Historical maps

Protagonisti di una secolare stagione di migrazioni dalla Scandinavia verso numerose aree del continente europeo, i Normanni furono responsabili di profonde trasformazioni sociali e politiche. Ricostruire la storia dei loro spostamenti è del resto un lavoro già avviato, ma si è riflettuto assai poco sugli effetti geoculturali che essi ebbero con gli spazi insediati. A tal proposito è quindi necessario rifarsi a concetti a volte del tutto estranei al mestiere dello storico e spesso relegati al solo ambito geografico: accanto alle fonti più tradizionali, il paesaggio può certamente rappresentare un’ottima base di partenza per comprendere le dinamiche intercorrenti tra il milieu naturale e le comunità che trovano il proprio posto in un determinato spazio. Così, un’indagine delle modalità di risemantizzazione di una determinata rete di relazioni umane, condotta attraverso la geolocalizzazione degli insediamenti e l’esame della loro interazione nel contesto locale, riesce a dare numerose informazioni per lo studio del territorio. Il Catalogus baronum, concepito proprio come progetto di territorializzazione, mostra in tal senso l’interesse da parte dei Normanni per l’insediamento capillare di tutto il Mezzogiorno continentale, con una particolare attenzione verso le aree frontaliere dell’Abruzzo, tra le più militarizzate del neonato Regnum Siciliae.
Seguendo così un’impostazione basata prevalentemente sull’analisi geosemiotica degli insediamenti e comparando i dati provenienti dalle fonti scritte con quelli materiali disseminati nello spazio si scopre come dall’agire territoriale sia possibile ricavare un’istantanea del momento storico in cui una data comunità si è organizzata e relazionata con le altre. Nel caso specifico dell’Abruzzo del XII secolo è dunque possibile far luce sulla costruzione materiale di una precisa simbologia territoriale, quel “feudalesimo d’importazione” di cui parlava Marc Bloch a proposito delle migrazioni normanne.

SANTRAUKA
        Iš užkariautų kraštų įkūrusi imperiją carų valdžia jos administraciniam padalijimui skyrė nuolatinį dėmesį. Prie Rusijos mokslų akademijos 1739 m. įsteigtas Geografijos departamentas, kuris vadovavo visiems geodeziniams ir kartografiniams darbams, reikalingiems administraciniam padalijimui atlikti, žemėtvarkai bei kitiems valdymo reikalams. Vėliau jis buvo pertvarkytas į kitokias organizacijas. Administracinės sritys yra pažymėtos rusų topografų ir kartografų sudarytuose žemėlapiuose ir savaip atspindi Rusijos politiką užkariautų kraštų atžvilgiu. Pavartykime dokumentus bei žemėlapius ir pamatysime, kokiais būdais carai ir TSKP generaliniai sekretoriai vykdė Lietuvos nutautinimą, į kokius administracinius vienetus skirstė Lietuvą ir kur žymėjo jos rytinę ribą.

SUMMARY
        The administrative division and changes of boundaries of Lithuania on the Russian maps of the 19th and 20th centuries are analyzed. The administrative division and its changes reflect the official politics of Russia against the neighbouring conquered countries. Analysis of old maps and related documents shows the methods and scale of Lithuania’s denationalization, executed by the Russian tsars and secretaries-general of the Communist party.

РЕЗЮМЕ
      Анализируются административное деление и изменения границ Литвы на картах России XIX и XX веков. Административное деление и его изменения свидетельствуют об официальной политике России по отношению к соседним оккупированным странам. Анализ старых карт и связанных с ними документов дает представление о методах и масштабах денационализации Литвы, которую проводили цари России, а позже – генеральные секретари коммунистической партии СССР.

The exhibition accompanied by a book of the same title (as a bilingual Italian-English edition) is designated to explore how humans build the image of the world as we know it today. By displaying forty world maps as high-definition reproductions, starting with the 11th-century mappae mundi, through the depiction of the world in the age of early encounters and exploration, all the way to contemporary artistic world maps on rugs and high-tech digital maps of Google Web, it invites us to draw our attention to the role of maps in various historical and social contexts.

