14 Pohs‚ Xmfw

(cwKØp s\√pw HmIv k n- P \pw c‡hpw. s\√n- s ‚bpw HmIv k n- P - s ‚bpw apJØp
\ncm-i-`m-hw.)
s\√v : Fs‚ D¬]ØnImew sXm´p Rm≥ a‰p-≈h - ¿°p th≠n-bmWv Pohn-°p-
∂-Xv. Fs‚ ico-c-Ønse Hmtcm `mKhpw Ah-cpsS Blm-c-am-Wv.
Blmcw Du¿P-Zm-b-I-hpw. F∂n´pw Fs∂ \´p-h-f¿Øm-\m¿°pw
XmXv]-cy-an-√. \µn-sI´ h¿Kw Xs∂.
HmIvkn-P≥ : Fs‚ Ahÿ AXnepw Zb-\o-b-amWv. A¥-co-£-Øn¬ kzX-{¥-ambn
hnl-cn-°p∂ Rm≥ Poh-Pm-eß - ƒ°p-≈n-te°p IS∂v Ahbv°v Du¿Pw
]I-cm-\mbn kzbw Aen™p tNcpI-bm-Wv. A¥-co-£-Øn-te°p hnj-
hm-XIw han∏n®v Fs∂ ho¿∏p-ap-´n-°p∂ a\p-jy\v Fs‚ XymKw
a\-kn-em-Im-ØtXm AtXm a\∏q¿∆w ad-°p-∂t- Xm?
c‡w : (Ip-kr-Xn-\n-d™ Nncn-tbm-sS) \n߃ c≠p-t]cpw XymKn-Iƒ Xs∂. a\p-
jy\pw arK-߃°pw Du¿Pw In´W-sa-¶n¬ \nßsf FtØ-≠n-SØv FØn-
°-Ww. AXn\p Rm≥ Xs∂ thWw. Fs‚ tkh\w XymK-a√ adn®v
F\n°p In´nb alm-`m-Ky-ambn Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂p.
"BcmWv XymKn' F∂ imkv{X-\m-S-I-Ønse Hcp `mK-am-Wn-Xv. IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS kw`m-
j-W-Ønse imkv{Xmib-߃ ap≥\n¿Øn N¿® sNbvXv Hcp B-kzm-Z\w Xbm-dm-°q.

134
Poh¬{]-h¿Ø-\-߃°m-h-iy-amb LS-I-߃ hln-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv c‡-am-Wv.
Pnh¬ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-°p-∂Xv tImi-ß-fn-epw. F¶n¬ Hmtcm tImi-Ønepw c‡w
FtØ-≠-Xt√? \nß-fpsS Dulw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

Nn{Xw \nco-£n®pw \evIn-bn-cn-°p∂ hnh-cWw hmbn®pw kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

N¿®- \SØq. \nß-fpsS Dulw icn-bmtWm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°q.

Snjyp-{Z-hw
(tImim-¥-c-{Z-hw)
enw^v enw^v hmln

Ie
enw^v hmln-

enw^v temanI-

[a\n
knc

tImim-¥c-ÿew
c‡-tem-an-Iƒ

]Zm¿Y-߃
]pd-tØ°v
]Zm¿Y-߃
AI-tØ°v
tImikvXcw

teman-Im-`nØn
c‡w

Nn{Xw. 14.1 tImim-¥-c-{Z-h-Øns‚ cq]o-I-c-Whpw Xncn-s®m-gp°pw

135
 c‡-Øn\pw
tImi-߃°p-an-S-bn¬
Ie-I-fnse tImi-߃°n-S-bv°p≈ ÿeamWv
tImim-¥c - ÿ
- e
- w. tIm-im¥-cÿ - e - t- Ø°v c‡-
Øn¬\n∂v Dudnbn-d-ßp∂ {Zmh-I-amWv tImim-
¥-c-{Z-hw (tissue fluid). c‡-Øn¬\n∂v t]mj-
I-L-S-I-ßfpw HmIvkn-P\pw tImim-¥-c-{Z-h-Øn-
te°v hym]n-°p-∂p. tImim-¥-c-{Z-h-amWv B¥-
c]cn- ÿ n- X n. tImim- ¥ - c - { Z- h hpw tImihpw
XΩn¬ πmkvam-kvX-c-Øn-eqsS ]Zm¿Y-hn-\n-abw
\S-Øp-∂p. Nne-]-Zm¿Y-ßsf am{Xw IS∂p-t]m-
Im-\-\p-hZn°p∂ Hcp hc-W-Xm-cy-kvX-c-amWv
(selectively permeable membrane) πmkvam-kvXcw.
XpS¿®-bmbn cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw tImim-¥-
c-{Z-h-Øns‚ Af-hp-Iq-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ enw^v teman-
I-Iƒ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

 tImim-¥-c-{Zhw cq]s∏-Sp-∂Xv Fß-s\-bmWv?

