Gestalt

Summary in English (text is in German):

The purpose of this contribution is firstly to say something about the relations between Gestalt theory and didactics and secondly to explain some assumptions and concepts of Gestalt theory which appear to be particularly important in the context of didactic considerations.

Zusammenfassung:

Das Anliegen dieses Beitrags ist es, erstens etwas zu den Beziehungen zwischen Gestalttheorie und Didaktik zu sagen und zweitens einige Annahmen und Begriffe der Gestalttheorie zu erliiutern, die im Rahmen didaktischer tlberlegungen besonders bedeutsam erscheinen.

La autora analiza el significado relacional del fármaco desde el punto de vista de la Gestalt Therapy, señalando como, más allá de las específicas cualidades del fármaco, la prescripción asume valor terapéutico por el contexto relacional en el que la modalidad en que se sitúa el médico y el paciente se declinan y se desarrollan (tiempos y modos de contacto). La prescripción del fármaco se inscribe por tanto dentro del horizonte relacional en el que de vez en cuando obtiene significado y perspectiva de intervención. Conscientes de que la respuesta global al sufrimiento lleva a resultados terapéuticos más eficaces y duraderos en el tiempo, mirar el proceso terapéutico en su “globalidad relacional” permite la integración de las distintas intervenciones de psicoterapia y de psicofarmacología, con una acción no combinada sino sinérgica.

There is a widespread belief in the academic world—above all in the United States and in the scientific communities around the world accepting U.S. mainstream science as their standard —that »schools« have lost their grounds and their legitimacy in psychology and other sciences.

»Schools of thought« are seen as hampering freedom of thought and research, progress in science would have a better chance when free of such affiliations, and »objectivity« in science is seen to be best granted by some sort of disinterested eclecticism.

There are mainly two arguments that have been put forward against such a belief:

The first argument is that what is called »disinterested eclecticism« is a school in itself and its claim of leaving all schools behind may well be seen as nothing other than the claim of hegemony and monopoly for this very own school.

The second argument is that schools do not only still exist, but that they continue to have legitimate reasons for their existence because their
potential—when handled correctly—is capable of outweighing the problems that might be connected to them.

Abstract in English (paper in German):

Gestalt psychology, with its concepts of the dynamics of tension systems and the formation of isolated subsystems dating back to Kurt Lewin, offers a dynamic approach to explaining the occurrence of intrusions and flashbacks without reducing such phenomena to the consequence of trauma.

Zusammenfassung:

Die Gestaltpsychologie bietet mit den auf Kurt Lewin zurückgehenden Konzepten der Dynamik von Spannungssystemen und der Herausbildung isolierter Teilsysteme einen dynamischen Erklärungsansatz für das Auftreten von Intrusionen und Flashbacks, ohne solche Phänomene auf Traumafolgen zu reduzieren.

ABSTRAKSunan Drajat merupakan salah satu wisata religi potensial di kota Lamongan dengan total pengunjung mencapai 515 ribu di tahun 2017. Selain itu, hal menarik lainnya adalah adanya ragam hias yang menghiasi kompleks makam yang diperkirakan telah ada pada zaman XVI Masehi. Hadirnya ragam hias di kompleks makam dapat dijadikan sumber inspirasi dalam menciptakan motif batik khas Lamongan. Mengingat sumber inspirasi pembuatan batik Lamongan selama ini masih terbatas pada hasil SDA laut, dan hasil bumi, sedangkan pada objek wisata religi tradisi belum terjamah. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan analisis potensi ragam hias kompleks makam Sunan Drajat sebagai bahan inspirasi pembuatan motif batik khas Lamongan. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis transformasi tradisi AUTOMIC (artefact, technique, utility, material, icon, concept, shape). Adapun tahap-tahapan penyusunan antara lain menentukan transformasi tradisi berupa ragam hias ke dalam modernitas sesuai metode AUTOMIC, menggali makna fi...

