Mango

Objectives Mango (Mangifera indica), one of tropical fruit that grows abundantly in Indonesia has big potencies to be developed into highly-valued products instead of eaten raw, namely as a mango sugar. There are several scientific researches that depict mango as a fruit rich in dietary fiber, quercetin, kaempferol, vitamin E, β-carotene, and vitamin C which have the potential to improve lipid profiles and lower blood glucose. This study was conducted to produce crystalized sugar from mango and determine vitamin C content. Methods Mango sugar extraction was carried out on 3 samples with different amounts (mango flesh: water) for 3 samples respectively S1 (900:0), S2 (850:150) and S3 (800:200). Samples were blended and crystallized using Freeze Driyer for 60 hours. The next step was Vitamin C analysis from 3 samples of mango sugar using Titration Iodometric Method, to determine the amount of Vitamin C (mg/100 mg). Statistical tests to determine the differences between mango and water...

Mango is affected by different decline disorders causing significant losses to mango growers. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the pathogen was isolated from all tissues sampled from diseased trees affected by Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Symptoms at early stages of the disease included general wilting appearance of mango trees, and dieback of twigs. In advanced stages, the disease symptoms were also characterized by the curling and drying of leaves, leading to complete defoliation of the tree and discolouration of vascular regions of the stems and branches. To substantially reduce the devastating impact of dieback disease on mango, the fungus was first identified based on its morphological and cultural characteristics. Target regions of 5.8S rRNA (ITS) and elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) genes of the pathogen were amplified and sequenced. We also found that the systemic chemical fungicides, Score(®), Cidely(®) Top, and Penthiopyrad(®), significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of L....

Mango is affected by different decline disorders causing significant losses to mango growers. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the pathogen was isolated from all tissues sampled from diseased trees affected by Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Symptoms at early stages of the disease included general wilting appearance of mango trees, and dieback of twigs. In advanced stages, the disease symptoms were also characterized by the curling and drying of leaves, leading to complete defoliation of the tree and discolouration of vascular regions of the stems and branches. To substantially reduce the devastating impact of dieback disease on mango, the fungus was first identified based on its morphological and cultural characteristics. Target regions of 5.8S rRNA (ITS) and elongation factor 1- (EF1-a) genes of the pathogen were amplified and sequenced. We also found that the systemic chemical fungicides, Score®, Cidely® Top, and Penthiopyrad®, significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of L. theobr...

`Kent ' mango (Mangifera indica L.) ¯owers were sampled in an orchard in the coastal plain of Israel during the 1997 ¯owering season. Effective pollination rate was determined at two stages of the fertilization process: (a) pollen germination on the stigma; (b) pollen-tube penetration into the ovule. Pollination rates were negligible during the ®rst part of the ¯owering season (31 March to 18 April), reaching a high value only at the end of the season (21 May). The same phenomenon also occurred, albeit with consistently higher rates of effective pollination, when detached ¯owers, taken from the orchard during the ¯owering season, were pollinated and incubated for 24 h at the presumed optimal temperature of 308C, indicating that the reproductive organs were not fully functionally viable. At the start of the ¯owering season, all the pollen was deformed, and later (16 April 1997), when pollen grain shape was normal, only 23% of it was found to be viable by Alexander's staining. The functional viability of the pollen and pistils of orchard-and phytotron-grown (22/278C, night/day) ¯owers was determined in detached ¯owers. At the beginning of the ¯owering season, both orchard pollen and pistils tended to be defective. Orchard pollen germinated poorly, even on phytotron adapted stigmas. Ovule penetration was hampered in orchard pistils, even when phytotron pollen was used for pollination. Chilling injury appeared to be responsible for the damage to the reproductive organs of the orchard ¯owers. The negligible rate of effective pollination found in mango orchards in Israel during a signi®cant part of the ¯owering season therefore appears to be due to the detrimental effect of cold weather on the pollination and fertilization processes as well as on the functional viability of the male and female reproductive organs. # (A. Dag) 0304-4238/00/$ ± see front matter # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 0 4-4 2 3 8 (9 9) 0 0 1 3 4-X

