmfw sX‰n-bXpw Aan-

\mUo-hy-hÿ

tI{µ-\mUohyhÿ s]cn-^-d¬ \mUohyhÿ

akvXnjvIw kpjpav\ intcm-\m-Un-Iƒ kpjpav\m\mUn-Iƒ

kzX-{¥-\mUohy-hÿ

knw]-X-‰nIv ]mcm-knw-]-X-‰nIv
hyhÿ hyhÿ

- Ww I
Nn{Xo-Ic

59
Poh- i mkv { Xw

X-hp-amb sshZyp-X-Nm¿Pv D≠m-Ip-∂-XmWv km[m-cW Ah-ÿ-bn¬ 4_8 BgvN-bv°p-

CXn\p Imc-Ww. ≈n¬ tcmK-e-£-W-߃ I≠pXpS-ßpw.
tcmK-_m-[n-X-cpsS IogvØmSn Xf-cp-∂-Xp-
kvt{Sm°v (Stroke)
sIm≠v sh≈w IpSn- ° m≥ {ian- ® mepw
Xe-t®m-dnse c‡-°p-ge - n¬ D≠m-Ip∂ AXn\p Ign-bp-∂n-√. Cu Ah-ÿ-bpw
t{Xmwt_m-kn-kns\ skdn-{_¬ t{Xmwt_m- Ub{^w, izmk-tImit]in-Iƒ F∂n-h-
knkv F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CXns‚ ]cn-WX - - bpsS A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb kt¶m-Nhpw aqew
^ew F¥m-bn-cn°pw? c‡-{]-hm-lØ - n\v sh≈w ImWp-tºm-tg°pw hn{`m¥n D≠m-
XS w hcp∂ akvXnjvI`mKw {]h¿Ø\ Ip-∂p. CXn\v sslt{Umt^m_nb (Hydro-
cln-Xa- m-Ip∂p. akvXn-jI v Ø
- ns‚ GXp `mK- water; phobia-repellent) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. t]hn-
sØ-bmWv _m[n-°p-∂Xv F∂Xns\ Bkv]- j-_m-[bv°v ^e-{]-Z-amb hmIvkn≥ e`y-
Z-am°n AXnt\mSp _‘-s∏´ ico-c-`mKw am-Wv.
Xf-cp-∂X - n\v Imc-Wa
- m-Ip∂p. Cu Ah-ÿ-
bm-Wt√m kvt{Sm°v. A¬jn-tagvkv (Alzheimer's disease)

Xe-t®m-dnse c‡-°p-ge
- n¬ D≠m-Ip∂ P\n-XIXI-cm-tdm tI{µ-\m-Uo-hy-hÿ
- -
sla-td-Pns\°pdn®v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n- bnse \yqtdm- W p- I - f psS \mitam aqew
bn- ´ p- ≠ t√m? skdn- { _¬ t{Xmwt_m- skdn- { _¬ tIm¿´- I v k nse {]h¿Ø- \ -
knkns\-t]mse skdn-{_¬ sla-tdPpw Øns‚ Xmfw sX‰p-∂-Xp- sIm-≠p-≠m-Ip∂
kvt{Sm°p-≠m-Im≥ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. tcmK-am-Wn-Xv. 60 hb- n\v apI-fn¬ {]mb
ap≈hcn-emWv km[m-c-W-ambn Cu tcmKw
kvt{Sm°v D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ ap≥I-
I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. tcmK-_m-[n-X¿°v Akm-
cp- X ¬ F∂ \ne- b n¬ Blm- c - Ø n¬
[m-c-W-amb Hm¿a°p-dhv D≠m-Ip-∂p.
Fs¥√mw \nb-{¥Ww hcp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v?
N¿®-sN-øp-I. ]m¿°n≥k¨ tcmKw (Parkinson disease)

