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JP2006324553A - 半導体装置及びその製造方法 - Google Patents

半導体装置及びその製造方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2006324553A
JP2006324553A JP2005147674A JP2005147674A JP2006324553A JP 2006324553 A JP2006324553 A JP 2006324553A JP 2005147674 A JP2005147674 A JP 2005147674A JP 2005147674 A JP2005147674 A JP 2005147674A JP 2006324553 A JP2006324553 A JP 2006324553A
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JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
wire
capillary
gold wire
bump electrode
semiconductor device
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP2005147674A
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English (en)
Inventor
Hidetoshi Kuratani
英敏 倉谷
Hideyuki Shinkawa
秀之 新川
Fumiaki Aka
文昭 英賀
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Renesas Technology Corp
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Renesas Technology Corp
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Publication date
Application filed by Renesas Technology Corp filed Critical Renesas Technology Corp
Priority to JP2005147674A priority Critical patent/JP2006324553A/ja
Priority to US11/376,090 priority patent/US7456091B2/en
Priority to CN200610073629A priority patent/CN100580912C/zh
Publication of JP2006324553A publication Critical patent/JP2006324553A/ja
Priority to US12/204,394 priority patent/US7659635B2/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Abstract

【課題】 ワイヤ同士の電気的ショートやバンプ電極の引き剥がしを防ぎ、安定して製造することができる半導体装置及びその製造方法を得る。
【解決手段】 パッドを有するチップと、パッド上に形成されたバンプ電極と、バンプ電極上にステッチボンドされたワイヤとを備え、ワイヤは、(弾性率/単位面積当たりの破断強度)≧400の条件を満たす。また、チップ、バンプ電極及びワイヤを封止する封止樹脂を更に備え、封止樹脂は、スパイラルフローが110cm以上で、かつ粘度が10Pa・S未満であることが好ましい。
【選択図】 図4

Description

本発明は、パッドを有するチップと、パッド上に形成されたバンプ電極と、バンプ電極上にステッチボンドされたワイヤとを備えた半導体装置及びその製造方法に関するものである。
