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US20090160323A1 - Carbazole Derivative, and Light-Emitting Element, Light-Emitting Device, and Electronic Device Using Carbazole Derivative - Google Patents

Carbazole Derivative, and Light-Emitting Element, Light-Emitting Device, and Electronic Device Using Carbazole Derivative Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090160323A1
US20090160323A1 US12/326,311 US32631108A US2009160323A1 US 20090160323 A1 US20090160323 A1 US 20090160323A1 US 32631108 A US32631108 A US 32631108A US 2009160323 A1 US2009160323 A1 US 2009160323A1
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light
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emitting element
layer
mixture
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Inventor
Hiroko Nomura
Harue Osaka
Takahiro Ushikubo
Sachiko Kawakami
Satoshi Seo
Satoko Shitagaki
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Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co Ltd
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Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co Ltd
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Application filed by Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co Ltd filed Critical Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co Ltd
Assigned to SEMICONDUCTOR ENERGY LABORATORY CO., LTD. reassignment SEMICONDUCTOR ENERGY LABORATORY CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NOMURA, HIROKO, OSAKA, HARUE, SEO, SATOSHI, SHITAGAKI, SATOKO, USHIKUBO, TAKAHIRO, KAWAKAMI, SACHIKO
Publication of US20090160323A1 publication Critical patent/US20090160323A1/en
Priority to US15/713,129 priority Critical patent/US20180009751A1/en
Priority to US16/139,412 priority patent/US10556864B2/en
Priority to US16/741,830 priority patent/US20200148640A1/en
Priority to US17/861,363 priority patent/US12110274B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D209/56—Ring systems containing three or more rings
    • C07D209/80—[b, c]- or [b, d]-condensed
    • C07D209/82—Carbazoles; Hydrogenated carbazoles
    • C07D209/86—Carbazoles; Hydrogenated carbazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the ring system
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
    • H10K50/15—Hole transporting layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
    • H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
    • H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
    • H10K85/624—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene containing six or more rings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
    • H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
    • H10K85/633—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine comprising polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons as substituents on the nitrogen atom
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
    • H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
    • H10K85/636—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine comprising heteroaromatic hydrocarbons as substituents on the nitrogen atom
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
    • H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
    • H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
    • H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
    • C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
    • C09K2211/1018—Heterocyclic compounds
    • C09K2211/1025—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands
    • C09K2211/1029—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands containing one nitrogen atom as the heteroatom

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a carbazole derivative, a light-emitting element, a light-emitting device, and an electronic device using a carbazole derivative.
  • Such a light-emitting element is a self-luminous type, it has advantages over a liquid crystal display element, such as high visibility of the pixels and no need of backlight and is considered suitable for a flat panel display element.
  • a light-emitting element can be manufactured to be thin and light-weight, which is also a great advantage. Further, extremely high response speed is also a feature thereof.
  • the light-emitting element described above also has a high utility value as a planar light source which is applicable to lighting or the like.
  • Such light-emitting elements using electroluminescence are broadly classified according to whether a light-emitting substance is an organic compound or an inorganic compound.
  • a light-emitting substance is an organic compound or an inorganic compound.
  • electrons and holes are injected into a layer containing a light-emitting organic compound from a pair of electrodes by applying voltage to a light-emitting element, and then a current flows therethrough. Then, by recombination of these carriers (electrons and holes), the light-emitting organic compound forms an excited state, and emits light when the excited state returns to a ground state.
  • an excited state of an organic compound can be a singlet excited state or a triplet excited state.
  • Light emission from the singlet excited state is referred to as fluorescence
  • light emission from the triplet excited state is referred to as phosphorescence.
  • Non-Patent Document 1 Meng-Huan Ho, Yao-Shan Wu and Chin H. Chen, 2005 SID International Symposium Digest of Technical Papers , Vol. XXXVI. pp. 802-805).
  • NPB 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
  • One feature of the present invention is a carbazole derivative represented by the following general formula (1).
  • ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , and ⁇ 4 each represent an arylene group having less than or equal to 13 carbon atoms, which forms a ring;
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 each represent an aryl group having less than or equal to 13 carbon atoms, which forms a ring;
  • R 1 represents any of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group;
  • R 2 represents any of an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group.
  • l, m, and n are each independent, which is 0 or 1.
  • ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 4 in the general formula (1) are represented by any of the following general formulas (2-1) to (2-12).
  • R 1 to R 16 , R 21 to R 30 , R 31 to R 38 , and R 41 to R 45 each represent any of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, and a biphenyl group.
  • R 46 and R 47 each represent any of an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and a phenyl group.
  • R 46 and R 47 may be connected to each other to form a ring.
  • R 48 represents any of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, and a biphenyl group.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 in the general formula (1) are represented by any of the following general formulas (3-1) to (3-6).
  • R 51 to R 56 , R 61 to R 70 , R 71 to R 78 , and R 81 to R 85 each represent any of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, and a biphenyl group.
  • R 86 and R 87 each represent any of an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and a phenyl group.
  • R 86 and R 87 may be connected to each other to form a ring.
  • R 88 and R 89 each represent any of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, and a biphenyl group.
  • R 1 in the general formula (1) is represented by any of the following general formulas (4-1) to (4-9), and R 2 in the general formula (1) is represented by any of the following general formulas (4-2) to (4-9).
  • R 51 to R 70 each represent any of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, and a biphenyl group.
  • one feature of the present invention is represented by any of the following structural formulas (5) to (8).
  • a light-emitting element includes an EL layer between a pair of electrodes, the EL layer includes at least a light-emitting layer and a hole-transporting layer, and at least one of the light-emitting layer and the hole-transporting layer contains any of the carbazole derivatives described above.
  • a light-emitting element includes an EL layer between an anode and a cathode, the EL layer includes at least a light-emitting layer, a hole-transporting layer, and a hole-injecting layer, the hole-injecting layer is formed in contact with the anode, and at least one of the light-emitting layer, the hole-transporting layer, and the hole-injecting layer contains any of the carbazole derivatives described above.
  • the hole-injecting layer contains any of the carbazole derivatives described above and an inorganic compound which exhibits an electron-accepting property with respect to the carbazole derivative.
  • an oxide of a transition metal can be used as the inorganic compound.
  • the inorganic compound one or more kinds of titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, rhenium oxide, ruthenium oxide, chromium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, and silver oxide can be used.
  • a light-emitting device is formed using any of the light-emitting elements described above, and an electronic device is formed using the light-emitting device.
  • the present invention also includes a light-emitting device having the light-emitting element described above and an electronic device having the light-emitting device.
  • a light-emitting device in this specification refers to an image display device, a light-emitting device, or a light source (including a lighting device).
  • light-emitting devices include all of the following modules: modules in which a connector, for example, a flexible printed circuit (FPC), a tape automated bonding (TAB) tape, or a tape carrier package (TCP) is attached to a light-emitting device; modules provided with a printed wiring board at the end of a TAB tape or a TCP; and modules where an integrated circuit (IC) is directly mounted on a light-emitting element by a chip-on-glass (COG) method.
  • a connector for example, a flexible printed circuit (FPC), a tape automated bonding (TAB) tape, or a tape carrier package (TCP)
  • TAB tape automated bonding
  • TCP tape carrier package
  • COG chip-on-glass
  • the carbazole derivative of the present invention exhibits a high hole-transporting property, it can be mainly used for a hole-transporting layer which is included in an EL layer of a light-emitting element.
  • the carbazole derivative of the present invention is used for the hole-transporting layer to form a light-emitting element, whereby a light-emitting element having high luminous efficiency can be formed.
  • a light-emitting device and an electronic device which consumes low power and is driven at low voltage can be obtained by using this light-emitting element.
  • FIGS. 1A and 1B are cross-sectional views each showing a stacked-layer structure of a light-emitting element in Embodiment Mode 2;
  • FIGS. 2A to 2C are cross-sectional views each showing a mode of light emission of a light-emitting element in Embodiment Mode 2;
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a stacked-layer structure of a light-emitting element in Embodiment Mode 3;
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B are respectively a top view and a cross-sectional view of an active matrix light-emitting device in Embodiment Mode 4;
  • FIGS. 5A and 5B are respectively a perspective view and a cross-sectional view of a passive matrix light-emitting device in Embodiment Mode 4;
  • FIGS. 6A to 6D are views each showing an electronic device in Embodiment Mode 5;
  • FIG. 7 is a view showing a liquid crystal display device using a light-emitting device of the present invention as a backlight
  • FIG. 8 is a view showing a table lamp using a light-emitting device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a view showing an indoor lighting device using a light-emitting device of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 10A and 10B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of PCBA1BP (abbreviation);
  • FIGS. 11A and 11B are graphs showing an absorption spectrum and an emission spectrum of PCBA1BP (abbreviation);
  • FIGS. 12A and 12B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of PCBBi1BP (abbreviation);
  • FIGS. 13A and 13B are graphs showing an absorption spectrum and an emission spectrum of PCBBi1BP (abbreviation);
  • FIGS. 14A and 14B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of PCBAF (abbreviation).
  • FIGS. 15A and 15B are graphs showing an absorption spectrum and an emission spectrum of PCBAF (abbreviation);
  • FIGS. 16A and 16B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of PCBASF (abbreviation);
  • FIGS. 17A and 17B are graphs showing an absorption spectrum and an emission spectrum of PCBASF (abbreviation);
  • FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view showing an element structure of a light-emitting element in Embodiment 5;
  • FIG. 19 is a graph showing the current density vs. luminance characteristics of a light-emitting element 1 and a light-emitting element 2 ;
  • FIG. 20 is a graph showing the voltage vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 2 ;
  • FIG. 21 is a graph showing the luminance vs. current efficiency characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 2 ;
  • FIG. 22 is a graph showing the voltage vs. current characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 2 ;
  • FIG. 23 is a graph showing emission spectra of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 2 ;
  • FIG. 24 is a graph showing the result of a continuous lighting test of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 2 by constant current driving;
  • FIG. 25 is a graph showing the current density vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and a light-emitting element 3 ;
  • FIG. 26 is a graph showing the voltage vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 3 ;
  • FIG. 27 is a graph showing the luminance vs. current efficiency characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 3 ;
  • FIG. 28 is a graph showing the voltage vs. current characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 3 ;
  • FIG. 29 is a graph showing emission spectra of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 3 ;
  • FIG. 30 is a graph showing the current density vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and a light-emitting element 4 ;
  • FIG. 31 is a graph showing the voltage vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 4 ;
  • FIG. 32 is a graph showing the luminance vs. current efficiency characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 4 ;
  • FIG. 33 is a graph showing the voltage vs. current characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 4 ;
  • FIG. 34 is a graph showing emission spectra of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 4 ;
  • FIG. 35 is a graph showing the result of a continuous lighting test of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 4 by constant current driving;
  • FIG. 36 is a graph showing the current density vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and a light-emitting element 5 ;
  • FIG. 37 is a graph showing the voltage vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 5 ;
  • FIG. 38 is a graph showing the luminance vs. current efficiency characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 5 ;
  • FIG. 39 is a graph showing the voltage vs. current characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting element 5 ;
  • FIG. 41 is a graph showing CV characteristics of PCBA1BP (abbreviation).
  • FIG. 43 is a graph showing CV characteristics of PCBAF (abbreviation).
  • FIG. 44 is a graph showing CV characteristics of PCBASF (abbreviation).
  • FIGS. 45A and 45B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of PCTA1BP (abbreviation).
  • FIGS. 47A and 47B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of PCBANB (abbreviation).
  • FIGS. 48A and 48B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of PCBNBB (abbreviation).
  • FIGS. 49A and 49B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of PCBBiNB (abbreviation).
  • FIGS. 50A and 50B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of PCBANT (abbreviation).
  • FIGS. 51A and 51B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of BCBA1BP (abbreviation);
  • FIGS. 52A and 52B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of BCBANB (abbreviation).
  • FIGS. 54A and 54B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of NBCBA1BP (abbreviation);
  • FIGS. 55A and 55B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of NCBA1BP (abbreviation).
  • FIG. 57 is a graph showing the luminance vs. current efficiency characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting elements 6 to 8 ;
  • FIG. 58 is a graph showing the voltage vs. current characteristics of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting elements 6 to 8 ;
  • FIG. 59 is a graph showing emission spectra of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting elements 6 to 8 ;
  • FIG. 60 is a graph showing the result of a continuous lighting test of the light-emitting element 1 and the light-emitting elements 6 to 8 by constant current driving;
  • FIGS. 61A and 61B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of PCBBi1BPIII (abbreviation);
  • FIGS. 62A to 62C are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of PCBA1BPIV (abbreviation).
  • FIGS. 63A and 63B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of PCBNBB ⁇ (abbreviation).
  • FIGS. 64A and 64B are graphs showing 1 H NMR charts of PCBBiFLP (abbreviation).
  • the carbazole derivative of the present invention is represented by a general formula (1).
  • ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 , and ⁇ 4 each represent an arylene group having less than or equal to 13 carbon atoms, which forms a ring;
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 each represent an aryl group having less than or equal to 13 carbon atoms, which forms a ring;
  • R 1 represents any of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group;
  • R 2 represents any of alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group.
  • l, m, and n are each independent, which is 0 or 1.
  • ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 4 each represent an arylene group having less than or equal to 13 carbon atoms, which forms a ring.
  • substituents represented by structural formulas (2-1) to (2-12) can be given.
  • R 11 to R 16 , R 21 to R 30 , R 31 to R 38 , and R 41 to R 45 each represent any of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, and a biphenyl group.
  • R 46 and R 47 each represent any of an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and a phenyl group.
  • R 46 and R 47 may be connected to each other to form a ring.
  • R 48 represents any of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, and a biphenyl group.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 each represent an aryl group having less than or equal to 13 carbon atoms, which forms a ring.
  • substituents represented by structural formulas (3-1) to (3-6) can be given.
  • R 51 to R 56 , R 61 to R 70 , R 71 to R 78 , and R 81 to R 85 each represent any of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, and a biphenyl group.
  • R 86 and R 87 each represent any of an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and a phenyl group.
  • R 86 and R 87 may be connected to each other to form a ring.
  • R 88 and R 89 each represent any of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, and a biphenyl group.
  • R 1 represents any of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group
  • R 2 represents any of an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl group.
  • substituents represented by structural formulas (4-1) to (4-9) can be given for R 1
  • the substituents represented by the structural formulas (4-2) to (4-9) can be given for R 2 .
  • R 51 to R 70 each represent any of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, and a biphenyl group.
  • carbazole derivatives of the present invention represented by the general formula (1)
  • carbazole derivatives represented by structural formulas (9) to (425) can be given.
  • the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • carbazole derivative of the present invention represented by the general formula (1) can be synthesized by a synthetic method represented by the following synthetic schemes (A-1) to (A-7), a synthetic scheme (B-1), and synthetic schemes (C-1) to (C-2).
  • Halogenated secondary arylamine represented by a general formula (compound A) can be synthesized in a manner like the following synthetic scheme (A-1).
  • secondary arylamine (compound A 1 ) is halogenated by using a halogenating agent, whereby the halogenated secondary arylamine (compound A) can be obtained.
  • the halogenating agent N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), N-iodosuccinimide (NIS), bromine, iodine, potassium iodide, or the like can be used.