This study is devoted to the history of Ingria (Ingermanland) and St
Petersburg at the beginning of the Great Northern War (1700–1721). Fundamental problems in the historiography of early St Petersburg are examined in essays based primarily on archival documents – some introduced into academic discussion for the first time. The essays are arranged in three thematic sections.
The first section addresses the history of the Russian state’s conquest
of the territory of Ingria, and the organisation of its defence, at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Official propaganda of the Petrine era declared that the aim of the war was to regain the land ‘of our fathers and grandfathers’, lost in the previous century. However, the Russian military authorities in Ingria had not only to resolve military questions, but also to surmount the hostility of local inhabitants who considered themselves subjects of the Swedish king and supported the Finnish army. This section also addresses problems connected with the organisation of the construction of St Petersburg on the delta of the river Neva, and of the Kronshlot fort in the Gulf of Finland The second section brings together essays connected with the daily life and living conditions of residents in the developing Russian capital. These examine, amongst other things, the specific development of diverse islands in the Neva delta; the organisation of the 1708 visit by the imperial family and court to the new city; the first fires in St Petersburg history and the efforts of the governing authorities to prevent them; the literacy training of future naval officers.
Essays dedicated to research on Russian and foreign cartographic sources for the history of St Petersburg and its environs are collected in the third section. Particular attention is given to Swedish plans and maps from 1704–1708. They are closely connected with military activities on Ingermanland territory, therefore their authors – Swedish officers – paid especial attention to depicting Russian military fortifications rather than civilian buildings. However, in 1722 the former Swedish officer Carl Fredrik Coyet created a most detailed plan of the Petrine-era Russian capital, in which is depicted not only the central part of the city, but also its suburbs, including settlements and industrial enterprises. In this section there are also essays highlighting the problems of the absence of a unified plan for the construction of the capital and the Tsar’s intention to create an orderly town on Vasilevsky Island alone. One of these essays addresses the question of the reliability of plans reconstructing the Petrine St Petersburg which were published in the nineteenth and early twentieth century.

Field Sketches, Indication Sketches and Cadastral Maps. The detailed, land parcel survey of Hungary began in 1856. Three kinds of maps at a scale of 1:2880 were produced: field sketches, indication sketches and cadastral maps. Field sketches were free-hand drawings of the area, drawn up in the field using the ’a la vue’ method, they included the name and the place of residence of the land owners. Original cadastral maps were produced with the plane-table method, with triangulation, and contained among others the lot numbers. Indication sketches were copied from the original cadastral maps, and showed the name and the place of residence of the land owners, in addition to the lot numbers.

Un articulo histórico. El geógrafo belga Paul Gallez -naturalizado argentino y castellanizando su nombre como Pablo J. Gallez- publica en la Revista "Karukinka", su primera contribución en el área de la Protocartografia. En este artículo pionero ya despunta el agudo análisis  histórico-cartográfico y toponímico que lo acompañará en su viaje a traves esa  verdadera "terra incógnita": La historia y protohistoria de la cartografia precolombina de Sudamérica. Se une así a Enrique de Gandía y Dick Edgar Ibarra Grasso conformando la naciente Escuela Argentina de Protocartografía.  Estos estudios serán la materia prima de su obra mayor "La Cola del Dragón. America del Sur en mapas antiguos medievales y renacentistas." Ed. alemana 1980/Ed. argentina 1990.

*El presente artículo fue extraído de una edición original por cortesia  de Marcelo Horacio Dupleich (Biblioteca MHD. Libros patagonicos y fueguinos")

The physical community of Cork Hill in Montserrat, West Indies, was abandoned in 1996 as a result of volcanic activity; some 20 years later there commenced a small gradual attempt to reclaim parts from the ravages of the volcanic ash, weather and overgrowth. This paper outlines the early history of the area to about 1900, derived from the official records at the Montserrat National Trust and other archives; in particular the acquisition of contiguous small plots of land after the abolition of slavery and the resulting development of village communities.