 c‡-Ønse t]mj-I-L-S-I-߃ tImi-Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xn¬ tImim-¥-c-{Z-h-Øns‚
]s¶¥v?
 tImim-¥-c-{Z-h-Øns‚ Afhv ÿnc-ambn \ne-\n¿Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-ß-s\-?
c‡-Øn¬ \n∂v hnhn[ LS-I-߃ tImi-Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xp-t]mse, tImi-Øn-\-I-Øp-
\n∂pw ]Zm¿Y-߃ c‡-Øn-te°v FØp-∂-Xpw tImim-¥-c-{Z-h-Øn-eqsSbmWv.
tImim-¥-c{Zhhpw tImi{Zhyhpw XΩn¬ ]Zm¿Yhn\n-abw \S-°p-∂Xv ]e {]{In-b-I-fn-
eq-sS-bmWv.
Pe-Øn¬ Hcp-Xp≈n ajn-I-e¿Øp-tºmƒ AXv F√m-bn-S-tØ°pw hym]n-°p-∂Xv \n߃
I≠n-´p-≠m-hpw. ajn°p \ndw-\¬Ip∂ X∑m-{X-Iƒ KmVX IqSnb `mK-Øp-\n∂pw KmVX
Ipd™ `mK-tØ°p hym]n-°p-∂Xp aqe-amWv \ndw F√m-bn-SØpw ]c-°p-∂-Xv. Cßs\
Nne X∑m-{X-Iƒ Ah-bpsS KmVX IqSnb `mK-Øp-\n∂v Ipd™ `mK-tØ°p kzb-tah
hym]n-°p∂ {]Xn-`m-k-amWv A¥¿hym-]-\w (diffusion). HmIvkn-P\pw Im¿_¨ssU
HmIvsskUpw A¥¿hym-]\w hgn-bmWv tImi-Øn--\-I-tØ°pw ]pd-tØ°pw hym]n-°p-
∂-Xv.
]Zm¿Y-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\p≈ as‰mcp {]{In-b-sb-∏-‰nbpw AXn\v πmkvam-kvXcw Fßs\
klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p F∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰nbpw \ap°p ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

136
NphsS sImSp-Øn-´p≈ Xc-Øn¬ ]co-£W kma-{Kn-Iƒ k÷o-I-cn®v So®-dpsS klm-b-
tØmsS {]h¿Ø\w sNbvXp-t\m-°q. Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ CS-hn´v A bnsebpw B bn-sebpw
{ZmhI\nc-∏p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°q.

A B
t_mƒt]m-bn‚ v
t]\bpsS
kpXm-cy-amb _mc¬

ajn Ie¿Ønb {]mcw-`-\n-c∏v

D∏ns‚ ip≤-Pew
KmV-em-b\n
a[y-Øn¬ Zzmc-an´
πmÃnIv AS∏v

ajn-°p∏n

ip≤-Pew

ap´-bpsS ]mS \qevsIm≠v

_mc-en-t\mSv tN¿Øv
AS-®p-sI-´n-bn-cn°p-∂p.

Nn{Xw. 14.2 Hmkvtam-knkv ˛ ]co-£W

- k
- w-hn-[m\w

c≠p-a-Wn-°q¿sIm≠v F¥pam‰-amWv ImWm≥I-gn-™Xv? Cu am‰-Øn-\p-Im-cWw F¥m-

bn-cn-°pw. N¿®-bn-eqsS \nK-a-\-߃ cq]s∏Sp-Øq. CØ-c-Øn¬ Hcp hc-W-Xm-cy-kvX-c-
Øn-eqsS Pe-X-∑m-{X-Iƒ {]th-in-°p∂ {]{In-b-bmWv Hmkvtam-kn-kv (osmosis). NphsS
tN¿Øn-´p≈ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Hmkvtam-kn-kn\v Hcp {]mtbm-KnI \n¿h-
N\w cq]o-I-cn-°q.
$ emb\n
$ Pew
$ KmV-Xm-hy-Xymkw
$ hc-W-Xm-cy-kvXcw
tImi-Øn-\p-≈n-te-°p-am-{X-amtWm Hmkvtam-knkv \S-°p-∂Xv?
So®-dpsS klm-b-tØmsS Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ ]co-£W߃ sNbvXp-t\m-
°q. Hmtcm L´-Ønepw ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏n-eqsS \n߃ \nco-£n®
ZriysØ X∂n-´p≈ Nn{X-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ayw-sN-øq.
L´w˛(1) dnsbm (rheo) sNSnbpsS Ce a[y-`m-KØv sh®v IpdpsI ]nd-
tIm´v HSn-°pI. HSn-™p-Xq-ßnb Ce-°-j-W-sØ {i≤m-
]q¿hw Dcn-®p-\o°pI. ]n¶v \nd-Øn-ep≈ ]pdw-]m-fn-bpsS Hcp-
I-jWw th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp°pI. sh≈-Øn-en´p Igp-In-sb-Sp-Ø-