sa\n-≥ssP-‰nkv (Meningitis) km[m-c-W-ambn 60 hb v {]mb-sa-Øn-

b-h-cn-emWv Cu tcmKw ImWp-∂-Xv. akvXn-
akvXn-jvI-Ønse kvXc-]m-fn-I-fmb
jvI-Ønse t{]cI \yqtdm-Wp-Iƒ°v \miw
sa\n-≥Pnkn\v AWp-_m[ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv
kw`- h n- ° p- t ºmƒ tUm]m- s sa≥ F∂
sa\n-≥ssP-‰n-kn\p Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. sshd-
\mUob t{]j-I-Øns‚ D¬]m-Z\w Ipd-bp-
kv, _mIvSo-cn-b, ^wKkv, ]cm-Z-߃ XpS-
∂p. CXns‚ {]Xym- L m- X - s a- t ∂mWw
ßn- b - h - b mWv tcmK- I m- c n- I ƒ. CSF ]cn-
Ass\- — n- I - a mbnØs∂ Nne t]in- I ƒ
tim[\ tcmK-\n¿W-b-Øn-\p≈ Hcp am¿K-
kt¶m-Nn-°m-\n-S-h-cp-∂p. AXns‚ ^e-ambn
am-Wv.
tcmKn-Iƒ°v ssIhnd-b¬, t]io {]h¿Ø-
t]hnj-_m-[ (dm_okv ˛ Hydrophobia) \-ßsf GtIm-]n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bm-sX-h-cn-I,
t]hnj-_m[ F¥m-sW-∂d - n-bm-at√m? hy‡-ambn Fgp-Xmt\m kwkm-cn-°mt\m
km[n-°msX hcnI XpS-ßn-bh A\p-`-h-
Fß-s\-bm-Wv CXv ]c-°p-∂Xv? kkvX\ - n-
s∏-Sp-∂p.
I- f n¬ ({]- t Xy- I n®v ]´n- I - f n¬) am{Xw
ImWp∂ dm_okv sshd-kmWv tcmK-Im-cn. t]mfntbm absse-‰n-kv , IpjvTw XpS-
CXp tI{µ-\m-Uo-hyq-lsØ _m[n-°p-∂p. ßn-b-hbpw \mUo-hyq-lsØ _m[n-°p∂
tcmKmWp ico-cØ - n¬ {]th-in®pIgn-™m¬ Nne tcmK-ß-fm-Wv. Chsb kw_-‘n®v

60
 \nb- { ¥- W hpw GtIm]- \ hpw

IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v kb≥kv z ]mc-ºcyLS-I-߃

Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
z _meyImem-\p-`-h-߃
\mUohy-hÿ - b - psS XI-cm-dp-Iƒ Is≠-
z IpSpw-_m-¥-co£w
Øm-\p≈ {][m\ D]m-[n-Iƒ ]cn-Nb - s
- ∏-Smw.
Nne tcmK-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v EEG FSp-°p- z aZy-]m\w, ab-°p-a-cp∂v
hm≥ tUmIvS¿am¿ \n¿tZin-°m-dp-≠t√m?
z
akvXn-jvI-Ønse sshZypXXcw-K-ß-fpsS
G‰-°p-d-®n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb CeIvt{Sm z

F≥kn-^tem{Kmw (Electro Encephalo Gram) aZy-w h¿Pn-t°-≠-Xt√?

hni- I - e \w sNbv X v tcmK- \ n¿Wbw \S-
Øp∂p. aZy-]m-\n-I-fpsS s]cp-am‰w {i≤n-®n-
´pt≠m? aZyw \mUo-hy-h-ÿsb Fßs\
C.T kvIm≥ (Computerised Tomographic _m[n-°p-∂p-sh-∂-dn-bmtam?
Scan), MRI kv I m≥ (Magnetic Resonance
Imaging Scan) XpS-ßnb \ho\ D]m-[n-Ifpw z \mUohyq-l-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\w XI-
CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. cm-dn-em-°p∂p.

am\-kn-I-mtcmKyw z t]io{]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f psS GtIm- ] -

