Hemispheric Asymmetries

The cognitive structure of children from minority group, poor,rural, aboriginal, or otherwise socially disadvantaged backgrounds are hypothesized to be gestalt-synthetic in mode of thought and field-dependent in cognitive style; cognitive structures of children from dominant, majority, urban, nonaboriginal, or otherwise advantaged backgrounds, to be relatively logical-analytic and field-independent. These cognitive structures are shown by cerebral lateralization theory to have neurophysiological substrates. Individual hemisphericity, the tendency to rely on the resource of the right or left cerebral hemispheres, is interpreted on four distinct levels: performance hemisphericity, hemispheric activation, hemispheric preference (as personality structure), and cognitive style (lateral flexibility). An illustrative comparison of thinking processes of Australian Aboriginal and Australian-born whites is developed using primary and secondary data.

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Anthropology of Consciousness vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 15-26.
ABSTRACT:
In "primitive" cultures, dual symbolic classification systems
draw rigid temporal  and spatial boundaries between the Sacred and the profane. The right and left hands are described as sacred and profane, respectively. Durkheim saw a Weakening of these systems as an aspect of modernization. A weakening of such dichotomous reason is shown in two examples. First, Hertz's study of the suppression of the left hand among the Maori links the left hand to the right cerebral hemisphere of the brain. The further inference he might have drawn, but did not, is that the right hemisphere and its pattern thinking might play a significant role in magic, sorcery, and witchcraft. The Maori physical confinement of the left hand is no longer practiced. Second, in the United States, Hugdahl et al. present data from eight one-decade cohorts showing that the decrease in left-handedness by age was countered by a corresponding increase in left-to-right hand switching. A lower life-span by left handers might account for some of the change across age cohorts, but at least half of the decrease in manifest left-handedness was accounted for by a gradual decrease in social pressure not to use the left hand. Implications for the moral solidarity of postmodern society are discussed.

La  innegable polarización política causada por la ola dictatorial solapada de los Estados en América Latina y la convocatoria de los EEUU a los países exceptuando aquellos en donde se han apreciado regímenes donde no se respetan los Derechos Humanos y una ausencia prolongada de elecciones libres (Venezuela, Cuba, Nicaragua y las quejas de México para su inclusión), con  enfoques para evitar la migración hacia los Estados Unidos, trae una reunión con muy reservado pronostico, con mayor tendencia a ser una actividad de trámite únicamente.

A second version of this essay, published in the "Encyclopedia of Creativity," 2nd edition, Volume I, pp. 588-594, edited by Mark A. Runco and Steven R. Pritzker. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
SUMMARY: In this entry, I place the study of handwriting in historical context, ranging from the roots of graphology as a form of magic, to scientific graphonomics. The relationship between handwriting and creativity is examined with the example of the handwriting of split-brain patients and normal controls. It is found that the patients have disconnected, pathological handwriting lacking both creative organization and creative aspiration. While Bogen discovered dysgraphic in the left hand (indicating the right hemisphere lacks ability to write), the analysis presented suggests an expression dysgraphia in the right hand (indicating the left hemisphere of these patients (who lack access to symbolization and affect of the right hemisphere) can write, but in a flat and uninvolved manner that reveals a lack of affect, that is, an alexithymia.

In the target article, Iain McGilchrist draws upon his work, The Master and his Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World (=ME), to develop the relevance of its central claims to religion. Here and elsewhere McGilchrist contends, contrary to some critics, that his construal of the divided brain hypothesis (=DBH) does not make the fundamental philosophical error which is known as the homunculus fallacy. The critics’ charge is this: McGilchrist’s DBH purports to explain certain psychological features of human persons by providing an explanation that is in fact a pseudo-explanation. It is a pseudo-explanation because the DBH’s explanation of these psychological phenomena merely reintroduces the same psychological phenomena as explanatory factors that belong to the two different hemispheres of the brain. This article addresses whether McGilchrist’s position is in fact innocent of the charge of the homunculus fallacy. It is one thing to recognize the principle of contradiction and aim to avoid contradictions, it is another thing to avoid actually contradicting oneself. I show that McGilchrist consistently violates the homunculus fallacy despite his consistent claims to the contrary. I then argue that it is impossible for McGilchrist to articulate the central thesis of ME, namely, DBH, without violating the homunculus fallacy. Indeed, McGilchrist’s DBH requires that the error identified by the homunculus fallacy is not a fallacy at all, but is a deep insight crucial to understanding the making of the western world. Let us begin with the homunculus fallacy.