Summary

For Gestalt psychology and Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy the "top-down approach" is characteristic. The article elaborates the four meanings in which one can refer to this: On the one hand one can speak of "top-down" referring to the holistic nature of the process of human perception and experience - that is, that perception and behavior proceed from the top down, from the whole to the details. Secondly one can speak of "top-down" referring to a procedure chosen for the investigation and assessment of a person, a behavior, a psychological process, a state of suffering, or a therapeutic technique, where such an approach usually proves to be superior to the "bottom-up" approach. Thirdly the "top-down" procedure can also be seen as the basic orientation for influencing psychic events also in psychotherapeutic practice: Trying to act on wholes is given preference over acting on isolated facts or behaviors. Fourth, and finally, there is the priority of holism in interpersonal encounter, which is an essential basis of constructive coexistence between people.

Zusammenfassung

Für die Gestalttheorie und die Gestalttheoretische Psychotherapie ist das „Vorgehen von oben nach unten“ kennzeichnend. Der Artikel arbeitet die vier Bedeutungen heraus, in denen davon sinnvoll die Rede sein kann. Zum einen geht es um die Tatsache der Ganzheitlichkeit menschlichen Wahrnehmens und Erlebens – dass also das Wahrnehmen und Verhalten von sich aus „von oben nach unten“, vom Ganzen zu den
Einzelheiten vorgehen. Zum zweiten wird dieses Vorgehen „von oben nach unten“ auch für das Herangehen an die Untersuchung und Einschätzung einer Person, einer Verhaltensweise, eines psychischen Vorgangs, eines Leidenszustandes oder einer therapeutischen Technik vorgeschlagen, wo sich diese Vorgangsweise in der Regel als überlegen gegenüber dem Vorgehen „von unten nach oben“ erweist. Zum dritten stellt das Vorgehen „von oben nach unten“ auch eine Grundorientierung jeder Einwirkung auf psychisches Geschehen dar, auch in der psychotherapeutischen Arbeit: Der Einwirkung auf Geschehensganzheiten wird der Vorzug gegeben vor der Einwirkung auf vereinzelte Sachverhalte oder Verhaltensweisen. Zum vierten schließlich geht es darüber hinaus um den Vorrang der Ganzheitlichkeit in der zwischenmenschlichen Begegnung, die eine wesentliche Grundlage konstruktiven Zusammenlebens von Menschen darstellt.

From the 16th DGGO conference in Berlin, June, 18-20, 2015: "Feldkräfte – Was bewegt Menschen, Gruppen und Organisationen?" [Field forces - What is moving individuals, groups, and organizations?]
The talk presents and discusses some still current findings from the Berlin experimental research program of Kurt Lewin's group (Zeigarnik, Ovsiankina, Lissner, Sliosberg, Mahler, J.F. Brown...).This experimental foundation of Lewin's theory of systems in tension, the field-theoretical counterpart to Freud's drive theory, can still give us important suggestions and insights in many areas of research and application today.

Von der 16. Öffentlichen Fachtagung der DGGO in Berlin, 18.-20.6.2015, "Feldkräfte – Was bewegt Menschen, Gruppen und Organisationen? ".
Der Vortrag präsentiert einige Befunde aus dem nach wie vor aktuellen Berliner experimentellen Forschungsprogramm der Gruppe um Kurt Lewin (Zeigarnik, Ovsiankina, Lissner, Sliosberg, Mahler, J.F. Brown...). Mit diesen Forschungsarbeiten wurde Kurt Lewins feldtheoretisches Konzept der Spannungssysteme begründet und entwickelt, das Gegenstück zu Freuds Triebtheorie. Sie können uns auch heute noch vielfältige Anregungen für die Forschungs- und Anwendungspraxis auf vielen Gebieten geben.

