JP7262508B2 - 癌を治療するための方法 - Google Patents
癌を治療するための方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7262508B2 JP7262508B2 JP2021073337A JP2021073337A JP7262508B2 JP 7262508 B2 JP7262508 B2 JP 7262508B2 JP 2021073337 A JP2021073337 A JP 2021073337A JP 2021073337 A JP2021073337 A JP 2021073337A JP 7262508 B2 JP7262508 B2 JP 7262508B2
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Description
本出願は、2015年4月29日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/154,699号、2015年4月30日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/155,451号、2015年11月6日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/252,085号、2015年12月10日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/265,696号、2015年5月7日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/158,469号、2015年11月9日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/252,916号、2015年12月10日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/265,774号、2015年7月15日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/192,940号、2015年12月10日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/265,658号、2016年4月15日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/323,572号、2015年7月15日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/192,944号、2015年12月10日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/265,663号、2016年4月15日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/323,576号の利益を主張するものであり、これらのすべては、参照によりそれらの全体が本明細書に組み込まれる。
[1]薬物耐性エストロゲン受容体アルファ陽性癌を有する対象において腫瘍成長を阻害するまたは腫瘍退縮を生じさせる方法であって、前記対象に、治療上有効量の、構造:
を有するRAD1901またはその塩もしくは溶媒和物を投与することを含む、方法、
[2]変異体エストロゲン受容体アルファ陽性癌を有する対象において腫瘍成長を阻害するまたは腫瘍退縮を生じさせる方法であって、前記対象に、治療上有効量の、構造:
を有するRAD1901またはその塩もしくは溶媒和物を投与することを含む、方法、
[3]前記癌が、乳癌、子宮癌、卵巣癌、及び下垂体癌からなる群から選択される、[1]または[2]に記載の方法、
[4]前記癌が、転移性癌である、[1]または[2]に記載の方法、
[5]前記癌が、Y537X1、L536X2、P535H、V534E、S463P、V392I、E380Q、及びこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される1つ以上の変異を含む変異体エストロゲン受容体アルファに対して陽性であり、式中、
X1が、S、N、またはC、D538Gであり、X2がRまたはQである、[1]または[2]に記載の方法、
[6]前記変異が、Y537Sである、[5]に記載の方法、
[7]投与後の前記腫瘍中のRAD1901またはその塩もしくは溶媒和物の濃度の、血漿中のRAD1901またはその塩もしくは溶媒和物の濃度に対する比(T/P)が、少なくとも約15である、[1]または[2]に記載の方法、
[8]前記対象が、骨粗鬆症または骨粗鬆症の高いリスクを有する、[1]または[2]に記載の方法、
[9]前記対象が、閉経前の女性である、[1]または[2]に記載の方法、
[10]前記対象が、SERM及び/またはAIによるこれまでの治療後に、再発または進行している閉経後の女性である、[1]または[2]に記載の方法、
[11]前記治療上有効量が、1日1回約150~約1,500mgである、[1]または[2]に記載の方法、
[12]前記その塩が、RAD1901二塩酸塩である、[1]または[2]に記載の方法、