  • each X 1 represents a halogen group, which is preferably a bromo group or an iodine group.
  • a halogenated carbazole derivative represented by a general formula (compound B 2 ) can be synthesized in a manner like the following synthetic scheme (A-2).
  • a carbazole derivative (compound B 1 ) is halogenated by using a halogenating agent, whereby the halogenated carbazole derivative (compound B 2 ) can be obtained.
  • the halogenating agent N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), N-iodosuccinimide (NIS), bromine, iodine, potassium iodide, or the like can be used.
  • each X 1 represents a halogen group, which is preferably a bromo group or an iodine group.
  • a compound in which the third position of 9H-carbazole is substituted by boronic acid or organoboron, which is represented by a general formula (compound B), can be synthesized in a manner like the following synthetic scheme (A-3).
  • boron oxidation or organoboronation is performed on the halogenated carbazole derivative (compound B 2 ) using an alkyllithium reagent and a boron reagent, whereby the compound in which the third position of 9H-carbazole is substituted by boronic acid or organoboron (compound B) can be obtained.
  • R 99 in the scheme (A-3) represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • R 98 presents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • R 100 and R 10l each represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • R 102 and R 103 may be connected to each other to form a ring.
  • n-butyllithium, methyllithium, or the like can be used as the alkyllithium reagent.
  • Trimethyl borate, isopropyl borate, or the like can be used as the boron reagent.
  • Secondary arylamine represented by a general formula (compound C 3 ) can be synthesized in a manner like the following synthetic scheme (A-4). In other words, halogenated aryl (compound Cl) and primary arylamine (compound C 2 ) are coupled in the presence of a base using a metal catalyst, whereby the secondary arylamine (compound C 3 ) can be obtained.
  • the palladium catalyst which can be used in the synthetic scheme (A-4) although bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0), palladium(II) acetate, and the like can be given, the palladium catalyst which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • the ligand in the palladium catalyst which can be used in the synthetic scheme (A-4) although tri(tert-butyl)phosphine, tri(n-hexyl)phosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, and the like can be given, the ligand which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • a base which can be used in the synthetic scheme (A-4) although an organic base such as sodium tert-butoxide, an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, and the like can be given, the base which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • a solvent that can be used in the synthetic scheme (A-4) although toluene, xylene, benzene, tetrahydrofuran, and the like can be given, the solvent which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • R 104 and R 105 each represent a halogen group, an acetyl group, or the like, and chlorine, bromine, and iodine can be given as the halogen group. It is preferable that R 104 be iodine to form copper(I) iodide or that R 105 be an acetyl group to form a copper(II) acetate.
  • the copper compound used for the reaction is not limited thereto, and copper can be used as an alternative to the copper compound.
  • a base which can be used in the synthetic scheme (A-4) although an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate can be given, the base which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • DMPU 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone
  • toluene 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone
  • xylene 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone
  • benzene 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone
  • the solvent which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • DMPU or xylene which has a high boiling point is preferably used because, by an Ullmann reaction, an object can be obtained in a shorter time and at a higher yield when the reaction temperature is greater than or equal to 100° C. Since it is further preferable that the reaction temperature be a temperature greater than or equal to 150° C., DMPU is more preferably used.
  • Tertiary arylamine represented by a general formula (compound C 5 ) can be synthesized in a manner like the following synthetic scheme (A-5).
  • the secondary arylamine (compound C 3 ) and halogenated aryl (compound C 4 ) are coupled in the presence of a base using a metal catalyst, whereby the tertiary arylamine (compound C 5 ) can be obtained.
  • the palladium catalyst which can be used in the synthetic scheme (A-5) although bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0), palladium(II) acetate, and the like can be given, the palladium catalyst which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • the ligand in the palladium catalyst which can be used in the synthetic scheme (A-5) although tri(tert-butyl)phosphine, tri(n-hexyl)phosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, and the like can be given, the ligand which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • a base which can be used in the synthetic scheme (A-5) although an organic base such as sodium tert-butoxide, an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, and the like can be given, the base which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • a solvent that can be used in the synthetic scheme (A-5) although toluene, xylene, benzene, tetrahydrofuran, and the like can be given, the solvent which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • R 104 and R 105 each represent a halogen group, an acetyl group, or the like, and chlorine, bromine, and iodine can be given as the halogen group. It is preferable that R 104 be iodine to form copper(I) iodide or that R 105 be an acetyl group to form a copper(II) acetate.
  • the copper compound used for the reaction is not limited thereto, and copper can be used as an alternative to the copper compound.
  • a base which can be used in the synthetic scheme (A-5) although an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate can be given, the base which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • DMPU 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone
  • toluene 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone
  • xylene 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone
  • benzene 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone
  • the solvent which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • DMPU or xylene which has a high boiling point is preferably used because, by an Ullmann reaction, an object can be obtained in a shorter time and at a higher yield when the reaction temperature is greater than or equal to 100° C. Since it is further preferable that the reaction temperature be a temperature greater than or equal to 150° C., DMPU is more preferably used.
  • Tertiary arylamine represented by a general formula (compound C 5 ) can be synthesized in a manner like the following synthetic scheme (A-6).
  • the primary arylamine (compound C 2 ) and the halogenated aryl (compounds C 1 and C 4 ) are coupled in the presence of a base using a metal catalyst, whereby the tertiary arylamine (compound C 5 ) can be obtained.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are the same, ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are the same, and l and m are the same, the compound C 5 can be obtained with high yield.
  • the palladium catalyst which can be used in the synthetic scheme (A-6) although bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0), palladium(II) acetate, and the like can be given, the palladium catalyst which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • the ligand in the palladium catalyst which can be used in the synthetic scheme (A-6) although tri(tert-butyl)phosphine, tri(n-hexyl)phosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, and the like can be given, the ligand which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • a base which can be used in the synthetic scheme (A-6) although an organic base such as sodium tert-butoxide, an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, and the like can be given, the base which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • a solvent that can be used in the synthetic scheme (A-6) although toluene, xylene, benzene, tetrahydrofuran, and the like can be given, the solvent which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • R 104 and R 105 each represent a halogen group, an acetyl group, or the like, and chlorine, bromine, and iodine can be given as the halogen group. It is preferable that R 104 be iodine to form copper(I) iodide or that R 105 be an acetyl group to form a copper(II) acetate.
  • the copper compound used for the reaction is not limited thereto, and copper can be used as an alternative to the copper compound.
  • DMPU 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone
  • toluene 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone
  • xylene 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone
  • benzene 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinone
  • the solvent which can be used is not limited thereto.
  • DMPU or xylene which has a high boiling point is preferably used because, by an Ullmann reaction, an object can be obtained in a shorter time and at a higher yield when the reaction temperature is greater than or equal to 100° C. Since it is further preferable that the reaction temperature be a temperature greater than or equal to 150° C., DMPU is more preferably used.
  • Halogenated tertiary arylamine represented by a general formula (compound C) can be synthesized in a manner like the following synthetic scheme (A-7).
  • tertiary arylamine (compound C 5 ) is halogenated by using a halogenating agent, whereby the halogenated tertiary arylamine (compound C) can be obtained.
  • the halogenating agent N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), N-iodosuccinimide (NIS), bromine, iodine, potassium iodide, or the like can be used.
  • each X 1 represents a halogen group, which is preferably a bromo group or an iodine group.
  • Secondary arylamine having carbazole which is represented by a general formula (compound D), can be synthesized in a manner like the following synthetic scheme (B-1).
  • the halogenated secondary arylamine (compound A) and the compound in which the third position of 9H-carbazole is substituted by boronic acid or organoboron (compound B) can be coupled in the presence of a base using a metal catalyst. Accordingly, the secondary arylamine having carbazole (compound D) can be obtained.
  • a palladium catalyst which can be used as a metal catalyst palladium(II) acetate, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride, and the like can be given.
  • a ligand in the above palladium catalyst tri(ortho-tolyl)phosphine, triphenylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, and the like can be given.
  • an organic base such as sodium tert-butoxide, an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, and the like
  • a mixed solvent of toluene and water a mixed solvent of toluene, an alcohol such as ethanol, and water; a mixed solvent of xylene and water; a mixed solvent of xylene, an alcohol such as ethanol, and water; a mixed solvent of benzene and water; a mixed solvent of benzene, an alcohol such as ethanol, and water; a mixed solvent of ethers such as ethyleneglycoldimethylether and water; and the like can be given.
  • the catalyst, ligand, base, and solvent which can be used are not limited thereto.
  • cross coupling using organoaluminum, organozirconium, organozinc, or organotin compound, or the like, in addition to arylboronic acid may be employed as a base material.
  • organoaluminum, organozirconium, organozinc, or organotin compound, or the like in addition to arylboronic acid, may be employed as a base material.
  • the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • Tertiary arylamine having carbazole represented by a general formula (compound E) can be synthesized in a manner like the following synthetic scheme (C-1).
  • the secondary arylamine having carbazole (compound D) and the halogenated aryl (compound C 4 ) are coupled in the presence of a base using a metal catalyst, whereby the tertiary arylamine having carbazole (compound E), which is a final product, can be obtained.
  • a palladium catalyst which can be used as a metal catalyst palladium(II) acetate, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride, and the like can be given.
  • a ligand in the above palladium catalyst tri(ortho-tolyl)phosphine, triphenylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, and the like can be given.
  • an organic base such as sodium tert-butoxide, an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate, and the like
  • a mixed solvent of toluene and water a mixed solvent of toluene, an alcohol such as ethanol, and water; a mixed solvent of xylene and water; a mixed solvent of xylene, an alcohol such as ethanol, and water; a mixed solvent of benzene and water; a mixed solvent of benzene, an alcohol such as ethanol, and water; a mixed solvent of ethers such as ethyleneglycoldimethylether and water; and the like can be given.
  • the catalyst, ligand, base, and solvent which can be used are not limited thereto.
  • cross coupling using organoaluminum, organic zirconium, organozinc, organozirconium, organotin, or the like, in addition to arylboronic acid may be employed as a base material.
  • the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the tertiary arylamine having carbazole represented by the general formula (compound E) can be synthesized in a manner like the following synthetic scheme (C-2).
  • the halogenated tertiary arylamine (compound C) and the compound in which the third position of 9H-carbazole is substituted by boronic acid or organoboron (compound B) are coupled in the presence of a base using a metal catalyst, whereby the tertiary arylamine having carbazole (compound E), which is a final product, can be obtained.
  • Embodiment Mode 2 a light-emitting element which is formed using, for a hole-transporting layer, the carbazole derivative of the present invention described in Embodiment Mode 1 will be described.
  • the light-emitting element in Embodiment Mode 2 includes a first electrode which functions as an anode, a second electrode which functions as a cathode, and an EL layer interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. Note that the light-emitting element in Embodiment Mode 2 can obtain light emission when voltage is applied to each electrode so that the potential of the first electrode is higher than that of the second electrode.
  • the EL layer of the light-emitting element in Embodiment Mode 2 includes in its structure a first layer (a hole-injecting layer), a second layer (a hole-transporting layer), a third layer (a light-emitting layer), a fourth layer (an electron-transporting layer), and a fifth layer (an electron-injecting layer), from the first electrode side.
  • a structure of the light-emitting element in Embodiment Mode 2 is described with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B .
  • a substrate 101 is used as a support of the light-emitting element.
  • glass, quartz, plastics, or the like can be used, for example.
  • the substrate 101 may remain in a light-emitting device or an electronic device which is a product utilizing the light-emitting element of the present invention, the substrate 101 may only have a function as the support of the light-emitting element in the manufacturing process of the light-emitting element, without remaining in an end product.
  • a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, a mixture thereof, or the like having a high work function is preferably used.
  • a high work function specifically, a work function of 4.0 eV or more
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • IZO indium zinc oxide
  • indium oxide containing tungsten oxide and zinc oxide is preferably used.
  • a first layer 111 in an EL layer 103 which is formed in contact with the first electrode 102 is formed using a composite material with which holes are easily injected regardless of the work function of the first electrode 102 .
  • an electrode material e.g., a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, a mixture thereof, or the like, or an element belonging to Group 1 or 2 of the periodic table is also included.
  • a film of any of those materials is generally formed by a sputtering method.
  • indium zinc oxide (IZO) can be formed by a sputtering method using a target in which 1 wt % to 20 wt % zinc oxide is added to indium oxide; and indium oxide containing tungsten oxide and zinc oxide can be formed by a sputtering method using a target in which 0.5 wt % to 5 wt % tungsten oxide and 0.1 wt % to 1 wt % zinc oxide are added to indium oxide.
  • the first layer 111 may be formed by a vacuum evaporation method, an ink-jet method, a spin-coating method, or the like.
  • any of a variety of materials such as metals, alloys, and electrically conductive compounds; a mixture thereof; or the like can be used as a substance used for the first electrode 102 regardless of their work functions.
  • aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), an alloy containing aluminum (AlSi), or the like can also be used.
  • an element belonging to Group 1 or 2 of the periodic table which is a low work function material, that is, an alkali metal such as lithium (Li) or cesium (Cs), an alkaline earth metal such as magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), or strontium (Sr), an alloy containing any of these metals (such as an MgAg alloy or an AlLi alloy), a rare-earth metal such as europium (Eu) or ytterbium (Yb), an alloy containing such rare-earth metals, or the like can also be used.
  • an alkali metal such as lithium (Li) or cesium (Cs)
  • an alkaline earth metal such as magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), or strontium (Sr)
  • an alloy containing any of these metals such as an MgAg alloy or an AlLi alloy
  • a rare-earth metal such as europium (Eu) or ytterbium (Yb)
  • the first electrode 102 is formed using an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal, or an alloy thereof, a vacuum evaporation method or a sputtering method can be employed.
  • a vacuum evaporation method or a sputtering method can be employed in the case of using a silver paste or the like.
  • a coating method, an ink-jet method, or the like can be used.
  • the EL layer 103 formed over the first electrode 102 a known substance can be used, and any of a low molecular compound and a macromolecular compound can be used. Note that the substance used to form the EL layer 103 has not only a structure formed of only an organic compound but also a structure partially containing an inorganic compound.
  • a hole-injecting layer containing a substance having a high hole-injecting property, a hole-transporting layer containing a substance having a high hole-transporting property, a light-emitting layer containing a light-emitting substance, an electron-transporting layer containing a substance having a high electron-transporting property, an electron-injecting layer containing a substance having a high electron-injecting property, and the like are combined with each other and stacked, as appropriate.
  • the first layer (a hole-injecting layer) 111 , a second layer (a hole-transporting layer) 112 , a third layer (a light-emitting layer) 113 , a fourth layer (an electron-transporting layer) 114 , and a fifth layer (an electron-injecting layer) 115 are sequentially stacked from the first electrode 102 side.
  • the first layer 111 which is a hole-injecting layer is a hole-injecting layer containing a substance having a high hole-injecting property.
  • a substance having a high hole-injecting property molybdenum oxide, titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, rhenium oxide, ruthenium oxide, chromium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, silver oxide, tungsten oxide, manganese oxide, or the like can be used.
  • a phthalocyanine-based compound such as phthalocyanine (abbreviation: H 2 Pc), copper(II) phthalocyanine (abbreviation: CuPc), or vanadyl phthalocyanine (abbreviation: VOPc) can be given.