Revised and updated. Some thoughts about the author and date of a hand-drawn 19th century map of Montserrat (West Indies) in the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. In an exhibition of maps at the JCB Library in 2010 it bore the label  " The purpose of a map  is not always clear. Is the map shown here educational? Is it trying to provide general information about the lay of the land to an interested outsider? The title of the map [This plan of the island of Montserrat … is not to be relied upon ] carries such a disclaimer that it is difficult to determine why it was made. "

Epeli Hau‘ofa’s essay on a ‘sea of islands’ was intended to offer a bottom-up, corrective, and holistic view of Oceania. Instead of colonial images of the Pacific as a vast ocean with tiny isolated islands in it, he included the sea as part of what can constitute a home and reimagined Oceania as historically inflected ‘networks . . . integrated by trading and cultural exchange systems’ (Hau‘ofa, 1993, 7–9). From a perspective on the sea, a large landmass can be a haven, danger, or obstruction. Smaller islands might not only block travel, but they can also offer the interactive space of a shore combined with a more accessible interior. Islands may also reticulate in a variety of forms, sometimes presenting series of lands that offer waystations for sea travel. Seas additionally narrow and transition to rivers that can lead far inland. Although an idealistic strain in Hau’ofa’s and others’ visions of Pacific and other maritime networks has been criticized, the point remains that while some oceanic expanses can present a barrier, they tend instead to facilitate travel.

Abstract
The initial idea of this book is about ten years ago, when a group of scientists conducting research at the Foundation for Iranian Studies and the preparation of the book "describes the Persian Gulf in Historical Maps" was. The work of collecting and studying historical maps of the time began. Geography and Cartography Project in collaboration with the late professor, Professor Mohammad Hassan Ganji, a year before the completion of this book at the age of one hundred and one died and the father of modern geography Iran won a big share in further research I historical map played. Or rather working student I mentor until his death continued joint scientific work of several books and articles lowest achievement I learned a lot that I learned from him.
For some time now that historical maps in various fields of science and useful applications. In historical geography, history, political science, linguistics and even. . . . Use the maps, especially in the geographical areas in a given area or possibly conflict with more countries. Because in this geographical illustrated documents with important information such as territorial boundaries, political boundaries, natural conditions, geographical names, cities and villages and Qrargrftgy. . . Compared with other documents and resources are best expressed. Thus, the preparation and printing of books Atlantic geographical maps have become popular. Ruben Galychyan two notable work on historical maps of Armenia, as well as two excellent books on Iran, including recent works are Cyrus Alai. But the tasks that are available with maps of all the non-Persian languages such as English Azerbaijani, Russian, Turkish, Armenian and Arabic are. So vacancies Book atlas with the subject matter of historical maps of Azerbaijan to Persian to separate fans was annoying. Perhaps because it is open to some domestic sensitivities and concerns that apathy has led researchers to work on historical maps of Azerbaijan, but I personally think no luck Iranian Persian or Azeri scholars to lack of knowledge and access They relate to historical maps. Nonetheless, I hope that the first geographical atlas of historical maps of Azerbaijan, which is now before you could be useful in studies of Azerbaijan-fall. Although usually the first step in any research gaps and slippage may be facing in the future work that deserves to be correct and complete.
The main purpose of the book is focused on the study of cities and villages of Azerbaijan. This means that all the concepts included in the map of Azerbaijan is presented as a map. Obviously, due to the presentation of courses and maps in a variety of languages in books dealing with different names and sometimes obsolete. As a result, one of the basic functions of research, study, change and evolution over time based on the geographical location and name concepts maps.
Is the oldest maps of the first century AD to the mid-twentieth century's most recent maps of the book belongs. The geographical position of Azerbaijan and its relevance over a long time period is two thousand years. A total of 190 geographical map through hordes gathered and classified maps have been chosen. Credit mapping, scientific information presented in maps, not damaged, and observe the duration of the key factors in the selection of the 190 maps.
Determine the extent of the territory of Azerbaijan are inevitable outcome of other important books. Maps often have clear historical Azerbaijani territory: since that historic and vast material was a part of the state, as long as the current political boundaries are formed. This major historical event maps have clearly documented period of two millennia without any ambiguity, the historical Azerbaijan within the current provinces of East Azerbaijan and Ardabil Iran is that of identity and meaning. However, due to various developments which have long seen its borders change as well. In this regard, it is possible that some parts of Azerbaijan, Gilan, East, or South East Zanjan, mountains and cities of Kurdistan in the north, even in the South West part of the country or parts of Anatolia in the West and Armenia in the north in its place or is lost, but there is always the ancient cities such as Tabriz and Ardebil, Maragheh, Marand and Salmas and temperament. . . Within three provinces in northwestern Iran said that Azerbaijan is a land called identity and historical existence.
The first chapter of the book on how to draw Cartography of Azerbaijan in different styles and schools of the world. The need for short explanation of the history of cartography and then, how to draw maps of the school Azerbaijan lost.
The second part of the main body of the book, and all the maps are presented in chapter seven.
The second part of the first season of "Azerbaijan in the period map of Islam". Devotes a separate chapter on cartographic maps Islamic period as a result of a detailed investigation of the author's earlier book titled "Iran and the areas described in some Islamic era map" by the "Iranian base" was published in 1390. The different nature of these plans excuse to separate them from other map books. In addition to the unique data of the map, from the point of view as well as long distance just a few centuries between ancient Greece and Rome and modern cartography cartography Europe have filled and continue ordering maps based on historical sequences depicted in the book have very great.
Chapter II of the study "Map of Azerbaijan" dedicated. In these maps, the territory of Iran and Azerbaijan as the state of Iran has shown States and many other maps of historical maps of Azerbaijan more. Range of Azerbaijan in the maps before the current division in three northern provinces of Iran's West Azerbaijan faced with are.
The third season of "Azerbaijan in the Caucasus and the Ottoman map" is. Geographical continuity, history and culture between Azerbaijan and the South Caucasus and Eastern Anatolia is an undeniable fact. So it was necessary to take a closer look to the historical ties that are the common heritage of the region is in the form of maps of the Caucasus and Ottoman studies show.
Chapter Four independently to "historical maps of Azerbaijan" dedicated. The main purpose of the maps that show the geographic boundaries of Azerbaijan. Naturally these maps have been providing more details and a clearer focus on cities, roads and borders.
The fifth chapter, "Historical Maps in Azerbaijan" in its place that looks can include new information and less interest in the field of historical geography and urban studies, urban geography is Pyshnە.
The sixth season of presenting "historical images of Azerbaijan" in a book complements the map. The picture painted that for the past four centuries by European travelers of urban landscapes, nature, construction and the like are drawn from Azerbaijan.
Chapter Seven "of historical maps of the border" Azerbaijan has presented and reviewed. Since the border in their new concept is relatively new so contemporary maps of the season. Plans between 1840 to
1963, which is specialized for Azerbaijan border line drawn.
More maps of the book centers authentic archival documentation such as Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and some European documentation center is the author's written permission to print them and qualified to the cooperation of all of special thanks to a. Also for matching names and old locations on maps with current realities of local researchers thanks to their help that is necessary. A number of professors and Azerbaijani experts were also valuable tips without the possibility of taking the book was not possible in the current situation.