To understand the evolution of lateralized motor biases and cognitive functions, we rely on archeological methods to give us a window onto the past. Currently, the overwhelming majority of prehistoric data on asymmetry and laterality concern only the hominin lineage, spanning the time period from the presumed evolutionary split with the other great apes around 6–8 million years ago until the present day. We present an overview of these data from paleontology and archeology. Lateralized motor biases and anatomical asymmetries are evident throughout prehistory, showing increases in the predominance of right-handedness over time. Laterality was a key feature of the motor-cognitive development of extinct human ancestors. However, further research in living humans is needed to resolve the extent of colateralization of functions in the human brain, so we urge caution when inferring functional cognitive laterality from behavioral markers of handedness.

This address provides a review of evidence for a deconstruction of executive functions, the set of cognitive operations which allow goal-directed behaviour. The underlying working hypothesis is that some complementary and computationally diverse executive functions are dissociable not only functionally but also temporally and anatomically, along the left-right axis of prefrontal cortex and related neural networks. In particular, criterion setting—the capacity to flexibly set up and select task rules—is more left-lateralised; monitoring—the process of continuously evaluating the internal or external contingencies to optimise behaviour—is more right-lateralised; finally, superior medial prefrontal regions, including dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, play a role in energising weakly activated but relevant processes. Several lines of empirical evidence, including neuroimaging and neuropsychological findings, are presented to support this tripartite model of executive functions. Evidence which is difficult to explain with this model and some future directions are also discussed.

This chapter explores in a theoretical manner the potential correlations, previously suggested by Heine et al. (2015), between hemispheric specialization in neurolinguistics and a dual organization of discourse. The dual processing of language is represented here by the pragma-syntax, the level at which grammatical units manifest shared mental representations in discursive memory and generate inferences. While it is widely accepted that the left hemisphere of the brain is of utmost importance for morphosyntactic structuring of discourse, we will argue that the right hemisphere is crucial in processing operations at the pragma-syntactic level. Following a review of the questions surrounding hemispheric specialization, and of the language phenomena it can affect, we will present the pragma-syntactic model of human grammar. This paper will then suggest how it can effectively describe the phenomena whose comprehension has been previously reported in a number of studies as being dependent on the intact activity of the right brain, notably: irony, indirect speech acts and connectives.

Das Gehirn                                 3 - 5
Fähigkeiten beider Gehirnhälften                 6
V.V. Nalimov – Zugang zum Unterbewußten         7 - 8
The left brain corresponding to Yang, the right brain to Yin 9
Hemisphärenspezialisierung                 10
Concentration versus Insight                 11
Dichotomie                                 12-14
Das Gehirn – Allgemeine Informationen                 15
Rechte und linke Gehirnhälfte                 16
Aktivitätsunterschiede beider Hälften         17
Unterschiede der Hemisphären                 18
Literaturverzeichnis                         19

A B S T R A C T Sensory input from and motor output to the two sides of the body needs to be continuously integrated between the two cerebral hemispheres. This integration can be measured through its cost in terms of processing speed. In simple detection tasks, reaction times (RTs) are faster when stimuli are presented to the side of the body ipsilateral to the body part used to respond. This advantage – the contralateral-ipsilateral difference (also known as the crossed-uncrossed difference: CUD) – is thought to reflect inter-hemispheric interactions needed for sensorimotor information to be integrated between the two hemispheres. Several studies have shown that non-informative vision of the body enhances performance in tactile tasks. However, it is unknown whether the CUD can be similarly affected by vision. Here, we investigated whether the CUD is modulated by vision of the body (i.e., the stimulated hand) by presenting tactile stimuli unpredictably on the middle fingers when one hand was visible (i.e., either the right or left hand). Participants detected the stimulus and responded as fast as possible using either their left or right foot. Consistent with previous results, a clear CUD (5.8 ms) was apparent on the unseen hand. Critically, however, no such effect was found on the hand that was visible (−2.2 ms). Thus, when touch is delivered to a seen hand, the usual cost in processing speed of responding with a contralateral effector is eliminated. This result suggests that vision of the body improves the interhemispheric integration of tactile-motor responses.