  • H 2 Pc phthalocyanine
  • CuPc copper(II) phthalocyanine
  • VOPc vanadyl phthalocyanine
  • aromatic amine compounds which are low-molecular organic compounds can also be given: 4,4′,4′′-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (abbreviation: TDATA); 4,4′,4′′-tris[N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine (abbreviation: MTDATA); 4,4′-bis[N-(4-diphenylaminophenyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (abbreviation: DPAB); 4,4′-bis(N- ⁇ 4-[N′-(3-methylphenyl)-N′-phenylamino]phenyl ⁇ -N-phenylamino)biphenyl (abbreviation: DNTPD); 1,3,5-tris[N-(4-diphenylaminophenyl)-N-phenylamino]benzene (abbreviation: DPA3B); 3-[
  • a macromolecular compound (an oligomer, a dendrimer, a polymer, or the like) can also be used.
  • macromolecular compounds such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (abbreviation: PVK); poly(4-vinyltriphenylamine) (abbreviation: PVTPA), poly[N-(4- ⁇ N [4-(4-diphenylamino)phenyl]phenyl-N′-phenylamino ⁇ phenyl)methacrylamide] (abbreviation: PTPDMA), and poly[N,N′-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)benzidine] (abbreviation: Poly-TPD) can be given.
  • PVK poly(N-vinylcarbazole)
  • PVTPA poly(4-vinyltriphenylamine)
  • PTPDMA poly[N-(4- ⁇ N [4-(4-dipheny
  • a macromolecular compound, to which acid is added such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT/PSS) or polyaniline/poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (abbreviation: PAni/PSS) can also be used.
  • PEDOT/PSS poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonic acid)
  • PAni/PSS polyaniline/poly(styrenesulfonic acid)
  • the composite material in which a substance having an acceptor property is contained in a substance having a high hole-transporting property can be used.
  • a material used to form an electrode may be selected regardless of its work function.
  • Such composite materials can be formed by co-evaporation of a substance having a high hole-transporting property and a substance having an acceptor property.
  • composition means not only a simple mixture of two materials but also a mixture of a plurality of materials in a condition where an electric charge is given and received among the materials.
  • organic compound used for the composite material various compounds such as an aromatic amine compound, a carbazole derivative, aromatic hydrocarbon, and a macromolecular compound (an oligomer, a dendrimer, a polymer, or the like) can be used.
  • the organic compound used for the composite material is preferably an organic compound having a high hole-transporting property. Specifically, a substance having a hole mobility of 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 /Vs or more is preferably used. However, other than the above substances may be used as long as the substance has a higher hole-transporting property than an electron-transporting property.
  • the organic compound that can be used for the composite material is specifically shown below.
  • an aromatic amine compound such as MTDATA, TDATA, DPAB, DNTPD, DPA3B, PCzPCA1, PCzPCA2, PCzPCN1, 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (abbreviation: NPB or ⁇ -NPD), and N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (abbreviation: TPD); and a carbazole derivative such as 4,4′-di(N-carbazolyl)biphenyl (abbreviation: CBP), 1,3,5-tris[4-(N-carbazolyl)phenyl]benzene (abbreviation: TCPB), 9-[4-(N-carbazolyl)]phenyl-10-phenylanthrac
  • aromatic hydrocarbon compounds can be given: 2-tert-butyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (abbreviation: t-BuDNA); 2-tert-butyl-9,10-di(1-naphthyl)anthracene; 9,10-bis(3,5-diphenylphenyl)anthracene (abbreviation: DPPA); 2-tert-butyl-9,10-bis(4-phenylphenyl)anthracene (abbreviation: t-BuDBA); 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (abbreviation: DNA); 9,10-diphenylanthracene (abbreviation: DPAnth); 2-tert-butylanthracene (abbreviation: t-BuAnth); 9,10-bis(4-methyl-1-naphthyl)anthracene (abbreviation:
  • aromatic hydrocarbon compound compounds can also be given: 2,3,6,7-tetramethyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene; 9,9′-bianthryl; 10,10′-diphenyl-9,9′-bianthryl; 10,10′-bis(2-phenylphenyl)-9,9′-bianthryl; 10,10′-bis[(2,3,4,5,6-pentaphenyl)phenyl]-9,9′-bianthryl; anthracene; tetracene; rubrene; perylene; 2,5,8,11-tetra(tert-butyl)perylene; pentacene; coronene; 4,4′-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)biphenyl (abbreviation: DPVBi); 9,10-bis[4-(2,2-diphenylvinyl)phenyl]anthracene (abbreviation: DPVPA); and the like.
  • DPVBi
  • organic compounds such as 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroquinodimethane (abbreviation: F 4 -TCNQ) and chloranil, and a transition metal oxide can be given.
  • oxides of metals belonging to Groups 4 to 8 of the periodic table can be given.
  • vanadium oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, manganese oxide, and rhenium oxide are preferable because of a high electron-accepting property.
  • molybdenum oxide is especially preferable because it is stable in the air and its hygroscopic property is low so that it can be easily treated.
  • a composite material which is formed using the above macromolecular compound such as PVK, PVTPA, PTPDMA, or Poly-TPD and the above substance having an acceptor property, may be used for the first layer 111 .
  • a composite material which is formed combining the carbazole derivative of the present invention which is described in Embodiment Mode 1 with the above substance having an acceptor property, can also be used for the first layer 111 .
  • the second layer 112 which is a hole-transporting layer is a hole-transporting layer containing a substance having a high hole-transporting property. Note that the carbazole derivative of the present invention which is described in Embodiment Mode 1 is used for the second layer 112 in Embodiment Mode 2.
  • the carbazole derivative of the present invention which is described in Embodiment Mode 1 can also be used for both the first layer 111 and the second layer 112 .
  • an element can be manufactured easily and material use efficiency can also be improved.
  • energy diagrams of the first layer 111 and the second layer 112 are the same or similar, carriers can be transported easily between the first layer 111 and the second layer 112 .
  • the third layer 113 is a light-emitting layer containing a substance having a high light-emitting property.
  • any of low molecular organic compounds given below can be used.
  • N,N′-bis[4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl]-N,N′-diphenylstilbene-4,4′-diamine (abbreviation: YGA2S),4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-4′-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)triphenylamine (abbreviation: YGAPA), and the like can be given.
  • N-(9,10-diphenyl-2-anthryl)-N,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine abbreviation: 2PCAPA
  • N-[9,10-bis(1,1′-biphenyl-2-yl)-2-anthryl]-N,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine abbreviation: 2PCABPhA
  • N-(9,10-diphenyl-2-anthryl)-N,N′,N′-triphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine abbreviation: 2DPAPA
  • N-[9,10-bis(1,1′-biphenyl-2-yl)-2-anthryl]-N,N′-triphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine abbreviation: 2DPABPhA
  • rubrene 5,12-bis(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-6,11-diphenyltetracene (abbreviation: BPT), and the like can be given.
  • N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)tetracene-5,11-diamine (abbreviation: p-mPhTD)
  • p-mPhAFD 7,13-diphenyl-N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)acenaphtho[1,2-a]fluoranthene-3,10-diamine
  • the third layer 113 may have a structure in which the above substance having a high light-emitting property is dispersed in another substance.
  • the concentration of the substance to be dispersed is preferably set 20% or less of the total in mass ratio.
  • a known substance can be used as a substance in which the substance having a light-emitting property is dispersed. It is preferable to use a substance having a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level (LUMO level) deeper (the absolute value is larger) than that of the substance having a light-emitting property and having a highest occupied molecular orbital level (HOMO level) shallower (the absolute value is smaller) than that of the substance having a light-emitting property.
  • LUMO level lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level
  • HOMO level highest occupied molecular orbital level
  • any of the following metal complexes can be used: tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III) (abbreviation: Alq); tris(4-methyl-8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III) (abbreviation: Almq 3 ); bis(10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinolinato)beryllium(II) (abbreviation: BeBq 2 ); bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)(4-phenylphenolato)aluminum(III) (abbreviation: BAlq); bis(8-quinolinolato)zinc(II) (abbreviation: Znq); bis[2-(2-benzoxazolyl)phenolato]zinc(II) (abbreviation: ZnPBO); bis[2-(2-benzothiazolyl)phenolato]zinc(II) (abbreviation: ZnBTZ); and the like.
  • any of the following heterocyclic compounds can be used: 2-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (abbreviation: PBD); 1,3-bis[5-(p-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]benzene (abbreviation: OXD-7); 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole (abbreviation: TAZ); 2,2′,2′′-(1,3,5-benzenetriyl)tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole) (abbreviation: TPBI); bathophenanthroline (abbreviation: BPhen); bathocuproine (BCP); and the like.
  • PBD 2-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-
  • any of the following condensed aromatic compounds can also be used: 9-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]-9H-Carbazole (abbreviation: CzPA); 3,6-diphenyl-9-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]-9H-Carbazole (abbreviation: DPCzPA); 9,10-bis(3,5-diphenylphenyl)anthracene (abbreviation: DPPA); 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (abbreviation: DNA); 2-tert-butyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (abbreviation: t-BuDNA); 9,9′-bianthryl (abbreviation: BANT); 9,9′-(stilbene-3,3′-diyl)diphenanthrene (abbreviation: DPNS); 9,9′-(stilbene-(
  • the substance in which the substance having a light-emitting property is dispersed a plurality of kinds of substances can be used.
  • a substance for suppressing crystallization of rubrene or the like may be further added.
  • NPB, Alq, or the like may be further added in order to efficiently transfer energy to the substance having a light-emitting property.
  • a substance having an electron-transporting property is preferably used so that the substance having a light-emitting property is dispersed therein to form the third layer 113 .
  • the following macromolecular compound can be used for the third layer 113 .
  • poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) (abbreviation: POF)
  • poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(2,5-dimethoxybenzen-1,4-diyl)] (abbreviation: PF-DMOP)
  • poly ⁇ (9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-[N,N′-di-(p-butylphenyl)-1,4-diaminobenzene] ⁇ (abbreviation: TAB-PFH), and the like can be given.
  • poly(p-phenylenvinylene) (abbreviation: PPV)
  • poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol-4,7-diyl)] (abbreviation: PFBT)
  • poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (abbreviation: MEH-PPV), poly(3-butylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (abbreviation: R4-PAT), poly ⁇ [9,9-dihexyl-2,7-bis(1-cyanovinylene)fluorenylene]-alt-co-[2,5-bis(N,N′-diphenylamino)-1,4-phenylene] ⁇ , poly ⁇ [2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-bis(1-cyanovinylenephenylene)]-alt-co-[2,5-bis(N,N′-diphenylamino)-1,4-phenylene] ⁇ (abbreviation: CN-PPV-DPD), and the like can be given.
  • MEH-PPV poly(3-butylthiophene-2,
  • the fourth layer 114 is an electron-transporting layer containing a substance having a high electron-transporting property.
  • a metal complex such as Alq, Almq 3 , BeBq 2 , BAlq, Znq, ZnPBO, or ZnBTZ, or the like can be used.
  • a heterocyclic compound such as PBD, OXD-7, TAZ, TPBI, BPhen, or BCP can be used.
  • the substances described here are mainly substances having an electron mobility of 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 /Vs or more.
  • the electron-transporting layer is not limited to a single layer but may also be a stack layer of two or more layers formed of the above substances.
  • a macromolecular compound can be used for the fourth layer 114 .
  • a macromolecular compound for example, poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(pyridine-3,5-diyl)] (abbreviation: PF-Py), poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-diyl)] (abbreviation: PF-BPy), or the like can be used.
  • PF-Py poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(pyridine-3,5-diyl)]
  • PF-BPy poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-co-(2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-d
  • the fifth layer 115 is an electron-injecting layer containing a substance having a high electron-injecting property.
  • a substance having a high electron-injecting property such as lithium fluoride (LiF), cesium fluoride (CsF), or calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) can be used.
  • a layer formed of a substance having an electron-transporting property which contains an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a compound thereof, specifically, a layer formed of Alq which contains magnesium (Mg), or the like may be used. Note that in this case, electrons can be more efficiently injected from a second electrode 104 .
  • a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, a mixture thereof, or the like having a low work function (specifically, a work function of 3.8 eV or less) can be used.
  • a cathode material an element belonging to Group 1 or 2 of the periodic table, that is, an alkali metal such as lithium (Li) or cesium (Cs), an alkaline earth metal such as magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), or strontium (Sr), an alloy containing any of these metals (such as an MgAg alloy or an AlLi alloy), a rare-earth metal such as europium (Eu) or ytterbium (Yb), an alloy containing such rare-earth metals, and the like can be given.
  • an alkali metal such as lithium (Li) or cesium (Cs)
  • an alkaline earth metal such as magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), or strontium (Sr)
  • an alloy containing any of these metals such as an M
  • the second electrode 104 is formed using an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal, or an alloy thereof, a vacuum evaporation method or a sputtering method can be employed.
  • a vacuum evaporation method or a sputtering method can be employed in the case of using a silver paste or the like.
  • a coating method, an ink-jet method, or the like can be used.
  • the second electrode 104 can be formed using any of a variety of conductive materials such as Al, Ag, ITO, and indium tin oxide containing silicon or silicon oxide regardless of their work functions. These conductive materials can be formed by a sputtering method, an inkjet method, a spin coating method, or the like.
  • any of a variety of methods can be employed regardless of whether the method is a dry process or a wet process.
  • a vacuum evaporation method, an ink-jet method, a spin coating method, or the like can be used. Note that a different formation method may be employed for each layer.
  • the second electrode 104 can also be formed by a wet process such as a sol-gel method using a paste of a metal material in addition to a dry process such as a sputtering method or a vacuum evaporation method.
  • the light-emitting element of the present invention described above, current flows due to a potential difference generated between the first electrode 102 and the second electrode 104 and holes and electrons recombine in the EL layer 103 , whereby light is emitted. Then, this light emission is extracted outside through one of or both the first electrode 102 and the second electrode 104 . Therefore, one of or both the first electrode 102 and the second electrode 104 are an electrode having a light-transmitting property.
  • the first electrode 102 is an electrode having a light-transmitting property
  • light emitted from the EL layer 103 is extracted from the substrate 101 side through the first electrode 102 , as shown in FIG. 2A .
  • the second electrode 104 is an electrode having a light-transmitting property
  • light emitted from the EL layer 103 is extracted from the opposite side to the substrate 101 side through the second electrode 104 , as shown in FIG. 2B .
  • first electrode 102 and the second electrode 104 are both electrodes having a light-transmitting property
  • light emitted from the EL layer 103 is extracted to both the substrate 101 side and the opposite side to the substrate 101 side, through the first electrode 102 and the second electrode 104 , as shown in FIG. 2C .
  • the structure of the layers provided between the first electrode 102 and the second electrode 104 is not limited to the above. Structures other than the above may be employed as long as at least the second layer 112 which is a hole-transporting layer and the third layer 113 which is a light-emitting layer are included.
  • a structure may be employed in which the second electrode 104 which functions as a cathode, the EL layer 103 , and the first electrode 102 which functions as an anode are sequentially stacked over the substrate 101 .
  • the EL layer 103 in this case has a structure in which the fifth layer 115 , the fourth layer 114 , the third layer 113 , the second layer 112 , the first layer 111 , and the first electrode 102 are sequentially stacked over the second electrode 104 .
