Mangiferin

Background: Mangoes are a popular fruit enjoyed worldwide. The mango is known for its pleasing aroma in addition to its refreshing and soothing taste. Researchers around the globe have demonstrated the diverse beneficial effects of Mangifera indica Linn in human health and disease prevention. Additionally, we should acknowledge how Ayurvedic medicine uses different parts of the mango tree. This branch of medicine has used the leaves, twigs, bark, seeds, flowers, raw and ripe fruits of mango to treat diverse degenerative diseases for thousands of years.

Ethnobotany: The mango (Mangifera indica) originally came from India about 4,000 years ago. Since then, the mango has slowly spread across the world. The mango belongs to the family “Anacardiaceae” under the genus “Mangifera” and species “indica”. The mango is also referred to as “Asia’s King of Fruits” or a Royal fruit. The color of the mango fruit varies from green, yellowish green, yellow, yellowish red, orange red and red. The smell and taste of the mango fruit varies based on its state of maturity in addition to place of origin and climate. Different parts of a mango tree and mango fruit are rich in vitamins and antioxidants including vitamins B, C, E and beta-carotene, alkaloids, flavonoids, and polyphenolic compounds which include mangiferin, anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, micronutrients and essential minerals, structurally diverse carbohydrates, dietary fibers, fat, and protein.

Health Benefits: Previous and current research demonstrate that the mango fruit and leaf extract, which is enriched in mangiferin and contains structurally diverse chemical constituents, are beneficial. The mango fruit and leaf extract have been shown to boost vitality, vigor, and endurance, leading to extensive application in exercise physiology. Furthermore, these constitutes ameliorate diverse degenerative disease related to metabolic syndrome, bacterial infections, gastrointestinal, and immunomodulatory disorders.

Conclusions: Mango and mangiferin exhibit diverse health benefits including energy boosting, exercise performance, and human health.

Keywords: Mango (Mangifera indica); mangiferin; vitamins and anthocyanins; anti-inflammatory; endurance, energy homeostasis; exercise

Abstract:

Context: Pharmacological properties of mangiferin have been reported, but few studies have investigated mangiferin toxicity.

Aims: To study the acute and 28-day toxicity effects of mangiferin in rodents.

Methods: Single doses of mangiferin were administered by oral or i.p. route or were applied dermally to Sprague-Dawley rats and Balb/C mice. Clinical symptoms of animals were observed during 14 days after treatment. Animals also received single oral doses daily for 28 consecutive days. Blood biochemistry, hematology and pathology findings were reported.

Results: In the acute study, no toxic effects were observed after dermal exposure to mangiferin 2000 mg/kg but transient dyspnea, flank position and piloerection were observed after oral administration to this xanthone. I.p. administration induced similar toxicity signs, but at the highest dose (2000 mg/kg) all mice, one female rat and one male rat died. Rats orally treated with mangiferin (250-1000 mg/kg) for 28 days did not show any abnormal clinical signs or hematology alterations, when compared to control group animals. Histopathological alterations like vacuolar degeneration, necrosis and increment of apoptosis of the acinar cells were observed in the exocrine pancreas of rats at 1000 mg/kg. This suggesting that exocrine pancreas was the target organ for mangiferin’s toxicity.

Conclusions: These studies indicated that acute and subchronic toxicities of mangiferin for oral exposure are low.

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Resumen:

Contexto: Las propiedades farmacológicas de la mangiferina han sido previamente reportadas pero su toxicidad ha sido poco estudiada.

Objetivos: Estudiar la toxicidad aguda y subcrónica tras 28-días de administración de mangiferina a roedores.

Métodos: Dosis únicas de mangiferina fueron administradas oralmente, por vía i.p. o se aplicaron dérmicamente a ratas Sprague Dawley y ratones Balb/C. Los síntomas clínicos de los animales fueron observaros durante 14 días después del tratamiento. Otros animales recibieron diariamente dosis únicas por vía oral durante 28 días consecutivos. Los datos de la bioquímica sanguínea, hematología y los hallazgos patológicos fueron también reportados.