Summary in English (article in German):

The Intuion can suddenly strike us like a flash of genius, without us being able to say how it came about. In psychotherapy, intuitive processes are of great importance in that they can give valuable insights to psychotherapists and clients. Intuion can be a sudden insight, a "feeling" or a hunch. Carl G. Jung and Ruth C. Cohn initially deal with the phenomenon of intuition from a psychoanalytical point of view. The presentation of their views is followed in this article by an explanation of the meaning of creative problem-solving processes in the sense of product thinking according to Max Wertheimer, intuitive perception, as well as the intuitive recording of situations and actions from a Gestalt-theoretical point of view. Since intuition can also deceive us, it is finally explained how intuitive abilities can be trained and promoted according to Ruth Cohn.

Zusammenfassung:

Die Intuition kann uns plötzlich wie ein Geistesblitz treffen, ohne dass wir sagen können, wie dieser zustande gekommen ist. In der Psychotherapie haben intuitive Vorgänge eine große Bedeutung, indem sie der Psychotherapeutin und der Klientin wertvolle Erkenntnisse vermitteln können. Intuition kann sich als plötzliche Einsicht, als „Gespür“ oder als Ahnung zeigen. Carl G. Jung und Ruth C. Cohn setzen sich zunächst aus psychoanalytischer Sicht mit dem Phänomen der Intuition auseinander. An die Darstellung ihrer Auffassungen schließt sich in diesem Beitrag, auch an Hand von Beispielen, die Erläuterung der Bedeutung von kreativen Problemlöseprozessen im Sinne des produktiven Denkens nach Max Wertheimer, des intuitiven Wahrnehmens, sowie des intuitiven Erfassens von Situationen und Handeln aus gestalttheoretischer Sicht. Da uns die Intuition auch täuschen kann, wird schließlich dargelegt, wie nach Ruth Cohn intuitive Fähigkeiten geschult und gefördert werden können.

Summary:

Gestalt theoretical developmental psychology has always seen the infant as an active being. Current research findings support this view. In addition, they show that the investigations of the mother-child dyad, as they were common in classical attachment research, represent only a part of the child's relationship experiences. In fact, attachment behavior is organized within a much more comprehensive process, the development of interpersonal communication. Already at the age of three months the child is active in a triadic (tripartite) field. It perceives not only a single counterpart, but also the characteristics of the interactions in the parental subsystem.

Zusammenfassung:

Die gestalttheoretische Entwicklungspsychologie sah den Säugling von jeher als aktives Wesen. Die aktuellen Erkenntnisse der Forschung stützen diese Sichtweise. Darüber hinaus zeigen sie, dass die Untersuchungen der Mutter-Kind-Dyade, wie sie in der klassischen Bindungsforschung gebräuchlich waren, nur einen Teil der Beziehungserfahrungen des Kindes abbilden. Tatsächlich organisiert sich das Bindungsverhalten im Rahmen eines viel umfassenderen Prozesses, nämlich dem der Entwicklung der zwischenmenschlichen Kommunikation. Schon im Alter von drei Monaten ist das Kind in einem triadischen (dreigliedrigen) Feld aktiv. Es nimmt nicht nur jeweils ein einzelnes Gegenüber wahr, sondern auch die Eigenschaften der Interaktionen im elterlichen Subsystem.

Evolutionarily and ontogenetically, cognition primarily comes from interactions that are to be understood as epistemic actions of a situated-embodied observer. Only gradually do cognitive simulations (as mental rehearsals) and abstract reflections become possible. The beginning, however, is formed by processes of enactive cognition. These actions already control affective feedback, which can be interpreted as the simplest case of an aesthetic experiences (e.g. when playing or dancing without music). Efficiency (the economy of biological resources) and effectiveness (the possible prediction of action effects) are positively reinforced. Analogously, if the sign is negative, this leads to negative aesthetic experiences. In terms of embodied cognition, these perceptual judgements occur in diverse granularities and massively in parallel: Aesthetic experience is primarily not a judgement about an external object, but about the quality of the cognitive modelling processes themselves as embodied cognition (forward modelling and inverse modelling as the basis for anticipation/forecasting): Aesthetic experience becomes recognisable as an evolutionary learning amplifier that can control conscious as well as unconscious processes through affective feedback.