This article deals with the influence of the country brand in the fashion industries. It explains how some Spanish fashion companies have achieved a prominent position in the international market without the support of a positive ‘country-of-origin effect’ and why their success has not generated a reinforcement of the image of Spain in the fashion market. The paper examines the evolution of the image of Spain and the Spanish fashion abroad, and the internationalisation of the main Spanish fashion companies, highlighting the keys of the limited influence of the country brand in the success of these companies. Free online copy: https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/6ID9YX5FXX97KITEUR4Z/full?target=10.1080/00076791.2017.1374370

The present study was carried out during two successive seasons (2014 and 2015) at the nursery It aimed to study the effect of salt stress using NaCl at 0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm on vegetative growth, mineral content of one year old seedlings mango of Golek, Misk, Hindi Besinnara, Ewais, Sukkary and Zebda cvs. Salinity affected all plant growth parameters; increasing salinity level decreased survival percentage, shoot growth, stem diameter, shoot and root weight and leaf chlorophyll content. Leaf analysis showed a marked increase in K + , Na + , Cl-and proline contents while nitrogen decreased with increasing salinity level. The studied genotypes differed in their response to salinitytreatments; Sukkary and Zebda cvs. recorded higher values of growth parameters and accumulated less amount of the toxic Na + and Cl-and more K + compared with the other cultivars. So they may be considered more salt tolerant.

THE SUITABILITY of white greenhouse net cover for growth of mango (Mangifera indica. L.) cv. Keitt cultivar was tested at the El-Bosaily governmental farm at the North West of the Nile Delta, Egypt. The treatments were cover the greenhouse by white net and conventional open field treatment (control). This study aims at investigating the effects of white net on the growth and production of mango trees from the interception of light, temperature, humidity and plant growth were evaluated over two seasons (from 2007 and 2008). The nets demonstrated their efficiency for orchard decrease maximum temperatures and increase minimum temperatures and relative humidity compared with open field treatment. The use of white net resulted in a significant increase of number of leaves, plant height and stem diameter per plant compared to open field orchard. The net was superior for plant growth, flowering and yield. Data revealed that microclimate under the white net make proper microclimate for tropical fruits under Egyptian conditions.

Mass identification of mango fruits from their dimension attributes remains challenging. This is because of the unregulated shapes of these fruits. Therefore, this research aims at creating mathematical models that can demonstrate the relationship between the fruit's mass and dimension attributes. Hence, these models can be used in post-harvest engineering systems. The researchers used 100 mango fruits (Mangifera indica cv. Zebdia) to determine the mathematical relationship between the fruits' weight and dimension attributes. The researcher measured and photographed the dimensions of these fruits and processed the image captured for each fruit using a computer program to find the fruit's dimensions. The results obtained led to the development of six mathematical models to predict a fruit's mass from the dimensions. Given these results, the mathematical model based on the fruit's length shows the best performance in the mass prediction (Pearson's r=0.87). One can infer that a fruit's mass could be obtained from its dimensions. This conclusion is not generalizable to other mango cultivars. Thus, the researcher recommends conducting further studies of other cultivars to develop a unified mathematical model. This will be helpful in developing modern post-harvest engineering systems.

This study aims to investigate the physical, chemical, rheological and sensorial properties of six common mango (Mangifera indica) cultivars in Egypt. These common cultivars were Alfonse, Sedeka, Awis, Sinara, Sukari and Zibdia. Weights of mango fruits ranged between 246.6 and 549.2 g. The highest significant value of sphericity was in Alfonse fruits (0.82), whereas the lowest value was 0.58 in Sinara fruits. The highest firmness value was 29.51 N in Sedeka fruits. The highest elasticity was 1.16 N/mm for Sukari fruits. The significantly color intensity chroma was recorded by Sinara, whereas the highest total color index (DE) was 88.41 for Sedeka mango cultivar. The significantly lowest pH value was 3.6 for Sinara mango fruits. Awis mango fruits had the significantly highest TSS value (23.67 °brix) whereas Sinara fruits had the lowest TSS value (11.33 °brix). Rhe-ological properties of Sinara, Zibdia and Sedeka mango pulps are characterized by high values of consistency coeffecient 126.5–156.6 dyne s n /cm 2. Sesonsorially, the significantly sweetest fruits were Sinara, Alfones and Awis whereas the lowest one was Zibdia. There is no bitter taste with all tested mango cultivars either with taste or after taste criteria.