Resultados: No se observaron efectos tóxicos en el estudio agudo después de la exposición dérmica a 2000 mg/kg de mangiferina. Se observó disnea transitoria, cambios en la postura normal del animal y piloerección después de la administración oral. La administración por vía i.p. indujo signos tóxicos similares, pero a la dosis más alta (2000 mg/kg) todos los ratones murieron, una rata hembra y otra macho. Las ratas tratadas oralmente con mangiferina (250-1000 mg/kg) durante 28 días no mostraron señales clínicas anormales o alteraciones de los valores hematológicos, en comparación con el grupo control. Otras alteraciones de tipo histopatológico fueron observadas en el páncreas exocrino de ratas tratadas con dosis de 1000 mg/kg, estas fueron: degeneración  vacuolar, necrosis y aumento de la apoptosis de las células acinares. Lo anterior sugirió que el páncreas exocrino es el órgano diana para la toxicidad de la mangiferina.

Conclusiones: Estos estudios indicaron que son bajas la toxicidad aguda y subcrónica de la mangiferina cuando es administrada por vía oral.

Context: Pharmacological properties and studies of methods of extraction of mangiferin have been reported, but there are not studies related to the solubility of mangiferin in the solvents used in the pharmaceutical industry.

Aims: Study the solubility of mangiferin in different solvents used in the pharmaceutical industry.

Methods: The mangiferin used had a purity of 97.3% determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC), and solubility measurements were made in ethanol, methanol, water, acetone, diethyl ether, and hexane at 5, 15, 30, 40, 50 and 600C of temperature. The mangiferin concentrations were determined by ultraviolet spectrometry at 254 nm. The experimental solubility data were correlated with the Van´t Hoff equation and the dissolution heat determined.

Results: The solubility of mangiferin in pure solvents decreases with increasing of temperature and in the following order: ethanol>methanol>water>diethyl ether>acetone>n hexane.

Conclusions: This results indicated that mangiferin is slightly soluble in ethanol, sparingly soluble in methanol and water and practically insoluble in diethyl ether, acetone, and n-hexane.

Mangiferin is an important xanthone compound presenting various biological activities. The objective of this study was to develop, characterize physicochemical properties, and evaluate the anti-topoisomerase activity of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles containing mangiferin. The nanoparticles were developed by the emulsion solvent evaporation method and the optimal formulation was obtained with a response surface methodology (RSM); this formulation showed a mean size of 176.7 ± 1.021 nm with a 0.153 polydispersibility index (PDI) value, and mangiferin encapsulation efficiency was about 55%. The optimal conditions (6000 rpm, 10 min, and 300 μg of mangiferin) obtained 77% and the highest entrapment efficiency (97%). The in vitro release profile demonstrated a gradual release of mangiferin from 15 to 180 min in acidic conditions (pH 1.5). The fingerprint showed a modification in the maximum absorption wavelength of both the polymer and the mangiferin. Results of anti-...

Context: Pharmacological properties of mangiferin have been reported, but few studies have investigated mangiferin toxicity. Aims: To study the acute and 28-day toxicity effects of mangiferin in rodents. Methods: Single doses of mangiferin were administered by oral or i.p. route or were applied dermally to Sprague-Dawley rats and Balb/C mice. Clinical symptoms of animals were observed during 14 days after treatment. Animals also received single oral doses daily for 28 consecutive days. Blood biochemistry, hematology and pathology findings were reported. Results: In the acute study, no toxic effects were observed after dermal exposure to mangiferin 2000 mg/kg but transient dyspnea, flank position and piloerection were observed after oral administration to this xanthone. I.p. administration induced similar toxicity signs, but at the highest dose (2000 mg/kg) all mice, one female rat and one male rat died. Rats orally treated with mangiferin (250-1000 mg/kg) for 28 days did not show any abnormal clinical signs or hematology alterations, when compared to control group animals. Histopathological alterations like vacuolar degeneration, necrosis and increment of apoptosis of the acinar cells were observed in the exocrine pancreas of rats at 1000 mg/kg. This suggesting that exocrine pancreas was the target organ for mangiferin's toxicity. Conclusions: These studies indicated that acute and subchronic toxicities of mangiferin for oral exposure are low.

Context: Several experimental results and clinical reports using Mangifera indica L extract (MSBE) suggest its potential utility in osteoarthritis (OA) mixed pain.

Aims: To examine the possible therapeutic effects and safety of supplementation on osteoarthritis (OA) pain.

