JP2006151993A - ヒトctla−4抗体およびその使用 - Google Patents
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- JP2006151993A JP2006151993A JP2006029057A JP2006029057A JP2006151993A JP 2006151993 A JP2006151993 A JP 2006151993A JP 2006029057 A JP2006029057 A JP 2006029057A JP 2006029057 A JP2006029057 A JP 2006029057A JP 2006151993 A JP2006151993 A JP 2006151993A
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Abstract
【解決手段】本発明は、ヒトCTLA−4に対する新規なヒト配列抗体、およびヒト疾患、感染および他の状態を、これらの抗体を使用して、処置する方法を提供する。治療的に有効なヒト配列抗体は、通常のヒトT細胞の細胞表面上のCTLA−4に結合する。また、ヒトCTLA−4に特異的に結合する多数のヒト配列抗体を含むポリクローナル抗体の組成物が提供される。このポリクローナル抗体の組成物は、ヒトCTLA−4に特異的に結合する少なくとも約2,5,10,50,100,500または1000個の異なるヒト配列抗体を含み得る。
【選択図】なし
Description
本出願は、米国仮特許出願第60/150,452号の利益を主張し、その開示を本明細書中でその全体を参考文献として援用する。
本発明は、概して、分子免疫学および、ヒト疾患の処置に関する。特に、ヒトCTLA−4に対する新規のヒト配列抗体、ならびにこれらの抗体を使用してヒト疾患および感染を処置する方法に関する。
脊椎動物の免疫系は、最適な免疫活性化を達成するため多数のシグナルを必要とする;例えば、Janeway,Cold Spring Harbor Symp.Quant.Biol.54:1−14(1989);Paul William E.,編、Raven Press,N.Y.,Fundamental Immunology,第4版(1998)、詳しくは12章および13章、411〜478ページを参照のこと。Tリンパ球(T細胞)と抗原提示細胞(APC)間の相互作用は、免疫応答に必須である。T細胞およびAPC上で見出される多くの付着分子のレベルは、免疫応答の間、増加する(Springerら、A.Rev.Immunol.5:223−252(1987);ShawおよびShimuzu,Current Opinion in Immunology,KindtおよびLong編、1:92−97(1988);およびHemler,Immunology Today 9:109−113(1988))。これらの分子のレベルの増加は、なぜ活性化されたAPCが、休止APCよりも抗原特異的T細胞増殖の刺激においてより効果的であるかを説明するのに役立ち得る(Kaiuchiら、J.Immunol.131:109−114(1983);Kreigerら、J.Immunol.135:2937−2945(1985);McKenzie,J.Immunol.141:2907−2911(1988);およびHawrylowiczおよびUnanue,J.Immunol.141:4083−4088(1988))。
244:339−343(1989))結果、MAb誘導サイトカイン産生から生じ得る(Thompsonら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci 86:1333−1337(1989);およびLindstenら(1989)、上述)。抗CD28 mAbはまた、阻害の影響を有し得る。すなわち、これらは、自己混合リンパ球反応(Damleら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.78:5096−6001(1981))および抗原特異的T細胞クローンの活性化(Lesslauerら、Eur.J.Immunol.16:1289−1296(1986))をブロックし得る。
328:267−270)T細胞表面分子である。CTLA−4はまた、免疫グロブリン(Ig)スーパーファミリーのメンバーであり;CTLA−4は、単一の細胞外Igドメインを含む。CTLA−4転写は、細胞溶解性活性を有するT細胞集団において見出され、CTLA−4は細胞溶解性応答において機能し得ることが示唆された(Brunetら、上述;Brunetら、Immunol.Rev.103−21−36(1988))。研究者らは、CTLA−4のヒト対応遺伝子のクローニング(Dariavachら、Eur.J.Immunol.18:1901−1905(1988))およびこの遺伝子のCD28と同じ染色体領域(2q33−34)に対するマッピング(Lafage−Pochitaloffら、Immunogenetics 31:198−201(1990))を報告した。このヒトCTLA−4 DNAとCD28タンパク質をコードするDNA間の配列比較は、膜近傍の(juxtamembrane)領域および細胞質の領域において最も高い相同性度で配列の有意な相同性を示す(Brunetら、1988、上記;Dariavachら、1988、上記)。
本発明は、ヒトCTLA−4に特異的に結合するヒト配列抗体、およびヒトタンパク質に関連する非免疫グロブリンが実質的にないヒトCTLA−4に特異的に結合するヒト配列抗体を提供する。
提供されるものはまた、ヒトCTLA−4に特異的に結合する多数のヒト配列抗体を含むポリクローナル抗体の組成物である。ポリクローナル抗体の組成物は、ヒトCTLA−4に特異的に結合する少なくとも約2,5,10,50,100,500または1000個の異なるヒト配列抗体を含み得る。
(項目1) ヒトCTLA−4に特異的に結合するヒト配列抗体。
(項目2) ヒトCTLA−4に特異的に結合する治療的に有効なヒト配列抗体。
(項目3) 前記抗体が、正常なヒトT細胞の細胞表面上のCTLA−4を結合する、項目2に記載の治療的に有効なヒト配列抗体。
(項目4) 前記抗体が、患者において十分に許容性である、項目2に記載の治療的に有効なヒト配列抗体。
(項目5) CD抗体CD4、CD8、CD25、およびCD69によって特徴付けされる前記T細胞亜集団が、前記抗体の投与の間およびその後に、安定なままである、項目2に記載の治療的に有効なヒト配列抗体。
(項目6) ヒトCTLA−4に特異的に結合する単離されたヒト配列抗体であって、該単離されたヒト配列抗体が、非免疫グロブリン関連ヒトタンパク質を実質的に含まない、単離されたヒト配列抗体。
(項目7) 複数の項目1に記載の抗体を含む、ポリクローナル抗体の組成物。
(項目8) 項目1に記載の少なくとも約10の異なる抗体を含む、項目7に記載のポリクローナル抗体の組成物。
(項目9) 項目1に記載の少なくとも約100の異なる抗体を含む、項目7に記載のポリクローナル抗体の組成物。
(項目10) 項目1に記載の少なくとも約1000の異なる抗体を含む、項目7に記載のポリクローナル抗体の組成物。
(項目11) 前記ヒト抗体が、B7リガンドへのヒトCTLA−4の結合をブロックする、項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体。
(項目12) 前記ヒト配列抗体が、B7リガンドへのヒトCTLA−4の結合をブロックしない、項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体。
(項目13) 前記抗体が、少なくとも108M-1の平衡結合定数(Ka)で、ヒトCTLA−4に結合する、項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体。
(項目14) 前記抗体が、少なくとも109M-1の平衡結合定数(Ka)で、ヒトCTLA−4に結合する、項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体。