This research presents a classification based novel artificial intelligence approach of Mango Leaves recognition. The design and implementation of an artificial neural network system that extracts specific shape and morphological features from mango plant leaves of three kinds is presented in this research. Modules of significant mango leaf image features are identified using a novel feature selection technique. This technique reduces the dimensionality of the feature space leading to a simplified classification and identification scheme appropriate for real time classification systems for better results. In making the system complete, a full account is given of the necessary image processing methods that are applied to the binary images of mango plant leaves to ensure identification. These methods include the extraction of shapes from binary images.
The proposed method inherits size and orientation invariance with respect to the image datasets and it can operate successfully even with leaves samples that are deformed due to dropout or due a number of holes drilled in them. A considerably very high classification ratio of 96% to 98% was achieved, even for the identification of deformed leaves.

The aim of this study is to find alternative sources of pectin from three plant wastes mixtures, namely mango (Mangifera indica) fody variety, yellow variety of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) and creamy brown-striped variety of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea). A Mixture Experiments with Process Variables (MPV) design was applied. It is a combination of Scheffé's centroid mixture design and a full factorial design of the process variables (pH and Liquid/Solid ratio: LSR). The pH level was set at 1.5 and 2. The LSR level was fixed at 12.5ml/g and 15ml/g. Citric acid was used as acidifying agent. Pectin was extracted in a two-step sequential extraction at 80°C for 60 minutes. The plant sources, the mixing and the joint action of the pH and the LSR had significant effects on the production of highyielded pectins. All the mixes showed more important yields than individual plant sources at the couple of pH 1.5/LSR 15ml/g. At this condition, an optimum yield of 47.7% can be achieved with the mix composed by 69.7% of mango peel and 30.3% of Bambara groundnut shell. The MPV design is an innovative method permitting the identification of the synergetic or antagonistic effect of mixing and the selection of the suitable extraction conditions favorable to high-yielded extraction. Farther characterization, optimization and classification of these pectins will be needed in order to assess their commercial aptitude.

Ultra-high density plantation (UHDP) is a new and proven technology, commonly practiced for mango cultivation worldwide and combined with other sustainable agricultural techniques, has the potential to yield 200% more produce than that of the traditional method. The ultra-high density mango plantation is a technique which has utilized all the resources optimally and thus, increased the production per unit area as well as raises profit margin of mango farmers. Now-a-days, mango is cultivated through this technique by the farmers for their consumption as well as for export purpose which includes mango fruits of uniform shape, colour, flavour and freshness. In the conventional planting technique of mango cultivation, it is very difficult to maintain uniformity, but the adoption of new technology called “Ultra-High Density Mango or Meadow Orcharding” planting ensures export quality of mango fruits.

Ripening is the methodology of maturing fruit to become more palatable. The ripening procedure of mango contains different stages in which a mango develops. There is a specific example in which the way toward maturing of mango is satisfied. In this paper, we are developing a technique for identifying the different ripening stages of Climacteric fruit like mango by utilizing an Arduino framework which will predict the quality of mango and show the total ripening procedure as per the color changing stages with the help of MATLAB. The HSV color space is used to read the color changes of mango and the information about the ripening is send to the user via GSM module using Arduino.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is closely related to genera (Mangifera spp.) belong to the family Anacardiaceae that consists of dicotyledonous trees and shrubs. It is an economically and nutritionally important tropical/subtropical tree fruit crop, as it is well-known as "King of Fruits". Most of the current commercial cultivars are from the selections rather than the products of breeding programs. The opportunity for breeding improvement in the mango is significant and challenging. There is a lot more varietal wealth available but certain inherent constraints are involved like: long juvenility, high clonal heterozygosity, one seed per fruit, recalcitrant seeds, polyembryony, early post-zygotic auto-incompatibility and large area requirement for assessment of hybrids. Though, to improve the efficiency of mango breeding; molecular markers, polyembryonic, genetic engineering, mutation breeding, hybridisation, plant tissue culture, clonal selection, and so are playing a vital role to produce new variety of Mango which is dwarf, bear fruits regularly, has better fruit quality, better shipping quality and resistance to diseases and pests. Here, I have mentioned the perspective of breeding methods of Mango, which are at first priority to consider in breeding.