Methods: Fifty patients with painful knee OA who had undergone a year of conventional treatment that included paracetamol and non-pharmacological therapies were randomly allocated to the experimental group (n = 21), which received a daily dose of 900 mg of extract supplementation or preceding usual treatment and placebo in the same form (n = 17) for a period of 120 days. The primary measure outcome was the change in the average daily pain diary score (ADPS) using the Likert scale. Also, a multidimensional measure of pain, stiffness and functional disability on The Western Ontario and Mc Master Universities (WOMAC) index for knee OA and ultrasonographic chronic signs of synovitis such as effusion and synovial thickness were evaluated.

Results: Change from baseline in ADPS of the MSBE supplemented group showed a significant reduction after two weeks that lasted for 120 days with respect to the placebo group. Significant improvements in pain and functional disability WOMAC sub-scores, number of joints with synovial thickness and effusion after MSBE supplementation vs. placebo were observed. Non-adverse effects were reported in the experimental group.

Conclusions: These results suggest that MSBE supplementation has a beneficial effect on OA pain and disability.

... parte, se analizó el efecto del extracto de M. indica y la mangiferina purificada sobre el ... Martínez G, Rodríguez HMA, Giuliani A, Núñez Selles AJ, Pons Rodríguez N, Fernández OS, Re ... Cancino-Badias L, Leyva-González A, Garrido-Garrido G, Cossio-Ayala M, Prieto-González E ...

Natural products have long been and continue to be attractive source of nutritional and pharmacological therapeutics. Interest in natural compounds as potential therapies for metabolic syndrome have recently focused on hydroxylated aromatics, such as resveratrol. Another compound of interest in this regard is mangiferin, the predominant constituent of extracts of the mango plant Mangifera indica. Mangiferin has documented antioxidant, cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently, pilot studies indicate bioactivity of this compound in mediating insulin sensitivity and modulating lipid metabolism. In this review we provide information on what we know about the impact of mangiferin on important biological processes involved in metabolic disorders.

Abstract:

Context: The aqueous extract of Mangifera indica L. stem bark (MSBE) shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.
Aims: To test the MSBE in chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats, a classical model of neuropathic pain.
Methods: Given the possibility that some clinical effect of MSBE can appear only after its chronic administration, we designed a long term medication protocol with 500 mg/kg, p.o. or distilled water daily during 8 days from 9 days post-CCI. Pregabalin (10 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug. Sham CCI animals received vehicle. Behavioral tests were carried out before CCI, at 9 and 16 days after injury. A section of sciatic nerve, 5 mm distal to the ligature site was dissected for histopathological studies. A single oral similar dose or vehicle was administered to mononeuropathic rats, 14 days after surgery. Mechano-hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia of the ipsilateral paw were determined using a modification of pin prick method and the unilateral hot plate, respectively before CCI, 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min post-administration.
Results: Repeated oral MSBE doses reduced nociceptive score, increased paw withdrawal latency and attenuated CCI-induced Wallerian degeneration-related changes involved in the hyperalgesic state of CCI rats. Likewise, MSBE shows significant mechanical and thermal anti-hyperalgesic effect from 1h after its single administration.
Conclusions: The study of MSBE should be focused in neuropathic pain models since this natural product could have a clinical relevance in the treatment of neuropathic pain syndromes.
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Resumen:

Contexto: El extracto acuoso de la corteza del árbol del mango Mangifera indica L (ECAM) muestra propiedades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatorias y analgésicas.
Objetivos: Evaluar el ECAM en el modelo de daño por constricción crónica del nervio ciático (CCI) en ratas, un modelo clásico de dolor neuropático.
Métodos: Dada la posibilidad de que algunos efectos clínicos del ECAM puedan aparecer tras su administración crónica, se diseñó un protocolo de suministro a largo plazo con dosis orales de ECAM 500 mg/kg, p.o. o agua destilada durante 8 días desde el día 9 post-CCI. Se utilizó la pregabalina (10 mg/kg, p.o.) como fármaco de referencia. Los animales falsos operados recibieron vehículo. Las pruebas conductuales fueron conducidas antes del CCI, a los 9 y 16 días post-CCI. Una sección del nervio ciático 5 mm distal a la ligadura fue disecada para los estudios histopatológicos. Se estableció un protocolo de administración única a la misma dosis o vehículo 14 días tras la cirugía. Se evaluó la hiperalgesia mecánica y térmica de la pata ipsilateral utilizando una modificación del método de pin prick y el plato caliente unilateral, respectivamente antes del CCI, 0, 30, 60, 120 y 180 min post-administración.
Resultados: ECAM suministrado a dosis repetidas redujo las escalas nociceptivas, incrementó la latencia de retirada de la pata y atenuó la degeneración Walleriana implicada en la hiperalgesia de las ratas CCI. Igualmente mostró efecto anti-hiperalgésico desde la primera hora tras su administración.
Conclusiones: El estudio del ECAM debería ser enfocado hacia los modelos de dolor neuropático ya que el producto podría tener relevancia clínica en el tratamiento de estos síndromes.

Phenolic compounds are involved in plant response to environmental conditions and are highly present in leaves of Coffea arabica L., originally an understory shrub. To increase knowledge of C. arabica leaf phenolic compounds and their patterns in adaptation to light intensity, mature leaves of Ethiopian wild accessions, American pure lines and their relative F1 hybrids were sampled in full sun or under 50% shade field plots in Mexico and at two contrasting elevations in Nicaragua and Colombia. Twenty-one phenolic compounds were identified by LC-DAD-MS2 and sixteen were quantified by HPLC-DAD. Four of them appeared to be involved in C. arabica response to light intensity. They were consistently more accumulated in full sun, presenting a stable ratio of leaf content in the sun vs. shade for all the studied genotypes: 1.6 for 5-CQA, F-dihex and mangiferin and 2.8 for rutin. Moreover, 5-CQA and mangiferin contents, in full sun and shade, allowed for differentiating the two genetic group...

Context: Several experimental results and clinical reports using Mangifera indica L extract (MSBE) suggest its potential utility in osteoarthritis (OA) mixed pain.

Aims: To examine the possible therapeutic effects and safety of supplementation on osteoarthritis (OA) pain.

Methods: Fifty patients with painful knee OA who had undergone a year of conventional treatment that included paracetamol and non-pharmacological therapies were randomly allocated to the experimental group (n = 21), which received a daily dose of 900 mg of extract supplementation or preceding usual treatment and placebo in the same form (n = 17) for a period of 120 days. The primary measure outcome was the change in the average daily pain diary score (ADPS) using the Likert scale. Also, a multidimensional measure of pain, stiffness and functional disability on The Western Ontario and Mc Master Universities (WOMAC) index for knee OA and ultrasonographic chronic signs of synovitis such as effusion and synovial thickness were evaluated.

Results: Change from baseline in ADPS of the MSBE supplemented group showed a significant reduction after two weeks that lasted for 120 days with respect to the placebo group. Significant improvements in pain and functional disability WOMAC sub-scores, number of joints with synovial thickness and effusion after MSBE supplementation vs. placebo were observed. Non-adverse effects were reported in the experimental group.

Conclusions: These results suggest that MSBE supplementation has a beneficial effect on OA pain and disability.

Vimang is the brand name of formulations containing an extract of Mangifera indica L., ethnopharmacologically used in Cuba for the treatment of some immunopathological disorders, including bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and other allergic diseases. However, the effects of Vimang on allergic response have not been reported until now. In this study, the effects of Vimang and mangiferin, a C-glucosylxanthone isolated from the extract, on different parameters of allergic response are reported. Vimang and mangiferin showed a significant dose-dependent inhibition of IgE production in mice and anaphylaxis reaction in rats, histamine-induced vascular permeability and the histamine release induced by compound 48/80 from rat mast cells, and of lymphocyte proliferative response as evidence of the reduction of the amount of B and T lymphocytes able to contribute to allergic response. In these experiments, ketotifen, promethazine and disodium cromoglicate were used as reference drugs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Vimang had an effect on an in-vivo model of inflammatory allergy mediated by mast cells. These results constitute the first report of the anti-allergic properties of Vimang on allergic models, as well as suggesting that this natural extract could be successfully used in the treatment of allergic disorders. Mangiferin, the major compound of Vimang, contributes to the anti-allergic effects of the extract.