Daniel N. Stern’s research on the first years of life offers the view of an active newborn, developing in a continuous dialogue with the Other. The mother places the infant feelings at the center of her attention. The infant gets in tune with the mother, and learns that she welcomes and understands his inner states. Such attunement is a primary holistic experience, taking place because of the infant innate ability to perceive the “interpersonal happenings” as a unitary Gestalt, emerging “from the theoretically separate experiences of movement, force, time, space and intention”. Large convergence exists between Daniel Stern’s developmental psychology and Gestalt psychology: both view the infant development occurring within an inter-subjective matrix, not as a process with phases or stages, but rather as a progressive organization of structures.

English summary (text is in German):

This paper examines the question of the utility and practical relevance of epistemological models for psychotherapy on the basis of Critical Realism, the epistemological position of Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy. The narrative of an "everyday story", which raises questions about the experience of "reality" - questions which are then answered from a critical-realistic point of view - serves as an introduction to the discussion of the topic. The derivation and presentation of the central basic assumptions of Critical Realism is intended to make it plausible to what extent this explanatory model can be helpful for a differentiated understanding of the dynamics of interpersonal relationships and the associated problems.
The second part of the article deals explicitly with the presentation of some conclusions that can be derived from the critical-realistic model for practical-psychotherapeutic work. In particular, the aspects of therapeutic attitude, therapeutic relationship and practice are examined in more detail. At the same time, the article provides a psychotherapy-related framework for reading the following basic Gestalt theoretical texts on Critical Realism by Wolfgang Köhler and Wolfgang Metzger.

Zusammenfassung:

In diesem Beitrag wird der Frage nach dem Nutzen und der praktischen Relevanz erkenntnistheoretischer Modelle für die Psychotherapie anhand der Darstellung des Kritischen Realismus, der erkenntnistheoretischen Position der Gestalttheoretischen Psychotherapie nachgegangen. Zum Einstieg in die Auseinandersetzung mit der Thematik dient die Erzählung einer "Alltagsgeschichte", die Fragen zum Erleben der "Wirklichkeit" aufwirft − Fragen, die dann in weiterer Folge aus kritisch-realistischer Sicht beantwortet werden. Mit der Herleitung und Darstellung der zentralen Grundannahmen des Kritischen Realismus soll plausibel gemacht werden, inwiefern dieses Erklärungsmodell hilfreich für ein differenziertes Verständnis der Dynamik zwischenmenschlicher Beziehungen und damit einhergehender Probleme sein kann. Der zweite Teil des Beitrags beschäftigt sich explizit mit der Darstellung einiger Folgerungen, die sich aus dem kritisch-realistischen Modell für die praktisch-psychotherapeutische Arbeit ableiten lassen. Dabei werden insbesondere die Aspekte therapeutische Grundhaltung, therapeutische Beziehung und Praxeologie näher beleuchtet. Der Beitrag stellt zugleich einen psychotherapiebezogenen Rahmen für die Lektüre der nachfolgenden gestalttheoretischen Grundlagentexte von Wolfgang Köhler und Wolfgang Metzger dar.

The article analyzes the "two-chair" (or "empty-chair") technique in psychotherapy from a Gestalt psychological view. The main emphasis in this analysis is that the meaning and effect of this technique for the client are not determined by the technique itself but by the place and role of it in the given psychological total situation and the therapist-client-relationship, the current state of the therapeutic alliance. In any case it changes the contact situation between client and therapist in a way which may serve contact avoidance, though not necessarily.