[13]前記腫瘍が、抗エストロゲン、アロマターゼ阻害剤、及びこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される薬物に耐性を示す、[1]または[2]に記載の方法、
[14]前記抗エストロゲンが、タモキシフェンまたはフルベストラントである、[13]に記載の方法、
[15]前記アロマターゼ阻害剤が、アロマシンである、[13]に記載の方法、
[16]前記治療上有効量が、150mg~2,000mgである、[1]または[2]に記載の方法、
[17]前記治療上有効量が、200mg、400mg、または500mgである、[16]に記載の方法
に関する。
(1)第1の投与量のRAD1901またはその溶媒和物(例えば水和物)もしくは塩(例えば、約350~約500mg、または約200~約600mg/日)を、3、4、5、6、または7日間投与することと、
(2)エストラジオール-ER結合活性を、例えば、本明細書に開示されるFES-PET画像化を用いて検出することであって、
(i)ER結合活性が、検出不可能である、または予め決定された閾値レベルを下回る場合、第1の投与量を継続して投与する(すなわち、投与量レベルを維持する)こと、または
(ii)ER結合活性が、検出可能である、または予め決定された閾値レベルを上回る場合、第1の投与量よりも多い第2の投与量(例えば、第1の投与量+約50~約200mg)を3、4、5、6、または7日間投与し、次いで、ステップ(3)に進むこと、
(3)エストラジオール-ER結合活性を、例えば、本明細書に開示されるFES-PET画像化を用いて検出することであって、
(i)ER結合活性が、検出不可能である、または予め決定された閾値レベルを下回る場合、第2の投与量を継続して投与する(すなわち、投与量レベルを維持する)こと、または
(ii)ER結合活性が、検出可能である、または予め決定された閾値レベルを上回る場合、第2の投与量よりも多い第3の投与量(例えば、第2の投与量+約50~約200mg)を3、4、5、6、または7日間投与し、次いで、ステップ(4)に進むこと、
(4)ER結合活性が検出されなくなるまで、第4の投与量、第5の投与量等を通して、上のステップを繰り返すこと、を含む。
(1)内分泌療法のうちの少なくとも1つの方針を受けている患者からのER陽性乳癌腫瘍試料中の変異体ERα
過去2年間に報告された5つの研究において、内分泌療法のうちの少なくとも1つの方針を受けている患者からの合計187の転移性ER陽性乳癌腫瘍試料が、配列決定され、ER LBD変異が、39人の患者(21%)において特定された(Jeselsohn)。39人の患者の中で、6つの最も頻繁なLBD変異を、図42に示される、Jeselsohnから適合されたスキーム1を示す。
試験化合物
以下の実施例に使用されるRAD1901は、IRIX Pharmaceuticals,Inc.によって製造された(6R)-6-(2-(N-(4-(2-(エチルアミノ)エチル)ベンジル)-N-エチルアミノ)-4-メトキシフェニル)-5,6,7,8-テトラヒドロナフタレン-2-オール二塩酸塩であった(Florence,SC)。RAD1901は、乾燥粉末として保存され、脱イオン水中の0.5%(w/v)メチルセルロース中の均一の懸濁液として使用するために製剤化され、動物モデルにおいては、経口投与によって投与された。タモキシフェン、ラロキシフェン、及びエストラジオール(E2)は、Sigma-Aldrich(St.Louis,MO)から得られ、皮下注射によって投与された。フルベストラントは、Tocris Biosciences(Minneapolis,MN)から得られ、皮下注射によって投与された。その他の実験試薬は、別途記述がない限り、Sigma-Aldrichから購入した。
MCF-7細胞(ヒト乳房転移性腺癌)は、American Type Culture Collection(Rockville,MD)から購入し、0.01mg/mlのウシインスリン及び10%ウシ胎仔血清(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)を補充した、2mMのL-グルタミン及びEarleのBSS、0.1mMの非必須アミノ酸、及び1mMのピルビン酸ナトリウムを含有するフェノールレッドフリーの最小必須培地(MEM)中で、通常、5%CO2で維持した。
すべてのマウスを、明暗周期(人工光の12~14時間の概日周期)ならびに制御された室温及び湿度下で、不断で滅菌食及び水へのアクセスする、滅菌した埃のない寝わらの塊(bedding cob)を有する個々に換気したケージの中に無菌ハウジングに収容した。腫瘍は、ノギスで週2回測定し、体積は、式:(L*W2)*0.52を用いて計算した。