  • a passive matrix light-emitting device or an active matrix light-emitting device in which drive of the light-emitting element is controlled by a thin film transistor (TFT) can be manufactured.
  • a staggered TFT or an inverted staggered TFT can be used as appropriate.
  • a driver circuit formed over a TFT substrate may be formed of both an n-type TFT and a p-type TFT or only either an n-type TFT or a p-type TFT.
  • crystallinity of a semiconductor film used for the TFT Either an amorphous semiconductor film or a crystalline semiconductor film may be used for the TFT.
  • the second layer (hole-transporting layer) 112 is formed using the carbazole derivative of the present invention in the light-emitting element which is shown in Embodiment Mode 2, not only improvement in element efficiency but also suppress of increase in drive voltage can be realized.
  • Embodiment Mode 2 can be combined with any of the structures described in Embodiment Mode 1 as appropriate.
  • Embodiment Mode 3 a light-emitting element having a plurality of EL layers any of the light-emitting elements described in Embodiment Mode 2 (hereinafter referred to as a stacked-type light-emitting element) will be described with reference to FIG. 3 .
  • This light-emitting element is a stacked-type light-emitting element that has a plurality of EL layers (a first EL layer 303 and a second EL layer 304 ) between a first electrode 301 and a second electrode 302 . Note that although a structure of two EL layers is described in Embodiment Mode 3, a structure of three or more EL layers may also be employed.
  • the first electrode 301 functions as an anode
  • the second electrode 302 functions as a cathode.
  • structures similar to those described in Embodiment Mode 1 can be employed.
  • structures similar to those described in Embodiment Mode 2 can be employed.
  • structures of the first EL layer 303 and the second EL layer 304 may be the same or different from each other and can be similar to those described in Embodiment Mode 2.
  • a charge generation layer 305 is provided between the plurality of EL layers (the first EL layer 303 and the second EL layer 304 ).
  • the charge generation layer 305 has a function of injecting electrons into one of the EL layers and injecting holes into the other of the EL layers when voltage is applied to the first electrode 301 and the second electrode 302 .
  • the charge generation layer 305 injects electrons into the first EL layer 303 and injects holes into the second EL layer 304 .
  • the charge generation layer 305 preferably has a light-transmitting property in terms of light extraction efficiency. Further, the charge generation layer 305 functions even when it has lower conductivity than the first electrode 301 or the second electrode 302 .
  • the charge generation layer 305 may have either a structure in which a substance having an acceptor property is added to a substance having a high hole-transporting property or a structure in which a substance having a donor property is added to a substance having a high electron-transporting property. Alternatively, both of these structures may be stacked.
  • an aromatic amine compound such as 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (abbreviation: NPB or ⁇ -NPD), N N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N N′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (abbreviation: TPD), 4,4′,4′′-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (abbreviation: TDATA), 4,4′,4′′-tris[N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine (abbreviation: MTDATA), or 4,4′-bis[N-(spiro-9,9′-bi
  • NPB or ⁇ -NPD N N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N N′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-
  • the substances described here are mainly substances having a hole mobility of greater than or equal to 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 /Vs. Note that substances other than the substances described above may also be used as long as the hole-transporting properties thereof are higher than the electron-transporting properties thereof.
  • F 4 -TCNQ 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroquinodimethane
  • chloranil and the like
  • a transition metal oxide can be given.
  • oxides of metals belonging to Groups 4 to 8 of the periodic table can be given.
  • vanadium oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, manganese oxide, and rhenium oxide are preferable because of a high electron-accepting property.
  • molybdenum oxide is especially preferable because it is stable in the air and its hygroscopic property is low so that it can be easily treated.
  • a metal complex having a quinoline skeleton or a benzoquinoline skeleton such as tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III) (abbreviation: Alq), tris(4-methyl-8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III) (abbreviation: Almq 3 ), bis(10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinolinato)beryllium(II) (abbreviation: BeBq 2 ), or bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)(4-phenylphenolato)aluminum(III) (abbreviation: BAlq), can be used.
  • Alq tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III)
  • Almq 3 tris(4-methyl-8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III)
  • BeBq 2 bis(10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinolinato)beryllium(II)
  • BAlq bis(2-methyl
  • a metal complex having an oxazole-based ligand or a thiazole-based ligand such as bis[2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazolato]zinc(II) (abbreviation: Zn(BOX) 2 ) or bis[2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazolato]zinc(II) (abbreviation: Zn(BTZ) 2 ), can also be used.
  • any of the following can also be used: 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (abbreviation: PBD); 1,3-bis[5-(p-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]benzene (abbreviation: OXD-7); 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole (abbreviation: TAZ); bathophenanthroline (abbreviation: BPhen); bathocuproine (BCP); or the like.
  • the substances described here are mainly substances having an electron mobility of 10 ⁇ 6 cm 2 /Vs or more. Note that other than the above substances may be used as long as the substance has a higher electron-transporting property than a hole-transporting property.
  • an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal, a rare-earth metal, a metal belonging to Group 13 of the periodic table, or an oxide or carbonate thereof can be used.
  • lithium (Li), cesium (Cs), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), ytterbium (Yb), indium (In), lithium oxide, cesium carbonate, or the like is preferably used.
  • an organic compound such as tetrathianaphthacene may be used as the substance having a donor property.
  • the present invention can be similarly applied to a light-emitting element in which three or more EL layers are stacked.
  • a long lifetime element in a high luminance region can be realized while current density is kept low.
  • the light-emitting element is applied to lighting as an application example, voltage drop due to resistance of an electrode material can be reduced. Accordingly, light can be uniformly emitted in a large area. Moreover, a light-emitting device which consumes low power and is driven at low voltage can be achieved.
  • a desired emission color can be obtained from the whole light-emitting element.
  • a light-emitting element emitting white light as a whole light-emitting element can also be obtained.
  • complementary color means a relation between colors which becomes an achromatic color when they are mixed. That is, white light emission can be obtained by mixture of lights obtained from substances emitting the lights of complementary colors.
  • white light as a whole light-emitting element can be similarly obtained when an emission color of a first EL layer is red, an emission color of a second EL layer is green, and an emission color of a third EL layer is blue.
  • Embodiment Mode 3 can be combined with any of the structures described in Embodiment Modes 1 and 2 as appropriate.
  • FIG. 4A is a top view of the light-emitting device
  • FIG. 4B is a cross sectional view taken along A-A′ and B-B′ in FIG. 4A .
  • reference numerals 401 , 402 , and 403 which are shown by a dotted line denote a driver circuit portion (a source driver circuit), a pixel portion, and a driver circuit portion (a gate driver circuit), respectively.
  • Reference numerals 404 and 405 denote a sealing substrate and a sealant, respectively, and an inner side region enclosed by the sealant 405 is a space 407 .
  • a lead wiring 408 is a wiring to transmit a signal to be inputted to the source driver circuit portion 401 and the gate driver circuit 403 , and receives a video signal, a clock signal, a start signal, a reset signal, and the like from a flexible printed circuit (FPC) 409 which serves as an external input terminal.
  • FPC flexible printed circuit
  • this FPC may be provided with a printed wiring board (PWB).
  • PWB printed wiring board
  • the light-emitting device in this specification includes not only a light-emitting device itself but also a light-emitting device attached with an FPC or a PWB.
  • the driver circuit portion and the pixel portion are formed over an element substrate 410 .
  • one pixel in the pixel portion 402 and the source driver circuit 401 which is the driver circuit portion are shown.
  • As the source driver circuit 401 a CMOS circuit which is obtained by combining an n-channel TFT 423 and a p-channel TFT 424 is formed.
  • the driver circuit may be formed by various CMOS circuits, PMOS circuits, or NMOS circuits.
  • Embodiment Mode 4 although a driver-integrated type structure in which a driver circuit is formed over a substrate is described, a driver circuit is not necessarily formed over a substrate but can be formed externally from a substrate.
  • the pixel portion 402 is formed of a plurality of pixels having a switching TFT 411 , a current control TFT 412 , and a first electrode 413 electrically connected to a drain of the current control TFT 412 .
  • An insulator 414 is formed to cover an end portion of the first electrode 413 .
  • the insulator 414 is preferably formed so as to have a curved surface with curvature at an upper end portion or a lower end portion thereof in order to obtain favorable coverage.
  • the insulator 414 can be formed to have a curved surface with a curvature radius (0.2 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m) only at the upper end portion.
  • a negative-type photosensitive material which becomes insoluble in an etchant by light irradiation or a positive-type photosensitive material which becomes soluble in an etchant by light irradiation can be used as the insulator 414 .
  • the first electrode 413 can be formed using any of a variety of materials such as metals, alloys, and electrically conductive compounds, or a mixture thereof. Note that as specific materials, the materials which are shown in Embodiment Mode 2 as a material that can be used for the first electrode can be used.
  • the EL layer 416 is formed by any of a variety of methods such as an evaporation method using an evaporation mask, an ink-jet method, or a spin coating method.
  • the EL layer 416 has the structure described in Embodiment Mode 2.
  • a low molecular compound or a macromolecular compound may be used.
  • the material for the EL layer not only an organic compound but also an inorganic compound may also be used.
  • the second electrode 417 As a material for the second electrode 417 , any of a variety of metals, alloys, and electrically conductive compounds, or a mixture thereof can be used. In the case where the second electrode 417 is used as a cathode, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, a mixture thereof, or the like with a low work function (a work function of 3.8 eV or less) is preferably used, among others.
  • a low work function a work function of 3.8 eV or less
  • an element belonging to Group 1 or 2 of the periodic table that is, an alkali metal such as lithium (Li) or cesium (Cs), an alkaline-earth metal such as magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), or strontium (Sr), or an alloy containing any of these metals (such as a MgAg alloy or an AlLi alloy); and the like can be given.
  • an alkali metal such as lithium (Li) or cesium (Cs)
  • an alkaline-earth metal such as magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), or strontium (Sr)
  • an alloy containing any of these metals such as a MgAg alloy or an AlLi alloy
  • a stack of a metal thin film with a reduced thickness and a transparent conductive film indium tin oxide (ITO), indium tin oxide containing silicon or silicon oxide, indium zinc oxide (IZO), or indium oxide containing tungsten oxide and zinc oxide, or the like
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • IZO indium zinc oxide
  • indium oxide containing tungsten oxide and zinc oxide, or the like can also be used.
  • the sealing substrate 404 and the element substrate 410 By attaching the sealing substrate 404 and the element substrate 410 with the sealant 405 , there is a structure where a light-emitting element 418 is provided in the space 407 surrounded by the element substrate 410 , the sealing substrate 404 , and the sealant 405 .
  • the space 407 is filled with a filler such as an inert gas (e.g., nitrogen, argon, or the like) or the sealant 405 .
  • an epoxy-based resin as the sealant 405 .
  • the material do not transmit moisture and oxygen as much as possible.
  • a plastic substrate formed of FRP (Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastics), PVF (polyvinyl fluoride), polyester, acrylic, or the like can be used as well as a glass substrate or a quartz substrate.
  • an active matrix light-emitting device having the light-emitting element of the present invention can be obtained.
  • FIGS. 5A and 5B respectively show a perspective view and a cross-sectional view of a passive matrix light-emitting device using the light-emitting element of the present invention. Note that FIG. 5A is a perspective view of the light-emitting device, and FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 5A taken along line X-Y.
  • an EL layer 504 is provided between a first electrode 502 and a second electrode 503 over a substrate 501 .
  • An edge portion of the first electrode 502 is covered with an insulating layer 505 .
  • a partition layer 506 is provided over the insulating layer 505 .
  • Sidewalls of the partition layer 506 have a slant such that a distance between one sidewall and the other sidewall becomes narrower as the sidewalls gets closer to a surface of the substrate.
  • a cross section of the partition layer 506 in the direction of a short side is trapezoidal, and a lower base (a side facing a similar direction as a plane direction of the insulating layer 505 and in contact with the insulating layer 505 ) is shorter than an upper base (a side facing a similar direction as the plane direction of the insulating layer 505 and not in contact with the insulating layer 505 ).
  • the passive matrix light-emitting device using the light-emitting element of the present invention can be obtained.
  • any of the light-emitting devices described in Embodiment Mode 4 are formed using the light-emitting element of the present invention, which has high luminous efficiency, and accordingly a light-emitting device having reduced power consumption can be obtained.
  • Embodiment Mode 4 can be combined with any of the structures described in Embodiment Modes 1 to 3 as appropriate.
  • Embodiment Mode 5 an electronic device including, as part thereof, the light-emitting device of the present invention which is shown in Embodiment Mode 4 will be described.
  • the electronic device include cameras such as video cameras or digital cameras, goggle type displays, navigation systems, audio reproducing devices (e.g., car audio systems and audio components), computers, game machines, portable information terminals (e.g., mobile computers, cellular phones, portable game machines, and electronic books), image reproducing devices in which a recording medium is provided (specifically, devices that are capable of reproducing recording media such as digital versatile discs (DVDs) and equipped with a display unit that can display images), and the like. Specific examples of these electronic devices are shown in FIGS. 6A to 6D .
  • FIG. 6A shows a television set according to the present invention, which includes a housing 611 , a supporting base 612 , a display portion 613 , speaker portions 614 , video input terminals 615 , and the like.
  • the light-emitting device of the present invention can be applied to the display portion 613 . Since the light-emitting device of the present invention has a feature of high luminous efficiency, a television set having reduced power consumption can be obtained by applying the light-emitting device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6B shows a computer according to the present invention, which includes a main body 621 , a housing 622 , a display portion 623 , a keyboard 624 , an external connection port 625 , a pointing device 626 , and the like.
  • the light-emitting device of the present invention can be applied to the display portion 623 . Since the light-emitting device of the present invention has a feature of high luminous efficiency, a computer having reduced power consumption can be obtained by applying the light-emitting device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6C shows a cellular phone according to the present invention, which includes a main body 631 , a housing 632 , a display portion 633 , an audio input portion 634 , an audio output portion 635 , operation keys 636 , an external connection port 637 , an antenna 638 , and the like.
  • the light-emitting device of the present invention can be applied to the display portion 633 . Since the light-emitting device of the present invention has a feature of high luminous efficiency, a cellular phone having reduced power consumption can be obtained by applying the light-emitting device of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6D shows a camera according to the present invention, which includes a main body 641 , a display portion 642 , a housing 643 , an external connection port 644 , a remote control receiving portion 645 , an image receiving portion 646 , a battery 647 , an audio input portion 648 , operation keys 649 , an eyepiece portion 650 , and the like.
  • the light-emitting device of the present invention can be applied to the display portion 642 . Since the light-emitting device of the present invention has a feature of high luminous efficiency, a camera having reduced power consumption can be obtained by applying the light-emitting device of the present invention.
  • the applicable range of the light-emitting device of the present invention is so wide that the light-emitting device can be applied to electronic devices in a variety of fields.
  • FIG. 7 is an example of a liquid crystal display device in which the light-emitting device of the present invention is used as a backlight.
  • the liquid crystal display device shown in FIG. 7 includes a housing 701 , a liquid crystal layer 702 , a backlight 703 , and a housing 704 .
  • the liquid crystal layer 702 is connected to a driver IC 705 .
  • the light-emitting device of the present invention is used for the backlight 703 , and current is supplied through a terminal 706 .