\sØ _m[n-°p-∂p.
a\ v F¥m-sW∂v Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m?
a\- n\v kpJ-an-√, a\- n-s\mcp hnjaw z ico-tcm-jvamhv Ipd-bv°p-∂p.
Fs∂ms° ]d-bm-dnt√? a\ v F¥m-bn- z dn^vf-Ivkp-Iƒ kmh-[m-\-am-°p-∂p.
cn°mw? N¿® sNøp-I.
aZy-]m\w GsX√mw Ah-b-h-ß-fpsS
a\ pw ico-chpw {]h¿Ø- \ sØ tZmj- I - c - a mbn _m[n-
ico-c-Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw tcmK-ap-≠m- °p∂psh∂v Is≠Øn Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°pI.
Ip-tºmƒ am\-kn-Im-kzmÿyw D≠m-Im- ab-°p-a-cp-∂pI-fpsS D]-tbmKw
dnt√? am\-kn-Im-hÿ ico-csØ Fßs\
_m[n-°p-∂p-sh∂p t\m°mw. ]m≥a- k m- e - I ƒ t]m- e p≈ el- c n- h -
kvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xnsc ]{X-
\ncmibp≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Zl-\-°p-dhv hm¿Ø- I ƒ hmbn®n- ´ nt√? ab- ° p- a - c p-
A\p-`-h-s∏-Smw. ]cm-Pb`oXnbp≈-h-cn¬ ∂pIƒ \mUo-hyq-lsØ Fßs\ _m[n-
s\©p-th-Z-\, Xe-th-Z\ XpS-ßn-bh ImWp- °p-∂p-sh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
∂p. am\-kn-Im-tcm-Kyhpw imco-cn-Im-tcm-
z tI{µ \mUo-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS GtIm-]-\-
Kyhpw ]c-kv]c]qc-Ia - m-Wv. am\-kn-Im-hÿ
ico-csØ Fßs\ _m[n-°p-∂-sh-∂-Xn\v Øn-\p≈ Ignhv Ipdbv-°p-∂p.
IqSp- X ¬ DZm- l - c - W - ß ƒ Is≠Øn z Bibka-\z-b-Øn-\p≈ Ignhv \jvS-
kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
am\-kn-Im-tcm-KysØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ z aXn-{`aw krjvSn-°p-∂p.
LS-I-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂p t\m°mw.
z \mUo-hyq-lsØ Xf¿Øp-∂p.
z \mUo-hy-h-ÿ-bnse XI-cm-dp-Iƒ
z ab-°p-a-cp-∂n\v ASn-a-s∏-Sp-∂p.

61
Poh- i mkv { Xw

I©m- h v , lmjo- j v , F¬.- F - k v . - U n, krjvSn-°p∂ kmaq-ly-{]-iv\ß

- fpw Fs¥m-
tam¿^n≥, Idp- ∏ v , sImss°≥ XpSßn s°-sb∂v N¿®-sNbvXv ¢mkv skan-\m-dn¬
Ht´sd ]Zm¿Y-߃ ab-°p-a-cp-∂pI-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°pI.
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. ab-°p-ac- p∂pIfpsS kz`m-
Poh¬{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-
h-a\pk-cn-®m-Wv ico-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
Xnepw GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw \mUo-hy-h-
am‰w ImWp-∂-Xv. ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-IfpsS hn]-
ÿ-bpsS ]¶v F¥m-sW∂v t_m[y-s∏-´p-
W-\hpw D]-tbm-Khpw \nbaw aqew I¿i-\-
ht√m? \mUo-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Btcm-Ky-kwc-
ambn \ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
£-W-Øn\v \Ωƒ hfsctbsd {]m[m\yw
aZy-]m-\w, ab-°p-a-cp-∂pIfpsS D]- \¬tI-≠XmWv.
tbmKw F∂n-h-bpsS tZmj-^-e-ßfpw Ah
kw{Klw

™ Poh¬{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n- ™ F√m sF—nI {]h¿Ø- \ - ß -