Background: Mangoes are a popular fruit enjoyed worldwide. The mango is known for its pleasing aroma in addition to its refreshing and soothing taste. Researchers around the globe have demonstrated the diverse beneficial effects of Mangifera indica Linn in human health and disease prevention. Additionally, we should acknowledge how Ayurvedic medicine uses different parts of the mango tree. This branch of medicine has used the leaves, twigs, bark, seeds, flowers, raw and ripe fruits of mango to treat diverse degenerative diseases for thousands of years.

Ethnobotany: The mango (Mangifera indica) originally came from India about 4,000 years ago. Since then, the mango has slowly spread across the world. The mango belongs to the family “Anacardiaceae” under the genus “Mangifera” and species “indica”. The mango is also referred to as “Asia’s King of Fruits” or a Royal fruit. The color of the mango fruit varies from green, yellowish green, yellow, yellowish red, orange red and red. The smell and taste of the mango fruit varies based on its state of maturity in addition to place of origin and climate. Different parts of a mango tree and mango fruit are rich in vitamins and antioxidants including vitamins B, C, E and beta-carotene, alkaloids, flavonoids, and polyphenolic compounds which include mangiferin, anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, micronutrients and essential minerals, structurally diverse carbohydrates, dietary fibers, fat, and protein.

Health Benefits: Previous and current research demonstrate that the mango fruit and leaf extract, which is enriched in mangiferin and contains structurally diverse chemical constituents, are beneficial. The mango fruit and leaf extract have been shown to boost vitality, vigor, and endurance, leading to extensive application in exercise physiology. Furthermore, these constitutes ameliorate diverse degenerative disease related to metabolic syndrome, bacterial infections, gastrointestinal, and immunomodulatory disorders.

Conclusions: Mango and mangiferin exhibit diverse health benefits including energy boosting, exercise performance, and human health.

Keywords: Mango (Mangifera indica); mangiferin; vitamins and anthocyanins; anti-inflammatory; endurance, energy homeostasis; exercise

This paper traces the foundations, growth and expansion, and future scope of the fast fashion brand, Mango. First launched in 1984, Mango today is the second-largest exporter in the Spanish textiles sector behind Inditex. With their Concept, Team and Logistics System the three pillars on which they have built this successful retail brand, their history and evolution is examined. The Mango store and the Franchise system are integral to the Barcelona based retailer, and their metamorphosis into the Megastore, with almost 50 percent own stores has been studied. Mango's global growth and expansion into various emerging and developed economies is examined while its entry into the US market is closely looked at. Mango " s various lines and collections, its two new brands H.E. and Violeta, and its alliances with various international designers is also touched upon. The " What should I wear? " ad campaign in the UK, its first major global branded content initiative, is a novel concept to target 30 something women, promoting Mango clothing as stylish work wear. How Mango survived the 2012 recession and managed to increase its turnover is examined and the Rana Plaza tragedy, considered the industry's worst ever, is also discussed.

This study was conducted with the main objective of identifying mango value chain actors and their respective functions, analyze distribution of the benefits among the actors and identify constraints and potential opportunities of mango production and marketing in the study area. About 138 smallholder mango producers were selected randomly from four kebele administrations proportionally. Both qualitative and quantitative types of data were used. Primary data was collected by using both close ended and open ended (semi-structured) questionnaire and personal interview, focus group discussion and key informant interview was used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Margin analysis method was used to analyze distribution of benefits among the value chain actors. The study has indicated that direct actors along mango value chain may include input supplier, producers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, processors and consumers and also indirect actors such as extension service providers, credit and saving service providers, marketing and cooperative office, and non-governmental organizations. Margin analysis for value chain actors indicated that about 89.43% of gross marketing margin in mango value chain goes to mango traders and producers earn about 10.57% of gross marketing margin. The major constraints of mango production and marketing during the survey period include lack of technology, limited supply of improved mango variety, low level of extension service provision, low level of knowledge and skill, lack of use of credit, lack of farmers' cooperative, perishability, low price of mango, lack of postharvest management and lack of market information. Therefore, policy initiatives aiming at increasing farmers' access to mango technologies, developing and improving market information, cooperative development, postharvest loss, innovation, improving extension system, price and credit are recommended to accelerate the development of mango value chain in the study area. INTRODUCTION Tropical and subtropical fruit can make a significant direct contribution to the subsistence of small-scale farmers by providing locally generate nutritious food that is often available when other agricultural crops have not yet been harvested. Fruits are a versatile product that, depending on need, can be consumed within the household or sold. Marketing fresh and processed fruit products generates income which can act as an economic buffer and seasonal safety net for poor farm households. Diversification into fruit