チップ上のアルミパッドに直接に金ワイヤをステッチボンディングする場合、キャピラリの荷重が集中してアルミパッド下のSiO2層間絶縁膜にクラックが入る。このため、チップ−チップ間(chip-to-chip)のワイヤボンディングにはバンプ電極が用いられる(例えば、特許文献1参照)。また、薄型パッケージでは、金ワイヤの高さを低くするためにバンプ電極を用いた逆ボンディングが行われる。
図10(a)(b)は、従来のバンプ電極形成の様子を示す断面図である。まず、図10(a)に示すように、チップのアルミパッド11上に、キャピラリ12から排出した金ワイヤ13によりバンプ電極14を形成する。その後、図10(b)に示すように、クランパ15で金ワイヤ13を挟んで上方向に引っ張ることで金ワイヤ13をカットする。
また、図11(a)(b)は、従来のバンプ電極上への金ワイヤのステッチボンディングの様子を示す断面図である。まず、図11(a)に示すように、キャピラリ12により金ワイヤ13をバンプ電極14に押圧し、超音波振動をかけて金ワイヤ13を潰してバンプ電極14に接合する。その後、図11(b)に示すように、クランパ15で金ワイヤ13を挟んで上方向に引っ張ることで金ワイヤ13をカットする。
特開2001−15541号公報
しかし、従来の金ワイヤによるバンプ電極の形成や、バンプ電極上への金ワイヤのステッチボンディングにおいて、バンプ電極14の材料となる金ワイヤは柔らかいため、キャピラリ12とバンプ電極14で挟まれた金ワイヤ13の押し潰しが不十分となり、金ワイヤ13を十分に肉薄化することができない。これにより、金ワイヤ13の強度が高くなるため、金ワイヤ13をカットした際の反動による金ワイヤ13のヨレや、バンプ電極14のアルミパッド11からの引き剥がしが発生する。また、従来のバンプ電極形成でも同様の現象が発生する。その結果、ヨレに起因する金ワイヤ13のS字曲がりにより金ワイヤ同士が電気的にショートし、またバンプ電極14の引き剥がしにより電気的にオープンするという問題があった。
この問題を解決するためには、より低い加重でカットされるソフトタイプの金ワイヤを用いればよい。しかし、このようなソフトタイプの金ワイヤは弾性率が低いため、封止樹脂を流した際に金ワイヤが流れ、金ワイヤ同士が電気的にショートするという問題があった。
本発明は、上述のような課題を解決するためになされたもので、その目的は、ワイヤ同士の電気的ショートやバンプ電極の引き剥がしを防ぎ、安定して製造することができる半導体装置及びその製造方法を得るものである。
本発明の請求項1に係る半導体装置は、パッドを有するチップと、パッド上に形成されたバンプ電極と、バンプ電極上にステッチボンドされたワイヤとを備え、ワイヤは、(弾性率/単位面積当たりの破断強度)≧400の条件を満たす。
本発明の請求項3に係る半導体装置の製造方法は、キャピラリに通したワイヤによりパッド上にバンプ電極を形成する工程と、バンプ電極を形成する工程の後に、少なくともワイヤとキャピラリの内壁との隙間以上の振幅でキャピラリを横方向に動作させる工程と、キャピラリを横方向に動作させる工程の後に、クランパでワイヤを挟んで上方向に引っ張ることでワイヤをカットする工程とを備え、ワイヤとして、(弾性率/単位面積当たりの破断強度)≧400の条件を満たすものを用いる。
本発明の請求項4に係る半導体装置の製造方法は、キャピラリを用いてバンプ電極上にワイヤをステッチボンディングする工程と、ステッチボンディングする工程の後に、少なくともワイヤとキャピラリの内壁との隙間以上の振幅でキャピラリを横方向に動作させる工程と、キャピラリを横方向に動作させる工程の後に、クランパでワイヤを挟んで上方向に引っ張ることでワイヤをカットする工程とを備え、ワイヤとして、(弾性率/単位面積当たりの破断強度)≧400の条件を満たすものを用いる。本発明のその他の特徴は以下に明らかにする。
本発明により、ワイヤの弾性率を維持しつつ、低い加重でワイヤを切ることができるため、ワイヤ同士の電気的ショートやバンプ電極の引き剥がしを防ぎ、高集積化された半導体装置を安定して製造することができる。