Zusammenfassung: Das „Arbeiten mit dem leeren Stuhl“ - ursprünglich in der Gestalttherapie in Anlehnung an ähnliche Ansätze im Psychodrama entwickelt - hat in der psychotherapeutischen Praxis oft beeindruckende Wirkungen gezeigt. Daher verwundert es nicht, dass in letzter Zeit zunehmend auch in anderen Therapiemethoden darauf zurückgegriffen wird, etwa in der Verhaltenstherapie.
Dabei wird allerdings oft verabsäumt, die Bedingungen näher zu beleuchten, von denen die Wirkungen dieser Arbeitsweise bestimmt sind. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht dies mit Hilfe gestalttheoretischer Konzepte und Befunde zu tun.
Eingangs wird die Einbettung dieser Arbeitsform in die therapeutische Beziehung vor allem unter dem Blickwinkel der damit verbundenen Veränderung der Kontaktsituation diskutiert.
Es wird dann vorgeschlagen, das Lewin‘sche Konzept der überlappenden Situation für das Verständnis verschiedener Konstellationen und Verläufe bei der „Arbeit mit dem leeren Stuhl“ zu nutzen; dabei wird auch die Beziehung dieses Konzepts zum Mehr-Felder-Ansatz erläutert.
Wie die Klientin auf die „Arbeit mit dem leeren Stuhl“ eingeht, hat auch eine kommunikative Funktion gegenüber der Therapeutin (und umgekehrt) – im Zusammenhang damit stellt sich die Frage nach Besonderheiten von „Übertragung“ und „Gegenübertragung“ in diesem Setting.
Im Weiteren werden unterschiedliche Aufgaben benannt, die mit dieser Arbeitsform verfolgt werden können: das Probieren bzw. Experimentieren, das Üben und Entwickeln, die Konfliktbearbeitung und das Problemlösen. Diese unterschiedlichen Aufgabenstellungen unterscheiden sich voneinander auch durch jeweils unterschiedliche psychologische Situationen.
Der Beitrag wendet sich schließlich den speziellen Erwartungen zu, dass sich diese Arbeitsform besonders gut für das Abschließen „unerledigter Geschäfte“ und für die Integration abgespaltener Anteile eigne. Abschließend werden drei grundlegende Wirkmöglichkeiten der „Arbeit mit dem leeren Stuhl“ angesprochen, was zugleich die Option alternativer Arbeitsformen mit ähnlichen Wirkmöglichkeiten aufzeigt.

Howard Gruber, a founder member of Psychologists for Social Action, reviewed the dissertation. His review, dated May 7, 1978, as Parkovnick (2015) points out, "... is worth quoting in full, as it captures the very essence of the dissertation":
“This is an effective dissertation and could become an important book. I began reading it very favorably disposed to it. Then I got more and more riled up, made many hostile notes. By the end I found myself almost won over, certainly illuminated. Francks [Gruber’s spelling] has a style that gets under your skin and stays there. This is a good thing and should not get lost in the process of expansion, rewriting, and editing. It will take some work to make it a persuasive book to a less sympathetic reader, and to reduce its present excessive vulnerability to academic criticism. Its very sweep opens many avenues to criticism, crit. of a kind that detracts the reader and potential reader from the central ideas. But all this can be worked out. As an academic type, I often find myself cringing, wanting things toned down. But by the time I finished, I felt that the direction of the change should be to strengthen the tone of the book, to make its central, disturbing message more apparent, bring it more up front.”  Gruber, H. (1978). Review of A history of American social psychology up to the Second World War by Peter Francks [Gruber’s spelling] for Ablex Publishing Corporation, May 7.

Readers should also look at: https://www.academia.edu/60033912/The_Psychology_of_Participation_Revisited_1984_2021

Summary in English (article is in German):

Today's ideas about the development of habits and addictions go back to the early days of behaviorism and are still determined by it. They are stimulus-response models, according to which certain stimuli only have to evoke a certain reaction often enough to establish themselves as a fixed association. Gestalt psychology has fundamentally contradicted such explanations from the beginning. According to it, connections do not come about by mere repetition of the joint appearance of arbitrary elements, as associationism still assumes in its present forms, but by concrete holistic-dynamic interactions in a concrete overall situation. The essay summarizes the corresponding hypotheses and findings of Gestalt theory, especially those of Kurt Lewin and his associates..