Mango (Mangifera indica L.), the King of the fruits, is the eighth most produced fruit over the world with a production of more than 43 million tons in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and many other tropical countries. It is an essential component of the diet in many developing countries as it supplies vitamins and minerals and the demand is increasing day by day. In Bangladesh, mango ranks the first position in annual production with an average yield of 82 kg per acre. This amount is not high when compared to other mango producing countries in the world due to different pest attacks and diseases. This review was carried out to investigate the different pre- and post-harvest treatment methods used in controlling anthracnose disease with their efficiencies. Anthracnose disease, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is one of the most important diseases of Mango in humid areas and also in Bangladesh. About 25 to 30% losses of total mango production have been reported due to anthracnose and stem-end rot which can spread with raindrops. Several pre-harvest and post-harvest management approaches have been used to control this anthracnose disease of mango fruits including
chemical treatments.

The fruit characteristics of some important local mango cultivars grown at Chapai Nawabganj district were
studied from 2008-2011 fruiting seasons. Seven locally cultivated important mango cultivars  (Alam shai,
Champa, Danadar, Hayati, Lugnee, Mirabhog  and  Shantu) were selected. Both qualitative and quantitative
characteristics were considered in order to study the variations among the cultivars. The described cultivars were
cross checked with the commercial varieties according to available literature but there were no resemblance
between these two categories. The studied characters indicated that there remained considerable variations
among those cultivars and these could be used for commercial basis as well as varietal development and needs to
take action for sustainable conservation.

The globalization has generated changes in world food consumption, demand for healthy foods as fresh fruits and vegetables have increased. The losses in the perishable fruit supply chains can reach up to 40%, the post-harvest loss in Co-lombia is mainly due to the inadequate planning and execution of the inventory processes. The problem is due to the high perishability of the fruit and its variability in terms of quality levels, which even under optimal conditions of storage tend to decrease. After reviewing publications in the field of inventory management of perishable goods, there is no research regarding fruit supply chain. Additionally, some models do not cover the entire supply chain, and they only focus in studying one or two actors involved in the chain. This article presents a management model of multi-level inventory for fruit mango chain includes functions decay and own losses of highly perishable fruit, a model nonlinear programming, formulated and evaluated in GAMS, which minimizes the total cost of inventory in the chain formed by a farmer, an agro-industrial company, a wholesaler, a hypermarket, a reseller and a retailer allowing calculate the order quantity and time of optimal replacement of fruit for each echelon.

This study is part of the valorisation of local mangoes and the endogenous perception of associated cultivation practices. This study was carried out between March and June 2020, in the Noun and Lékié Divisions, in eleven (11) villages with high potential for mango trees. The survey was carried out by administering questionnaires and by direct observations with 300 local mango producers. It appears that the majority of producers are married men (82.66%), over 50 (59.3%), primary (60%) for the Noun and secondary (59.3%) for the Lékié. The areas exploited are less than 1000 m2, located at the edge of their concessions. In both Divisions, the technical itinerary as recommended by the experts is not followed and the harvesting techniques practiced are inappropriate. They are done either by climbing, shaking the tree or using the hooks. The harvested fruits are poorly packaged and sold in the various containers. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes) and immature fruit drop are rampant in orchards. Eight local varieties have been identified. For a good production of local mangoes in Noun and Lékié it is important for producers to improve their capacity, to use grafted local varieties and to be trained in mango conservation techniques.