実施の形態1.
図1(a)は本発明の実施の形態1に係る半導体装置の一例を示す断面図であり、図1(b)はその上面図である。ダイパッド21上にチップ22とチップ23が並べて搭載されている。このチップ22,23とリード24は金ワイヤ13により接続されている。また、チップ23のアルミパッド11上にはバンプ電極14が形成されている。そして、金ワイヤ13が、チップ22のアルミパッドにボールボンディングされ、バンプ電極14上にステッチボンディングされている。さらに、全体が封止樹脂25により封止されている。
図2(a)〜(c)は、バンプ電極を形成する工程を示す断面図である。まず、図2(a)に示すように、キャピラリ12から排出した金ワイヤ13の先端をトーチ31からの放電により溶融することによって、金ワイヤ13よりも直径が大きい金ボール32を形成する。その後、図2(b)に示すように、キャピラリ12によって、金ボール32をステージ上に配置されたチップ23のアルミパッド11上に押圧し、加重、熱、超音波などを印可する事によって、金ボール32とアルミパッド11の界面を接合する。その後、図2(c)に示すように、キャピラリ12より上の金ワイヤ13をクランパ15で挟んで引っ張り、金ボール32の上で金ワイヤ13を切断する。このようにして、キャピラリ12から排出した金ワイヤ13によって、アルミパッド11上にバンプ電極14を形成する。
図3(a)(b)は、バンプ電極上に金ワイヤをステッチボンドする工程を示す断面図である。まず、図2(a)と同様にキャピラリ12から排出した金ワイヤ13の先端に金ボール32を形成し、図3(a)に示すように、キャピラリ12を用いて金ワイヤ13の先端の金ボール32をチップ22のアルミパッドにボールボンディング(ファーストボンディング)する。その後、金ボール32から延びる金ワイヤ13をキャピラリ12から排出して、バンプ電極14上まで伸ばし、キャピラリ12により金ワイヤ13をバンプ電極14に10ms間押圧し、超音波振動をかけて、金ボール32から延びる金ワイヤ13の一部をバンプ電極14上にステッチボンディング(セカンドボンディング)する。そして、図3(b)に示すように、クランパ15で金ワイヤ13を挟んで上方向に引っ張ることで金ワイヤ13をカット(テールカット)する。このようにして、キャピラリ12から排出した金ワイヤ13によって、バンプ電極14とチップ22のアルミパッドを電気的に接続する金ワイヤ13を形成する。
ここで、本発明では、ワイヤ同士の電気的ショートやバンプ電極の引き剥がしを防ぐために、金ワイヤ13の材質を以下のように設定する。まず、図4は、金ワイヤの伸び率と応力の関係を示す図である。金ワイヤAは、長さ方向に引張り応力をかけていくと、伸び率が4%になった時点でカットされ、その際の応力(破断強度)が12.4gfである。同様に、金ワイヤBは伸び率が7%で破断強度が9.5gf、金ワイヤCは伸び率が11%で破断強度が8.8gf、金ワイヤDは伸び率が15%で破断強度が8.3gfである。そして、金ワイヤEはソフトタイプの金ワイヤであり、ハードタイプの金ワイヤA〜Dに比べて破断強度が低い。
また、金ワイヤは、応力をかけていくと最初は弾性変形をし、その後に塑性変形をする。この弾性変形の際の傾きが金ワイヤの弾性率に対応する。そして、ハードタイプの金ワイヤA〜Dは弾性率がそれぞれ9.4, 9.3, 9, 8.5(×103kgf/mm2)であり、ソフトタイプの金ワイヤEはこれらに比べて弾性率が低い。
金ワイヤをカットした際の反動による金ワイヤのヨレ(変形)や、バンプ電極14のアルミパッド11からの引き剥がしを防ぐためには、破断強度が低い金ワイヤを用いるのが好ましい。これは、破断強度の低いワイヤでは、破断に至るまでに印可される最大荷重が小さく、また、破断時に反動として開放されるエネルギーが小さいためである。また、金ワイヤの変形を防ぐためには、金ワイヤの弾性率が高いのが好ましい。これは、弾性率の高いワイヤの方が、エネルギーが印可された際の変形をより抑える事ができるからである。従って、弾性率と単位面積あたりの破断強度の比、すなわち、(弾性率(kgf/mm2)/単位面積当たりの破断強度(kgf/mm2))が高い方が好ましい。しかし、弾性率の高いワイヤは、前述の金ワイヤAの様に、破断強度が高く、また、破断強度の低いワイヤは、前述の金ワイヤEの様に、弾性率が低い傾向がある。