  • the light-emitting device of the present invention as a backlight of a liquid crystal display device as described above, a backlight which consumes low power can be obtained. Further, since the light-emitting device of the present invention is a plane emitting lighting device and the area thereof can be enlarged, the backlight can also have a large area. Therefore, a larger-area liquid crystal display device which consumes low power can be obtained.
  • FIG. 8 shows an example of using the light-emitting device, to which the present invention is applied, as a table lamp, which is a lighting device.
  • a table lamp shown in FIG. 8 has a housing 801 and a light source 802 , and the light-emitting device of the present invention is used as the light source 802 .
  • the light-emitting device of the present invention has the light-emitting element having high luminous efficiency and therefore can be used as a desk lamp which consumes low power.
  • FIG. 9 shows an example of using the light-emitting device, to which the present invention is applied, as an indoor lighting device 901 . Since the area of the light-emitting device of the present invention can also be enlarged, the light-emitting device of the present invention can be used as a lighting device having a large area. In addition, the light-emitting device of the present invention has the light-emitting element having high luminous efficiency and therefore can be used as a lighting device which consumes low power.
  • a television set 902 according to the present invention as described in FIG. 6A is placed in a room in which the light-emitting device, to which the present invention is applied, is used as the indoor lighting device 901 , public broadcasting and movies can be watched.
  • Embodiment Mode 5 can be combined with any of the structures described in Embodiment Modes 1 to 4 as appropriate.
  • Embodiment 1 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4-phenyl-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (abbreviation; PCBA1BP) represented by a structural formula (5), will be specifically described.
  • PCBA1BP 4-phenyl-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine
  • NBS N-bromo succinimide
  • Step 2-1 Synthesis of 3-bromo-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole
  • Step 2-1 A synthetic scheme of 3-bromo-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole in Step 2-1 is shown in the following (D-2-1).
  • Step 2-2 A synthetic scheme of 9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-boronic acid in Step 2-2 is shown in the following (D-2-2).
  • This mixture was refluxed at 100° C. for 10 hours. After the reflux, the aqueous layer of this mixture was extracted with toluene. Then, the extracted solution was combined with an organic layer, followed by washing with a saturated saline solution. After the moisture of the organic layer was removed by magnesium sulfate, this mixture was naturally filtrated, and the obtained filtrate was concentrated to obtain an oily light-brown substance.
  • Step 4 Synthesis of 4-phenyl-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (Abbreviation: PCBA1BP)
  • the obtained filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography.
  • a solid which was obtained by concentrating the obtained fraction was recrystallized with a mixture solvent of chloroform and hexane to obtain 2.3 g of a white powder-like solid at a yield of 84%.
  • Sublimation purification of 1.2 g of the obtained white solid was performed by a train sublimation method.
  • the sublimation purification was performed under a reduced pressure of 7.0 Pa, with a flow rate of argon at 3 mL/min, at 280° C. for 20 hours. Accordingly, 1.1 g of the white solid was obtained at a yield of 89%.
  • a compound which was obtained through the above Step 4 was measured by a nuclear magnetic resonance method ( 1 H NMR). The measurement result is described below, and the 1 H NMR chart is shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B . It was found from the measurement result that the carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4-phenyl-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBA1BP) represented by the above structural formula (5), was obtained.
  • PCBA1BP 4-phenyl-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine
  • FIG. 11A an absorption spectrum of a toluene solution of PCBA1BP (abbreviation) is shown in FIG. 11A .
  • FIG. 11B an absorption spectrum of a thin film of PCBA1BP (abbreviation) is shown in FIG. 11B .
  • An ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer V-550, manufactured by JASCO Corporation was used for the measurement. The spectrum of the solution was measured in a quartz cell. The sample of the thin film was fabricated by vapor evaporation of PCBA1BP (abbreviation) over a quartz substrate.
  • FIG. 11A The absorption spectrum of the solution which was obtained by subtracting the quartz cell from the measured sample is shown in FIG. 11A
  • FIG. 11B The absorption spectrum of the thin film which was obtained by subtracting the quartz substrate from the measured sample is shown in FIG. 11B .
  • the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (nm) and the vertical axis indicates the absorption intensity (arbitrary unit).
  • an absorption peak was observed at around 335 nm, and in the case of the thin film, an absorption peak was observed at around 341 nm.
  • an emission spectrum of the toluene solution (excitation wavelength: 346 nm) of PCBA1BP (abbreviation) is shown in FIG. 11A .
  • an emission spectrum of the thin film (excitation wavelength: 386 nm) of PCBA1BP (abbreviation) is shown in FIG. 11B .
  • the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (nm) and the vertical axis indicates the light emission intensity (arbitrary unit).
  • the maximum emission wavelength was 391 nm (excitation wavelength: 346 nm) in the case of the toluene solution and 416 nm (excitation wavelength: 386 nm) in the case of the thin film.
  • PCBA1BP oxidation-reduction reaction characteristic
  • CV cyclic voltammetry
  • An electrochemical analyzer ALS model 600A or 600C, manufactured by BAS Inc. was used for the measurement.
  • DMF dehydrated dimethylformamide
  • n-Bu 4 NClO 4 product of Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., catalog No. T0836
  • the object to be measured was also dissolved in the solvent such that the concentration thereof was 2 mmol/L.
  • a platinum electrode (PTE platinum electrode, manufactured by BAS Inc.) was used as a working electrode, another platinum electrode (Pt counter electrode for VC-3 (5 cm), manufactured by BAS Inc.) was used as an auxiliary electrode, and an Ag/Ag + electrode (RE7 reference electrode for nonaqueous solvent, manufactured by BAS Inc.) was used as a reference electrode. Note that the measurement was performed at room temperature (20° C. to 25° C.). In addition, the scan speed at the CV measurement was 0.1 V/sec.
  • potential energy (eV) of the reference electrode (Ag/Ag + electrode) used in Embodiment 1 with respect to the vacuum level was calculated. That is, the Fermi level of the Ag/Ag + electrode was calculated. It is known that the oxidation-reduction potential of ferrocene in methanol is +0.610 V [vs. SHE] with respect to a standard hydrogen electrode (Reference: Christian R. Goldsmith et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 124, No. 1, pp. 83-96, 2002). On the other hand, the oxidation-reduction potential of ferrocene in methanol measured by using the reference electrode used in Embodiment 1 was found to be +0.11 V [vs. Ag/Ag + ]. Therefore, it was found that the potential energy of the reference electrode used in Embodiment 1 was less than that of the standard hydrogen electrode by 0.50 [eV].
  • the potential energy of the standard hydrogen electrode with respect to the vacuum level is ( ⁇ 4.44 eV (Reference: Toshihiro Ohnishi and Tamami Koyama, Macromolecular EL material , Kyoritsu Shuppan, pp. 64-67).
  • FIG. 41 shows the CV measurement result on the oxidation reaction characteristics. Note that the measurement of the oxidation reaction characteristics was performed by the steps of scanning the potential of the working electrode with respect to the reference electrode in ranges of (1) 0.07 V to 1.00 V, and then (2) 1.00 V to 0.07 V
  • the oxidation peak took a similar value even after the 100 cycles. Accordingly, it was found that repetition of the oxidation reduction between an oxidation state and a neutral state had favorable characteristics.
  • Embodiment 2 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4,4′-diphenyl-4′′-(9-phenyl-9-H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBBi1BP) represented by a structural formula (6), will be specifically described.
  • PCBBi1BP 4,4′-diphenyl-4′′-(9-phenyl-9-H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine
  • Step 1-1 Synthesis of 4-phenyl-diphenylamine
  • the above obtained toluene layer was combined with the above organic layer, followed by washing with a saturated saline solution. Then, magnesium sulfate was added thereto to remove moisture in the organic layer. Suction filtration was performed on this mixture to concentrate the obtained filtrate.
  • the obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (a developing was solvent: toluene). Accordingly, 13.5 g of a white solid of 4-phenyl-diphenylamine, which was obtained by concentrating the obtained solution, was obtained at a yield of 64%.
  • Step 1-2 Synthesis of 4,4′-diphenyltriphenylamine
  • Step 1′ Synthesis of 4,4′-diphenyltriphenylamine
  • 4,4′-diphenyltriphenylamine can also be synthesized using a synthetic method shown in Step 1′. Note that a synthetic scheme of 4,4′-diphenyltriphenylamine in Step 1′ is shown in the following (E-1′).
  • Step 1-1 and Step 1-2 which are described above, or 4,4′-diphenyltriphenylamine which was synthesized using a synthetic method shown in Step 1′, 4-bromo-4′,4′′-diphenyltriphenylamine is synthesized. Note that a synthetic scheme of 4-bromo-4′,4′′-diphenyltriphenylamine in Step 2 is shown in the following (E-2).
  • NBS N-bromo succinimide
  • Step 3 Synthesis of 4,4′-diphenyl-4′′-(9-phenyl-9-H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (Abbreviation: PCBBi1BP)
  • a solid which was obtained by concentrating the obtained fraction was recrystallized with a mixture solvent of dichloromethane and hexane to obtain 1.3 g of an objective white solid at a yield of 66%.
  • Sublimation purification of 1.1 g of the obtained white solid was performed by a train sublimation method. The sublimation purification was performed under a reduced pressure of 7.0 Pa, with a flow rate of argon at 4 mL/min, at 305° C. for 15 hours. Accordingly, 840 mg of the white solid was obtained at a yield of 76%.
  • a compound which was obtained through the above Step 4 was measured by a nuclear magnetic resonance method ( 1 H NMR). The measurement result is described below, and the 1 H NMR chart is shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B . It was found from the measurement result that the carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4,4′-diphenyl-4′′-(9-phenyl-9-H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBBi1BP) represented by the above structural formula (6), was obtained.
  • PCBBi1BP 4,4′-diphenyl-4′′-(9-phenyl-9-H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine
  • FIG. 13A an absorption spectrum of a toluene solution of PCBBi1BP (abbreviation) is shown in FIG. 13A .
  • FIG. 13B an absorption spectrum of a thin film of PCBBi1BP (abbreviation) is shown in FIG. 13B .
  • An ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer V-550, manufactured by JASCO Corporation was used for the measurement.
  • the spectrum of the solution was measured in a quartz cell.
  • the sample of the thin film was fabricated by vapor evaporation of PCBBi1BP (abbreviation) over a quartz substrate.
  • the absorption spectrum of the solution which was obtained by subtracting the quartz cell from the measured sample is shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 13A the absorption spectrum of the thin film which was obtained by subtracting the quartz substrate from the measured sample is shown in FIG. 13B .
  • the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (nm) and the vertical axis indicates the absorption intensity (arbitrary unit).
  • an absorption peak was observed at around 347 nm, and in the case of the thin film, an absorption peak was observed at around 350 nm.
  • an emission spectrum of the toluene solution (excitation wavelength: 358 nm) of PCBBi1BP (abbreviation) is shown in FIG. 13A .
  • an emission spectrum of the thin film (excitation wavelength: 366 nm) of PCBBi1BP (abbreviation) is shown FIG. 13B .
  • the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (nm) and the vertical axis indicates the light emission intensity (arbitrary unit).
  • the maximum emission wavelength was 399 nm (excitation wavelength: 358 nm) in the case of the toluene solution and 417 nm (excitation wavelength: 366 nm) in the case of the thin film.
  • PCBBi1BP (abbreviation) was examined by a cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement. Since the measurement method is similar to that of Embodiment 1, the description is omitted.
  • FIG. 42 shows the CV measurement result on the oxidation reaction characteristics.
  • an oxidization peak potential E pa can be read as 0.521 V
  • a reduction peak potential E pc can be read as +0.431 V. Therefore, a half-wave potential (an intermediate potential between E pc and E pa ) can be calculated to be +0.48 V.
  • the oxidation peak took a similar value even after the 100 cycles. Accordingly, it was found that repetition of the oxidation reduction between an oxidation state and a neutral state had favorable characteristics.
  • PCBBi1BP (abbreviation) was examined with a differential scanning calorimetry (Pyris 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.). According to the measurement results, it was found that the glass transition temperature was 123° C. In this manner, PCBBi1BP (abbreviation) has a high glass transition temperature and favorable heat resistance. In addition, the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that PCBBi1BP (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • Embodiment 3 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 9,9-dimethyl-N-phenyl-N-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-fluorene-2-amine (abbreviation: PCBAF) represented by a structural formula (7), will be specifically described.
  • PCBAF 9,9-dimethyl-N-phenyl-N-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-fluorene-2-amine
  • This mixture was subjected to suction filtration and concentrated. Then, a residue thereof was purified by silica gel column chromatography.
  • Step 2 Synthesis of 9,9-dimethyl-N-phenyl-N-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-fluorene-2-amine (Abbreviation: PCBAF)
  • PCBA 4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)diphenylamine
  • the obtained filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography.
  • a solid which was obtained by concentrating the obtained fraction was recrystallized with a mixture solvent of chloroform and hexane to obtain 1.3 g of an objective compound at a yield of 44%.
  • Sublimation purification of 1.3 g of the obtained light yellow solid was performed by a train sublimation method.
  • the sublimation purification was performed under a reduced pressure of 7.0 Pa, with a flow rate of argon at 3 mL/min, at 270° C. for 20 hours. Accordingly, 1.0 g of the light yellow solid was obtained at a yield of 77%.
  • a compound which was obtained through the above Step 2 was measured by a nuclear magnetic resonance method ( 1 H NMR). The measurement result is described below, and the 1 H NMR chart is shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B . It was found from the measurement result that the carbazole derivative of the present invention, 9,9-dimethyl-N-phenyl-N-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-fluorene-2-amine (abbreviation: PCBAF) represented by the above structural formula (7), was obtained.
  • PCBAF 9,9-dimethyl-N-phenyl-N-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-fluorene-2-amine
  • FIG. 15A an absorption spectrum of a toluene solution of PCBAF (abbreviation) is shown in FIG. 15A .
  • FIG. 15B an absorption spectrum of a thin film of PCBAF (abbreviation) is shown in FIG. 15B .
  • An ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer V-550, manufactured by JASCO Corporation was used for the measurement.
  • the spectrum of the solution was measured in a quartz cell.
  • the sample of the thin film was fabricated by vapor evaporation of PCBAF (abbreviation) over a quartz substrate.
  • the absorption spectrum of the solution which was obtained by subtracting the quartz cell from the measured sample is shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 15A the absorption spectrum of the thin film which was obtained by subtracting the quartz substrate from the measured sample is shown in FIG. 15B .
  • the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (nm) and the vertical axis indicates the absorption intensity (arbitrary unit).
  • an absorption peak was observed at around 339 nm, and in the case of the thin film, an absorption peak was observed at around 345 nm.
  • an emission spectrum of the toluene solution (excitation wavelength: 347 nm) of PCBAF (abbreviation) is shown in FIG. 15A .
  • FIG. 15B an emission spectrum of the thin film (excitation wavelength: 370 nm) of PCBAF (abbreviation) is shown FIG. 15B .
  • the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (nm) and the vertical axis indicates the light emission intensity (arbitrary unit).
  • the maximum emission wavelength was 394 nm (excitation wavelength: 347 nm) in the case of the toluene solution and 404 nm (excitation wavelength: 370 nm) in the case of the thin film.
  • FIG. 43 shows the CV measurement result on the oxidation reaction characteristics.