Pomůcka, je zamýšlena jako první průvodce praxí používání běžně dostupných historických mapových děl. Je koncipována s ohledem na potřeby studentů architektury, kteří chtějí lépe pochopit historické proměny prostředí, jímž se ve svých projektech i seminárních pracích zabývají.
S ohledem na dostupnost těchto vzácných historických pramenů je zaměřena právě na ta mapová díla, která jsou jednoduše přístupná na webu a zároveň pokrývají celé území našeho státu.
Shromážděné informace a doporučení Vám usnadní užívání tohoto informačně bohatého zdroje, který uchovává informace o minulých podobách krajiny volné i zastavěné.
Mapy jsou schematizovaným obrazem skutečnosti. Pro porozumění tomu, co zachycují a jakým způsobem vypovídají o minulých skutečnostech, je třeba pochopit účel, pro nějž byla mapování pořízena i technická východiska a i organizační podmínky jejich provedení. K historickým mapovým dílům u nás existuje velmi bohatá odborná literatura. Tato pomůcka z ní podává jen nejzákladnější orientační výtah. Na tomto základě se pokusíme poněkud šířeji rozvést problematiku porozumění těm složkám informačního obsahu historických mapových děl, které mohou být zvláště významné pro návrh zásahů do sídel i volné krajiny.

INTRODUCTION
Drawings and images of Islam’s holiest places, the Kaaba and the
city of Mecca, alongside Medina with the Mosque of Prophet, have
been very popular over the centuries. These images have been
used for various purposes and had also been executed for these
purposes (drawn, sketched, coloured, incised, stencilled, cut, knitted,
printed or even built) on or using a variety of materials, such
as stone, ceramics, paper, textiles, wood, marble/tiles (in the form
of frescoes), etc. This book is a publication for the first time of nine
key objects, and contains unique information about the history
and topography of the holy cities of Islam. All of these key objects
are monuments of the arts, and will, for the first time, be analysed
and studied and compared to one another so that the information
they have will be disclosed to the reader.