Zusammenfassung:

Die heutigen Vorstellungen über das Entstehen von Gewohnheiten und Süchten gehen zurück bis in die Anfangszeiten des Behaviorismus und sind davon nach wie vor bestimmt. Es handelt sich um Reiz-Reaktions-Modelle, denen zufolge bestimmte Reize nur oft genug eine bestimmte Reaktion hervorrufen müssen, um sich als feste Verbindung zu etablieren. Die Gestaltpsychologie hat solchen Erklärungen von Anfang an grundsätzlich widersprochen. Verbindungen kommen ihr zufolge eben nicht durch bloße Wiederholung des gemeinsamen Autretens beliebiger Elemente zustande, wie es der Assoziationismus auch in seinen heutigen Formen nach wie vor annimmt, sondern durch konkrete ganzheitlich-dynamische Wechselwirkungen in einer konkreten Gesamtsituation. Der Aufsatz fasst die entsprechenden Hypothesen und Befunde der Gestalttheorie zusammen, vor allem die von Kurt Lewin und seinen Mitarbeitern.

La Psicologia della Gestalt nasce e si sviluppa in Europa nel '900 e cerca di spiegare e strutturare i fenomeni psicologici della percezione, trattandoli come insiemi di "regole" organizzate e strutturate, piuttosto che come somma delle singole parti costitutive. Si dissocia in questo dallo strutturalismo (con la sua tendenza ad analizzare i processi mentali e percettivi come somma di sensazioni elementari) ed accentua concetti come proprietà emergenti, olismo e contesto. Le teorie della Gestalt, sono state lungamente studiate in ambito grafico e compositivo, queste pagine web tenteranno di dimostrare un approccio "audio". Il lavoro è stato realizzato da Francesco Fumelli, docente di "Elementi di Informatica e Basic Design" all'ISIA di Firenze e da Andrea Fumelli diplomato in chitarra al Conservatorio Mascagni di Livorno. Nei 5 lavori presentati, si è tentato di riprodurre acusticamente soltanto 5 delle leggi percettive della Gestalt. Si tratta di un lavoro "in itinere", di uno studio preliminare più che di un lavoro terminato. Una trattazione esausitiva richiederà una analisi più completa ed approfondita. E' infatti indubbio che la componente sonora sia elemento fondamentale nella percezione del mondo fenomenico. Introduzione Realtà fisica e realtà fenomenica, definizione. La realtà fisica o transfenomenica è quella accessibile al dominio degli strumenti di misurazione tipici di discipline quali la fisica, la chimica, la biologia, l'astrofisica… La realtà fenomenica è la realtà percepita attraverso gli organi di senso e la mente; è la realtà risultante da processi di autoorganizzazione tipici degli apparati sensoriali.

Summary:

Wolfgang Metzger's explanations of the concept of reality offer a good basis for reflection for educational and therapeutic work with children. In this article, the differentiations of the concept of reality proposed by Metzger are assigned to concrete situations in the therapeutic work with children. This enables a better understanding of the children in care and a reliable theoretical underpinning of therapeutic action.
It is shown that the complex differentiation of Metzger's concept of reality does not have to live an isolated existence in the ivory tower of science. Rather, it can prove to be very helpful in practical work with children, because it enables an appropriately differentiated understanding of how children experience their world.


Zusammenfassung:

Wolfgang Metzgers Ausführungen zum Wirklichkeitsbegriff bieten eine gute Reflexionsbasis für die erzieherische und therapeutische Arbeit mit Kindern. Den Differenzierungen des Wirklichkeitsbegriffs werden in diesem Beitrag jeweils konkrete Situationen zur Veranschaulichung zugeordnet. Dies ermöglicht ein besseres Verständnis der betreuten Kinder sowie eine verlässliche theoretische Untermauerung des therapeutischen Handelns.
Es zeigt sich, dass die komplexe Differenzierung des Wirklichkeitsbegriffs bei Metzger kein isoliertes Dasein im Elfenbeinturm der Wissenschaft fristen muss. Sie kann sich vielmehr als sehr hilfreich in der praktischen Arbeit mit Kindern erweisen, weil sie eine angemessen differenzierte Erfassung dessen ermöglicht, wie Kinder ihre Welt erleben.