  • an oxidization peak potential E pa can be read as 0.481 V
  • a reduction peak potential E pc can be read as +0.393 V. Therefore, a half-wave potential (an intermediate potential between E pc and E pa ) can be calculated to be +0.44 V.
  • the HOMO level of PCBAF abbreviation
  • the oxidation peak took a similar value even after the 100 cycles. Accordingly, it was found that repetition of the oxidation reduction between an oxidation state and a neutral state had favorable characteristics.
  • Embodiment 4 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, N-phenyl-N-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-spiro-9,9′-bifluoren-2-amine (abbreviation: PCBASF) represented by a structural formula (8), will be specifically described.
  • PCBASF N-phenyl-N-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-spiro-9,9′-bifluoren-2-amine
  • Step 1-1 Synthesis of 9-(biphenyl-2-yl)-2-bromofluoren-9-ol
  • the obtained aqueous layer was extracted twice with ethyl acetate, and this ethyl acetate solution and the obtained organic layer were washed with a saturated saline solution. After moisture was removed by magnesium sulfate, suction filtration and concentration were performed to obtain 18.76 g of a solid of 9-(biphenyl-2-yl)-2-bromo-9-fluorenol at a yield of 90%.
  • Step 1-2 Synthesis of 2-bromo-spiro-9,9′-bifluoren
  • Step 2 Synthesis of N-phenyl-N-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-spiro-9,9′-bifluoren-2-amine (Abbreviation: PCBASF)
  • Sublimation purification of 2.3 g of the obtained white solid was performed by a train sublimation method.
  • the sublimation purification was performed under a reduced pressure of 7.0 Pa, with a flow rate of argon at 3 mL/min, at 310° C. for 20 hours. Accordingly, 1.7 g of the white solid was obtained at a yield of 74%.
  • a compound which was obtained through the above Step 2 was measured by a nuclear magnetic resonance method ( 1 H NMR). The measurement result is described below, and the 1 H NMR chart is shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B . It was found from the measurement result that the carbazole derivative of the present invention, N-phenyl-N-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-spiro-9,9′-bifluoren-2-amine (abbreviation: PCBASF) represented by the above structural formula (8), was obtained.
  • PCBASF N-phenyl-N-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-spiro-9,9′-bifluoren-2-amine
  • FIG. 17A an absorption spectrum of a toluene solution of PCBASF (abbreviation) is shown in FIG. 17A .
  • FIG. 17B an absorption spectrum of a thin film of PCBASF (abbreviation) is shown in FIG. 17B .
  • An ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer V-550, manufactured by JASCO Corporation was used for the measurement.
  • the spectrum of the solution was measured in a quartz cell.
  • the sample of the thin film was fabricated by vapor evaporation of PCBASF (abbreviation) over a quartz substrate.
  • the absorption spectrum of the solution which was obtained by subtracting the quartz cell from the measured sample is shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 17A and the absorption spectrum of the thin film which was obtained by subtracting the quartz substrate from the measured sample is shown in FIG. 17B .
  • the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (nm) and the vertical axis indicates the absorption intensity (arbitrary unit).
  • an absorption peak was observed at around 338 nm, and in the case of the thin film, an absorption peak was observed at around 345 nm.
  • an emission spectrum of the toluene solution (excitation wavelength: 352 nm) of PCBASF (abbreviation) is shown in FIG. 17A .
  • FIG. 17B an emission spectrum of the thin film (excitation wavelength: 371 nm) of PCBASF (abbreviation) is shown FIG. 17B .
  • the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (nm) and the vertical axis indicates the light emission intensity (arbitrary unit).
  • the maximum emission wavelength was 396 nm (excitation wavelength: 352 nm) in the case of the toluene solution and 427 nm (excitation wavelength: 371 nm) in the case of the thin film.
  • FIG. 44 shows the CV measurement result on the oxidation reaction characteristics.
  • an oxidization peak potential E pa can be read as 0.52 V
  • a reduction peak potential E pc can be read as +0.428 V. Therefore, a half-wave potential (an intermediate potential between E pc and E pa ) can be calculated to be +0.47 V.
  • the HOMO level of PCBASF abbreviation
  • the oxidation peak took a similar value even after the 100 cycles. Accordingly, it was found that repetition of the oxidation reduction between an oxidation state and a neutral state had favorable characteristics.
  • Embodiment 5 a method for manufacturing a light-emitting element 2 , a light-emitting element 3 , a light-emitting element 4 , and a light-emitting element 5 , which were formed using carbazole derivatives of the present invention that are synthesized in Embodiments 1 to 4 and measurement results of their element characteristics will be described.
  • the light-emitting element 2 was formed using 4-phenyl-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBA1BP)
  • the light-emitting element 3 was formed using 4,4′-diphenyl-4′′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBBi1BP)
  • the light-emitting element 4 was formed using 9,9-dimethyl-N-phenyl-N-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-fluorene-2-amine (abbreviation: PCBAF)
  • the light-emitting element 5 was formed using N-phenyl-N-[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]-spiro-9,9′-bifluoren-2-amine (abbreviation: PCBASF).
  • each element structure of the light-emitting elements in Embodiment 5 is a structure shown in FIG. 18 , in which a hole-transporting layer 1512 is formed using the above carbazole derivative of the present invention.
  • a light-emitting element 1 which is a comparative light-emitting element is formed using 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (abbreviation: NPB) for the hole-transporting layer 1512 .
  • NPB 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
  • the light-emitting element 1 was formed over the same substrates as the light-emitting elements 2 to 5 , and the light-emitting element 1 was compared to the light-emitting elements 2 to 5 .
  • a structural formula of an organic compound used in Embodiment 5 is shown below.
  • indium tin oxide containing silicon oxide was deposited over a substrate 1501 which is a glass substrate by a sputtering method to form a first electrode 1502 .
  • the thickness of the first electrode 1502 was set to be 110 nm, and the area was set to be 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm.
  • the EL layer 1503 in which a plurality of layers are stacked over the first electrode 1502 was formed.
  • the EL layer 1503 has a structure in which a first layer 1511 which is a hole-injecting layer, a second layer 1512 which is a hole-transporting layer, a third layer 1513 which is a light-emitting layer, a fourth layer 1514 which is an electron-transporting layer, and a fifth layer 1515 which is an electron-injecting layer are sequentially stacked.
  • the substrate having the first electrode 1502 was fixed to a substrate holder provided in a vacuum evaporation apparatus in such a way that the surface of the first electrode 1502 faced downward, and then the pressure was reduced to about 10 ⁇ 4 Pa. Then, 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (abbreviation: NPB) and molybdenum(VI) oxide were co-evaporated on the first electrode 1502 , whereby the first layer 1511 which is a hole-injecting layer was formed.
  • NPB 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
  • VI molybdenum
  • the co-evaporation method is an evaporation method in which evaporation is performed using a plurality of evaporation sources at the same time in one treatment chamber.
  • a hole-transporting material was deposited over the first layer 1511 to a thickness of 10 nm by an evaporation method using resistive heating, and the second layer 1512 which is a hole-transporting layer was formed.
  • NPB 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
  • PCBA1BP 4-phenyl-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine
  • PCBBi1BP 4,4′-diphenyl-4′′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine
  • the third layer 1513 which is a light-emitting layer was formed over the second layer 1512 by an evaporation method using resistive heating.
  • the third layer 1513 was formed by co-evaporating 9-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]-9H-carbazole (abbreviation: CzPA) and 4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBAPA) to a thickness of 30 nm.
  • CzPA 9-[4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)phenyl]-9H-carbazole
  • PCBAPA 4-(10-phenyl-9-anthryl)-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine
  • tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum(III) (abbreviation: Alq) was deposited over the third layer 1513 to be a thickness of 10 nm by an evaporation method using resistive heating.
  • the fourth layer 1514 which is an electron-transporting layer was formed by depositing bathophenanthroline (abbreviation: BPhen) over the third layer 1513 to a thickness of 20 nm.
  • BPhen bathophenanthroline
  • the fifth layer 1515 which is an electron-injecting layer was formed by depositing lithium fluoride (LiF) to a thickness of 1 nm over the fourth layer 1514 .
  • LiF lithium fluoride
  • a second electrode 1504 was formed by depositing aluminum to a thickness of 200 nm by an evaporation method using resistance heating, and the light-emitting elements 1 to 5 were formed.
  • the light-emitting elements 1 to 5 obtained through the process described above were put into a glove box with a nitrogen atmosphere so that the light-emitting elements were sealed without being exposed to atmospheric air. After that, the operating characteristics of these light-emitting elements were measured. Note that the measurement was performed at room temperature (an atmosphere kept at 25° C.).
  • FIG. 19 shows the current density vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 2 .
  • FIG. 20 shows the voltage vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 2 .
  • FIG. 21 shows the luminance vs. current efficiency characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 2 .
  • FIG. 22 shows the voltage vs. current characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 2 .
  • the luminance and the current value were 1277 cd/m 2 and 0.79 mA, respectively. It was found that the light-emitting element 2 using PCBA1BP (abbreviation) for the second layer 1512 showed higher luminance, even when the light-emitting element 2 was compared to the light-emitting element 1 using NPB for the second layer 1512 . Further, it was found that the current efficiency was high with respect to the current density or the luminance.
  • FIG. 24 shows the results of a continuous lighting test in which the light-emitting element 2 was continuously lit by constant current driving with the initial luminance set at 1000 cd/m 2 (the vertical axis indicates the relative luminance on the assumption that 1000 cd/m 2 is 100%). From the results in FIG. 24 , the light-emitting element 2 exhibits 92% of the initial luminance even after 160 hours, and was found to have a longer lifetime, as compared to the light-emitting element 1 . Thus, a long lifetime light-emitting element can be obtained by applying PCBA1BP (abbreviation) of the present invention.
  • PCBA1BP abbreviation
  • FIG. 25 shows the current density vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 3 .
  • FIG. 26 shows the voltage vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 3 .
  • FIG. 27 shows the luminance vs. current efficiency characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 3 .
  • FIG. 28 shows the voltage vs. current characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 3 .
  • the luminance and the current value were 1328 cd/m 2 and 0.78 mA, respectively. It was found that the light-emitting element 3 using PCBBi1BP (abbreviation) for the second layer 1512 showed higher luminance, even when the light-emitting element 3 was compared to the light-emitting element 1 using NPB for the second layer 1512 . Further, it was found that the current efficiency was high with respect to the current density or the luminance.
  • FIG. 30 shows the current density vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 4 .
  • FIG. 31 shows the voltage vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 4 .
  • FIG. 32 shows the luminance vs. current efficiency characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 4 .
  • FIG. 33 shows the voltage vs. current characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 4 .
  • FIG. 35 shows the results of a continuous lighting test in which the light-emitting element 4 was continuously lit by constant current driving with the initial luminance set at 1000 cd/m 2 (the vertical axis indicates the relative luminance on the assumption that 1000 cd/m 2 is 100%). From the results in FIG. 35 , the light-emitting element 4 exhibits 92% of the initial luminance even after 160 hours and was found to have a longer lifetime, as compared to the light-emitting element 1 . Thus, a long lifetime light-emitting element can be obtained by applying PCBAF (abbreviation) of the present invention.
  • PCBAF abbreviation
  • FIG. 36 shows the current density vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 5 .
  • FIG. 37 shows the voltage vs. luminance characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 5 .
  • FIG. 38 shows the luminance vs. current efficiency characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 5 .
  • FIG. 39 shows the voltage vs. current characteristics of the light-emitting elements 1 and 5 .
  • the luminance and the current value were 1398 cd/m 2 and 1.11 mA, respectively. It was found that the light-emitting element 5 using PCBASF (abbreviation) for the second layer 1512 showed higher luminance, even when the light-emitting element 5 was compared to the light-emitting element 1 using NPB for the second layer 1512 . Further, it was found that the current efficiency was high with respect to the current density or the luminance.
  • the light-emitting elements 2 to 5 which were formed using the carbazole derivatives of the present invention exhibited an equivalent level of efficiency to the light-emitting element 1 .
  • a light-emitting element having high efficiency can be obtained by applying the present invention.
  • the light-emitting element 8 will be formed in Embodiment 10 by using a co-evaporation film of NPB and molybdenum(VI) oxide for a hole-injecting layer and using PCBBiNB (abbreviation) for a hole-transporting layer.
  • the drive voltage of the light-emitting element 1 was 3.8 V
  • the luminance and the current value were 949 cd/m 2 and 0.65 mA, respectively, and the light-emitting element 1 exhibited 64% of the initial luminance when driven for 1500 hours.
  • PCBA1BP (abbreviation) was a favorable material also as a hole-injecting material.
  • favorable characteristics can also be obtained by using the co-evaporation film with molybdenum(VI) oxide for the hole-injecting layer.
  • the light-emitting element 8 will be formed in Embodiment 10 by using a co-evaporation film of NPB and molybdenum(VI) oxide for a hole-injecting layer and using PCBBiNB (abbreviation) for a hole-transporting layer.
  • the drive voltage of the light-emitting element 2 was 3.6 V
  • the luminance and the current value were 843 cd/m 2 and 0.53 mA, respectively, and the light-emitting element 2 exhibited 65% of the initial luminance when driven for 1500 hours.
  • PCBA1BP (abbreviation) was a favorable material which can be used for both the first layer 1511 which is a hole-injecting layer and the second layer 1512 which is a hole-transporting layer at the same time. Accordingly, an element could be manufactured easily and material use efficiency could also be improved.
  • Embodiment 6 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, (biphenyl-4-yl)(phenyl)[4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]amine (abbreviation: PCTA1BP) represented by a structural formula (15), will be specifically described.
  • Step 2 Synthesis of (biphenyl-4-yl)(phenyl)[4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]amine (Abbreviation: PCTA1BP)
  • This mixture was deaerated while being stirred under low pressure, and the atmosphere in the flask was substituted by nitrogen. This mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 5 hours. After the stirring, toluene was added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was heated at 90° C.
  • this suspension was separated into an organic layer and an aqueous layer. After the separation, the organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and a saturated saline solution. Magnesium sulfate was added to the organic layer, and the organic layer was dried. Suction filtration was performed on this mixture through Celite, alumina, and then Florisil to obtain filtrate. The obtained filtrate was concentrated to obtain a solid. The obtained filtrate was dissolved and purified by silica gel column chromatography.
  • a solid which was obtained by concentrating the obtained fraction was dissolved in chloroform and purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (developing solvent, chloroform).
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • a solid which was obtained by concentrating the obtained fraction was recrystallized with a mixture solvent of chloroform and hexane to obtain 1.7 g of an objective white solid at a yield of 48%.
  • Sublimation purification of 1.0 g of the obtained white solid was performed by a train sublimation method.
  • the sublimation purification was performed under a reduced pressure of 7.0 Pa, with a flow rate of argon at 4 mL/min, at 300° C. for 15 hours to obtain 0.62 g of the white solid at a yield of 62%.
  • PCTA1BP absorption spectrum of PCTA1BP (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 349 nm
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 357 nm.
  • PCTA1BP absorption spectrum of PCTA1BP (abbreviation) (measurement range: 370 nm to 550 nm) was measured.
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 405 nm (excitation wavelength: 320 nm)
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 420 nm (excitation wavelength: 284 nm). Since the measurement method of an absorption spectrum and an emission spectrum is similar to that of Embodiment 1, the description is omitted.