Maps relate to a part of the Earth’s surface,
they are representations of space in two
dimensions. One way to study maps is to
look at them as cultural historical sources to
our past. Historical maps tell us how the
North, the North Atlantic and the Faroe
Islands have been represented throughout
western history.
At the beginning of the 16th century, the
Northern countries were an unknown
region. The information about the North
was based on the descriptions written in
Antiquity and in medieval times. The cartographic
representation of the North was,
however, quite faulty and far from reality.
The North was imagined both as a place of
darkness, death and the seat of evil from
European antiquity to the time of the nineteenth
century, but also as a place of felicity
with virtuous happy people. Pytheas of
Massilia (350-285 BC) wrote about the
people of the North and the people of
Ultima Thule as the ‘Hyppoder’ (or, as they
are called in other texts, the Hyperboreans).
A standard reference in most maps is Ptolemy’s
Geography (Ptolemy or Claudius Ptolemaeus
c. 100c.-170 BC). It is the only book
on cartography to have survived from the
classical period. Written in the second century
AD. For more than fifteen centuries, it
was the most detailed reference on how to
draw maps.

A finales del siglo VIII, Beato de Liébana compuso el Comentario al Apocalipsis en el monasterio de San Martín de Turieno. Aunque no nos ha llegado en su estado original, esta obra es bien conocida gracias a las numerosas copias que se hicieron en los siglos posteriores y que la han encumbrado como una creación magna del arte medieval. Los Beatos –como se conoce el corpus– son especialmente aclamados por sus expresivas ilustraciones. Entre ellas destaca el maravilloso mappamundi que muestra la evangelización de los apóstoles alrededor del mundo. Esta imagen, presente ya en el manuscrito arquetipo, experimentó una interesante evolución a medida que el Comentario al Apocalipsis se fue copiando y editando entre los siglos X y XIII. Se conservan hoy catorce mappaemundi, a los que se pueden sumar otras obras cartográficas derivadas o emparentadas con ellos. Todos estos mapas constituyen el objeto de examen del presente libro, que estudia su evolución atendiendo tanto al contexto manuscrito en el que se inscriben, como al contexto cartográfico europeo, para plantear en última instancia la reconstrucción del mapa original del siglo VIII. Finalmente, la autora nos acerca a los detalles que componen estas imágenes para dar a conocer cómo se concebía el mundo en la Edad Media, y qué parámetros científicos, históricos, simbólicos y religiosos fueron empleados en su representación.

The article focuses on the fear of unknown and its representation on medieval and renaissance maps (e.g. The Hereford Mappa Mundi [c. 1300], the map of Iceland f rom Theatrum Orbis Terrarum [1590] or The Map of New-England [1677]). By analysing the given examples, it is shown that maps should be read as texts of culture which function as a record of how unknown and indescribable space was perceived in the past. Apparently, foreign and distant lands were perceived as dangerous places inhab- ited by hostile tribes and guarded by sea monsters.

[ITA] La posizione dell’isola di Ponza, strategica per il controllo delle rotte marittime da e per il porto di Napoli, ha fatto sì che l’interesse Reale si spingesse oltre il semplice controllo del territorio con un presidio militare, ma che si realizzasse con la promozione di numerose indagini e di diversi tentativi di popolamento. Nel corso dei secoli è stata prodotta una copiosa cartografia che, di fatto, rappresenta una serie di istantanee dello stato dell’isola relative ai diversi momenti di interesse. Attraverso la lettura diacronica della produzione cartografica, che tra il XVI e il XIX secolo ha avuto come oggetto Ponza, è possibile compiere un’analisi di lungo periodo sugli usi del suolo che hanno interessato quest’isola, al termine della quale è possibile affermare che si può riscontrare una maturazione e un consolidamento di questo processo a seguito allo stanziamento della popolazione voluto dai Borbone tra il 1734 e il 1779, evento che ha caratterizzato intensamente il tessuto urbano e sociale.

