Some Differences Between Boccaccio's and Chaucer's Tales of Griselda

SOM E DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BOCCACCIO'S AN D CHAUCER'S TALES OF GRISELDA Brunilda Reichmann Lemos Universidade Federal do Paraná SUM M ARY This paper tries to dem onst rat e that Chaucer in his "Tal e of Gr i sel d e" has used, besides Boccaccio's t ale, Petrarch's revised verson, as it is f ound in t he Epistolae seniles, Manuscript 1165, and Mézière's t ranslat ion as it appears in Le Ménagier de Paris. Since t he end of t he 19th cent ury, critics have been t r ying to est ablish relationships bet ween Chaucer's "Th e Clerk's Tal e" and ot her verslbns of t he sam e story in It alian, Latin, and French. If w e ignore t h e It alian versions in ex ist ence b ef or e Chaucer's wr i t i n g o f t he story of Griselda, w e still have to deal wi t h m ore t han t hirt y versions in Latin and French. Sever s 1 present s a list of twenty- fou< manuscripts in Latin and seven in French, all ex isting b ef or e Chaucer 's "The Clerk's Tale." Critics have, m onetheless, b ef or e t he publicat ion of Sources and Analogues of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales in 1958, 2 sorted out som e manuscripts or versions as being those which Chaucer most probably k new and used. They w er e t he Basl e manuscript and Manuscript 1165®, t he French translation by Philippe d e Méz i eèr e 4 p ub lished in Le Ménagier de Paris, and Boccaccio's version 5 wh i ch w as the first lit erary rendering of t he t ale of Gr iselda. In t he m id d le of t he 20t h cent ury, w i t h t he publicat ion of Sources and Analogues of Chaucer's Cantebury Tale, Severs refutes some sim ilarit ies b et ween Chaucer's t al e and t he Basle m anuscript, 8 t he French t ranslat ion by Méz ièr e, and Boccaccio's t ale. Severs affirm s that Chaucer's on l y sources w er e Pet rarch's version of t he t ale, as it appears in Epistolae seniles, and t he French version wi ch h e calls Manuscript 1165. 1 S E V E R S , J . B u r k e . T h e C l e r k ' s T a l e . I n : B R T A N . W . F . & D E M P S T E R . G., ed. S o u r c e s and A n a l o g u e s at C h a u c e r ' s C a n t e r b u r y T a l c s . N e w Y o r k , I l u m & n i t l e s P r e s s , 2 S E V E R S . J . B u r k e . C h a u c e r ' s S o u r c e M 9 S . f o r t h e C l e r k e s T a l e . P u b l i c a t i o n o f the M o d e r n L a n t m a g e A s s o c i a t i o n , 3 7 : 4 3 1 - 5 2 . 1932. C O O K , A . S. C h a u c e r ' s C l e r k ' s T a l e a n d a a F r e n c h V e r s i o n o h H i s O r i ü i n n l - R o m a n i c R e v i e w , 3 7 : 2 1 0 - 2 2 , 1917. F A R N H A M , W . E . C h a u c e r ' s C l e r k ' s T a l e . M o d e r n L a n g u a g e N o t e s , 3 3 : 1 9 3 - 2 0 3 , 1918. 3 SEVERS. 4 C O O K . p. ztonifeaSI 19BR. p. 292-4. Chaucer's Source..., p. 431-62. 210-22. 3 FARNHAM. ? N o t i c e that in his a r t i c l e p u b l i s h e d In n u s c r i p t as o n e o f C h a u c e r ' s s o u r c e s . p. 193-203. Letras, Curitiba, (SO) 7-16 dei. 1981 FMLA in 1932 he considers the Basle ma- 7 LEMOS, B. R . Boccaccio and Chaucer's Since neit her w e nor t he critics can ever p r ove which versions of t he t ale of Griselda Chaucer k n ew, let us suppose that the k new also Boccaccio's, besides Pet rach's and t he anonym us French version of t he sam e t ale (Manuscript 1165). We w i l l see later, however, that Chaucer probably also used or k new Mézière's. If w e m ake a list of t he sim ilarit ies b et ween Chaucer's "Th e Clerk's Tal e" and t hose ot her f our versions, w e w i l l probably notice an int erest ing fact concerning Boccaccio's inf luence upon Chaucer. Wh i l e t he sim ilarit ies b et ween t he ot her t hree versions (Pet rarch's, Mézière's, and Manuscript 1165) and Chaucer's