(項目15) 前記抗体が、B7リガンドへのヒトCTLA−4の結合を、少なくとも約20%ブロックする、項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体。
(項目16) 前記抗体が、B7リガンドへのヒトCTLA−4の結合を、少なくとも約30%ブロックする、項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体。
(項目17) 前記抗体が、B7リガンドへのヒトCTLA−4の結合を、少なくとも約40%ブロックする、項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体。
(項目18) 前記抗体が、B7リガンドへのヒトCTLA−4の結合を、少なくとも約50%ブロックする、項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体。
(項目19) 前記抗体重鎖がIgGまたはIgMである、項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体。
(項目20) 前記IgG抗体重鎖が、IgG1、IgG2、IgG3またはIgG4である、項目19に記載のヒト配列抗体。
(項目21) 前記抗体軽鎖が、κ軽鎖である、項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体。
(項目22) 項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体であって、ここで、該ヒト配列抗体が、ヒトIgG重鎖核酸およびヒトκ軽鎖核酸によってコードされ、該ヒトIgG重鎖核酸および該ヒトκ軽鎖核酸が、それぞれ、配列番号16および配列番号6に示される、それらの可変領域のヌクレオチド配列を含む、ヒト配列抗体。
(項目23) 項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体であって、ここで、該ヒト配列抗体が、ヒトIgG重鎖核酸およびヒトκ軽鎖核酸によってコードされ、該ヒトIgG重鎖核酸および該ヒトκ軽鎖核酸が、それぞれ、配列番号18および配列番号8に示される、それらの可変領域のヌクレオチド配列を含む、ヒト配列抗体。
(項目24) 項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体であって、ここで、該ヒト配列抗体が、ヒトIgG重鎖核酸およびヒトκ軽鎖核酸によってコードされ、該ヒトIgG重鎖核酸および該ヒトκ軽鎖核酸が、それぞれ、配列番号22および配列番号12に示される、それらの可変領域のヌクレオチド配列を含む、ヒト配列抗体。
(項目25) 項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体であって、ここで、該ヒト配列抗体が、それぞれ、配列番号17および配列番号7に示される、重鎖可変領域アミノ酸配列および軽鎖可変領域アミノ酸配列によってコードされる、ヒト配列抗体。
(項目26) 項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体であって、ここで、該ヒト配列抗体が、それぞれ、配列番号19および配列番号9に示される、重鎖可変領域アミノ酸配列および軽鎖可変領域アミノ酸配列によってコードされる、ヒト配列抗体。
(項目27) 項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体であって、ここで、該ヒト配列抗体が、それぞれ、配列番号23および配列番号13に示される、重鎖可変領域アミノ酸配列および軽鎖可変領域アミノ酸配列によってコードされる、ヒト配列抗体。
(項目28) 項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体であって、ここで、該ヒト配列抗体が、それぞれ、V遺伝子セグメントVH3−30.3およびVK A−27由来の可変重鎖配列および可変軽鎖配列を含む、ヒトIgG重鎖核酸およびヒトκ軽鎖核酸によってコードされる、ヒト配列抗体。
(項目29) 項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体であって、ここで、該ヒト配列抗体が、それぞれ、V遺伝子セグメントVH3−33およびVKL−15由来の可変重鎖配列および可変軽鎖配列を含む、ヒトIgG重鎖核酸およびヒトκ軽鎖核酸によってコードされる、ヒト配列抗体。
(項目30) 項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体であって、該ヒト配列抗体が、それぞれ、SYTMH(配列番号27)、FISYDGNNKYYADSVKG(配列番号32)およびTGWLGPFDY(配列番号37)である、重鎖CDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3配列を含み、そしてそれぞれ、RASQSVGSSYLA(配列番号24)、GAFSRAT(配列番号29)、およびQQYGSSPWT(配列番号35)である、軽鎖CDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3配列を含む、ヒト配列抗体。
(項目31) 項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体であって、該ヒト配列抗体が、それぞれ、SYTMH(配列番号27)、FISYDGSNKHYADSVKG(配列番号33)およびTGWLGPFDY(配列番号38)である、重鎖CDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3配列を含み、そしてそれぞれ、RASQSVSSSFLA(配列番号25)、GASSRAT(配列番号30)、およびQQYGSSPWT(配列番号35)である、軽鎖CDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3配列を含む、ヒト配列抗体。
(項目32) 項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体であって、該ヒト配列抗体が、それぞれ、SYGMH(配列番号28)、VIWYDGSNKYYADSVKG(配列番号34)およびAPNYIGAFDV(配列番号39)である、重鎖CDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3配列を含み、そしてそれぞれ、RASQGISSWLA(配列番号26)、AASSLQS(配列番号31)、およびQQYNSYPPT(配列番号36)である、軽鎖CDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3配列を含む、ヒト配列抗体。
(項目33) 前記ヒト配列抗体が、トランスジェニック非ヒト動物によって産生される、項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体。
(項目34) 前記トランスジェニック非ヒト動物が、マウスである、項目33に記載のヒト配列抗体。
(項目35) 前記ヒト配列抗体が、Fabフラグメントである、項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体。
(項目36) 少なくとも2つのヒト配列抗体を含む多価複合体であって、該ヒト配列抗体の各々が、ヒトCTLA−4に特異的に結合する、多価複合体。
(項目37) 前記2つの異なる抗体が、互いに共有結合される、項目36に記載の多価複合体。
(項目38) 前記2つの異なる抗体が、互いに、非共有結合的に連結される、項目36に記載の多価複合体。
(項目39) ヒト配列抗体の重鎖をコードする核酸。
(項目40) 配列番号1に示されるヌクレオチド配列を含む、項目39に記載の核酸。