患者由来の異種移植片モデル(PDxモデル)のいくつかの例を、図1に示す。患者由来の乳癌腫瘍を有するPDxモデルは、腫瘍の不均一性を維持するために、動物(無胸腺ヌードマウス(Nu(NCF)-Foxn1nu))において、限定された回数、連続継代している生存ヒト腫瘍組織または液体から構築された。前試験腫瘍体積は、その推定された開始日より約1週間前に開始する各実験で記録した。腫瘍がおよそ腫瘍体積開始(TVI)の範囲(150~250mm3)に達したとき、動物を治療及び対照群にランダム化し、投与を開始し(0日目、各群において8~10匹)、すべての試験における動物は各実験において個々に従った。投与開始は、0日目に開始、すべての群の動物は、体重別に投与した(1グラム当たり0.01mL、10ml/kg)。各群は、0日目から特定されるように、ビヒクル(対照、経口投与/エンドポイントまで1日1回)、タモキシフェン(1mg/対象、皮下注射/エンドポイントまで1日毎)、フルベストラント(Faslodex(登録商標);必要に応じて、1mg/対象または3mg/対象、皮下注射/週×5、必要に応じて延長)、またはRAD1901(30または60または120mg/対象のkg、経口投与/エンドポイントまで1日1回)で治療した。治療期間は、モデルに応じて、56~60日間続いた。これらのPDxモデルのための飲料水に、17β-エストラジオールを補充した。
すべての試験において、0日目に開始し、腫瘍寸法を、各群に対して記録された個々の及び平均の推定された腫瘍体積(平均TV±標準誤差)を含むデジタルキャリパーによって測定し、腫瘍体積を、式(Yasui et al.Invasion Metastasis 17:259-269(1997)、これは参照により本明細書に組み込まれる):TV=幅2×長さ×0.52を用いて計算した。腫瘍体積(TV)エンドポイントに達したらすぐに、各群または試験を終了し(時間エンドポイントは、60日であり、体積エンドポイントは、群平均2cm3であった)、2cm3以上の腫瘍体積に達する個々のマウスは、試験から除外し、最終測定は、平均が体積エンドポイントに達するかまたは試験が時間エンドポイントに達するまで群平均に含まれた。
腫瘍成長阻害(%)(TGI(%))値は、単一時点で計算し(対照群が腫瘍体積または時間エンドポイントに達したとき)、式によって初期(i)及び最終(f)腫瘍測定を用いて各治療群(T)対対照(C)について報告した(Corbett TH et al.In vivo methods for screening and preclinical testing.In: Teicher B,ed.,Anticancer Drug Development Guide.Totowa,NJ:Humana.2004:99-123.):TGI(%)=1-Tf-Ti/Cf-Ci。
TGI試験-一元配置分散分析+Dunnett多重比較検定(Corbett THら)。
エンドポイントで、腫瘍を除去した。ある断片を急速冷凍し、一方、別の断片を、10% NBF中に少なくとも24時間入れ、ホルマリン固定パラフィン包埋した(FFPE)。急速冷凍した試料を、-80℃で保存し、FFPEブロックを、室温で保存した。
細胞を採取し、タンパク質発現を、標準的技法を用いて分析した。腫瘍を、投与の最終日後に指示された時点で採取し、Tissuelyser(Qiagen)を用いてプロテアーゼ及びホスファターゼ阻害剤を有するRIPA緩衝液中で均質化した。等量のタンパク質を、MWによって分離し、ニトロセルロース膜に移し、標準的技法を用いて以下の抗体でブロットした:
●エストロゲン受容体(SantaCruz(HC-20);sc-543)
●プロゲステロン受容体(Cell Signaling Technologies;3153)
●ビンキュリン(Sigma-Aldrich,v9131)
腫瘍を採取し、ホルマリンに固定し、パラフィンに包埋した。包埋した腫瘍を切断し(6μM)、ER、PR、及びHer2に特異的な抗体で染色した。定量化を以下の通りに行った:5つの分野を、陽性細胞(0~100%)及び染色強度(0~3+)について計数した。Hスコア(0~300)を、以下の式:陽性(%)*強度、を用いて計算した。
I(A)(i)RAD1901は、ER状態及び事前内分泌療法にもかかわらず、PDxモデル(PDx-1~PDx-12)において腫瘍成長を阻害した。
RAD1901の抗癌効果は、腫瘍成長を刺激するためにエストラジオール投与を有する雌胸腺欠損ヌードマウス(対照:NU(NCr)-Foxn1nu)における第1のMCF-7異種移植片モデル(MCF-7異種移植片モデル-I)を用いて試験した。腫瘍細胞移植の3日前に、エストロゲンペレット(0.36mgのE2、60日の放出;Innovative Research of America,Sarasota,FL)を、滅菌套管針を用いてすべての試験動物の肩甲骨間に皮下移植した。MCF-7ヒト乳腺癌細胞は、10% ウシ胎仔血清、100単位/mLのペニシリンG、100μg/mLの硫酸ストレプトマイシン、2mM グルタミン、10mM HEPES、0.075% 重炭酸ナトリウム、及び25μg/mLのゲンタマイシンを含有するRPMI-1640培地内で中間ログ相まで培養した。腫瘍細胞移植日に、MCF-7細胞をトリプシン化し、ペレット化し、5×107細胞/mLの濃度で、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水中で再懸濁した。各試験マウスは、1×107 MCF-7細胞を右脇腹に皮下移植され、腫瘍成長をモニタリングした。必要に応じて、腫瘍重量は、1mm3の腫瘍体積が1mgの腫瘍湿重量に相当するという仮定に基づいて、推定された。体重は、MCF-7細胞移植後に5日間、1日1回測定し、次いで、試験の残りを通じて週2回測定した。