137
 tijw AXns‚ t\¿Ø Hcp `mKw apdn-s®-SpØv kky-tImiw \nco-£n-
®Xpt]mse ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏n-eqsS \nco-£n-°p-I.

Nn{Xw. 14.3 (a)

L´w˛(2) Ih¿ •mkv \o°n t{Um∏-dn¬ \n∂pw Hcp Xp≈n D∏p-sh≈w C‰n°pI. c≠p
aq∂p-an-\n-´n-\ptijw ss…Uv ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏n-eqsS \nco-£n-°p-I. \n߃
F¥p ImWp∂p?

Nn{Xw. 14.2 (b)

L´w-˛(3) ho≠pw Ih¿ •mkv s]m°n AhnsS Hcp Xp≈n ip≤-Pew C‰n-°pI. Snjyp-t]-
∏¿ sIm≠v AXv H∏n-sb-Sp-°p-I. aq∂p\mev XhW CXv Bh¿Øn-°p-I. XpS¿∂v
Hcp Xp≈n ip≤-Pew C‰n®v Ih¿ •mkn-Sp-I. A[n-I-Pew ss…Un¬ \n∂v H∏n-
sb-Sp-°p-I. GXm\pw \nan-j-߃°v tijw ho≠pw ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏n-eqsS
Ce-bpsS ]pdw ]mfn \nco-£n-°p-I. Ct∏mƒ \n߃ ImWp-∂-sX-¥m-bn-cn°pw?

Nn{Xw. 14.3 (c)

Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-b-sX-¥mWv? kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-

SpØn Iq´p-Im-cp-ambn N¿®-sNøq.
 c≠masØ Zriy-Øn¬ πmkvam-kvXcw Npfp-ßn-t∏mbXns‚ Imc-Wsa¥mWv?
 aq∂masØ Zriy-Øn¬ πmkvam-kvXcw ]gb]Sn Bb-Xns‚ Imc-Wsa¥mWv?
 CXn¬ \n∂v πmkvam-kvX-c-Øns‚ [¿asØ∏‰n Fs¥-¶n-epw kqN\ \n߃°v
e`n-°p-∂pt≠m?