are f ound scattered all t hrough Chaucer's versions, sim ilarit ies b et ween Boccaccio's and Chaucer's t ales are f ound only in t he second half of t he English version. T It seem s quit e evident that Chaucer cam e in contact wit h Boccaccio's t ale in t he m iddle of wr i t i ng his o wn . But even t hough Chaucer m ay not h ave known Boccaccio's t ale bef ore starting t o wr i t e his own, if w e com pare Boccaccio's and Chaucer's t ales, t h e dif f erences f ound b et ween t he t wo versions m ay lead us to t he ot her sources used b y Chaucer. This essay w i l l touch on som e det ails which are arranged different ly in Boccaccio's and Chaucer's tales, and on ot her det ails wh i ch ar e nonex istent in Boccaccio but can b e f ound in Petrarch's version, Manuscript 1165 or in t he French t ranslat ion by Mézière. The first not iceable d if f er ence in t he arrangem ent of det ails occurs in t he m arquis' t alk to Janicula about his intentions of m arrying Gr iseld a. In Boccaccio, t he m arquis (Gualt ieri) sends f or Giannucole as soon as he decides to m arry. E per ciò, sensa più avant i cercare, costei propose dl voler e sposare: e fattosi il padre chiam are, con lui che poverissim o era, si convenne di torla per m oglie. 8 Theref ore, w h en t he m arriage day comes, Gualt ier i only rem inds Giannucole t hat he cam e to m arry Griselda. It is im plied that Giannucole agr eed upon t h e m arriage Allor a Gualt ier i smontato e com andato ad ogn'uom o che l'aspettasse, solo se n'entrò nella povera casa, d ove t rovò ¡I p ad r e di lei che aveva nom e Giannucole, e dissegli: "l o son venut o a sposar la Griselda, ma prima da lei voglio sapere alcuna cosa in tua presenzia". 9 7 R 9 8 A c c o r d i n g to F a m h a m ' s analysis o f the s i m i l a r i t i e s b e t w e e n C h a u c e r ' s and B o c c a c cio':« tale. B O C C A C C I O , G i o v a n n i . D « e a m « r o n . F i r e n z e . L e M o n n i e r , 1052. v. 2, p . 646. B O C C A C C I O , p . 647, 648. Letras, Curitiba, (30) 7-16 dsx. 1981 8 LEMOS, B. R. Boccàccio and Chaucer"» In Chaucer, o n t he other hand, Jani cul a k nows as lit t le as Grlsel d e about t h e m arquis' wishes to m arry her. Wh en t he appoint ed d ay f or t he m ar r iage com es, Wal t er rides t o Griselde's house and says "Wh er e is you r e f ad er , O Gr i sl d i s?" h e sayd e. An d she w i t h reverence, in h u m b l e cheere, Answer d e, "Lord, he is al redy heer e." An d in she goot h wit hout en lenger lette, An d to t h e m arkys she hir f ader f et t e. He b y t he hand t hanne took this o l d e m an, A n d seyd e t hus, wh an he h ym hadde asyde: "Jan i cu l a, 1 neit her m ay ne kan Lenger t h e plesance of m yn hert e hyd e. Is that thou vouche sauf, w at h so bitydeT I h y doght er wo l I t ak e, er t hat I wend e, As f or m y w y f , unto hir l yves ende. "Thou lovest m e, I wo o t it wel cert eyn, An d art m y f eit hf ul lige m an yb or e; An d al t hat liketh m e, 1 dar w el seyn It liketh t hee, and specially t her f or e Tel m e that poynt t hat I h ave seyd bif ore, If that thou wolt unto t hat purpos dr awe, To t ak e m e as f or t hy sone- in- lawe." 1 0 Chaucer is here f ollowing Petrachs's version and Manuscript 1165. He enchances, b y present ing a dram at ic encount er bet ween Wal t er a i d Jan i cu l a, t he em ot ional intensity of t he characters and of t he t ale. In Pet rarch w e have: Tun Valt erius, cogit abundus incedens eam que com pellans nom ine, ubinam pat er eius esset int errogat iv; q u e cum ilium dom i esse reverent er at que hum ilit er respondisset, "l u b e, " inquit , "ad m e ven i at ." Venient em seniculum , m anu prehensum , parum per abstrax it ac submissa voce, "Sci o ," ait, "m e, lanicola, Carum t ibi, t eque hom inem f id um novi, et quecum que mich placeant vel e t e arbit rer. Unum tarnen nom inat im nosse vel i m : an m e, q uem dominum habes, dat am ich hac tua in ux orem f ilia, generum v e i l s ?" 