°p- ∂ Xnepw GtIm- ] n- ∏ n- ° p- sfbpw \nb-{¥n-°p∂Xv skdn-{_-
∂Xnepw \mUo-hy-h-ÿ- apJy-]¶v amWv; saU√ Htªm- w tK‰-
hln-°p-∂p. Ass\—nI {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb-
{¥n-°p∂p. skdn-s_ew t]io-{]-
™ eLp-L-S-\-bp≈ Pohn-I-fn¬\n∂v
h¿Ø- \ - ß sf GtIm- ] n- ∏ n- ° p-
k¶o¿W-L-S-\-bp≈ Pohn-I-fn-te-
∂Xn\pw ico-c-Øns‚ Xpe-\-\ne
s°- Ø p- t ºmƒ \mUo- h y-
]men-°p-∂-Xn\pw klm-bn-°p-∂p.
hÿbnse k¶o¿WX IqSp-∂p.
™ akvXn- j vIhpw kpjpav- \ bpw
™ \mUo-tImiw LS-\-bnepw [¿a-
tN¿∂-XmWv tI{µ-\m-Uo-hy-hÿ.
Ønepw a‰p- t Im- i - ß - f n¬ \n∂v
hyXy-kvX-amWv. ™ kzX-{¥-\m-Uo-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS `mK-
amb knw]-X‰ - nIv hyh-ÿb - p-sSbpw
™ \mUo-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ ]mcm- k nw- ] - X - ‰ nIv hyh- ÿ -
LS-I-amWv \yqtdm¨. \yqtdm-Wp- bpsSbpw ]c-kv]c-]q-cnX {]h¿Ø-
Iƒ kn\m-]vkn-eqsS ]c-kv]cw \-Øn-eqsS B¥-cm-h-b-h-ß-fpsS
_‘-s∏-Sp-∂p. {]h¿Ø-\-߃ km[m-cW Ah-
™ Bth-Kß - ƒ tI{µ-\m-Uo-hy-hÿ
- - ÿ-bn¬ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
bn-se-Øp-∂Xpw tI{µ-\m-Uo-hy-h- ™ am\-kn-Im-tcm-Kyhpw imcocn-Im-tcm-
ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v ico-cØ
- ns‚ a‰p `mK- Kyhpw ]c- k v ] cw _‘- s ∏- ´ n- c n-
ß-fn-te°v t]mIp-∂Xpw \mUn-I- °p∂p.
fn¬°qSn-bm-Wv.
™ Nne tcmK-߃, aZy-Øn-s‚bpw ab-
™ [¿a- Ø ns‚ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ °p-a-cp-∂pIfpsSbpw D]-tbm-Kw,
\mUn-Isf kwth-Z-\m-Un, t{]c-I- akvXn-jvI-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ssh-
\m-Un, kΩn-{i-\mUn F∂n-ßs\ Ieyw F∂nh \mUo-hy-hÿ - b
- psS
Xcw-Xn-cn-®ncn-°p-∂p. {]h¿Ø-\sØ XI-cm-dn-em-°p-∂p.

62
 \nb- { ¥- W hpw GtIm]- \ hpw

XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ ¬ saU-√ -H_vtfmw-tK‰bv°v G¬°p∂

BLmXw s]s´- ∂ p≈ ac- W - Ø n\v
¬ Hcp \mUo-tImiw km[m-cW tImi-
Imc-Wa - m-Ip-∂p. F¥p-sIm-s≠∂v hni-
Øn¬\n∂v LS- \ - b n¬ Fßs\
Z-am-°p-I.
hyXym-ks
- ∏-´n-cn-°p∂p? Ipdn-s∏-gp-XpI.
¬ Xmsg- sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ c≠v kµ¿`-
¬ \mUo-tIm-i-Øns‚ LS\ Bth-K-ß-
ß-fnepw \mUo-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS {]h¿
fpsS {]k- c - W - Ø n- \ v A- \ p- t bm- P y-
Ø\w hni-I-e\w sNøp-I:
amtWm? hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.
a. Hcmƒ Adn-bmsX ap≈n¬ Nhn-´p-
¬ skdn- t {_m- k v s s]- \ ¬ {Zh- Ø ns‚ ∂p. i_vZw D≠m-°n-s°m≠v s]s´-
D¬]m-Z-\hpw BKnc-Whpw \ne-bv°p- ∂-bmƒ Imev ]n≥h-en-®p.
∂p- s h∂p Icp- X p- I . CXv akv X n-
b. kqNn D]- t bm- K n®v Abmƒ
jvIsØ Fßs\ _m[n-°pw?
aps≈Sp-°p-∂p. thZ-\n-®p-sh-¶nepw
¬ a\p- j y- \ mWv G‰hpw IqSp- X ¬ Im¬ ]n≥h-en-®n-√.
_p≤nhnImkw {]m]n® Pohn. Cu
¬ A\p-tbm-Py-amb hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-
\nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cm≥ klm-bn®
Kn®v Hcp \mUo-tIm-i-Øns‚ amXrI
hkvXp-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmhmw?
D≠m-°p-I.
Œ

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