そこで、金ワイヤとして以下の条件を満たすものを用いる。
(弾性率(kgf/mm2)/単位面積当たりの破断強度(kgf/mm2))≧400
これにより、ワイヤの弾性率を維持しつつ、低い加重でワイヤを切ることができるため、ワイヤの変形に伴うワイヤ同士の電気的ショートや、バンプ電極の引き剥がしを防ぎ、高集積化された半導体装置を安定して製造することができる。特に、破断時のワイヤの伸び率が、例えば少なくとも6%以上、より好ましくは10%以上と高い物において、金ワイヤB、C、Dのように高弾性率、低破断強度という特性を得るのが容易になる。
また、本発明では、封止樹脂を流した際に金ワイヤが流れ、金ワイヤ同士が電気的にショートするのを防ぐために、封止樹脂の材質を以下のように設定する。まず、図5(a)(b)は、金ワイヤの伸び率と金ワイヤの流れ曲率を示す図である。金ワイヤの流れ曲率とは、封止樹脂で封止した場合に流された金ワイヤの曲率である。また、図5(a)は、スパイラルフローが110cm未満で、かつ粘度が10Pa・S以上の樹脂を用いた場合であり、図5(b)は、スパイラルフローが110cm以上で、かつ粘度が10Pa・S未満の樹脂を用いた場合である。
ここで、溶融粘度の測定はJIS K7210に準拠し、測定条件として、試料量を3g、温度水準を175±2℃、ノズル寸法を(1.00±0.02)mmφ×10mmとする。また、スパイラルフローとは、スパイラル形状をしたフローテスト金型に、一定の条件下で樹脂を充填した時に樹脂が到達する長さである。このスパイラルフローにより、射出成形での樹脂の流動性を評価することができる。
スパイラルフローの測定には、測定装置として、EMMI−1−66に規定された金型と、トランスファー成形機を用いる。また、測定試料は、保存庫から取り出し、未開封のまま2時間室温下に放置した後、開封して測定を行う。そして、開封後2時間以内に試験を完了する。また、測定条件として、試料量を約15gとし、カル厚約3mmに設定し、射出圧力を6.9±0.5MPaとし、成形時間を120±5秒間とし、プレヒートは無しとし、温度水準 を175±2℃とする。これらの条件において、規定の温度水準に達したことを確認後、試料を仕込み、速やかにプランジャーを降下させ10秒以内に加圧を開始する。そして、規定時間終了後に金型を解体し、樹脂のフロー長さ(cm)を読み取ることでスパイラルフローを測定する。
図5(a)に比べて図5(b)では金ワイヤの流れ曲率が小さい。従って、封止樹脂を流した際に金ワイヤが流れ、金ワイヤ同士が電気的にショートするのを防ぐためには、スパイラルフローが110cm以上で、かつ粘度が10Pa・S未満の樹脂を用いるのが好ましい。
図6(a)は本発明の実施の形態1に係る半導体装置の別の例を示す断面図であり、図6(b)はその上面図である。ガラスエポキシ配線基板41上に、チップ42、スペーサチップ43、チップ44、チップ45が積載されている。また、チップ44,45のアルミパッド11上にはバンプ電極14が形成されている。そして、金ワイヤ13が、リード46にボールボンディングされ、バンプ電極14上にステッチボンディングされている。さらに、全体が封止樹脂47により封止され、ガラスエポキシ配線基板41の底面に半田ボール48が形成されている。
図7(a)は本発明の実施の形態1に係る半導体装置の更に別の例を示す断面図であり、図7(b)はその上面図である。ダイパッド51上にチップ52が搭載されている。そして、チップ52のセンターに複数のアルミパッド11が一列に設けられている。このアルミパッド11上にはバンプ電極14が形成されている。そして、金ワイヤ13が、リード53にボールボンディングされ、バンプ電極14上にステッチボンディングされている。さらに、全体が封止樹脂54により封止されている。
実施の形態2.