Summary (paper in German language):

Practical Aspects of Epistemology: On Developing an Appropriate Therapeutic Approach in Working with Patients with Eating Disorders

Patients with symptoms of an eating disorder grow up in a peculiar (family and social) field of tension, which causes the focus to be on their own body. This becomes the object of above all aggressive feelings, which come to light in the form of critical, derogatory assessments. In social (family) events, this (in the case of anorexic symptoms) usually leads to fruitless power struggles; as a rule, violent feelings of guilt and shame are fended off. Critical realism as the epistemology of Gestalt theory conceives the world of human perception as the central steering mechanism (Metzger, 1969). The paper intends to show that this model, in relation to the perceptual world of people with eating disorders, helps to classify the aforementioned phenomena and to map them in such a way that one can derive direct indications for diagnostics and therapy. In particular, the model can help to develop an appropriate therapeutic attitude.

Zusammenfassung:

Patienten mit Symptomen einer Ess-Störung wachsen in einem eigentümlichen (familiären und gesellschaftlichen) Spannungsfeld auf, welches bewirkt, dass die Beschäftigung mit dem eigenen Körper in den Mittelpunkt gerückt ist. Dieser wird zum Objekt vor allem aggressiver Gefühle, die in Form kritisch-abwertender Beurteilungen zutage treten. Im sozialen (familiären) Geschehen führt das (im Falle magersüchtiger Symptomatik) meist zu fruchtlosen Machtkämpfen; abgewehrt werden damit in aller Regel heftige Gefühle der Schuld und Scham. Der Kritische Realismus als Erkenntnistheorie der Gestalttheorie konzipiert die Wahrnehmungswelt des Menschen als zentrales Steuerungsorgan (Metzger, 1969). Es soll gezeigt werden, dass dieses Modell bezogen auf die Wahrnehmungswelt essgestörter Menschen hilft, die gerade benannten Phänomene einzuordnen und so abzubilden, dass sich
daraus unmittelbare Hinweise für Diagnostik und Therapie ableiten lassen. Insbesondere kann das Modell helfen, eine angemessene therapeutische Haltung zu entwickeln.

This paper provides a long-overdue discussion of Häring's "philosophy of gestalt" and its intellectual roots. I shall argue that his gestalt theory-alongside the notion of the "New Building" (Neues Bauen)-can be understood as an "alternative" approach to architectural design for its underlying holistic way of perceiving (vorstellungsarten) in contrast to the mechanical parallel. I shall further argue that Häring's view towards building as "living organism" and his focus on the immediate experience of what is "hap-pening" (geschehen) presented an architectural adoption of German romanticist tradition and, more specifically, Goethe's Naturphilosophie and its reliance on "primal phe-nomenon" (urphänomen).

While on the one hand for Merleau-Ponty, ‘the perception of the other founds morality’; on the other, it is the rationalizing of perception by stripping it of empathic responsiveness, becoming an inhuman gaze, that allows ethical failure. Through his ground-breaking analyses of embodied percipience, Merleau-Ponty offers a powerful critique of the view from nowhere, the objectivist, disembodied, unsituated, purely rationalist view which underwrites all inhuman gazes.  Complicating and deepening these analyses, Merleau-Ponty also draws on gestalt theory, elaborating particularly on the roles of perspectivism, wholism and figure-ground structures in the perception of things and of others. It is Merleau-Ponty’s engagement with gestalt theory that informs the key claims of this essay, supported by diverse accounts and analyses of the underlying psychological dimensions and consequences of torture. Specifically, I will argue that while we can theoretically decompose perception in terms of gestalt structures to better understand the mechanisms of perceptual experience in general, we can also understand how it is possible to achieve an inhuman gaze through a rationalizing deconstructive process of perception; rather than ‘making’ others and worlds, these are ‘unmade’ for potentially violent and unethical ends.