(項目41) ヒト配列重鎖導入遺伝子およびヒト配列軽鎖導入遺伝子を含むゲノムを有するトランスジェニック非ヒト動物であって、該動物は、ヒトCTLA−4、またはそのフラグメントもしくはアナログで免疫されており、それによって、該動物が、該ヒトCTLA−4に対するヒト配列抗体を発現する、トランスジェニック非ヒト動物。
(項目42) 前記トランスジェニック非ヒト動物が、トランスジェニックマウスである、項目41に記載のトランスジェニック非ヒト動物。
(項目43) HCo7またはHCo12を含む、項目42のトランスジェニックマウス。
(項目44) ヒト配列重鎖導入遺伝子およびヒト配列軽鎖導入遺伝子を含むゲノムを有するトランスジェニック非ヒト動物から得られるB細胞を含む細胞株であって、ここで、ハイブリドーマが、ヒトCTLA−4に特異的に結合するヒト配列抗体を産生する、細胞株。
(項目45) 前記細胞株がハイブリドーマである、項目44に記載の細胞株。
(項目46) ヒトCTLA−4またはその結合フラグメントを特異的に結合するヒト配列抗体を分泌するハイブリドーマであって、該抗体が、以下:
それぞれ、SYTMH(配列番号27)、FISYDGNNKYYADSVKG(配列番号32)およびTGWLGPFDY(配列番号37)である、重鎖CDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3配列、およびそれぞれ、RASQSVGSSYLA(配列番号24)、GAFSRAT(配列番号29)、およびQQYGSSPWT(配列番号35)である、軽鎖CDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3配列、ならびにそれぞれ、配列番号17および配列番号7に示される重鎖可変領域アミノ酸配列および軽鎖可変領域アミノ酸配列を含む、ヒト配列抗体、
それぞれ、SYTMH(配列番号27)、FISYDGSNKHYADSVKG(配列番号33)およびTGWLGPFDY(配列番号38)である、重鎖CDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3配列、およびそれぞれ、RASQSVSSSFLA(配列番号25)、GASSRAT(配列番号30)、およびQQYGSSPWT(配列番号35)である、軽鎖CDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3配列、ならびにそれぞれ、配列番号19および配列番号9に示される重鎖可変領域アミノ酸配列および軽鎖可変領域アミノ酸配列を含む、ヒト配列抗体、ならびに、
それぞれ、SYGMH(配列番号28)、VIWYDGSNKYYADSVKG(配列番号34)およびAPNYIGAFDV(配列番号39)である、重鎖CDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3配列、およびそれぞれ、RASQGISSWLA(配列番号26)、AASSLQS(配列番号31)、およびQQYNSYPPT(配列番号36)である、軽鎖CDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3配列、およびそれぞれ、配列番号23および配列番号13に示される重鎖可変領域アミノ酸配列および軽鎖可変領域アミノ酸配列を含む、項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体、
からなる群から選択される、ハイブリドーマ。
(項目47) 項目1に記載のヒト配列抗体および薬学的に受容可能なキャリアを含む、薬学的組成物。
(項目48) 標的抗原に対して免疫応答を誘導するのに有効な薬剤をさらに含む、項目47に記載の薬学的組成物。
(項目49) 化学療法剤をさらに含む、項目47に記載の薬学的組成物。
(項目50) 免疫抑制分子に対する抗体をさらに含む、項目47に記載の薬学的組成物。
(項目51) 患者において、抗原に対する免疫応答を誘導、増強または延長するための方法であって、該方法は、治療有効量の、項目47に記載の薬学的組成物を投与する工程を包含し、ここで、該薬学的組成物が、ヒトB7リガンドへのヒトCTLA−4の結合をブロックする、方法。
(項目52) 前記抗原が、腫瘍抗原または病原体由来の抗原である、項目51に記載の方法。
(項目53) 前記患者がまた、二重特異性抗体で処置され、該二重特異性抗体が、腫瘍または病原体由来の抗原に対する親和性を有する抗体配列を含む、項目52に記載の方法。
(項目54) 前記病原体が、ウイルス、細菌、真菌または寄生生物である、項目52に記載の方法。
(項目55) 前記病原体がHIVである、項目54に記載の方法。
(項目56) 項目51に記載の方法であって、前記抗原またはそのフラグメントもしくはアナログを患者に投与する工程をさらに包含し、それによって、前記ヒト配列抗体と組み合わせた該抗原が、免疫応答を誘導、増強または延長する、方法。
(項目57) 前記抗原が腫瘍抗原または病原体由来の抗原である、項目56に記載の方法。
(項目58) 前記腫瘍抗原が、テロメラーゼである、項目57に記載の方法。
(項目59) 前記抗原が、患者におけるアミロイド形成の成分である、項目56に記載の方法。
(項目60) 前記患者が、アルツハイマー病を罹患し、そして前記抗原がABペプチドである、項目56に記載の方法。
(項目61) 患者にサイトカインを投与する工程をさらに包含する、項目51に記載の方法。
(項目62) 患者において免疫応答を抑制する方法であって、該方法は、該患者に治療有効用量の多価調製物を投与する工程を包含し、該多価調製物が、ヒトCTLA−4に対する、互いに連結した、少なくとも2つのヒト配列抗体を含む、方法。
(項目63) 患者において免疫応答を抑制する方法であって、該方法は、該患者に治療有効用量のポリクローナル調製物を投与する工程を包含し、該ポリクローナル調製物が、ヒトCTLA−4に対する、少なくとも2つのヒト配列抗体を含む、方法。
(項目64) 被験体において、T細胞の増加した活性によって引き起こされたかまたは増悪された自己免疫疾患を処置する方法であって、該方法は、治療有効量の、項目47に記載の薬学的組成物を、該患者に投与する工程からなる、方法。
(項目65) 被験体において癌を処置する方法であって、該方法は、治療有効量の、項目47に記載の薬学的組成物を、該患者に投与する工程からなる、方法。
(項目66) 前記癌が、前立腺癌、黒色腫、または上皮癌である、項目65に記載の方法。
(項目67) さらにワクチンを含む、項目65に記載の方法。
(項目68) 前記ワクチンが、腫瘍細胞ワクチン、GM−CSF改変腫瘍細胞ワクチン、または抗原負荷樹状細胞ワクチンである、項目67に記載の方法。
本発明の性質および利点をさらに理解することは、明細書の残りの部分、図面、および請求の範囲を参照することによって、理解され得る。
本発明は、発現、特に過剰発現、またはヒトCTLA−4および/または関連分子の活性化、特に過剰活性化によって特徴付けられる疾患を処置および診断するための新規の抗体ベースの治療を提供する。本発明の治療は、ヒトCTLA−4に存在するエピトープに結合する、ヒト配列抗体、ヒト配列モノクローナル抗体、またはその抗原結合部位を使用する。これらのヒト配列抗CTLA−4抗体は、機能的アンタゴニスト(例えば、CTLA−4のリガンドと結合する能力もしくは細胞を活性化する能力を阻害することによって、例えば、シグナルを細胞に伝達する能力を阻害することによって)またはアゴニスト(例えば、リガンドの効果を刺激するために)として作用し得る。
本発明のモノクローナル抗体(mAb)およびヒトの配列抗体は、従来のモノクローナル抗体方法論(例えば、KohlerおよびMilstein、Nature 256:495(1975)の標準的な体細胞ハイブリダイゼーション技術)を含む、種々の技術によって産生され得る。モノクローナル抗体を産生するための任意の技術(例えば、Bリンパ球のウイルス性またはオンコジーン性形質転換)が利用され得る。ハイブリドーマを調製するための1つの動物系は、マウス系である。マウスにおけるハイブリドーマ産生は、大変よく確立された手順である。免疫プロトコルおよび融合のために免疫された脾細胞の単離のための技術は、当該業界で公知である。融合パートナー(例えば、マウスミエローマ細胞)および融合手順もまた公知である(HarlowおよびLane(1988)、Antibodies、A Laboratory Manual、Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press、Cold