On the basis of a review of the extant literature describing emotion– cognition interactions, the authors propose 4 methodological desiderata for studying how task-irrelevant affect modulates cognition and present data from an experiment satisfying them. Consistent with accounts of the hemispheric asymmetries characterizing withdrawal-related negative affect and visuospatial working memory (WM) in prefrontal and parietal cortices, threat-induced anxiety selectively disrupted accuracy of spatial but not verbal WM performance. Furthermore, individual differences in physiological measures of anxiety statistically mediated the degree of disruption. A second experiment revealed that individuals characterized by high levels of behavioral inhibition exhibited more intense anxiety and relatively worse spatial WM performance in the absence of threat, solidifying the authors’ inference that anxiety causally mediates disruption. These observations suggest a revision of extant models of how anxiety sculpts cognition and underscore the utility of the desiderata. Keywords: anxiety, working memory prefrontal cortex (PFC), hemispheric asymmetries, facial electromyography (EMG)

Asymmetrical control areas in a continuous visual search were examined in two experiments.Two mechanisms for target detection were identified – one operating in the centre of the visual field engaged with processes requiring a high level of reso¬lution; the other operating in the periphery, performing detection processes requiring a low level of resolution. A functional model is outlined that interprets the findings in terms of hemispheric mechanisms.

The neural basis of self-recognition is mainly studied using brain-imaging techniques which reveal much about the localization of self-processing in the brain. There are comparatively few studies using EEG which allow us to study the time course of self-recognition. In this study, participants monitored a sequence of images, including 20 distinct images of their own face, a friend’s face and a stranger’s face articulating different speech sounds, while EEG was recorded from 64 scalp electrodes. Differences in the ERP waveforms were observed very early on, with increased N170 and VPP amplitude to self relative to both friend and stranger measured over posterior and fronto-central sites, respectively. This ‘self effect’ was also marked at ∼250 ms where P2/N2 amplitude was significantly reduced for self-faces. By comparison, differences between friend and stranger faces did not emerge until 250 ms and beyond, where a more conventional ‘familiarity effect’ was observed. The data also point to a ‘less lateralized’ representation of self over posterior sites. These findings are consistent with both behavioral and fMRI studies which suggest that self-face processing is ‘special’ and are discussed with reference to EEG studies of face processing.

This study examined the relationship between trait impulsivity and cognitive control, as measured by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and a focused attention dichotic listening to words task, respectively. In the task, attention was manipulated in two attention conditions differing in their cognitive control demands: one in which attention was directed to one ear at a time for a whole block of trials (blocked condition) and another in which attention was switched pseudo-randomly between the two ears from trial to trial (mixed condition). Results showed that high impulsivity participants exhibited more false alarm and intrusion errors as well as a lesser ability to distinguish between stimuli in the mixed condition, as compared to low impulsivity participants. In the blocked condition, the performance levels of the two groups were comparable with respect to these measures. In addition, total BIS scores were correlated with intrusions and laterality index in the mixed but not the blocked condition.
The findings suggest that high impulsivity individuals may be less prone to attentional difficulties when cognitive load is relatively low. In contrast, when attention switching is
involved, high impulsivity is associated with greater difficulty in inhibiting responses and resolving cognitive conflict than is low impulsivity, as reflected in error prone information processing. The conclusion is that trait impulsivity in a non-clinical population is manifested more strongly when attention switching is required than during maintained attention. This may have important implications for the conceptualization and treatment of impulsivity in both non-clinical and clinical populations.

Two meta-analyses of 66 behavioral studies examined variables influencing functional cerebral lateralization of each language of brain-intact bilingual adults. Functional lateralization was found to be primarily influenced by age of onset of bilingualism: bilinguals who acquired both languages by 6 years of age showed bilateral hemispheric involvement for both languages, whereas those who acquired their second language after age 6 showed left hemisphere dominance for both languages. Moreover, among late bilinguals, left hemisphere involvement was found to be greater for those less proficient in their second language, those whose second language was English, and for studies involving dichotic listening paradigms; early bilinguals instead showed bilateral involvement in every condition. Implications of the observed differences in lateralization between early and late bilinguals are explored for existing theories of bilingualism and for neurocognitive models of brain functional organization of language.