[ENG] The localization of the Island of Ponza, strategic to control maritime routes to and from the port of Naples, has meant that the Royal interest on it was alway over the simple military control of the territory and a lot of surveys and popultation processes were promotend along the Modern era. During several centuries a great cartographic production was made: this rapresents the Island condition over the years. Through the analisys of this production, especially that of XVI-XIX centuries, it’s possible to have a long-period view on soil usage on Ponza. In the end, it’s possible affirm that after Borbonic population policies (1734-1779) the usage of soil became intensive and efficient as the environment was changed by new urban settlements.

“Collection of rare books”, which is the second edition of the service, includes information on names of books / sources (atlases or maps), time of publication / creation, as well as pictures of general views of books, information about the author, place of publication and some quantitative data. The collection of maps consists of two parts – historical maps and scientifc (academic or educational) maps. Historical maps include maps made in the Middle Ages to the mid-nineteenth century, i.e. prior to the drawing up of topographic maps based on geodetic measurements, and reflecting the geographic and ethnographic knowledge, as well as the political boundaries of the time. They
were composed mainly by travelers and geographers, and published after cartographic processing. Scientifc (academic) maps drawn in the 19th -early 20th centuries by scholars and researchers for
study the history of ancient and medieval states and peoples. This data is appended a list of books containing historical or scientifc (academic) maps.

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Banat’s historical geography was not yet written. Each new source made available is a true treasure. In this situation are the ten district maps done for the region between 1718–'25. In this study I try to analyze the map done in 1720 for the district of Timișoara and to pinpoint the new information made available. The map helps us to detect an urban-demographic catastrophe in the area immediately after the Habsburg conquest (1716). Also, the district maps will correct the historiographical information on the Karolinische Ansiedlung (1717–'40).

Borders are traces, that is to say, they are a form of writing – and thus they are also texts to be read. We often think of that which is on the other side of the border as something unknown, and the border itself also in some sense unknowable, inviting interpretation. I will here be examining some literary and cinematic narratives in which national borders are crossed for elements of an epistemology of the border. Such narratives often transform crossings into readings, suggesting that these crossings are allegories of the reading of the narrative itself – the reader crossing over into the text. If border crossings are movements of bodies in space, what do these narratives tell us of the relationship between the reader’s body and the space of the text? What can these narratives tell us about the figurality of community and identity? Can national affiliation be seen as an act of reading borders? I suggest that narratives of border crossing, like border crossings themselves, are structured around a double vector, sometimes transformed into a swirling confusion of directions, constituting the border zone and its associated identities.

Towards the end of the eighth century, Beatus of Liébana composed the Commentary on the Apocalypse in the monastery of San Martín de Turieno. Although it has not come down to us in its original state, this work is well known thanks to the numerous copies of it that were made in succeeding centuries, and which have led to its status as one of the great creations of mediaeval art. The Beatus manuscripts are especially acclaimed on account of their expressive illustrations. Among them stands out the marvellous mappa mundi that displays the evangelization of the world by the apostles. This image, already present in the archetype manuscript, experienced an interesting evolution as the Commentary on the Apocalypse was copied and edited between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. Today fourteen of these mappae mundi are conserved, to which we may add other works of cartography derived from or related to them. All of these maps constitute the object of the scrutiny of this book, which studies their evolution attending not only to the manuscript context in which they appear, but also to the European cartographic context, so as to arrive duly at a reconstruction of the original eighth century Beatus map. Finally, the author focuses on the details that make up these images to help us to know how the world was conceived in the Middle Ages, and what scientific, historical, symbolic and religious parameters were used in its representation.

Features Itinerario, first published in 1596 by Dutchman Jan Huygen van Linschoten. The publication is valued for revealing directions into the trade routes of the East, besides its beautiful engravings and  early modern maps which provide insights into the cultures and commodities of the region.

Une bonne partie du territoire des Hauts de France a été conquise par Louis XIV sur les Pays-Bas espagnols. Les premières cartes de ces régions datent de l’âge d’or de la cartographie flamande. Après un rappel de cet épisode, l’article présente les progrès réalisés pendant et après les conquêtes françaises par les ingénieurs militaires cartographes, ainsi que par un ingénieur des Ponts & Chaussées. Ces travaux ont constitué un riche patrimoine de cartes très détaillées (échelles supérieures à 1 :30 000) qui offre aux historiens une image précise des paysages du Hainaut français au début du XVIIIe siècle. L’article fournit des informations pratiques sur quelques dizaines de ces cartes manuscrites conservées dans différentes institutions.
Mots-clés : Hainaut, cartes manuscrites détaillées, XVIIIe siècle, ingénieurs militaires, ingénieur des Ponts & Chaussées, Naudin, Masse, Havez.