Spring Harbor New Yorkを参照のこと)。
Genetics 4:117−123;Chen,J.ら(1993)EMBO J.12:821−830;Tuaillonら(1994)J.Immunol.152:2912−2920;Lonbergら(1994)Nature 368(6474):856−859;Lonberg,N.(1994)Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 113:49−101;Talor,L.ら(1994)International Immunology 6:579−591;Lonberg,N.およびHuszar,D.(1995)Intern.Rev.Immunol.Vol.13:65−93;Harding,F.およびLonberg,N.(1995)Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci 764:536−546;Fishwild,D.ら(1996)Nature Biotechnology 14:845−851に詳細に記載される。さらに、米国特許第5,625,126号および同第5,770,429号(両方ともLonberg
and Kay,and GenPharm Internationalに属す);米国特許第5,545,807号(Suraniらに属す);国際出願公開番号WO 98/24884(1998年6月11日公開);WO94/25585(1994年11月10日公開);WO93/1227(1993年6月24日公開);WO92/22645(1992年12月23日公開);WO92/03918(1992年3月19日公開)を参照のこと。あるいは、以下の実施例1および実施例2に記載されるCMDおよびHCo12トランスジーンが、ヒト抗CTLA−4抗体を生成するために使用され得る。
本発明はまた、トランスジェニック非ヒト動物(例えば、トランスジェニックマウス)を提供し、このマウスは、CTLA−4に特異的に結合するヒトモノクローナル抗体を発現し得る。高い親和性のヒト配列抗体がまた、提供される。数匹のトランスジェニック非ヒト動物(例えば、トランスジェニックマウス)は、ヒト重鎖導入遺伝子およびヒト軽鎖導入遺伝子を含むゲノムを有する。数匹のトランスジェニック非ヒト動物を、CTLA−4抗原および/またはCTLA−4を発現する細胞の精製または富化された調製物で免疫化する。数匹のトランスジェニック非ヒト動物は、V−D−J組換えおよびアイソタイプスイッチングを受けることによってCTLA−4に対するヒトモノクローナル抗体の複数のアイソタイプ(例えば、IgG、IgAおよび/またはIgE)を産生し得る。アイソタイプスイッチングは、例えば、古典的または非古典的なアイソタイプスイッチングによって起こり得る。
本発明は、薬学的に受容可能なキャリアと一緒に処方されたヒトモノクローナル抗体および/またはヒト配列抗体(インタクトまたは結合フラグメント)を1つまたはこれらの組み合わせを含む薬学的組成物を提供する。いくつかの組成物としては、本発明の複数(例えば、2つ以上)の単離されたヒト抗体および/もしくはヒト配列抗体またはこれらの抗原結合部分の組み合わせが挙げられる。いくつかの組成物において、この組成物の各抗体またはその抗原結合部分は、異なる予め選択されたヒトCTLA−4のエピトープに結合するモノクローナル抗体またはヒト配列抗体である。
投薬レジメンが調整されて、最適な所望の応答(例えば、治療応答)が提供される。例えば、単一ボーラスが投与され得るか、数回分けられた用量が長い時間で投与され得るか、またはこの用量は、治療状況の緊急性によって示されるように、比例して減少または増加され得る。非経口組成物を投与の容易さのためおよび投薬量の均一性のための投薬量単位で処方することが、特に有利である。本明細書中に使用されるような投薬単位形態は、処置される被験体に対してまとまった投薬量として適した物理的に分離された単位をいい:各単位は、必要とされる薬学的キャリアと関連する所望の治療効果を生成するために計算された予め決定された量の活性化合物を含む。本発明の投薬単位形態に関する詳細は、(a)活性な化合物および活性化される特定の治療効果の特有の特徴、ならびに(b)個体における感受性の処置のためにこのような活性化合物を調合する際の当該分野において固有の限定によって規定されるかまたはこれらに直接依存する。
本発明の薬学的組成物はまた、併用療法において(すなわち、他の薬剤と組み合わせて)、投与され得る。例えば、癌の処置では、併用療法は、少なくとも1つの抗腫瘍剤または他の従来の治療(例えば、放射線治療)と、本発明の組成物を含み得る。
治療用組成物のために、本発明の処方物は、経口投与、経鼻投与、局所投与(頬側投与および舌下投与を含む)、直腸投与、膣投与および/または非経口投与のために適切な処方物を含む。この処方物は、単位投与形態中に都合よく存在し得、そして薬学の当該分野において公知の任意の方法によって調製され得る。キャリア物質と組み合わせられて単回投薬形態を生成し得る活性成分の量は、処置される被検体および投与の特定の形態に応じて変化し得る。キャリア材料と組み合わせられて、単回投薬形態を生成し得る活性成分の量は、一般に、治療的効果を生じる組成物の量である。一般に、100%中に、この量は、約0.01%〜約99%の活性成分、約0.1%〜約70%の活性成分、または約1%〜約30%の活性成分の範囲である。
(A.方法)
本発明の組成物(例えば、ヒトCTLA−4に対するヒト配列抗体およびヒトモノクローナル抗体ならびにその誘導体/結合体)は、インビトロおよびインビボでの診断および治療における用途を有する。例えば、これらの分子は、例えば、インビトロまたはエキソビボにおいて、培養中の細胞に対して投与され得るか、あるいは、例えば、インビボにおいて被検体に投与され得、種々の障害を処置、予防、または診断し得る。用語「被検体」は、ヒトおよび非ヒト動物を含む。非ヒト動物として、全ての脊椎動物(例えば、哺乳動物および非哺乳動物(例えば、非ヒト霊長類、ヒツジ、イヌ、ウシ、ニワトリ、両生類、および爬虫類))が挙げられる。この方法は、T細胞媒介性応答を増強するか、または減少することによって処置され得る障害を有するヒト患者の処置のために特に適切である。
(1.免疫応答の活性化)
(a.ガン)
いくつかの治療方法によって、ガン患者は処置される。抗体によるCTLA−4の遮断は、患者内のガン細胞に対する免疫応答を増強し得る。必要に応じて、CTLA−4に対する抗体を、免疫原性薬剤(例えば、ガン細胞、精製された腫瘍抗原(組換えタンパク質、ペプチドおよび糖質分子を含む)、細胞、ならびに免疫刺激性のサイトカインおよびB7のような細胞表面抗原をコードする遺伝子によってトランスフェクトされた細胞(例えば、Hurwitz,A.ら、(1998)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 95、10067〜10071を参照のこと))と組合せ得る。。
Cancer Vaccines,ASCO Educational Book Spring:60−62;Logethetis、C.、2000、ASCO Educational Book Spring:300−302;Khayat,D.2000,ASCO Educational Book Spring:414−428;Foon,K.2000,ASCO Educational Book Spring:730−738を参照のこと;Restifo,N.およびSznol,M.,Cancer Vaccines,Ch.61,pp.3023−3043 DeVita,Vら、(編)1997,Cancer:Principles and Practice of Oncology, Fifth Edition中もまた参照のこと)。これらの戦略の1つにおいて、ワクチンが、自己の腫瘍細胞または同種異系の腫瘍細胞を使用して調製される。これらの細胞ワクチンは、腫瘍細胞がGM−CSFを発現するように形質導入された場合、最も効果的であることが示されている。GM−CSFは、腫瘍ワクチン化のための抗原呈示の強力な活性化因子であることが示されている(Dranoffら(1993)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 90(80:3539〜43))。