細胞移植の2日前に、Balb/C-ヌードマウスを、17β-エストラジオールペレットで0.18/90日の放出でインキュベートした。MCF-7細胞(PR+、Her2-)を採取し、1×107細胞を、Balb/C-ヌードマウスの右脇腹に皮下移植した。腫瘍は、200mm3の平均を達した場合、マウスを、腫瘍体積別に治療群にランダム化し、試験化合物で治療した。各群は、0日目から特定されるように、ビヒクル(対照、エンドポイントまで1日1回経口投与)、フルベストラント(Faslodex(登録商標);3mg/対象、週1回皮下注射×5、必要に応じて延長)、RAD1901(30mg/kgまたは60mg/対象のkg、エンドポイントまで1日1回経口投与)で治療した。治療期間は、28日間続いた。
進行性乳腺腺癌(IHCによって1%以上の染色を有するER+腫瘍、0または1のECOG一般状態を有するHER2陰性腫瘍)を有する8人の閉経後の女性を、この第1相試験の対象として登録した。対象は、以下の前治療を受けていなければならない:
●進行性/転移性の設定において2以下の前化学療法レジメン
●6か月の事前内分泌療法及び事前内分泌療法において進行した
●未治療もしくは症候性CNS転移、または以下のウィンドウ内の事前抗癌治療を有する患者は、除外された:
●タモキシフェン<1回目の用量試験処置から14日前
●フルベストラント<1回目の用量試験処置から90日前
●化学療法<1回目の用量試験処置から28日前
●LHRH類似体<1回目の用量試験処置から12か月前
DLT基準
●3以上のいかなるグレードの非血液学的毒性(最適な薬剤で治療されていない脱毛症及び吐き気、嘔吐、または下痢を含まない)
●3以上のいかなるグレードの血液学的毒性
●7日を超える試験薬物中断をもたらすいかなるグレードの毒性
●用量を制限する毒性の観察期間は、周期1のうち1~28日である
対象は、200mgまたは400mgの1日1回経口投与で治療し、疾患の進行まで8週毎に評価した(図13)。第1相試験に登録した進行性乳腺腺癌に罹患している8人の閉経後の女性の主なベースライン人口統計を、表1に要約する。
TEAEは、試験を通して記録された。予備データを表2に要約する。「n」は、所与のカテゴリー中の少なくとも1つの治療に関連したAEを有する対象の数であり、AEは有害事象共通用語規準(CTCAE)v4.0のように等級分けされ、同じ優先使用語の複数のシナリオを有する任意の患者は、最も重度のグレードまで1回のみ計数した。死亡または用量を制限する毒性は観察されず、最大耐容量(MTD)は構築されなかった。最もAEは、グレード1または2であった。最も一般的な治療に関連したAEは、消化不良(5/8人の患者)及び吐き気(3/8人の患者)であった。2つの重篤なAE(SAE)が観察され、1つはグレード3の治療に関連した便秘で、その他は、息切れ(胸水)であったが、治療には関連しなかった。
IV(A(1)):RAD1901は、子宮組織のエストラジオール刺激を拮抗した。
Sprague-Dawley仔ラットを、19日齢で乳離れさせ、群(n=4)にランダム化し、ビヒクル(水性メチルセルロース)、E2(0.01mg/kg)、ラロキシフェン(3mg/kg)、タモキシフェン(1mg/kg)、RAD1901単独(0.3~100mg/kg)、またはE2(0.01mg/kg)と組み合わせたRAD1901(0.01~10mg/kg)を、必要に応じて、皮下注射または経口投与のいずれかで、(上の試薬を参照されたい)1日1回3日間連続で投与した。最終投与から24時間後、すべての動物を、二酸化炭素の吸入によって殺処分した。体重及び湿子宮重量を、各動物について記録した。同様のアッセイも、ラット及びマウス(Charles River Laboratories,Montreal,QC)において、RAD1901(0.03~100mg/kg)で行った。
処置した子宮組織中のC3の相対的発現レベルを決定するために、RNAを、製造業者の取扱説明書に従って、Micro to Midi Total RNA精製キット(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)を用いて残りの組織から抽出した。RNAを定量化し、High Capacity cDNAアーカイブキット(Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA)を用いて、等量を逆転写した。
未成熟雌ラットに、ビヒクル(VEH)、エストラジオール(E2)、ラロキシフェン(RAL)、タモキシフェン(TAM)、RAD1901、またはRAD1901+E2で3日間連続して1日1回経口投与を施した。子宮湿重量を測定した。示されたデータ(図23A)は、平均(±平均誤差)、群当たりn=4のラット、P対ビヒクル:*<0.05;対E2:‡<0.05である。
RAD1901の骨特異的効果を、卵巣摘出ラットにおいて試験した。
第1相試験では、安全性、耐性、及び薬物動態が、44人の健常な閉経後の女性において評価された。用量を制限する毒性(DLT)は観察されず、最大耐容量(MTD)は構築されなかった。血漿曝露は、試験した用量範囲にわたって用量比例的よりも増加した。