The most well know attribution of different brain regions to different psychological functions (types of thinking, types of memory, levels of consciousness) is that of hemispheric specialization. ‘Left Brain’ and ‘Right Brain’ is common parlance in both psychology and education. However, a number of writers have suggested that the popularized notion of hemispheric specialisation may be a ‘neuromyth’  (McCrone, 2000; Corbalis, 2012; Tokuma-Espinosa, 2011).This paper explores research on the lateralisation of function within the brain, not just in terms of the traditional ‘cerebral hemispheres’ perspective, but in terms the total brain, that is, including the cerebellum and brain stem. Rather than seeing hemispheric specialisation as a complete myth, this paper presents a more up to date and more realistically complex picture.

Individuals show marked variation in their responses to threat. Such individual differences in behavioral inhibition play a profound role in mental and physical well-being. Behavioral inhibition is thought to reflect variation in the sensitivity of a distributed neural system responsible for generating anxiety and organizing defensive responses to threat and punishment. Although progress has been made in identifying the key constituents of this behavioral inhibition system in humans, the involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) remains unclear. Here, we acquired self-reported Behavioral Inhibition System Sensitivity scores and high-resolution electroencephalography from a large sample (n= 51). Using the enhanced spatial resolution afforded by source modeling techniques, we show that individuals with greater tonic (resting) activity in right-posterior DLPFC rate themselves as more behaviorally inhibited. This observation provides novel support for recent conceptualizations of behavioral inhibition and clues to the mechanisms that might underlie variation in threat-induced negative affect.

Teil 1:
Das limbische System
Das unterbewusste Programm Balanceinstruktion Dominanzinstruktion Stimulanzinstruktion
Teil 2:
Der Aufbau des Gehirns
    1 Kleiner Rundgang durchs Gehirn    
    2 Gerhard Roth
    3 Rechtes und linkes Gehirn
    4 Persönlichkeit
    5 Gruppen & Arten von Mitgliedern
    6 Lebenszyklustheorie
    7 Neuronale Gesetze des Alterns
    8  Auflösungsgrad
    9  Was prägt Kulturen?
  10  Sinnsysteme

JYOTSNA VAID AND WALLACE E. LAMBERT

McGill University

Abstract

The cognitive processing strategies of two groups of French-English bilinguals
were studied by means of an auditory Stroop test designed to evaluate cerebral
hemispheric involvement. An “early bilingual” group were bilingual before the
age of 5, and a “late bilingual” group were bilingual after the age of 10. Stimuli
were words uttered in pitches that were related to word meanings either congruently
(as in the word “high” uttered in a high pitch) or incongruently (the word
“haute” uttered in a low pitch). In one condition, subjects were to differentiate
low from high pitches, disregarding meaning, while in a second condition, they
were to disregard pitch and respond to word meanings. Measures of field independence were also taken. Results of data analyses suggest that male early bilinguals-the most field independent subgroup-process meaning efficiently in both cerebral hemispheres, but process pitch better in the right hemisphere. However, male late bilinguals and female bilinguals, both early and late, process
meaning more rapidly in the right cerebral hemisphere and pitch equally rapidly in
both hemispheres. The findings are interpreted as reflecting hemisphere-based strategy and sex differences in information-processing by the two bilingual subgroups.

To study the role of scanning biases in visual half field studies, native readers of Hindi (a language read and written from left to right) and Urdu (a language read and written from right to left) were tested in a language analogue of the Stroop paradigm. Subjects had to identify the script (Hindi vs. Urdu) in which the words referring to the two languages Hindi and Urdu were presented. Greater right visual field than left visual field interference was obtained in both groups, indicating left hemisphere specialization for lexical functioning independent of scanning biases.

The right hemisphere has traditionally been considered as dominant in odor and emotion perception, whereas little is known about odor influence on emotion recognition. This study aimed to examine a possible difference in the recognition of basic emotions presented to the left or the right visual field following short-term left or right nostril treatment with an unpleasant odor. A total of 60 right-handed female participants completed an emotion recognition task in conditions of the right and left nostril treatment with an unpleasant odor (isovaleric acid). Results showed the right hemisphere advantage in speed, but not in the accuracy of basic emotion recognition after the right nostril treatment with an unpleasant odor, while the left nostril treatment had no effect. The right hemisphere and valence-specific hypotheses in emotion recognition were not confirmed, whereas the model of the right hemisphere dominance in odor perception was confirmed.