Today 13:198−200)、およびFasリガンド(Hahne,M.ら(1996)Science 274:1363−1365)。これらの実体の各々に対する抗体は、抗CTLA−4と組み合わされて、免疫抑制剤の効果を妨げ、そして宿主による腫瘍免疫応答を支持する。
本発明の他の方法は、特定の毒素または病原体に曝された患者を処置するために使用される。上記で考察された腫瘍に対するその適用と同様に、抗体媒介CTLA−4遮断薬は、単独、またはアジュバントとしてワクチンと組み合わされて使用され、病原体、毒素および自己抗原に対する免疫応答を刺激し得る。CTLA−4遮断薬は、Nippostrongylus brasiliensis(McCoy,K.ら(1997)186(2);183−187)およびLeishmania donovani(Murphy,M.ら(1998)J.Immunol.161:4153−4160)の感染の急性期において有効であることが示された。この治療アプローチが特に有用であり得る病原体の例としては、現在有効なワクチンが存在しない病原体、または従来のワクチンが完全に有効ではない病原体が挙げられる。これらには、HIV、Hepatitis(A、BおよびC)、Influenza、Herpes、Giardia、Malaria、Leishmania、Staphylococcus Aureus、Pseudomonas aeruginosaが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。CTLA−4遮断薬は、感染の過程にわたって変化した抗原を提示するHIVのような因子によって確立された感染に対して特に有用である。これらの新規のエピトープは、抗ヒトCTLA−4投与の時間において外来性であるとして認識され、従って、CTLA−4を介した陰性のシグナルによって鈍らされない強力なT細胞応答を引き起こす。
抗CTLA−4抗体が自己免疫応答を引き起こし、増幅させる能力は、多くの実験系(EAE−実験的自己免疫脳脊髄炎、MSについてのマウスモデル(Perrin、P.ら(1996)J Immunol 157(4):1333−1336);糖尿病(Luhder,F.ら(1998)前出))において実証されてきた。実際、腫瘍細胞およびペプチドワクチンを用いる抗腫瘍応答の誘導は、多くの抗腫瘍応答が抗自己反応性に関与することを明らかにする(抗CTLA−4+GM−CSF改変B16黒色腫において観察される色素脱失(van Elsasら、前出);Trp−2ワクチン接種したマウスにおける色素脱失(Overwijk,W.ra(1999)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.96:2982−2987);TRAMP腫瘍細胞ワクチンによって引き起こされる自己免疫前立腺炎(Hurwitz,A.(2000)前出)、ヒト臨床試験において観察される黒色腫ペプチド抗原ワクチン接種および白斑(Rosenberg,SAおよびWhite,DE(1996)J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol 19(1):81−4))。
免疫応答によって引き起こされる疾患は、過敏性疾患と称される。自己耐性および引き続く自己(self)(または自己(autologous))抗原に対する免疫応答の不全によって引き起こされる疾患は、自己免疫疾患と称される。過敏性疾患はまた、外来抗原(例えば、微生物)に対する制御されてないかまたは過剰な応答により生じ得る。
炎症は、流体の蓄積および食作用性白血球(例えば、顆粒球および単球)の移動を伴う毛細管拡張の結果を示す。炎症は、種々の感染に対して宿主を防御する際に重要であるが、炎症性障害における望ましくない結果(例えば、アナフィラキシーショック、関節炎、痛風および虚血再灌流)もまた有し得る。活性化T細胞は、炎症において重要な調節の役割を有し、インターフェロンγおよびコロニー刺激因子(これは次いで、食作用性白血球を活性化する)を放出する。活性化食作用性白血球は、多くの特定の細胞表面分子(ホーミングレセプターという)を発現するために誘導され、これは食細胞を標的内皮細胞に付着させるために役立つ。炎症性応答は、本発明の治療薬剤を用いる処置によって減少または排除され得る。例えば、CTLA−4に対する抗体の多結合価調製物は、活性化T細胞の活性化をブロックし、それによってこれらの細胞が、食作用性細胞型の活性化のために必要な分子を放出することを妨げる。
免疫抑制が所望されるさらなる状況は、自己免疫疾患(例えば、インスリン依存性真性糖尿病、多発性硬化症、スティッフマン症候群、慢性関節リウマチ、重症筋無力症およびエリテマトーデス)の処置における状況である。これらの疾患においては、身体は、それ自身の抗原のうちの1つに対する細胞免疫応答および/または体液免疫応答を発生し、その抗原の破壊、および強力な不具および/または致命的な結果を導く。活性化T細胞は、真性糖尿病のような多くの自己免疫疾患において主要な役割を果たすと考えられている。自己免疫疾患は、T細胞の活性化を阻害する本発明の治療剤のうちの1つを投与することによって処置される。必要に応じて、それに対して自己免疫疾患が標的化される自己抗原またはそのフラグメントは、免疫抑制剤の直前、免疫抑制剤と同時に、または免疫抑制剤の直後に投与され得る。このように、抑制処置に乗じて耐性が自己抗原に導入され得、それによって連続的な免疫抑制の必要性を除去する。例えば、Cobboldら、WO90/15152(1990)を参照のこと。
本発明の治療薬剤についての関連した使用は、「対宿主性移植片」病(GVHD)に関する免疫反応を調節する際におけるものである。GVHDは、免疫学的にコンピテントな細胞が同種異系のレシピエントに移される場合生じる潜在的に致死性の疾患である。この状況において、ドナーの免疫コンピテントな細胞は、レシピエントの組織を攻撃し得る。皮膚、腸の上皮および肝臓の組織が頻繁な標的であり、GVHDの過程の間に破壊され得る。疾患は、免疫組織が移植される(例えば、骨髄移植)場合、特に重篤な問題を提示するが、あまり重篤でないGVHDもまた同様に他の場合(心臓移植および肝臓移植を含む)において報告されている。本発明の治療薬剤は、ドナー白血球の活性化を阻害し、それによって宿主において標的細胞を溶解するそれらの能力を阻害する。
最近数年にわたって、皮膚、腎臓、肝臓、心臓、肺、膵臓および骨髄のような組織および器官を移植するための外科的技術の効率においてかなりの改善があった。おそらく、主な目立った問題点は、移植された同種移植片または器官に対してレシピエントに免疫寛容性を誘導するための満足のいく薬剤を欠くことである。同種異系細胞または器官が宿主に移植される(すなわちドナーおよびドニーが同じ種由来の異なる個体である)場合、宿主免疫系は、移植された組織の破壊を導く移植における外来抗原に対する免疫応答を開始するようである(対移植片宿主病)。CD8+細胞、CD4+細胞および単球はすべて、移植組織の拒絶に含まれる。本発明の治療薬剤は、ドニーにおけるT細胞媒介同種抗原誘導免疫応答を阻害するのに有用であり、これによってこのような細胞が移植された組織または器官の破壊に関係することを妨げる。
本発明は、さらに、サンプル中のヒトCTLA−4抗原の存在を検出するための方法、またはヒトCTLA−4抗原の量を測定するための方法を提供し、この方法は、サンプルおよびコントロールサンプルを、ヒトモノクローナル抗体またはその抗原結合部分(ヒトCTLA−4に特異的に結合する)と、抗体またはその部分とヒトCTLA−4との間の複合体の形成を可能にする条件下で接触する工程を包含する。次いで、複合体の形成が検出され、ここで、コントロールサンプルと比較したサンプルの複合体形成の差がサンプル中のヒトCTLA−4抗原の存在を示す。