44人の健常な閉経後の女性を、この第1相試験の対象として登録した。対象は、少なくとも12か月間無月経であり、血清FSHが閉経と一致した。対象は、18.0~30kg/m2のBMIを有する、40~75歳であった。臨床的に関連する病理の証拠を有し、卒中もしくは過去に静脈血栓塞栓事象のリスク増加がある、または臨床研究センターに登録する14日以内に併用薬(パラセタモールは、3日前まで許容された)の使用を有する患者は、除外された。
対象を、それぞれ、200mg、500mg、750mg、及び1000mgの用量レベルで、軽い朝食後に、プラセボまたは少なくとも1つの経口量で1日1回7日間治療した。第1相試験に登録した44人の閉経後の女性の主なベースライン人口統計を、表8に要約する。
TEAEを記録し、最も頻繁に起こる(任意の関連したTEAEを有した全活性群の患者の10%超)有害事象(AE)を表9に要約し、「n」は、所与のカテゴリー中の少なくとも1つの治療に関連したAEを有する対象の数であり、AEは有害事象共通用語規準(CTCAE)v4.0のように等級分けされ、同じ優先使用語の複数のシナリオを有する任意の患者は、最も重度のグレードまで1回のみ計数した。用量を制限する毒性は観察されず、最大耐容量(MTD)は構築されなかった。
血漿中のRAD1901の分析のための試験期間中に、一連の血液試料を採血した。留置IVカテーテルを介して、または抗凝血剤としてK3-EDTAを含有するチューブへの直接静脈穿刺によって、5mLの血液試料をそれぞれ、採血した。定常状態は、治療から5日目で達成した。RAD1901の幾何平均(Geo-Mean)血漿濃度-時間プロファイルを評価した。試験において、7日目のRAD1901(200、500、750、または1,000mg)により治療した群(N=35)の血漿薬物動態の結果を、例として、表10及び図24に提供する。中央値t1/2は、37.5~42.3時間であった(表10)。RAD1901の複数回投与後、中央値tmaxは、投与後の3~4時間であった。
別途記述がない限り、構造をそれらのスティックモデルで示す場合、結合の各末端を、それに結合する原子と同じ色で色付けし、灰色は炭素であり、赤色は酸素であり、青色は窒素であり、白色は水素である。
ERαにおいて、RAD1901の結合立体構造は、5つのERα結晶構造1R5K、1SJ0、2JFA、2BJ4、及び2OUZのIFD分析によってさらに最適化された。IFD分析は、その正確な結合立体構造に適合するために(リガンド結合時の)受容体柔軟性を明らかにした。
C末端リガンド結合ドメイン上の様々なERα変異の効果を評価した。評価した特定のERα変異は、Y537X変異体(式中、Xは、S、N、またはCである)、D538G、及びS463Pであった。
RAD1901による野生型(WT)及びLBD変異体のERα構築物のインビトロ結合アッセイは、RAD1901がWT ERαと同様の親和性を有する変異体ERαと結合したことを示した。
Claims (14)
- 前記乳癌脳転移が、転移性であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記変異が、Y537Sであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 投与後の前記腫瘍中のRAD1901またはその塩もしくは溶媒和物の濃度の、血漿中のRAD1901またはその塩もしくは溶媒和物の濃度に対する比(T/P)が、少なくとも約15であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記対象が、骨粗鬆症または骨粗鬆症の高いリスクを有することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記対象が、閉経前の女性であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記対象が、SERM及び/またはAIによるこれまでの治療後に、再発または進行している閉経後の女性であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記治療上有効量が、1日に約150~約1,500mgであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記その塩が、RAD1901二塩酸塩であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記腫瘍が、抗エストロゲン、アロマターゼ阻害剤、及びこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される薬物に耐性を示すことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗エストロゲンが、タモキシフェンまたはフルベストラントであることを特徴とする、請求項10に記載の組成物。
- 前記アロマターゼ阻害剤が、アロマシンであることを特徴とする、請求項10に記載の組成物。
- 前記治療上有効量が、150mg~2,000mgであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記治療上有効量が、200mg、400mg、または500mgであることを特徴とする、請求項13に記載の組成物。
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