Hemispheric lateralization of early event-related potentials (ERPs; e.g. N1) is largely based on anatomy of the afferent pathway; lateralization of later auditory ERPs (P2/N2, P250, P3b) is less clear. Using 257-channel EEG, the present study examined hemispheric laterality of auditory ERPs by comparing binaural and monaural versions of an auditory oddball task. N1 showed a contralateral bias over auditory cortex in both hemispheres as a function of ear of stimulation, although right hemisphere sources were activated regardless of which ear received input. Beginning around N1 and continuing through the time of P3b, right hemisphere temporal-parietal and frontal areas were more activated than their left hemisphere counterparts for stimulus evaluation/comparison and target detection. P250 and P3b component amplitudes, topographies, and source estimations were significantly influenced by ear of stimulation, with right hemisphere activity being stronger. This was particularly true for anterior temporal and inferior frontal sources which were more strongly associated with the later, more cognitive components (P250, P3b). Results are consistent with theories of a right hemisphere network that is prominently involved in sustained attention, stimulus evaluation, target detection, and working memory/context updating.

In the present study, schizotypal personality traits and their neuropsychological correlates were examined amongst a non-clinical sample, so as to gain insight into the variables mediating neurobiological vulnerability to schizotypy. To that effect, 50 young adults completed the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences, the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence, the Edinburgh Handedness Questionnaire, and a dichotic listening task. Analyses revealed a significant right-hemisphere dominance association to positive schizotypy, and a left-hemisphere dominance association to negative schizotypy. Nicotine dependence emerged as a significant correlate of positive and overall schizotypy, and left-hemisphere dominance. Gender-based interactions were significant for females on positive schizotypy, nicotine dependence and right-hemisphere dominance, and on negative schizotypy for males. The findings of this study can be used to advance our understanding of the factors of risk and resilience in the schizophrenia spectrum.

We assessed language lateralization in 177 healthy 4-to 11-year-old children and adults and atypical asymmetries associated with unilateral epileptic foci in 18 children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS). Dichotic listening results revealed two indices of immature functional asymmetry when the focus was left-sided (BECTS-L). First, children with BECTS-L did not show left hemisphere dominance for the processing of place of articulation, which was recorded in children with BECTS-R and control children. On the contrary, healthy children exhibited a gradual increase in left hemisphere dominance for place processing during childhood, which is consistent with the shift from global to finer-grained acoustic analysis predicted by the Developmental Weighting Shift model. Second, children with BECTS-L showed atypical left hemisphere involvement in the processing of the voiced value (+ V), associated with a long acoustic event in French stop consonants, whereas right hemisphere dominance increased with age for + V processing in healthy children. BECTS-L, therefore, interferes with the development of left hemisphere dominance for specific phonological mechanisms.

The typical finding in dichotic listening with verbal stimuli is the right ear advantage (REA), indicating a left hemisphere processing superiority, thus making this an effective tool in studying hemispheric asymmetry. It has been shown that the amplitude of the REA can be modulated by instructions to direct attention to left or right side. The current study attempted to modulate the REA by changing the dichotic listening stimulus situation. In Experiment 1, a consonant vowel (CV) syllable prime was presented binaurally briefly before the dichotic stimuli (consisting of two CVs). The prime could be the same as either the left or right ear dichotic stimulus, or it could be a different stimulus. Participants were instructed to report the CV they heard best from the dichotic syllable pair. The traditional REA was found when the prime was different from both dichotic stimuli. When the prime matched the CV in the left half of the subsequent dichotic pair, the REA was increased, while if the prime matched the right half, the REA was reduced. In order to see at which perceptual stage the modulation takes place, in Experiment 2 the prime was visual, presented on a PC screen. The same effect was seen, although the modulation of the REA was weaker. We propose that the memory trace of the prime is a source of interference, and causes cognitive control of attention to inhibit recognition of stimuli similar to recent distractors. Based on previous studies we propose that this inhibition of attention is performed by prefrontal cortical areas. Similarities to the mechanisms involved in negative priming and implications for auditory laterality studies are pointed out.