1 1 10 R O B I N S O N , F. N.. cd. The W o r k « 1957. p . 104. 11 SEVERS, Letras, Sources Curitiba, (30) and Analoitnes..., 7 - l S dez. 19S1 of p. Geoffrey C h a u c e r . 2. ed. B o a t o n , H. Mifflin, 304. 9 LEMOS, B. R. Boccaccio and Chaucer** An d in Manuscript 1165 Et tout ainsy q u'elle m arquis, tout pensis, m andat ou estoit son m ent et en tres grant "en nost re host el." vouloit entrer en leur m aison, le vient au devant d'elle, en lui deper e; daquelle lu respondi humblereverence: "Monsei g neur ," dist elle, " Ou lu d is," f ait il, "q u 'i l vi en g n e parler a m o y." Et quant ce bon homs f ut venus, il Ift prist par la m ai n et l e tira a part et en basse voix lui dist: " Je scay," dist il, "Jan i co l e, q u e tu m 'ainm es et as bien chier, et es m on homme f eable, et q u e quelconques choses m e plaisent , tu les veulz et t e plaisent . Un e chose t out esfoiz especiaulm ent vu ei l savoir: se il t e plaist bien q u e ¡'aye ceste t ienne f i l l e a f em m e et m e vu ei l l e avoir t on gendre." u Chaucer's second depart ure f rom Boccaccio gives t he English version of t h e t ale a t ouch of delicary not f ound in the It alian. In bot h versions, t he It alian and t he English, t he m arquis is gent le enough to ask f or Griselda's acceptance of t he m arriage b ef or e he presents her to t hose nobles who accom panied him , as his w i f e. He could have m erely t ak en Griselda wit hout asking her since he was a lord and she w as peasant. But in Boccaccio, he has Griselda st ripped nak ed in f ront of all t he nobles and dressed in royal garm ents bef or e he asks her if she consents to be his wi f e. Allora Gualt ieri, presala per m ano, la m enò f uori, e in presenzia di tutta la sua com pagnia e d 'ogni altra persona la f ece spogliare ignuda, e fattisi guegli vest im ent i ven i r e che f at t i aveva f are, prest am ent e la f ece vest ire e calzare, e sopra i suoi capegli cosi scarm igliat i com 'erano le f ece m et t ere una corona; e appresso questo, m aravigliandosi ogn'uom o di questa cosa, disse: "Signor i, costei è colei !a q uale io intendo che mia m oglie sia, d o ve eia m e voglia per m arit o", e p o i a lei rivolt o, che di se m edesim a vergognosa e sospesa st ava, l e disse: "Gr iseld a, vuo'm i tu per tuo m ar i t o ?" A cui ella rispose: "Si g n o r m io, si ". 1 8 In Chaucer, on t he other hand, it is im plied that Griselda accepts 12 SEVERS, 1? BOCCACCIO, 10 Sources and Analomes p. 3DB. p. 648. Letras. Curitiba, (30) T-lC dei. 19B1 LEMOS, B. R. Boccaccio and Chaucer's Walt er's of f er bef or e t he m arquis orders t he ladies to change her clothes. As soon as Gr iseld e agrees upon being his w i f e, Wal t er presents her to his com pany, in her rags, as his f ut ur e wi f e. Chaucer is also silent about her clothes being changed in public. "Wo n d r yn g e upon this wor d , q u ak yn g e f or dr ede, Sh e seyd e, "Lor d, und igne and unwort hy Am I to t hilk e honour that y e m e b eed e, But as ye wol e youreself , right so w o l I. An d heer e I swer e that n ever e w i l l yn g l y, In werk ne t hoght , I nyl yo w disobeye, For to b e deed, t hough m e w er e looth t o d eye." "This is yn og h , Gr isild e m yn ," q uod he. An d f ort h he goot h, wit h a f u l sobre cheere, Òu t at t he dore, and aft er that cam she. An d t o t he peple he seyd e in this m anere: "This is m y w yf , " quod he, "t hat st andet h heere, Honouret h hire and lovet h hire, I p r eye, Wh o so m e lovet h; t her is nam oore to seye." A n d f or t hat no t h yn g of hir ol d e geer e Sh e sholde b r yn g e into his hous, h e b ad That wo m m en sholde