Abstract
A large portion of the “Hauts de France” (Northern France) region was conquered by Louis XIV over the Spanish Netherlands. The first maps of these regions date from the golden age of Flemish cartography. After a reminder of this episode, the article presents the progress made during and after the French conquests by the military engineers-cartographers, as well as by an engineer of the Ponts & Chaussées. These works constituted a rich heritage of very detailed maps (scales greater than 1: 30 000) which offers historians an accurate picture of the landscapes of French Hainaut at the beginning of the 18th century. The article provides practical information on a few dozen of these manuscript maps held in different institutions.
Keywords: Hainaut, detailed handwritten maps, eighteenth century, military engineers, civil engineer, Naudin, Masse, Havez.

The study of maps allows us to utilize information and technology to contribute to the betterment of society. New interactive forms of mapping are changing the way we understand natural and built spaces, and opening up new possibilities of development. At the same time, a deep understanding of the historical role of mapping is important to resisting and recovering from imperial domination. In order to subvert one form of knowledge production, one must understand the motives and methods of oppression. Maps reveal not only the geographic landscape, but also the landscapes of power and global politics. Just as they were essential to conquest, they are essential to liberation.

There are several aspects of rune stones that can be discussed and analysed. With the help of
digital tools, it is possible to look at social dimensions of archaeological objects in ways that
were previously difficult to explore. In this thesis, the aim is to analyse rune stones from a
spatial perspective by looking at their possible role in the landscape, what type of context they
are found in and what they manifested by using both traditional and new methods/tools. The
main focus is placed on the central region of Västergötland, a region that has not received
much attention concerning findings and sites from the Viking Age. This is the first time such
an analysis is conducted on rune stones in the region. Spatial analysis of the landscape is a
fruitful way to study how people interacted with each other and how certain people choose
manifest themselves and their role in the local society. Rune stones contain a great amount of
information depending on how they are analysed. This is an attempt to create new ways of
analyzing rune stones and expand our knowledge about the Viking Age and early Medieval
period in Västergötland.

A comienzos del siglo XVI España y Portugal comenzaban a consolidar lo que serian imperios marítimos que abarcarían el mundo conocido. De la misma forma procedía el imperio Otomano a una escala mas reducida, pero igualmente creando un enorme imperio marítimo islámico. El almirante Piri Reis es un personaje que supo sacar lo mejor de esta coyuntura y su mapa es, sin duda, el producto de una serie de encuentros y desencuentros entre estos dos imperios marítimos en expansión. Tras la caída de Constantinopla en 1453 el naciente imperio Otomano comenzó a procurarse los medios para asegurar su expansión en los territorios vecinos a la antigua Bizancio y en el Mediterráneo oriental. En los años posteriores, el enfrentamiento naval con Venecia obligo a los gobernantes Otomanos a crear una flota marítima de gran escala y a buscar navegantes y marinero experimentados para operarla. Habiendo ya absorbido a los remanentes de la flota de Bizancio la única alternativa era reclutar capitanes y pilotos provenientes de los corsarios musulmanes que operaban en el mediterráneo en las fronteras con el occidente cristiano.