From a neuropsychological perspective, our understanding about how knowledge is organized in the human brain has emerged largely from the study of so-called ‘category-specific’ deficits in neurological patients. Category-specificity is, in very broad terms, the relative loss of cognitive performance in one domain of knowledge over another. The most frequently reported and discussed pattern concerns a dissociation between knowledge about nonliving things (e.g. tools) and living things (e.g. animals). Most reports of categorical impairment have emerged from case studies of patients with pathologies such as herpes simplex encephalitis, strokes or head injuries and the dementias (especially Alzheimer's disease). These category specific effects have been fundamental in forming theories and models about the organization and modular structure of semantic knowledge in the brain. The different chapters of this book illustrate a broad range of interesting and strongly debated issues arising from the category-specific literature, all of them fundamental to cognitive neuropsychology. This book, written by researchers who during the last decade have intensively researched this intriguing field, present an up-to-date exploration of major neuropsychological issues that have general implications beyond the field of category knowledge e.g. issues such as modularity, computational modeling of cognitive processing, gender-related asymmetries and functional imaging.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2. EXAMINING SEMANTIC MEMORY: ASSESSMENT

Chapter 3. EXPLAINING CATEGORY SPECIFICTY: MODELS

Chapter 4. PSYCHOLINGUISTIC AND COGNITIVE INFLUENCES: NUISANCE VARIABLES AND CONFOUNDS

Chapter 5. DISSOCIATIONS, DOUBLE DISSOCIATIONS AND CATEGORY SPECIFICITY: METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

Chapter 6. A ROLE FOR EVOLUTION OR EXPERIENCE: SEX DIFFERENCES

Chapter 7. INTACT AND IMPAIRED FUNCTION ARE TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN: CATEGORY EFFECTS IN NORMAL SUBJECTS

Chapter 8. BIOLOGICAL CATEGORIES IN DISTRIBUTED COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS: NEURAL NETWORKS

Chapter 9. LOCALISED CATEGORIES IN THE CORTEX? FUNCTIONAL IMAGING AND LESION DATA

In the present study, the level of nonlinear interhemispheric synchronization has been estimated by using wavelet correlation (WC) method for detection of emotional dysfunctions. Due to non-stationary nature of EEG series in addition to the assumption that the high-frequency band is possibly associated with emotional activation, WC has been applied to five distinct frequency band activities (fba) (Delta: 0:5-4 Hz, Theta: 4-8 Hz, Alpha: 8-16 Hz, Beta: 16-32 Hz, Gamma: 32-64 Hz) embedded in nonaveraged single-trial EEG series mediated by convenient affective pictures from International Affective Picture System. Experimental data were collected from both healthy controls and patients, diagnosed with first-episode psychosis, through a 16-channel EEG cap. WC estimations, which are computed for eight electrode pairs (pre-frontal, anterio-frontal, central, parietal, occipital, posterio-frontal, anterio-temporal, posterio-temporal), in accordance with each specified fba and emotional state (pleasant, unpleasant, neutral) have been classified by using Least Squares Support Vector Machines with tenfold cross-validation to distinguish controls from patients. Results show that the highest classification accuracies of 88.06, 86.39, 83.89% are obtained in Gamma with respect to neutral, unpleasant, and pleasant stimuli, respectively. In each group (controls and patients), the largest WCs are observed at anterio-frontal and central lobes; however, controls generate the high WC in response to pleasant stimuli, whereas the patients generate the high WC in response to neutral stimuli in Gamma. In conclusion, fronto-central lobes are the most activated brain regions during emotional stimulation by means of inter-hemispheric correlation. Gamma is the most sensitive fba to visual affective pictures. Emotional dysfunctions are found to be characterized by decreased WC in pleasant state, increased WC in neutral state in Gamma.

Conversation of linear energy is a major problem until you include distance scale of hemispherical coordinates systems for curvature and that causation for rotational energy, specifically, hemispherical relativity. When that is included in the calculation that error correction does conserve total energy. The distance (x,y,z) is less on the hemispherical as you move by the projection (sine function-wave function). To me, relativity is about physics using (x,y,z) equations, when ultimately the a) particle surface, and b) electron shells, are both hemispherical coordinates. Those have an error-correction to get equations built as (x,y,z), so orthogonal into the correct impact as hemispherical non-orthogonal. The error is is use of orthogonal equations which need error-correction for hemispheres. Then hemispheres has rotational energy, so again the use of linear (as if orthogonal) conservation of energy is incorrect; the full equations use hemispherical coordinates which then get both both-hemi-curvature into (x,y,z)-proper linear and rotational conservation of energy. Relativity is that error-correction, getting a hemi-coordinate error back to linear, so conservation does apply. 1