図8(a)〜(d)は、本発明の実施の形態2に係る半導体装置の製造方法を示す断面図である。まず、図8(a)に示すように、キャピラリ12から排出した金ワイヤ13の先端の金ボールをチップ23のアルミパッド11上に接合させてバンプ電極14を形成する。ただし、金ワイヤ13として実施の形態1と同様の材質のものを用いる。
そして、図8(b)に示すように、キャピラリ12を15μm上昇させる。ここで、バンプ電極14の高さは15μmであるため、キャピラリ12はバンプ電極14よりも上に退避される。本実施の形態において使用するキャピラリ12及び金ワイヤ13の寸法は、キャピラリ12の内径が30μm、金ワイヤ13の直径が23μmである。
その後に、図8(c)に示すように、キャピラリ12を横方向に往復運動させる。ただし、キャピラリ12の動作振幅を少なくとも金ワイヤ13とキャピラリ12の内壁との隙間以上とする。具体的には、金ワイヤ13の直径が23μm、キャピラリ12の内径が30μmであるため、両者の隙間は平均すると片側で3.5μm、両側合わせると7μmである。動作振幅としては、最低限、キャピラリ12内壁と金ワイヤ13の片側の隙間である3.5μm以上である必要がある。金ワイヤ13のテールカット部分に十分なストレスを付与し、カット強度を低下させるためには、動作振幅としては、キャピラリ12内壁と金ワイヤ13の両側の隙間の和である7μm以上にするのがより好ましい。そこで、例えば、キャピラリ12を一方向へ30μm水平移動させた後、反対方向に65μm水平移動させる。これにより、金ワイヤ13のテールカット部分にストレスを付与し、カット強度を低減させることができる。また、水平移動の大きさによっては、水平移動によって、金ワイヤ13をバンプ電極14から切断する事も可能である。
その後に、図8(d)に示すように、クランパ15で金ワイヤ13を挟んで上方向に引っ張ることで金ワイヤ13をカットする。この際、キャピラリ12の往復運動により金ワイヤ13の強度を低減しているため、金ワイヤ13のカットの反動を低減することができ、実施の形態1よりも更に金ワイヤ13のS字曲がり及びバンプ電極14の剥がれを抑制することができる。
また、キャピラリ12の往復運動の前にキャピラリ12をバンプ電極14よりも上に退避することで、往復運動の際にキャピラリ12とバンプ電極14が接触してバンプ電極14がダメージを受けるのを防ぐことができる。
なお、キャピラリ12を横方向へ往復運動させる代わりに横方向へ円運動させてもよく、その他、ベクトルで分解した場合に横方向への移動を含む動作であればよい。また、振動の周波数や動作手段については、特に限定する物ではないが、超音波振動の振幅は一般的に1μm以下であるため、金ワイヤ13の強度を低減させるためのキャピラリ12の動作として十分な振幅を得るのは難しい。本実施の形態においては、モーターを動力源として、機械的に位置制御しながら動作させることによって、上記キャピラリ12の水平移動動作を発生させた。
実施の形態3.
図9(a)〜(d)は、本発明の実施の形態3に係る半導体装置の製造方法を示す断面図である。まず、図9(a)に示すように、キャピラリ12を用いて、チップ22のアルミパッドに金ワイヤ13先端の金ボールをボールボンディングした後、チップ23のアルミパッド11上に形成されたバンプ電極14上に金ワイヤ13をステッチボンディングする。具体的には、キャピラリ12により金ワイヤ13をバンプ電極14に10ms間押圧し、超音波振動をかけて金ワイヤ13を潰してバンプ電極14に接合する。ただし、金ワイヤ13として実施の形態1と同様の材質のものを用いる。
その後に、図9(b)に示すように、キャピラリ12を金ワイヤ13のループ進入方向に、後工程のキャピラリ12の横方向動作の振幅の半分以上退避させる。例えば、キャピラリ12を30μm水平移動させる。
その後に、図9(c)に示すように、実施の形態3と同様に、キャピラリ12を横方向に往復運動させる。ただし、キャピラリ12の動作振幅を少なくとも金ワイヤ13とキャピラリ12の内壁との隙間以上とする。すなわち、動作振幅としては、最低限、キャピラリ12内壁と金ワイヤ13の片側の隙間である3.5μm以上である必要がある。また、金ワイヤ13のテールカット部分に十分なストレスを付与し、カット強度を低下させるためには、動作振幅としては、キャピラリ12内壁と金ワイヤ13の両側の隙間の和である7μm以上にするのがより好ましい。本実施の形態における動作振幅は40μmである。