  • PCTA1BP (abbreviation) was examined with a differential scanning calorimetry (Pyris 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.). According to the measurement results, it was found that the glass transition temperature was 118° C. In this manner, PCTA1BP (abbreviation) has a high glass transition temperature and favorable heat resistance. In addition, the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that PCTA1BP (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • Embodiment 7 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, bis(biphenyl-4-yl)[4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]amine (abbreviation: PCTBi1BP) represented by a structural formula (190), will be specifically described.
  • PCTBi1BP bis(biphenyl-4-yl)[4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]amine
  • Step 2 Synthesis of bis(biphenyl-4-yl)[4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]amine (Abbreviation: PCTBi1BP)
  • This mixture was deaerated while being stirred under low pressure, and the atmosphere in the flask was substituted by nitrogen. This mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 5 hours. After the stirring, toluene was added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was heated at 90° C.
  • this suspension was separated into an organic layer and an aqueous layer. After the separation, the organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and a saturated saline solution. Magnesium sulfate was added to the organic layer, and the organic layer was dried. Suction filtration was performed on this mixture through Celite, alumina, and then Florisil to obtain filtrate. The obtained filtrate was concentrated to obtain a solid. The obtained filtrate was dissolved in toluene and purified by silica gel column chromatography. The silica gel column chromatography was performed by using toluene as a developing solvent. A solid which was obtained by concentrating the obtained fraction was recrystallized with a mixture solvent of toluene and hexane to obtain 2.4 g of an objective white solid at a yield of 74%.
  • Sublimation purification of the obtained white solid was performed by a train sublimation method.
  • the sublimation purification was performed under a reduced pressure of 7.0 Pa, with a flow rate of argon at 3 mL/min, at 340° C. for 20 hours to obtain 0.70 g of the white solid, the theoretical yield of which is 1.5 g, at a yield of 46%.
  • PCTBi1BP absorption spectrum of PCTBi1BP (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 350 nm
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 357 nm.
  • PCTBi1BP (abbreviation) (measurement range: 370 nm to 550 nm)
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 410 nm (excitation wavelength: 320 nm)
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 447 nm (excitation wavelength: 340 nm). Since the measurement method of an absorption spectrum and an emission spectrum is similar to that of Embodiment 1, the description is omitted.
  • PCTBi1BP (abbreviation) was examined by a cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement. Since the measurement method is similar to that of Embodiment 1, the description is omitted.
  • the oxidation peak took a similar value even after the 100 cycles. Accordingly, it was found that repetition of the oxidation reduction between an oxidation state and a neutral state had favorable characteristics.
  • PCTBi1BP (abbreviation) was examined with a differential scanning calorimetry (Pyris 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.). According to the measurement results, it was found that the glass transition temperature was 133° C. In this manner, PCTBi1BP (abbreviation) has a high glass transition temperature and favorable heat resistance. In addition, the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that PCTBi1BP (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • Embodiment 8 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4-(1-naphthyl)-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBANB) represented by a structural formula (343), will be specifically described.
  • PCBANB 4-(1-naphthyl)-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-triphenylamine
  • the obtained oily substance was dissolved in about 20 mL of toluene, and suction filtration was performed on this solution through Celite, alumina, and then Florisil.
  • Step 3 Synthesis of 4-(1-naphthyl)-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-triphenylamine (Abbreviation: PCBANB)
  • An Rf value of the objective substance by a silica gel thin layer chromatography (TLC) (developing solvent, ethyl acetate:hexane 1:10) was 0.34, that of 3-(4-bromophenyl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole was 0.46, and that of 4-(1-naphthyl)diphenylamine was 0.25.
  • PCBANB absorption spectrum of PCBANB (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 335 nm
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 341 nm.
  • PCBANB abbreviation
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 410 nm (excitation wavelength: 345 nm)
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 433 nm (excitation wavelength: 341 nm).
  • the oxidation peak took a similar value even after the 100 cycles. Accordingly, it was found that repetition of the oxidation reduction between an oxidation state and a neutral state had favorable characteristics.
  • PCBANB (abbreviation) was examined with a differential scanning calorimetry (Pyris 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.). According to the measurement results, it was found that the glass transition temperature was 115° C. In this manner, PCBANB (abbreviation) has a high glass transition temperature and favorable heat resistance. In addition, the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that PCBANB (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • FIGS. 56 to 59 show the measurement results in element characteristics of the light-emitting element 6 which was formed using, for a hole-transporting layer, PCBANB (abbreviation) which is the carbazole derivative of the present invention that was synthesized in Embodiment 8 in a manner similar to that of Embodiment 5. It was found that the hole-transporting material of the present invention which was used for the light-emitting element 6 showed higher luminance, even when the hole-transporting material of the present invention which was used for the light-emitting element 6 was compared to NPB of the light-emitting element 1 .
  • PCBANB abbreviation
  • the light-emitting element 1 which is a comparative light-emitting element was formed using 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (abbreviation: NPB) for the hole-transporting layer 151 in a manner similar to that of Embodiment 5.
  • NPB 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
  • the hole-transporting material of the present invention realizes favorable carrier balance in the structure of the light-emitting element 6 .
  • FIG. 60 shows the result of a continuous lighting test in which the light-emitting element 6 was continuously lit by constant current driving with the initial luminance set at 1000 cd/m 2 (the vertical axis indicates the relative luminance on the assumption that 1000 cd/m 2 is 100%). From the results in FIG. 60 , the light-emitting element 6 was found to have a longer lifetime, as compared to the light-emitting element 1 . Thus, a long lifetime light-emitting element can be obtained by applying the present invention.
  • Embodiment 9 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4,4′-di(1-naphthyl)-4′′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBNBB) represented by a structural formula (229), will be specifically described.
  • PCBNBB 4,4′-di(1-naphthyl)-4′′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-triphenylamine
  • NBS N-bromo succinimide
  • NBS N-bromo succinimide
  • Step 4 Synthesis of 4,4′-di(1-naphthyl)-4′′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-triphenylamine (Abbreviation: PCBNBB)
  • PCBNBB absorption spectrum of PCBNBB (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • PCBNBB absorption peak on a long wavelength side
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 345 nm
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 355 nm.
  • PCBNBB abbreviation
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 413 nm (excitation wavelength: 355 nm)
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 428 nm (excitation wavelength: 370 nm).
  • PCBNBB abbreviation
  • a differential scanning calorimetry Pulma 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.
  • the glass transition temperature was 136° C.
  • PCBNBB abbreviation
  • the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that PCBNBB (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • FIGS. 56 to 59 show the measurement results in element characteristics of the light-emitting element 7 which was formed using, for a hole-transporting layer, PCBNBB (abbreviation) which is the carbazole derivative of the present invention that was synthesized in Embodiment 9 in a manner similar to that of Embodiment 5. It was found that the hole-transporting material of the present invention which was used for the light-emitting element 7 showed higher luminance, even when the hole-transporting material of the present invention which was used for the light-emitting element 7 was compared to NPB of the light-emitting element 1 .
  • PCBNBB abbreviation
  • the light-emitting element 1 which is a comparative light-emitting element was formed using 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (abbreviation: NPB) for the hole-transporting layer 151 in a manner similar to that of Embodiment 5.
  • NPB 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
  • the hole-transporting material of the present invention realizes favorable carrier balance in the structure of the light-emitting element 7 .
  • FIG. 60 shows the result of a continuous lighting test in which the light-emitting element 7 was continuously lit by constant current driving with the initial luminance set at 1000 cd/m 2 (the vertical axis indicates the relative luminance on the assumption that 1000 cd/m 2 is 100%). From the results in FIG. 60 , the light-emitting element 7 was found to have a longer lifetime, as compared to the light-emitting element 1 .
  • Embodiment 10 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4-(1-naphthyl)-4′-phenyl-4′′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBBiNB) represented by a structural formula (220), will be specifically described.
  • PCBBiNB 4-(1-naphthyl)-4′-phenyl-4′′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine
  • This mixture was deaerated while being stirred under low pressure. After the atmosphere was substituted by nitrogen, the mixture was stirred at 130° C. for 3.5 hours. After the stirring, 250 mL of toluene was added to the reaction mixture, and this suspension was filtrated through Celite, alumina, and then Florisil. The obtained filtrate was washed with water and dried, and magnesium sulfate was added thereto. This mixture was filtrated through Celite, alumina, and then Florisil to obtain filtrate. The obtained filtrate was concentrated, and methanol was added thereto. The mixture was irradiated with supersonic and then recrystallized to obtain 11 g of an objective white powder at a yield of 89%.
  • NBS N-bromo succinimide
  • Step 4 Synthesis of 4-bromo-4′-(1-naphthyl)-4′′-phenyl-triphenylamine
  • Step 5 Synthesis of 4-(1-naphthyl)-4′-phenyl-4′′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (Abbreviation: PCBBiNB)
  • PCBBiNB absorption spectrum of PCBBiNB (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 342 nm
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 351 nm.
  • PCBBiNB abbreviation
  • PCBBiNB abbreviation
  • CV cyclic voltammetry
  • the oxidation peak took a similar value even after the 100 cycles. Accordingly, it was found that repetition of the oxidation reduction between an oxidation state and a neutral state had favorable characteristics.
  • PCBBiNB (abbreviation) was examined with a differential scanning calorimetry (Pyris 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.). According to the measurement results, it was found that the glass transition temperature was 143° C. In this manner, PCBBiNB (abbreviation) has a high glass transition temperature and favorable heat resistance. In addition, the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that PCBBiNB (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • FIGS. 56 to 59 show the measurement results in element characteristics of the light-emitting element 8 which was formed using, for a hole-transporting layer, PCBBiNB (abbreviation) which is the carbazole derivative of the present invention that was synthesized in Embodiment 10 in a manner similar to that of Embodiment 5. It was found that the hole-transporting material of the present invention which was used for the light-emitting element 8 showed higher luminance, even when the hole-transporting material of the present invention which was used for the light-emitting element 8 was compared to NPB of the light-emitting element 1 .
  • PCBBiNB abbreviation
  • the light-emitting element 1 which is a comparative light-emitting element was formed using 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (abbreviation: NPB) for the hole-transporting layer 151 in a manner similar to that of Embodiment 5.
  • NPB 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl
  • the hole-transporting material of the present invention realizes favorable carrier balance in the structure of the light-emitting element 8 .
  • FIG. 60 shows the result of a continuous lighting test in which the light-emitting element 8 was continuously lit by constant current driving with the initial luminance set at 1000 cd/m 2 (the vertical axis indicates the relative luminance on the assumption that 1000 cd/m 2 is 100%). From the results in FIG. 60 , the light-emitting element 8 was found to have a longer lifetime, as compared to the light-emitting element 1 . Thus, a long lifetime light-emitting element can be obtained by applying the present invention.
  • PCBBiNB (abbreviation) was used instead of NPB (abbreviation), which was used at the time of forming the first layer 1511 , and was co-evaporated with molybdenum(VI) oxide to form the first layer 1511 .
  • NPB molybdenum(VI) oxide
  • the light-emitting element 8 was formed in Embodiment 10 by using a co-evaporation film of NPB and molybdenum(VI) oxide for a hole-injecting layer and using PCBBiNB (abbreviation) for a hole-transporting layer.
  • the drive voltage of the light-emitting element 8 was 4.2 V
  • the luminance and the current value were 1062 cd/m 2 and 0.75 mA, respectively, and the light-emitting element 8 exhibited 81% of the initial luminance when driven for 350 hours.
  • PCBBiNB (abbreviation) was a favorable material which can be used for both the first layer 1511 which is a hole-injecting layer and the second layer 1512 which is a hole-transporting layer at the same time. Accordingly, an element could be manufactured easily and material use efficiency could also be improved.
  • Step 4 Synthesis of [4′-(1-naphthyl)biphenyl-4-yl](phenyl)[4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl]amine (Abbreviation: PCBANT)
  • a compound which was obtained through the above Step 4 was measured by a nuclear magnetic resonance method ( 1 H NMR). The measurement result is described below, and the 1 H NMR chart is shown in FIGS. 50A and 50B . It was found from the measurement result that the carbazole derivative of the present invention, PCBANT (abbreviation) represented by the above structural formula (355), was obtained.
  • PCBANT abbreviation
  • PCBANT absorption spectrum of PCBANT (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • PCBANT absorption peak on a long wavelength side
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 342 nm
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 351 nm.
  • PCBANT absorption spectrum of PCBANT (abbreviation) (measurement range: 370 nm to 550 nm) was measured.
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 414 nm (excitation wavelength: 355 nm)
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 342 nm (excitation wavelength: 365 nm). Since the measurement method of an absorption spectrum and an emission spectrum is similar to that of Embodiment 1, the description is omitted.
  • PCBANT abbreviation
  • CV cyclic voltammetry
  • the oxidation peak took a similar value even after the 100 cycles. Accordingly, it was found that repetition of the oxidation reduction between an oxidation state and a neutral state had favorable characteristics.
  • PCBANT abbreviation
  • a differential scanning calorimetry Puls 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.
  • the glass transition temperature was 131° C.
  • PCBANT abbreviation
  • the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that PCBANT (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • the drive voltage of the light-emitting element was 4.0 V
  • the luminance and the current value were 1186 cd/m 2 and 0.73 mA, respectively, and the light-emitting element exhibited 65% of the initial luminance when driven for 180 hours.
  • Embodiment 12 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4-[9-(biphenyl-4-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4′-phenyl-triphenylamine (abbreviation: BCBA1BP) represented by a structural formula (63), will be specifically described.
  • NBS N-bromo succinimide
  • Step 4 Synthesis of 4-[9-(biphenyl-4-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4′-phenyl-triphenylamine (Abbreviation: BCBA1BP)
  • PCBA1BP absorption spectrum of PCBA1BP (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 336 nm
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 342 nm.
  • PCBA1BP absorption spectrum of PCBA1BP (abbreviation) (measurement range: 370 nm to 550 nm) was measured.
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 394 nm (excitation wavelength: 350 nm)
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 408 nm (excitation wavelength: 301 nm). Since the measurement method of an absorption spectrum and an emission spectrum is similar to that of Embodiment 1, the description is omitted.
  • the oxidation peak took a similar value even after the 100 cycles. Accordingly, it was found that repetition of the oxidation reduction between an oxidation state and a neutral state had favorable characteristics.
  • PCBA1BP (abbreviation) was examined with a differential scanning calorimetry (Pyris 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.). According to the measurement results, it was found that the glass transition temperature was 122° C. In this manner, PCBA1BP (abbreviation) has a high glass transition temperature and favorable heat resistance. In addition, the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that PCBA1BP (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • the drive voltage of the light-emitting element was 4.0 V
  • the luminance and the current value were 1031 cd/m 2 and 0.72 mA, respectively, and the light-emitting element exhibited 89% of the initial luminance when driven for 180 hours.
  • Embodiment 13 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4-[9-(biphenyl-4-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4′-(1-naphthyl)triphenylamine (abbreviation: BCBANB) represented by a structural formula (364), will be specifically described.