dispoillen hir e right t heere; Of w i ch t hise ladyes wer e nat right glad To handle hir clothes, wh er i n n e she w as clad. But nat helees, this m ayd e bright of h ewe Fro foot to heed t hey clot hed han al n ew e. ' 1 4 Ag ai n Chaucer is f ol l owi n g t he Latin version and Manuscript 1165 closely. In Latin, Pet rarch writ es: A d hec ilia m iraculo rei t rem ens, "Eg o , m i d om i n e," inquid, "t ant o honore m e indignam sete; at si volunt as t ua, sique sors mea est, nichil ego unquam sciens, nedum faciam , sed et iam cogit abo, q uod contra anim um t uum sit; nec tu aliquid facies, etsi m e mori iusseris, q uod moleste f er am ." "Sat is est ," inquit ¡lie; sic in publicum educt am populo ostendens, "Hec," ait, "u x o r m ea, hec dom ina vest ra est; hanc colit e, hanc am at e, et si m e carum habteis, ha n ccarissimam habet ot e." Hnc ne q u i d reliquiarum f ort une vet eris novam inferret ¡n dom um , 1« ROBINSON, p. 105. Letras, Curitiba, (30) 7-16 dsx. 1981 11 LEMOS, B. R. Boccaccio and Chaucer's nudari eam iussit, et a calce ad vert icem novis vest ibus indui, q uod a matronis circumstantibus ac certatim sinu ¡liam gr em ioque f ovent ibus ver ecunde ac celerit er adimplet um est . 1 5 An d in French: A ces choses, d e ce f ait m erveilleux toute t rem blant , respondi: " Je , " dist elle, "m onseigneur, sçay cert ainem ent q ue ¡e ne suis pas d i g n e ne souffisant d e si grant honneur. Et se ceste chose toutesfois est ta voulent é et m on eur, jamais riens n e f er ay n e penseray q u el q u e chose a mon povoir q u i soit contre ta voulent é ou plaisir, ne tu ne feras ¡a chose, et m e f eisse m ourir, q u e j e ne seuf f re pacienm ent ." "C'est assez," dist il; et ainsy la fist am ener d evant tous en p ub liq ue et dist au peuple: "Cest e," f ait il, "m a m ef f e et vost re d am e est. Honnorez la, am ez la. Et se vous m 'avez chier, j e vous prie, aiez la tres chier e." Et incontinenti la com m anda a devest ir t out e nue et d u pie jusques au chief la fist revest ir d e neuves robes t res richem ent p ar les bonnes dam es qui la estoient. Laquelle chose f irent moult hont eusem ent pour l e regart des vi l z et povres vest em ens q u'elles lui desvest oient aux précieuses q u e on lui vest oit . 16 Chaucer's t hird and f ourt h depart ures f r om Boccaccio seem t o b e creations of t he English poet f or enhancing t he intensity of am otion in Griselde's character. They are Griselde's plea to t h e sergeant to allow her to say good- bye to her daught er and her stanza- long f ar ewel l t o t he b ab y. But atte laste to spek en she bigan. A n d m ek ely she to t he sergeant p r eyd e, So as h e w as a wor t hy gent il m an. That she m ost e kisse hire child er that it d eyd e. An d in hir barm this litel child she l eyd e Wi t h f ul sad f ace, and g an t he child to blisse, An d lulled it, and af t er g an it kisse. An d thus she seyd e in hir e benigne voys, "Far eweel m y child! I shal t hee never e see. But sith I t hee have m ark ed wi t h t he croys IB ir, 12 S E V E R S . Sources and Analogues S E V E R S . Sources and Analogues . . p. 306. p . 307. Letras, Curitiba, (30) 7-16 dec. 1081 LEMOS, B. R. Boccàccio and Chnucer'« Of t hilk e Fader — blessed m oot e he b el — That f or us d eyd e upon a croys of t ree, Thy soule, litel child, I hym bit ak e, For this nyght shalt ow d yen f or m y sak e." 17 Sever al t i m e in "Th e Clerk's Tal e" Chaucer elaborat es, as h e does here, upon t he characters f ound in Boccaccio, Pet rarch, and Manuscript 1165. Al l of Chaucer's ex pansions and addit ions d eep en and individualize t h e characterization of t he protagonists. Chaucer also places special em phasis upon t he repeat ed pat t ern • n t h e st ory (t he t rials and Griselde's success in t hem ) b y having t he m