138
tImi-]-cn-k-c-Øn¬ Pe-X-∑m-{X-I-fpsS KmVX IqSp-X-em-sW-¶n¬ tImi-kvX-c-Øn-eqsS
Pe-X-∑m-{X-Iƒ tImi-Øn-\p-≈n-te°v IS-°pw. Cu {]{In-bsb F≥tUm--kvtam-kn-kv
(endosmosis) F∂p]d-bpw. tImi-]-cn-k-c-Øn¬ PeX-∑m-{X-I-fpsS KmVX Ipd-hm-sW-
¶n¬ tImi-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-tØ-°mWv PeX∑m-{X-Iƒ \oßp-I. CXns\ FIvtkm-kvtam-
kn-kv (exosmosis)F∂p]d-bpw. CXn¬ \n∂v D∏n-en-´ -amß Npfp-ßp-∂-Xn-s‚ ImcWw a\-
 n-em-b-t√m.
Nne X∑m-{X-I-fpsSbpw Atbm-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw hep-∏-°q-Sp-X¬ ImcWw Ah πmkvam-kvX-
c-Ønse AXn-kq£vakpjn-c-ß-fn-eqsS IS∂p t]mhp-I-bn-√. AØcw X∑m-{X-I-sfbpw
Atbm-Wp-I-sfbpw πmkvam-kvXcw IS-Øn-hn-Sp-∂Xv Du¿Pw hn\n-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv.
πmkvam-kvX-c-Ønse hmlIt{]m´o≥ X∑m-{X-I-fmWv (carrier protein molecules) CXn\v
klm-bn-°p-∂-Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬ Du¿Pw hn\n-tbm-Kn®pw hml-I-t{]m-´o-\p-I-fpsS klm-b-
tØm-sSbpw πmkvam-kvX-c-Øn-eqsS ]Zm¿Y-߃ ISØn hnSp∂ {]{In-b-bmWv BIv‰ohv
{Sm≥kvt]m¿´v (active transport). eh-W-ßfpw a‰pw tImi-߃°-I-tØ°pw ]pd-tØ°pw
IS-°p-∂Xv BIv‰ohv {Sm≥kvt]m¿´neq-sS-bm-Wv. KmVXm hyXym-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-
Øne√ BIv‰ohv {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v \S-°p-∂-Xv.
Pew, HmIvkn-P≥, t]mj-I-L-S-I-߃ F∂nh hnhn[ {]{In-b-I-fn-eqsS tImi-Øn-\p-≈n-
se-Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v \mw a\- n-em-°n. c‡-Øn¬ \n∂p t]mj-I-ßfpw HmIvkn-
P\pw XpS¿®-bmbn tImim-¥-c-{Z-h-Øn-te°p hym]n-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw a\- n-emb-t√m.
tImiØn\p-≈n¬ \S-°p∂ Poh¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ^e-am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ amen-\y-ßfpw
tImim-¥-c{Z-h-Øn¬ FØp-∂p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ tImim-¥-c-{Z-h-Øns‚ LS\ A\p-\n-anjw
amdm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v. B¥-c-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰w Poh¬{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpsS
XmfwsX‰p-∂-Xn\p Imc-Wam-Ipw. Aßs\ kw`-hn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ B¥-c-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS
LS\ ÿnc-ambn \ne-\n¿tØ≠-Xp-≠v. CØ-c-Øn¬ B¥-c-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS Xpe-\m-
hÿ ]men-°p-∂-Xns\ B¥cka-ÿnXn (homeostasis) F∂p-]-d-bp-∂p. tImi-]-cn-k-c-
Øv Bh-iy-ap≈ LS-Iß - ƒ FØn-°p-∂X - n\pw amen-\y-߃ \o°w sNøp-∂X
- n\pw hnhn[
Ah-b-h-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ apJy-]-¶p-h-ln-°p-∂p.
\¬In-bn-´p≈ amXr-I -{i≤n-°q.

A¥-co£ hmbp izk\ hyhÿ HmIvkn-P≥

tImiw tImim-¥-c- c‡]cyb\

{Zhw hyhkvY

tImiw Im¿_¨ssU tImim-¥-c-

HmIvsskUv {Zhw

izk\ c‡]cyb\
A¥-co£ hmbp hyhÿ hyhkvY

Nn{XoI-cWw I

139
 amXr-I-bv°-\p-k-cn®v Nph-sS-bp≈ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-Ønse hn´p-t]mb If-߃ ]q¿Øn-bm-
°q.

→ t]mj-I-߃ → → →
tImim-¥-c-
{Zhw

→ amen\y߃ → → →
tImiw tImim-¥-c- hnk¿P\
{Zhw hyhÿ

Nn{XoI-cWw II
Btcm-Ky-tØmsS Pohn-°p-∂-Xn\v B¥-c-ka-ÿnXn ]men-°-s∏-S-W-sa∂v a\-kn-em-bt√m.
B¥-c-k-a-ÿn-Xnsb tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p∂ LS-I-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?
$ AWp-_m[
$ ]pI-hen
$ AanX t]mjWw
$
$
Cu LS-I-߃ B¥-c-ka-ÿn-Xnsb _m[n-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \SØn
Ipdn∏pIƒ Xbm-dm-°q.
Pohs‚ Xmfw \ne\n¿Øp∂Xv B¥-cn-Ik - a- ÿ
- n-Xn-bm-Wv. AXn\v tZmj-Ic
- a
- m-Ip∂ Ht´sd
kml-Ncy-߃ Pohn-X-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip∂p F∂pw a\- n-em°nb-t√m. Cu kmlNcyß-
fn¬ an°Xpw \ap-s°m-gn-hm-°m≥ I-gn-bpw. AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb Zn\-N-cybpw BtcmKyioe-
ßfpw ]men-°-W-sa-∂p-am-{Xw. AØ-c-Øn-semcp PohnXw \bn-°p-hm≥ Hmtcm-hy-‡nbpw
_m[y-ÿ-\m-Wv. ImcWw hy-‡n-bpsS Btcm-Ky-amWv kmaq-ln-Im-tcm-Ky-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-
\w. kmaq-ln-Im-tcmKyw `{Z-amb cmPy-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-Wv. AXn-\p-k-lm-b-I-ambn Hmtcm-cp-
Øcpw {]h¿Øn-°p-sa∂v kzbw Xocp-am-\n-°p-hm≥ \nß-fm¿Pn® Adnhv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-
Øp-at√m.

140