本発明の組成物(例えば、ヒト配列抗体、ヒト抗体、複数特異的および二特異的分子)ならびに使用の説明書を含むキットもまた本発明の範囲内である。キットは、さらに、少なくとも一つのさらなる試薬、または本発明の一つ以上のさらなるヒト抗体(例えば、第一のヒト抗体とは異なるCTLA−4抗原におけるエピトープに結合する相補的活性を有するヒト抗体)を含み得る。キットは、代表的に、キットの内容物の意図された使用を示す標識を含む。用語標識は、キット上に供給されるか、キットともにか、またはそうでなければキットに添えられた任意の書かれたまたは記録された物質を含む。
(CMD標的化ベクターの構築)
プラスミドpICEmuは、マウスIg重鎖座のEcoRI/XhoIフラグメント(mu遺伝子にわたる)を含み、これは、Balb/Cゲノムラムダファージライブラリーから得られた(Marcuら、Cell 22:187,1980)。このゲノムフラグメントは、プラスミドpICEMI9HのXhoI/EcoRI部位にサブクローン化される(Marshら、;Gene 32、481−485,1984)。pICEmuに含まれる重鎖配列は、muイントロンエンハンサーのちょうど3’に位置するEcoRI部位の下流に、mu遺伝子の最後の膜貫通エキソンの約1kb下流に位置するXhoI部位に伸長するが、多くのmuスイッチ反復領域は、E.coliにおける継代によって欠失した。
AB−1 ES細胞(McMahon,A.P.およびBradley、A.,(1990)Cell 62:1073−1085)を有糸分裂的に不活化されたSNL76/7細胞フィーダー層で増殖させた(同書)。基本的にRobertson,E.J.(1987)in Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells:a Practical Approach(E.J.Robertson編)Oxford:IRL Press,p.71−112)に記載される。線状化CMD標的化ベクターが、Hastyら、(Hasty,P.R.ら(1991)Nature 350:243−246)に記載される方法によってAB−1細胞にエレクトロポレーションされた。エレクトロポレートされた細胞を1〜2×106細胞/ディッシュの密度で100mmのディッシュにプレートした。24時間後、G418(活性成分の200マイクログラム/ml)およびFIAU(5×10−7M)を培地に加え、そして薬剤耐性クローンを8〜9日にわたって増殖させた。クローンをピックアップし、トリプシン処理し、2つの部分に分け、そしてさらに増殖させた。次いで、それぞれのクローンから誘導される細胞の半分を凍らせ、そして他の半分を、ベクターと標的配列との間の相同組換えについて分析した。
3つの標的ESクローン(数264、272および408と指定される)を解かし、Bradley(Bradley,A(1987)in Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells:a Practical Approach(E.J.Robertson編)Oxford:IRL Press、p.113−151)に記載されるようにC57BL/6J胚盤胞に注射した。注射された胚盤胞を偽妊娠の雌の子宮に移してインプットES細胞および宿主胚盤胞から誘導される細胞の混合物を提示するキメラマウスを作製した。キメラに対するES細胞寄与の程度は、ブラックC57BL/6JバックグラウンドのES細胞株から誘導されるアゴーチ(agouti)コート着色の量によって視覚的に推定され得る。クローン272および408は、低いパーセンテージのキメラのみ(すなわち、低いパーセンテージのアゴーチ色素沈着)を作り出したが、クローン264は、高いパーセンテージの雄性キメラを作り出した。これらのキメラは、C57BL/6J雌で繁殖され、アゴーチの子孫が作製され、ES細胞ゲノムの生殖細胞系列を示す。標的化mu遺伝子についてのスクリーニングは、(ES細胞DNAの分析について上記されるように)尾部生検からのBglI消化DNAのサザンブロット分析によって実行された。およそ50%のアゴーチ子孫は、15.7kbの野生型のバンドに加えて7.7kbのハイブリダイズしたBglIバンドを示し、これは、標的mu遺伝子の生殖細胞系列移行を示す。
neoカセットのCmu1への挿入がIg重鎖遺伝子を不活化したか否かを決定するために、クローン264キメラをJHD変異についてホモ接合のマウスで繁殖させた。このJHD変異は、JH遺伝子セグメントの欠失の結果として重鎖発現を不活化する(Chenら、(1993)Immunol.5:647−656)。4つのアゴーチ子孫を作製した。血清をこれらの動物から一か月の年齢で得、そしてマウスIgMの存在についてELISAによってアッセイした。4つの子孫のうちの2つは、IgMを完全に欠く(表1)。BglI消化およびプローブA(図1)を用いるハイブリダイゼーションによる尾部生検からのDNAのサザンブロット分析、ならびにStuI消化および475bpのEcoRI/StuIフラグメント(同書)による4つの動物の遺伝子型決定は、血清IgMを発現しない動物が、重鎖座位の一方の対立遺伝子がJHD変異を保有する動物であり、他方の対立遺伝子がCmu1変異を保有することを示した。JHD変異に対してヘテロ接合型のマウスは、血清Igの野生型レベルを示す。これらのデータは、Cmu1変異がmu遺伝子の発現を不活化することを示す。
(HCo12ヒト重鎖導入遺伝子)
Hco12導入遺伝子を、pHC2(Taylorら、1994、Int.Immunol.,6:579−591)の80kb挿入物およびpVx6の25kb挿入物の同時注射によって作製した。プラスミドpVx6は、以下に記載のように構築された。
(細胞ベースの抗原)
ヒトCTLA−4およびマウスCD3ζ遺伝子由来の配列を含む融合タンパク質をコードするDNAセグメントを、架橋合成オリゴヌクレオチドを共に用いて、cDNAクローンのPCR増幅によって構築した。コードされる融合タンパク質は、以下の配列を含む:i.アミノ酸1〜190をコードするヒトCTLA−4(シグナルペプチド、ヒトCTLA−4の細胞外ドメインおよびヒトCTLA−4の推定膜貫通配列全体を含む)およびii.マウスCD3ζアミノ酸52〜カルボキシル末端(Weissmanら、(1988)Science 239:1018−1021)。増幅PCR産物をプラスミドベクターにクローニングし、DNA配列を決定した。次いで、クローニングしたインサートを、ベクターpBABE(これは、ピューロマイシン耐性をコードする遺伝子を含む(Morganstern,JPおよびLand,H.Nucl.Acids Res.18:3587−96(1990))にサブクローニングし、pBABE−huCTLA−4/CD3zを作製した。pBABE−huCTLA−4/CD3zを、レトロウイルスパッケージング株ψ−2にトランスフェクトし、そしてピューロマイシン耐性細胞のプールを選択した。これらの細胞を、マウスT細胞ハイブリドーマBW5147(ATCC#TIB−47)と共に共培養した。共培養の2日後、非接着性のBW5147細胞を、取り出しそしてピューロマイシンに対する耐性について選択した。このピューロマイシン耐性細胞のプールを、段階希釈によってサブクローン化し、そしてFACSによってヒトCTLA−4の表面発現について試験した。細胞表面で高レベルのヒトCTLA−4を発現するクローンを選択した。
ヒトCTLA−4の細胞外ドメインを含む組換えCTLA−4融合タンパク質を、R&D Systemsから購入した(カタログ番号325−CT−200)。細胞外CTLA−4フラグメントを、このCTLA−4細胞外ドメインのC末端の後ろに位置する第Xa因子プロテアーゼ切断部位での、このCTLA−4融合タンパク質のタンパク質分解性切断によって調製した。融合タンパク質を、50:1の融合タンパク質:第Xa因子の比で第Xa因子を用いて処理し、CTLA−4フラグメントを、プロテインG−SepharoseおよびMono Q HPLCを通して分離した。フラクションを、SDS−PAGEおよびマウスB7分子を発現する細胞(LtkmB7.1:マウスB7.1 cDNAクローン発現ベクターでトランスフェクトしたマウスLtk(−)細胞)に対する結合によって、ヒトCTLA−4ダイマーの存在について試験した。陽性のフラクションをプールし、PBS緩衝液で透析した。