This document is a study of how Gestalt principles of organization are at work in “Désordre” (1985), the first etude in the first book of piano etudes by György Ligeti (1923–2006). After explaining how Gestalt principles can be applied to the analysis of music, the study presents an analysis of the etude in four main parts. The first part identifies elements of the composition that help the listener define boundaries between
phrases, phrase groups, and sections. The second part discusses how foreground and background layers are articulated. The third part discusses the polytempo illusion. The
fourth and final part identifies elements that contribute to large-scale unity in the composition. Finally, some pedagogical applications for teaching composition are briefly addressed.

Gestalt Therapy techniques are considered to be powerful tools for the remobilization of human growth and change. I will attempt to show that the power of these techniques lies in the fact that they are effective ways of dealing with our "internalizations". I will first briefly review object relation theory and then discuss gestalt techniques as they pertain to internal objects.

My previous monographs justifying architecture as the making of metaphors were steeped in deductive formal reasoning since we could not find new research about metaphors. Many of my monographs included analyzing and explaining the syllogism:
• Art [F] is the making of metaphors
• Architecture is an art[F]
• Therefore architecture is the making of metaphors.
Till now we did nothing to informally reason why art is the making of metaphors nor why architecture is an art. Since 1967 I proceeded to analyze the presumptions and find its many applications. This new information in Metaphor and Thought by Andrew Ortony first published in 1979, evidence to support inductive reasoning and to this end each axiom is its own warrant to the inferences of the above syllogism and the answer to questions of why metaphor is the stasis to any of the syllogism’s claims and implications. This argument now assumes that what is true for the parts is true for whole, where any one axiom is true the claim is true and the collective axioms and claims support the resolution that architecture is the making of metaphors.
While aesthetics is a guiding principle in matters of artistic [F] beauty and taste, metaphor is the analogy to taste and is used to form works of art and architecture.
William Wilson said that "a generous Age of Aquarius aesthetic that said that everything was art” It was during this time that we conceived the theory (architecture is an art because it makes metaphors) and held the lecture series at Yale. Most definitions of aesthetics concern the appreciation of beauty or good taste including the basis for making such judgments. Without a theory of metaphors these judgments mostly deal with probability and are inductive or deductive, deductive when depending on accepted premises which is the commonplace of the metaphor or inductive using logical induction. Inductive reasoning is inductive inference from the observed to the unobserved. It was given its classic formulation by David Hume, who noted that such inferences typically rely on the assumption that the future will resemble the past, or on the assumption that events of a certain type are necessarily connected, via a relation of causation, to events of another type.
In argumentation [A] it is noted that in an induction there is no new information added. In both methods the metaphor is at their root and as such the basis of aesthetics and as such essential to understand the stasis to what makes all arts the making of metaphors and how that Wilson’s statement is true for everything as most are metaphorical as well. The matter then is one of standards, social rightness and the ability any one or another work has an explanation of its form.
Architecture as the making of metaphors not only is the stasis to why architecture is art but also explains the formation of architectural aesthetic vocabulary.
The below is predominantly developed from a study of “Metaphors and Thought” by Andrew Ortony, [1] and, is in addition to over forty years of my work about “architecture as the making of metaphors. It is my hope that this monograph will introduce to aesthetics an architectural vocabulary to appreciate works of architecture.

This paper will reflect on the possible relationship between Gestalt Psychotherapy and Autism. It expands on how the phenomenological approach that Gestalt therapy is based on can offer a richer understanding in the reality experienced by clients with Autism. This paper also explores some personal reflections and experiences of the author and Gestalt Therapy. This paper aims to raise awareness and interest on the link of these two worlds and how the relationship can be a symbiotic one.

INTRODUCCION La autoexigencia vive desde tiempos inmemorables en el artista, la cual ha llegado a provocarle insatisfacción y ser un limitante en su carrera artística. Miguel Ángel, encargado de decorar la Capilla Sixtina del Vaticano, su perfeccionismo no le permitió que las personas vieran bocetos u obras sin terminar, destruyéndolas, sin dejar otras hermosas pinturas a su cargo. Por lo que la autoexigencia en el artista es un tema conocido, sin embargo, poco trabajado.