その後に、図9(d)に示すように、クランパ15で金ワイヤ13を挟んで上方向に引っ張ることで金ワイヤ13をカットする。この際、キャピラリ12の往復運動により金ワイヤ13のカット強度を低減しているため、金ワイヤ13のカットの反動を低減することができ、実施の形態1よりも更に金ワイヤ13のS字曲がり及びバンプ電極14の剥がれを抑制することができる。往復運動の動作振幅によっては、往復運動によって金ワイヤ13を切断する事も可能である。この場合には、金ワイヤ13のカットの反動によるワイヤのS字曲がりは最小限に抑える事ができる。
また、キャピラリ12の往復運動の前に、ステッチボンディングを開始した位置、すなわち、金ワイヤ13がバンプ電極14に接触した位置からキャピラリ12を往復動作の振幅の半分以上離しているため、キャピラリ12の往復運動において、金ワイヤ13とバンプ電極14との接合部分や、金ワイヤ13の根本の部分へのストレスの付与を軽減する事ができ、金ワイヤの大幅な強度の低下や、断線を防ぐことができる。
本発明の実施の形態1に係る半導体装置の一例を示す断面図(a)及び上面図(b)である。 バンプ電極を形成する工程を示す断面図である。 バンプ電極上に金ワイヤをステッチボンドする工程を示す断面図である。 金ワイヤの伸び率と応力の関係を示す図である。 金ワイヤの伸び率と金ワイヤの流れ曲率を示す図である。 本発明の実施の形態1に係る半導体装置の別の例を示す断面図(a)及び上面図(b)である。 本発明の実施の形態1に係る半導体装置の更に別の例を示す断面図(a)及び上面図(b)である。 本発明の実施の形態2に係る半導体装置の製造方法を示す断面図である。 本発明の実施の形態3に係る半導体装置の製造方法を示す断面図である。 従来のバンプ電極形成の様子を示す断面図である。 従来のバンプ電極上へのワイヤのステッチボンディングの様子を示す断面図である。
符号の説明
11 アルミパッド
12 キャピラリ
13 金ワイヤ
14 バンプ電極
23,44,45,52 チップ
25,47,54 封止樹脂

Claims (4)

  1. パッドを有するチップと、
    前記パッド上に形成されたバンプ電極と、
    前記バンプ電極上にステッチボンドされたワイヤとを備え、
    前記ワイヤは、(弾性率/単位面積当たりの破断強度)≧400の条件を満たすことを特徴とする半導体装置。
  2. 前記チップ、前記バンプ電極及び前記ワイヤを封止する封止樹脂を更に備え、
    前記封止樹脂は、スパイラルフローが110cm以上で、かつ粘度が10Pa・S未満であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の半導体装置。
  3. キャピラリに通したワイヤによりパッド上にバンプ電極を形成する工程と、
    前記バンプ電極を形成する工程の後に、少なくとも前記ワイヤと前記キャピラリの内壁との隙間以上の振幅で前記キャピラリを横方向に動作させる工程と、
    前記キャピラリを横方向に動作させる工程の後に、クランパで前記ワイヤを挟んで上方向に引っ張ることで前記ワイヤをカットする工程とを備え、
    前記ワイヤとして、(弾性率/単位面積当たりの破断強度)≧400の条件を満たすものを用いることを特徴とする半導体装置の製造方法。
  4. キャピラリを用いてバンプ電極上にワイヤをステッチボンディングする工程と、
    前記ステッチボンディングする工程の後に、少なくとも前記ワイヤと前記キャピラリの内壁との隙間以上の振幅で前記キャピラリを横方向に動作させる工程と、
    前記キャピラリを横方向に動作させる工程の後に、クランパで前記ワイヤを挟んで上方向に引っ張ることで前記ワイヤをカットする工程とを備え、
    前記ワイヤとして、(弾性率/単位面積当たりの破断強度)≧400の条件を満たすものを用いることを特徴とする半導体装置の製造方法。
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