2つの異なるマウス系統を使用して、CTLA−4反応性モノクローナル抗体を生成した。系統((CMD)++;(JKD)++;(HCo7)11952+/++;(KCo5)9272+/++)および系統((CMD)++;(JKD)++;(HCo12)15087+/++;(KCo5)9272+/++)。これらの系統の各々は、内因性重鎖(CMD)およびκ軽鎖(JKD)の遺伝子座の破壊についてホモ接合性である。両系統はまた、ヒトκ軽鎖トランスジーン(KCo5)を含み、個々の動物は、インサート#11952についてヘミ接合またはホモ接合性のいずれかである。この2つの系統は、使用したヒト重鎖トランスジーンにおいて異なる。マウスは、HCo7またはHCo12トランスジーンのいずれかについて、ヘミ接合性またはホモ接合性である。CMD変異は、実施例1において記載する。(HCo12)15087マウスの作製については、実施例2において記載する。JKD変異(Chenら、1993、EMBO J.12:811−820)ならびに(KCo5)9272(Fishwildら、1996、Nature Biotechnology 14:845−851)および(HCo7)11952マウスは、米国特許第5,770,429(LonbergおよびKay、1998年6月23日)に記載される。
トランスジェニックマウスを、最初に、PBS中の1〜3×107細胞またはアジュバント(完全FreundまたはRibiのいずれか)中の10〜50μgの可溶性融合タンパク質で、i.p.(腹腔内)免疫した。その後、免疫したマウスを、PBS中の1〜3×107細胞で2〜4週毎にi.p.でブーストした。動物を、2〜5ヶ月の間、プロトコル上で維持した。融合前に、動物を、約106細胞または10〜20μg可溶性抗原(融合タンパク質または融合タンパク質および細胞外フラグメント)で、−3日目および−2日目にi.v.(皮下)でブーストした。いくつかの動物にはまた、−4日目に融合タンパク質をi.v.で与えた。CTLA−4反応性IgGκモノクローナル抗体を生じる首尾よい融合が、種々の異なるプロトコル(細胞のみ、可溶性抗原のみ、ならびに、細胞免疫およびその後の融合前の可溶性抗原のi.v.供与を含む)によって免疫したマウスから得られた。
脾臓細胞を、標準的な手順(HarlowおよびLane、1988、Antibodies,A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,Cold Spring Harbor New York;Kennenttら、1980、Monoclonal Antibodies,Hybridomas:A New Dimension in Biological Analysis、Plenum、New York;OiおよびHertzenberg、1980、Immunoglobulin Producing Hybrid Cell Lines、Selected Methods In Cellular Immunology、MishellおよびShiigi編、357−372頁、Freeman、San Francisco;Halk、1984、Methods in Enzymology:Plant Molecular
Biology、WeissbachおよびWeissbach編、766−780、Academic Press,Orland、FL)によって、マウス黒色腫細胞(系統P3×63 Ag8.6.53、ATCC CRL1580またはSP2/0−Ag14、ATCC CRL1581)に融合させた。細胞を、DMEM(10% FBS、OPI(Sigma O−5003)、BME(Gibco 21985−023)、3% Origen Hybridoma Cloning Factor(Igen Ig50−0615)、および5%P388d1(ATCC TIB 63))馴化培地中で培養した。HATまたはHT補助剤を、最初の増殖および選択の間で培地に添加した。
ヒトIgGκ抗体を分泌するハイブリドーマを同定するために、ELISAプレート(Nunc MaxiSorp)を、100μl/ウェルの、PBS中1μg/mlのヤギ抗ヒトFcγ特異的抗体(Jackson Immuno Research#109−006−098)で、4℃で一晩コートした。プレートを洗浄し、1% BSAを含有する100μl/ウェルのPBS−Tweenでブロックした。50μlの細胞培養上清を添加し、1〜2時間インキュベートした。プレートを洗浄し、次いで、アルカリホスファターゼまたは西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ(Sigma #A−3813または#A−7164)に結合体化したヤギ抗κ軽鎖100μl/ウェルと共に、1時間インキュベートした。プレートを、各工程の間で、PBS−Tween中で3回洗浄した。類似のアッセイを、ヒトCTLA−4と反応性のヒト抗体を分泌するハイブリドーマを同定するために使用した。このアッセイは、ELISAプレートを、ヤギ抗ヒトFcγ抗体の代わりに組換えCTLA−4融合タンパク質でコートしたことを除いて同じであった。
ヒトCTLA−4に結合するヒトIgGκを分泌することがELISAによって示された72個のハイブリドーマを、サブクローン化した。これらのサブクローンのうちの47個を、その分泌ヒト抗体がCTLA−4発現細胞に結合するか否か、およびその抗体がB7を発現する細胞への可溶性CTLA−4の結合を阻害するか否かを決定するために試験した。結合を、フローサイトメトリーによって決定した。阻害を測定するために、50μlの各上清を、105LtkmB7.1細胞および25ngの組換えCTLA−4融合タンパク質と共にインキュベートした。次いで、平均チャネル蛍光を、フローサイトメトリーによって決定した。図2は、B7.1を発現する細胞への可溶性CTLA−4の結合の阻害を示す。組換えヒトCTLA−4融合タンパク質で染色されたLtkmB7.1細胞の平均チャネル蛍光(MCF)を、ハイブリドーマ上清の存在下で決定した。ブロッキング抗体を分泌するハイブリドーマは、低いMCF値を生じる。BNI3.1(Cat#34580D、Pharmingen、San Diego,CA)を、CTLA−4/B7結合をブロックする、ポジティブコントロールマウスモノクローナル抗体として使用した。
RNAを、約2×106細胞の各サブクローン化したハイブリドーマ細胞系統から抽出し、そしてInbitrogen製の試薬およびプロトコル(Micro−FastTrackおよびcDNA Cycle:Cat.#L1310−01および#K1520−02、Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)を用いて、cDNAを合成するために使用した。ヒト免疫グロブリン重鎖およびκ軽鎖V領域のフラグメントを、pfuポリメラーゼ(Stratage,La Jolla,CA)、縮重FR1プライマーおよび固有の定常領域プライマーを使用して増幅した。得られたPCRフラグメントを、pCR−Bluntベクター(Invitrogen,Carlsbad、CA)にクローニングし、そしてそのインサートの配列を決定した。ハイブリドーマ10D1.3の重鎖および軽鎖フラグメントの先行の配列を、図4に示す。ハイブリドーマ10D1.3の重鎖および軽鎖フラグメントについて決定した配列を、図5〜図8に示す。