arquis rem ind her, bef ore each t r ial, of her d ut y and prom ise to him. In Boccaccio this pat t ern is not em phasized as in Chaucer, even t hough Griselda goes t hrough t he sam e t rials. For ex am ple, w h en t he m arquis t ells Griselda that her baby boy w i l l h ave t he sam e dest iny t he first o n e had, h e also m entions that h e m ight m arry another wom an. Gualt ier i says Donna, poscia che tu quest o f igliuol maschio facesti, p er niuna guisa con questi m iei vi ver son potuto, sì duram ente si ram aricano che uno nepot e di Giannucolo dopo m e d eb b a rim aner lor signore: di che io m i dotto, se io non ci vor r ò esser cacciato, che non m i convenga f ar d i quello che io altra volt a f eci, e alla f i n e lasciar t e e p r end e un'alt ra m o g l i e. 1 8 Chaucer, on t he ot her hand, is f ollowing Pet rarch and Manuscript 1165 again w h en he presentes each t rial separat ely and elaborat es o n t h e m at erial b et ween t he second and t hird t rials. By the sam e t oken, Chaucer introduces t he sergeant t h e second t im e, as in t he Latin and French versions. Boccaccio does not even m ent ion t h e sergeant again. Dopo non m olt i dì Gualt ier i, in quella m edesim a m aniera che m andato avea p er la f igliuola, m andò per lo f igluiolo, e sim ilm ent e dim ostrato d 'aver lo f at t o uccidere, a nutricar nel m andò a Bologna, com e la fanciulla aveva m an d at a. 1 9 Chaucer, lik e Petrarch and Manuscript 1165, introduces t he sergeant again. The character is silent this t im e; o n l y his brut al action 17 ROBINSON, 18 BOCCACCIO, p. p. 107. 651. lì BOCCACCIO, p. 651, 652. Letraa, Curitiba, (HO) 7-16 d«z. 1981 13 LEMOS, B. R. Boccaccio and Chaucer's is m ent ioned since it is t he im portant point in t he recurrence of t he t rial. Gr iseld e again asks for t he sam e f avor she had request ed bef or e. This u g l y sergeant , in t h e sam e w yse That he hire doght er caught e, right so he, Or wor se, if m en wo r se k an d evyse, Hat h hent hire sone, t hat f u l was of beaut ee. A n d ever e in oon so pacient was she That she no chiere m aade of hevynesse, But kiste hir sone, and after g an it blesse; Save this, she p r eyed e hym that, if h e m ygt he, Hir litel sone he w o l d e in er t he g r ave, His t endre lym es, delicaat to sight e, Fro f owel es and f ro beestes f or to save. But she noon an swer e of hym m yght e have. He wen t e his w ey, as hym no t hyng ne roght e; But to Boloigne he t end r ely ih grobht e. 2 0 In Pet rarch: Ilia eodem quo sem per vult u, qualicunque anim o, f i l i um f orm a corporis at que indole non matri t ant um sed cunctis am abilem in m anus cepit , signansque eum signo crucis et benedicens ut f iliam f ecerat , et diut icule oculis inherens, at que deosculans, nullo penitus signo doloris edit o, pet ent i obt ulit . "Et t en e," inquid, "f ac q uod iussus es. Unum nunc et iam precor: ut, si f i er i potest, hos artus t eneros infantis egregij prot egas a vex at ione volucrum ac ferar um ." « An d in Manuscript 1165: Lequel sergent , en soy ex cusant com m ent il lui convenoit obéir , ainsi com m e se il voulsist f aire une g r and e inhum anit é, dem anda l'enf ant com m e il avoit f ait l'aut re, et elle respondy d e bonne chiere, ja fust ce q u e b ien estoit courroucée en euer. Son f ilz m oult bel et doulcet prist ent re ses bras et le beneist et seigna, com m e el l e avoit f ait le f ille, et un petit longuem ent le regarda et l e baisa, sans monstrer signe d e douleur, et au m essaige l e bailla. "Ti en ," dist elle, "f ay ce a q uoy t u es envoi é. 20 ROBINSON, 21 SEVERS. 14 p. 108. Source» and Analogue* . . , p. 316. Letras, Curitiba, (30) 7-16 dsx. 1981 14 LEMOS, B. K. Boccàccio and Chancer'« Une chose, toutesfoiz, t e requier chierem ent tant q u e j e puis: q u e, se t u pues f air e, t u vueilles garder et d ef f en d r e l e corps et m em bres d e ce noble enf f ant , q u e bestes m auvaises ne l e devourent ou m enguent ." 