  • NBS N-bromo succinimide
  • NBS N-bromo succinimide
  • Step 4 Synthesis of 4-[9-(biphenyl-4-yl)-9H-carabazol-3-yl]-4′-(1-naphthyl)triphenylamine (Abbreviation: BCBANB)
  • a compound which was obtained through the above Step 4 was measured by a nuclear magnetic resonance method ( 1 H NMR). The measurement result is described below, and the 1 H NMR chart is shown in FIGS. 52A and 52B . It was found from the measurement result that the carbazole derivative of the present invention, BCBANB (abbreviation) represented by the above structural formula (364), was obtained.
  • BCBANB abbreviation
  • BCBANB absorption spectrum of BCBANB (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 335 nm
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 344 nm.
  • BCBANB abbreviation
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 410 nm (excitation wavelength: 345 nm)
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 422 nm (excitation wavelength: 328 nm).
  • the oxidation peak took a similar value even after the 100 cycles. Accordingly, it was found that repetition of the oxidation reduction between an oxidation state and a neutral state had favorable characteristics.
  • BCBANB (abbreviation) was examined with a differential scanning calorimetry (Pyris 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.). According to the measurement results, it was found that the glass transition temperature was 130° C. In this manner, BCBANB (abbreviation) has a high glass transition temperature and favorable heat resistance. In addition, the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that BCBANB (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • the drive voltage of the light-emitting element was 4.0 V
  • the luminance and the current value were 848 cd/m 2 and 0.52 mA, respectively.
  • Embodiment 14 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4-[9-(biphenyl-4-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4′-(1-naphthyl) 4 ′′-phenyl-triphenylamine (abbreviation: BCBBiNB) represented by a structural formula (366), will be specifically described.
  • BCBBiNB phenyl-triphenylamine
  • Step 1 Synthesis of 4-[9-(biphenyl-4-yl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4′-(1-naphthyl)-4′′-phenyl-triphenylamine (Abbreviation: BCBBiNB)
  • a compound which was obtained through the above Step 1 was measured by a nuclear magnetic resonance method ( 1 H NMR). The measurement result is described below, and the 1 H NMR chart is shown in FIGS. 53A and 53B . It was found from the measurement result that the carbazole derivative of the present invention, BCBBiNB (abbreviation) represented by the above structural formula (366), was obtained.
  • BCBBiNB absorption spectrum of BCBBiNB (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 342 nm
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 351 nm.
  • BCBBiNB abbreviation
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 409 nm (excitation wavelength: 355 nm)
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 433 nm (excitation wavelength: 336 nm).
  • the oxidation peak took a similar value even after the 100 cycles. Accordingly, it was found that repetition of the oxidation reduction between an oxidation state and a neutral state had favorable characteristics.
  • BCBBiNB (abbreviation) was examined with a differential scanning calorimetry (Pyris 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.). According to the measurement results, it was found that the glass transition temperature was 143° C. In this manner, BCBBiNB (abbreviation) has a high glass transition temperature and favorable heat resistance. In addition, the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that BCBBiNB (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • the drive voltage of the light-emitting element was 4.0 V
  • the luminance and the current value were 996 cd/m 2 and 0.59 mA, respectively, and the light-emitting element exhibited 84% of the initial luminance when driven for 180 hours.
  • Embodiment 15 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4- ⁇ 9-[4-(1-naphthyl)phenyl]-9H-carbazol-3-yl ⁇ -4′-phenyl-triphenylamine (abbreviation: NBCBA1BP) represented by a structural formula (386), will be specifically described.
  • NBCBA1BP 4- ⁇ 9-[4-(1-naphthyl)phenyl]-9H-carbazol-3-yl ⁇ -4′-phenyl-triphenylamine
  • this suspension was filtrated, and the filtrate was washed with dilute hydrochloric acid, a saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, and a saturated saline solution in this order. Then, moisture was removed by magnesium sulfate.
  • Step 5 Synthesis of 4- ⁇ 9-[4(1-naphthyl)phenyl]-9H-carbazol-3-yl ⁇ -4′-phenyl-triphenylamine (Abbreviation: NBCBA1BP)
  • an absorption spectrum of NBCBA1BP (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 333 nm
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 340 nm.
  • an emission spectrum of NBCBA1BP (abbreviation) (measurement range: 370 nm to 550 nm) was measured.
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 393 nm (excitation wavelength: 350 nm)
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 488 nm (excitation wavelength: 302 nm).
  • the oxidation peak took a similar value even after the 100 cycles. Accordingly, it was found that repetition of the oxidation reduction between an oxidation state and a neutral state had favorable characteristics.
  • NBCBA1BP (abbreviation) was examined with a differential scanning calorimetry (Pyris 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.). According to the measurement results, it was found that the glass transition temperature was 132° C. In this manner, NBCBA1BP (abbreviation) has a high glass transition temperature and favorable heat resistance. In addition, the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that NBCBA1BP (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • the drive voltage of the light-emitting element was 3.6 V
  • the luminance and the current value were 773 cd/m 2 and 0.47 mA, respectively.
  • Embodiment 16 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4-[9-(1-naphthyl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl]-4′-phenyl-triphenylamine (abbreviation: NCBA1BP) represented by a structural formula (395), will be specifically described.
  • NCBA1BP phenyl-triphenylamine
  • Step 4 Synthesis of 4-[9-(1-naphthyl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl]-4′-phenyl-triphenylamine Abbreviation: NCBA1BP)
  • a compound which was obtained through the above Step 4 was measured by a nuclear magnetic resonance method ( 1 H NMR). The measurement result is described below, and the 1 H NMR chart is shown in FIGS. 55A and 55B . It was found from the measurement result that the carbazole derivative of the present invention, NCBA1BP (abbreviation) represented by the above structural formula (395), was obtained.
  • NCBA1BP absorption spectrum of NCBA1BP (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 333 nm
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 340 nm.
  • NCBA1BP absorption spectrum of NCBA1BP (abbreviation) (measurement range: 370 nm to 550 nm) was measured.
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 392 nm (excitation wavelength: 345 nm)
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 426 nm (excitation wavelength: 328 nm). Since the measurement method of an absorption spectrum and an emission spectrum is similar to that of Embodiment 1, the description is omitted.
  • NCBA1BP (abbreviation) was examined with a differential scanning calorimetry (Pyris 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.). According to the measurement results, it was found that the glass transition temperature was 128° C. In this manner, NCBA1BP (abbreviation) has a high glass transition temperature and favorable heat resistance. In addition, the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that NCBA1BP (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • the drive voltage of the light-emitting element was 4.0 V
  • the luminance and the current value were 1198 cd/m 2 and 0.82 mA, respectively.
  • Embodiment 17 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4,4′-diphenyl-4′′-(6,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBBi1BPIII) represented by a structural formula (422), will be specifically described.
  • PCBBi1BPIII 4,4′-diphenyl-4′′-(6,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine
  • NBS N-bromo succinimide
  • Step 2 Synthesis of 4,4′-diphenyl-4′′-(6,9-diphenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)triphenylamine (Abbreviation: PCBBi1BPIII)
  • the obtained filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography.
  • a solid which was obtained by concentrating the obtained fraction was recrystallized with a mixture solvent of chloroform and hexane to obtain 2.3 g of a white powder-like solid at a yield of 87%.
  • Sublimation purification of 2.3 g of the obtained white solid was performed by a train sublimation method.
  • the sublimation purification was performed under a reduced pressure of 7.0 Pa, with a flow rate of argon at 4 mL/min, at 320° C. for 18 hours to obtain 1.8 g of the white solid at a yield of 78%.
  • PCBBi1BPIII (abbreviation) was measured as described below.
  • PCBBi1BPIII absorption spectrum of PCBBi1BPIII (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 348 nm
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 352 nm.
  • an emission spectrum of PCBBi1BPIII (abbreviation) was measured.
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 397 nm (excitation wavelength: 358 nm), and in the case of the thin film, a maximum emission wavelength was 439 nm (excitation wavelength: 369 nm).
  • PCBBi1BPIII (abbreviation) was examined with a differential scanning calorimetry (Pyris 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.). According to the measurement results, it was found that the glass transition temperature was 138° C. In this manner, PCBBi1BPIII (abbreviation) has a high glass transition temperature and favorable heat resistance. In addition, the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that PCBBi1BPIII (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • the drive voltage of the light-emitting element was 4.2 V
  • the luminance and the current value were 1070 cd/m 2 and 0.75 mA, respectively, and the light-emitting element exhibited 74% of the initial luminance when driven for 360 hours.
  • Embodiment 18 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 3,3′-dimethyl-4′′-phenyl-4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBA1BPIV) represented by a structural formula (423), will be specifically described.
  • PCBA1BPIV 3,3′-dimethyl-4′′-phenyl-4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-triphenylamine
  • NBS N-bromo succinimide
  • Step 3 Synthesis of 3,3′-dimethyl-4′′-phenyl-4-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-triphenylamine (Abbreviation: PCBA1BPIV)
  • PCBA1BPIV (abbreviation)
  • PCBA1BPIV absorption spectrum of PCBA1BPIV (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 325 nm, and in the case of the thin film, an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 329 nm.
  • an emission spectrum of PCBA1BPIV (abbreviation) was measured.
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 393 nm (excitation wavelength: 330 nm), and in the case of the thin film, a maximum emission wavelength was 422 nm (excitation wavelength: 357 nm).
  • PCBA1BPIV (abbreviation) was examined with a differential scanning calorimetry (Pyris 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.). According to the measurement results, it was found that the glass transition temperature was 105° C. In this manner, PCBA1BPIV (abbreviation) has a high glass transition temperature and favorable heat resistance. In addition, the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that PCBA1BPIV (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • the drive voltage of the light-emitting element was 4.0 V
  • the luminance and the current value were 924 cd/m 2 and 0.61 mA, respectively.
  • Embodiment 19 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4,4′-di(2-naphthyl)-4′′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBNBB ⁇ ) represented by a structural formula (345), will be specifically described.
  • PCBNBB ⁇ 4,4′-di(2-naphthyl)-4′′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-triphenylamine
  • NBS N-bromo succinimide
  • the obtained fraction was concentrated, and acetone and hexane were added thereto.
  • the mixture was irradiated with supersonic and then recrystallized to obtain 3.4 g of an objective white powder at a yield of 61%.
  • Step 3 Synthesis of 4,4′-di(2-naphthyl)-4′′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBNBB ⁇ )
  • PCBNBB ⁇ (abbreviation)
  • PCBNBB ⁇ absorption spectrum of PCBNBB ⁇ (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 357 nm, and in the case of the thin film, an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 366 nm.
  • an emission spectrum of PCBNBB ⁇ (abbreviation) was measured.
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 415 nm (excitation wavelength: 360 nm), and in the case of the thin film, a maximum emission wavelength was 449 nm (excitation wavelength: 376 nm).
  • PCBNBB ⁇ (abbreviation) was examined with a differential scanning calorimetry (Pyris 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.). According to the measurement results, it was found that the glass transition temperature was 129° C. In this manner, PCBNBB ⁇ (abbreviation) has a high glass transition temperature and favorable heat resistance. In addition, the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that PCBNBB ⁇ (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • the drive voltage of the light-emitting element was 4.4 V
  • the luminance and the current value were 1104 cd/m 2 and 0.74 mA, respectively, and the light-emitting element exhibited 75% of the initial luminance when driven for 650 hours.
  • Embodiment 20 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4-pheny-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4′′-(9-phenylfluoren-9-yl)-triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBBiFLP) represented by a structural formula (424), will be specifically described.
  • PCBBiFLP 4-pheny-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4′′-(9-phenylfluoren-9-yl)-triphenylamine
  • the above compound is the carbazole derivative represented by the general formula (1) in which R 1 is hydrogen, R 2 is a phenyl group, l is 0, m is 1, n is 0, ⁇ 2 is a 1,4-phenylene group, ⁇ 4 is a 1,4-phenylene group, Ar 1 is a biphenyl-4-yl group, Ar 2 is a fluoren-9-yl group, and the ninth position of the fluoren-9-yl group is substituted by a phenyl group.
  • NBS N-bromo succinimide
  • this candy-like substance In a 500-mL recovery flask, this candy-like substance, 50 mL of glacial acetic acid, and 1.0 mL of hydrochloric acid were put, and the mixture was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere at 130° C. for 1.5 hours to be reacted. After the reaction, this reactiom mixture solution was filtrated to obtain filtrate. The obtained filtrate was washed with water, a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, water, and methanol in this order to obtain 11 g of an objective white power at a yield of 69%.
  • Step 4 Synthesis of 4-pheny-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4′′-(9-phenylfluoren-9-yl)-triphenylamine (Abbreviation: PCBBiFLP)
  • PCBBiFLP (abbreviation)
  • PCBBiFLP absorption spectrum of PCBBiFLP (abbreviation) (measurement range: 200 nm to 800 nm) was measured.
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 337 nm
  • an absorption peak on a long wavelength side was observed at around 339 nm.
  • an emission spectrum of PCBBiFLP (abbreviation) (measurement range: 390 nm to 550 nm) was measured.
  • a maximum emission wavelength was 395 nm (excitation wavelength: 343 nm), and in the case of the thin film, a maximum emission wavelength was 425 nm (excitation wavelength: 361 nm).
  • PCBBiFLP (abbreviation) was examined with a differential scanning calorimetry (Pyris 1 DSC, manufactured by Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.). According to the measurement results, it was found that the glass transition temperature was 156° C. In this manner, PCBBiFLP (abbreviation) has a high glass transition temperature and favorable heat resistance. In addition, the crystallization peak does not exist; thus, it was found that PCBBiFLP (abbreviation) is a substance which is hard to be crystallized.
  • the drive voltage of the light-emitting element was 4.4 V
  • the luminance and the current value were 1104 cd/m 2 and 0.74 mA, respectively, and the light-emitting element exhibited 75% of the initial luminance when driven for 650 hours.
  • the drive voltage of the light-emitting element was 4.0 V
  • the luminance and the current value were 1171 cd/m 2 and 0.65 mA, respectively, and the light-emitting element exhibited 74% of the initial luminance when driven for 360 hours.
  • Embodiment 21 a synthetic method of a carbazole derivative of the present invention, 4-(1-naphthyl)-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-triphenylamine (abbreviation: PCBANB) represented by a structural formula (343), which is different from that in Embodiment 8, will be specifically described.
  • PCBANB 4-(1-naphthyl)-4′-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-triphenylamine
  • Florisil and the Celite which are described in each sythesitic method of the above embodiments of the present invention, Florisil (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., catalog No.: 540-00135) and Celite (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., catalog No.: 531-16855) are used, respectively.
  • 101 substrate, 102 : first electrode, 103 : EL layer, 104 : second electrode, 111 : first layer (hole-injecting layer), 112 : second layer (hole-transporting layer), 113 : third layer (light-emitting layer), 114 : fourth layer (electron-transporting layer), 115 : fifth layer (electron-injecting layer), 301 : first electrode, 302 : second electrode, 303 : first EL layer, 304 : second EL layer, 305 : charge generation layer, 401 : driver circuit portion (source driver circuit), 402 : pixel portion, 404 : sealing substrate, 405 : sealant, 407 : space, 408 : lead wiring, 409 : FPC (flexible printed circuit), 410 : element substrate, 411 : switching TFT, 412 : current control TFT, 413 : first electrode, 414 : insulator, 416 : EL layer, 417 : second electrode, 418

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US16/741,830 US20200148640A1 (en) 2007-12-03 2020-01-14 Carbazole derivative, and light-emitting element, light-emitting device, and electronic device using carbazole derivative
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