20. yüzyılın başından günümüze ulaşan ve çözümlenemeyen dünyanın en önemli meselesi Filistin’in taksimi meselesidir. Her ne kadar 1947 taksim planı ve 1948 yılında İsrail’in kurulması ile görece bir paylaşım sağlanmış olsa da sorun devam etmektedir. Meselenin
siyasi askeri, dini, sosyolojik yönlerinin yanı sıra tarihi bir boyutu da vardır. Nitekim bugüne kadar bölge üzerinde yapılan hemen bütün çalışmalarda Filistin coğrafyasının tarihi aidiyeti tartışılmıştır. Bölge üzerinde uzun araştırmalar yapılmış, hak iddia eden tarafların tamamı kendilerine tarihten deliller bulmaya çalışmışlardır.
Bu konuda en az gayreti, bölgede en uzun ve sürekli egemenlik kurmuş olan (1516-1917) Osmanlı Devleti’nin
varisleri göstermişlerdir. Filistin coğrafyası üzerinde pek çok monografiler yayınlanmış olmasına rağmen bu
çalışmalar hâlâ bütünlükten uzaktadır. Bu genel manzara Türkiye için de geçerlidir. Dört asır boyunca Osmanlı
egemenliğinde kalmış olan bu coğrafya hakkında yapılan araştırmalar özgün olmakla birlikte; çoğunun neyi ve nereyi tanımladıkları anlaşılmamaktadır. Özellikle genel tarih araştırmalarında genellikle ihmal edilen
coğrafi bilgi, Filistin araştırmalarında da kendini göstermektedir. Nitekim bu eksiklik elinizdeki bu çalışmanın meydana gelmesine vesile olmuştur.
Filistin Platformu, bir asırdır dünyayı meşgul eden Filistin meselesinin özünün Araplar ile Yahudiler arasında
mülkiyet paylaşımı olduğunu düşünmektedir. Nitekim bu gerekçesi ile bölgenin Osmanlı dönemi mülkiyet
verilerini incelemeyi amaçlayan bir proje başlatmıştır. Projenin amacı özellikle 19. yüzyılda Osmanlı modernleşmesi yaşanırken, bunun bölge
mülkiyetine nasıl yansıdığını ortaya koymak ve gasp edilen mülki hakların tespitini yapmaktır.
Bu projeye başlandığında araştırmaya konu olan coğrafyanın neresi olduğu sorunuyla karşılaşıldı. Bu yüzden öncelikle Osmanlı dönemi Filistin coğrafyasındaki yer isimleri kılavuzuna ihtiyaç duyuldu. Çalışmanın tabii seyri olarak Osmanlı dönemine ait haritaların da derlenmesi gündeme geldi. Nitekim bu “Kılavuz ve Atlas” bu şekilde iki yönlü çalışmanın ürünü olarak ortaya kondu. Eserin nihaî amacı ise Filistin üzerinde araştırma yapmak isteyenlere rehberlik etmesidir.
Faydalı olması dileğiyle.
Zekeriya KURŞUN
Abdülkadir STEIH
Ali İhsan AYDIN

In this study we set out to present an unknown map regarding the capital of the Principality of Moldavia, Iași city, and its surroundings from the middle of the 19th century. The map is entitled Jassi und Umgebung, it is provided by the Military Archives in Vienna (Kriegsarchive) and was created during the Austrian military occupation of Moldavia (1854–1857), during the Crimean War. The map points out yet again that, during that period, the Austrian army initiated geodetic activities in Moldavia, not only in Wallachia, as was known until now. Its realization was subordinated to an old political and military objective of the Habsburg monarchy for the exploration and mapping of its own territory but also of its political and economic influence areas located in the vicinity of its borders. For this reason, I briefly presented other military maps and plans regarding the Principality of Moldavia and the area of Iași in the 18–19th centuries, highlighting the historical context in which the map was drawn in 1855. Given the above, I paid a special attention to the identification of the officers who made the map (Anton Krzisch, Eduard van der Schlott / Sloot, Gustav von Löw, Rudolf von Friess and Franz Matosović), whose military careers we reconstructed in order to understand, on the one hand, how and where they acquired the cartographic knowledge and skills and, on the other hand, if they also made other topographic works related to the Romanian Principalities.
Due to its technical properties, dimensions (527 × 527 mm) and large scale (1 : 28 800), the map offers the most detailed and precise topographic perspective up to 1855 over an area of about 230 km2, which includes the Iasi city, centrally located, and 25 villages around it. The map shows the geographic forms and land usage, roads, structure of localities and households, locations and structures of ecclesiastical (churches, monasteries, cemeteries) and economic (mills, taverns, fountains and aqueducts, bricks, slaughterhouse, telegraph) objectives, headquarters of some institutions, public and private gardens, residences of the social elite in Iași and in its vicinity, etc. Topographic information is important and consistent, which is why the map can be used as a source of documentation for research topics in various fields: history and archaeology, geography and cartography, urbanism, toponymy and others.