2 2 The last det ail to b e discussed here shows Chaucer'szyxwvutsrqponmlkjih use or k n owl ed g e of ot her versions of t h e story besides Pet rarch's and Manuscript 1165. Cook, w h o analyzes t he sim ilarit ies bet ween Chaucer's t al e and Mézière's French t ranslat ion, published in Le Ménagier de Paris, says: Chaucer t wice speaks of Griselda as f alling t o t he ground in a swoon, once [wh an she this herde, aswowne doun she f allet h / For pitous j oye (1079- 90)] aft er Wal t er ack nowledges his children, and ag ai n - [ Al sodeynly she swapt e adoun to grounde (1099)] after she has t end er ly em braced and addressed t hem . Pet rarch k nows not hing of an actual swoon, but m erely declares t hat she was nearly d ead w i t h joy, and m ad wit h af f ect ion (pene gaudio exanimis et pietate amens), w h i l e t he Menagier (I. 123) t ells of o n e swoon: "Oyan t les paroles d e son m ary cheist devant lui tout pasm ee a t er r e." 28 Cook f inds forty- eight ot her sim ilarit ies b et ween Chaucer's T h e Clerk's Tal e" and Mézièr e t ranslat ion as it is published in Le Ménagier de Paris. But alt hough several of t he sim ilarities point ed out by Cook seem valid , m any are also f ound in Pet rarch and Manusci ipt 1165; ot hers are sim ilar only in wor d i n g which could h ave been m ere coincidence; and still ot he s are quest ioned b y Severs in his art icle "Chaucer's Source MSS f or t he Clerk's Tale." The f ew det ails present ed in t his essay show, nonetheless, that alt hough Chaucer m ay have used Boccaccio's t ale of Griselda as a source f or his o w n (as Farnham points out), Chaucer has undoubt edly k n own or even read at least t hree ot her versions: Petrarch's r evised version, as it is f ound in t he Epistole seniles, Manuscript 1165, and Mézière's translation as it appears in Le Ménagier de Paris. 22 SEVERS, 23 COOK, p. Source» and Analogue» p. 317. 210. Letras, Curitiba, (»0) 7-16 dez. 1981 IS LEMOS, li. K. Boccaccio and Chaucer's R E S U M O Este t r ab alho procura dem onst rar q u e Chaucer , ao cont rário da op i ni ão crít ica, usou em sua "Tal e of Gr i sel d e'' não ap enas a ver são d e Boccaccio mas t am b ém a ver são d e Pet rarca, do Manuscr it o 1165 e a t radução d e Méz i èr e com o ap ar ece em zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWV Le M énagier d e Paris. BI BLI O GRAPH Y 1 2 3 à 5 5 7 8 9 10 11 Y¿ 16 BOCCACCIO. Giovanni. Decameron. Firenze, Le Monnier, 1952. v. 2. CATE. W. A. The Problem of the Origin of the Griselda Story. Studies in Philology, 29:389- 405. 1932 COOK, A. S. Chaucer's Clerk's Tale and a French Version of His Original. Romanic Review, 7:210- 22, 1917. FARNHAM, W. E. Chauccr's Clerk's Tale. Modern Language Notes, 33:193- 203, 1918. FRENCH, R. D. A Chaucer Handbook. 2. ed. New York, Appleton- Century- Crofts, 1947. GRIFFITH, D. D. The Origin of the Griselda Story. Seattle, University of Washington, 1931. HENDRICKSON, G. L. Chaucer and Petrarch: Two Notes on the 'Clerk's Tale'. Modern Philology, 4:179- 92, 1906/ 07. JUSSERAND . J. J. Did Chaucer Meet Petrarch? Nineteenth Century, 39:993- 1005, Jan./ Jun. 18S6. MATHER, F. J. On the Asserted Meeting of Chaucer and Petrarch. Modern Language Notes, 12:1- 18. 1897. ROBINSON F. N.. ed. The Wortes of Geoffrey Chaucer. 2. ed. Boston. H. Miffiin, 1957. SEVERS, J B. Chaucer's Source MSS. for the Clerkes Tale. Publication of the Modern Language Association, 47:431- 52, 1932. . The Clerk's Tale. In: BRIAN, W. F. & DEMPSTER. G., oa. Scurces and Analogues of Chaucer's Canterbury Talas. New YorK, Humanities Press, 1958. p. 288- 331. Letras, Curitiba, (SO; 7-10 dez. 1D81