抗体は、6つの重鎖および軽鎖の相補性決定領域(CDR)に位置するアミノ酸残基を介して、標的抗原と優先的に相互作用する。この理由のため、CDR内のアミノ酸配列は、CDRの外側の配列よりも、個々の抗体間でより多様である。CDR配列は、ほとんどの抗体−抗原相互作用を担っているので、特定の天然に存在する抗体の特性を模倣する組換え抗体を発現することが可能である。これは、異なる特性を有する異なる抗体のフレームワーク配列にグラフティングされた(Grafted)、その特定の天然に存在する抗体由来のCDR配列を含む、発現ベクターを構築することによる(Jonesら、1986、Nature 321;522−525)。このようなフレームワーク配列は、生殖系列の抗体遺伝子配列を含む、公のDNAデータベースから得られ得る。これらの生殖系列配列は、成熟抗体遺伝子配列とは異なる。なぜなら、これらは、完全にアセンブルされた可変遺伝子を含まず、これらの完全にアセンブルされた遺伝子は、B細胞成熟の間のV(D)J連結によって形成されるからである。生殖系列遺伝子配列はまた、体細胞性の変異に起因して、高い親和性の二次レパートリー抗体の配列とは、個々のヌクレオチドで異なる。しかし、体細胞性変異は、可変領域にわたって均等に分布されない。例えば、体細胞性変異は、フレームワーク領域1のアミノ末端部分およびフレームワーク領域4のカルボキシ末端部分においては、比較的低頻度である。さらに、多くの体細胞性変異は、抗体の結合特性を有意に変更しない。この理由から、元々の抗体の結合特性に類似する結合特性を有するインタクトな組換え抗体を再現(recreate)するために、特定の抗体の全体のDNA配列を得ることは必要ではない(PCT/US99/05535(1999年3月12日出願)(これは、全ての目的のために本明細書中で参考として援用される)を参照のこと)。代表的には、CDR領域にわたる部分的な重鎖および軽鎖配列が、この目的に十分である。この部分配列を使用して、どの生殖系列の可変遺伝子セグメントおよび接合遺伝子セグメントが、組換え抗体可変遺伝子に寄与したかを決定する。次いで、生殖系列配列を使用して、可変領域の欠失部分を充填する。重鎖および軽鎖リーダー配列は、タンパク質成熟の間に切断され、最終的な抗体の特性に寄与しない。この理由のため、発現構築物のための対応する生殖系列リーダー配列を使用する必要はない。欠失している配列を加えるために、クローニングしたcDNA配列を、連結またはPCR増幅によって合成オリゴヌクレオチドを結合し得る。あるいは、可変領域全体を、短い重複オリゴヌクレオチドのセットとして合成し得、そしてPCR増幅によって結合し、合成可変領域クローン全体を作製し得る。このプロセスは、特定の制限部位の排除または組み込み、あるいは特定のコドンの最適化のような、特定の利点を有する。
(A.精製された組み換えヒトCTLA−4への結合)
精製された組み換えヒトCTLA−4への10D1の結合が、標準的な方法および手順を使用してELISAにより示された(図9および図10)。精製されたCTLA−4でコーティングされたマイクロタイタープレートが、10D1の濃度を変化させてインキュベートされ、次いで、アルカリホスファターゼに結合体化されヤギ抗ヒトIgG F(ab’)2を用いて開発された。このデータは、4−パラメーター曲線に十分に一致する用量依存性結合を示す(相関係数は、−1.0である)。15ng/mlでの最大の半分の結合が、CTLA−4への10D1の高い結合能力に反映する。結合の飽和が、約0.1μg/mlで観察された。
T細胞の血漿膜上で発現されるCTLA−4への10D1の結合を示すために、フローサイトメトリーアッセイから図10において結果が示された。フローサイトメトリーアッセイが、抗レベルのヒトCTLA−4を発現するためにトランスフェクトされたT細胞株を用いて使用された。フルオレセインで標識された10D1(10D1−FITC)の濃度の変更が、58αβCTLA−4細胞と共にインキュベートされた。蛍光を結合された細胞が、フローサイトメトリーにより決定された。精製されたCTLA4と共に見られるように、10D1は、4−パラメーター平衡に十分に一致した用量依存性の様式でCTLA4発現細胞に結合した(相関係数は、−999である)。最大の半分の結合は、190ng/mlであり、そして飽和は、2μg/mlで達成された。10D1は、試験された任意のCTLA−4陰性細胞株(SKBR−3、BT474およびMCF10A乳癌上皮腫瘍およびL540ホジキン腫瘍細胞を含む)に結合しなかったか、またはマウスCTLA−4を発現している細胞に結合しなかった。これらのデータは、ヒトCTLAに対する10D1の特異性を示す。しかし、10D1は、アカゲザルCTLA−4と交差反応することが示された(以下を参照のこと)。
この研究において、試験材料(article)(10D1−FITC)のフルオレセイン標識された形態が、結合を評価するために使用された。この研究の目的は、正常なヒト組織の凍結切片(cryosection)を用いて、10D1−FITCの潜在的な交差反応性を評価することであった。予期しない交差反応性は、観察されなかった。
高レベルでマカクCTLA−4を発現するように形質転換したT細胞を用いて、マカクCTLA−4との特異的反応性を実証した(表5)。これらのデータは、10D1についてのCTLA−4エピトープが、マカクとヒトとの間で保存されており、従ってマカクは、抗CTLA4 HuMAb 10D1のインビボ安全性を評価するのに良好なモデルであることを示唆する。
CTLA−4に対する10D1の結合がCTLA−4とCTLA−4リガンド(B7.1およびB7.2)の相互作用をブロックすることを示すため、フローサイトメトリーによって競合アッセイを実施した(図11および図12)。図11に示すように、FITC標識ヒトB7.2−Ig融合タンパク質を58αβCTLA4 T細胞および種々の濃度の10D1 MAbとともにインキュベートした。図12において、FITC標識CTLA4−Ig融合タンパク質をマウス
B7.1形質転換細胞および種々の濃度の10D1 MAbとともにインキュベートした。
ビオチン標識抗体および非標識抗体を用いて競合的ELISAを実施し、CTLA−4エピトープ特異性を決定した。4つの抗CTLA−4エピトープ結合基をヒト抗体の間で同定し、そして市販のマウスモノクローナル抗体BN13(Pharmingen,San Diego,Ca)および8H5(Ancell
Corp.Bayport,Mn)によってさらなる2つのエピトープを規定した。図3および13A〜13Gは、CTLA−4に対する結合について抗体の間の示差的競合を実証する競合的結合アッセイの結果を示す。これらの結果を表6にまとめる。
10D1抗体が正常ヒトT細胞により発現されるCTLA−4に結合する能力を、得られたそして活性化されたT細胞のフローサイトメトリー分析により試験した(図14)。2×106/mlの新鮮単離したヒト末梢血単球細胞を、2μg/mlのT細胞窒素、フィトヘムアグルチニン(PHA)の存在下または非存在下でインキュベートした。4日間のインキュベーション後、細胞を洗浄して、以下の抗体で染色した:1)抗体なし;2)HuIgG1−FITC、ヒトIgG1および抗EGFレセプター抗体;3)10D1−FITC、ヒトIgG1抗CTLA−4抗体;ならびに4)147−FITC−マウス抗ヒトCTLA−4抗体。1時間のインキュベーション後、細胞を洗浄し、そしてウサギ抗FITC
IgG、続いて、ヤギ抗ウサギ−PEを用いて染色した。前方散乱対側方散乱によってゲートしたリンパ球上で分析を実施した。図14に示されるように、休止しているリンパ球は、10D1抗体に結合せず、一方、PHA−活性化T細胞は、細胞表面で低レベルのCTLA−4を発現する。
MAb 10D1が、CTLA−4発現細胞の補体依存性細胞傷害性(CDCC)または抗体依存性細胞傷害性(ADCC)を媒介する能力を検討した。
10D1抗体およびマカクの2つの独立した毒性学的研究を実施した。全8匹のサルを分析した。重大な臨床的、免疫毒性学的、または組織病理学的知見なしに、4匹のサル(雄性2匹および雌性2匹)は、3回ボーラスのi.v.用量の3mg/Kgのヒト抗CTLA4に耐え、そして4匹のサル(雄性2匹および雌性2匹)は、3回ボーラスi.v.用量の10mg/Kgのヒト抗CTLA4に耐えた。
インビボで10D1の効果を検討するため、霊長類の毒性研究を2匹のマカクを用いて実施した。MAb 10D1の複数用量の毒性研究において、この抗体をマカクの静脈注射によって投与した。この研究の目的は、ある用量を与えた2匹のサルにおけるMAb 10DIの耐性、およびマウス腫瘍後退モデルにおける有効な処置と適合可能なスケジュール、およびヒト臨床試験における推奨用量を決定することであった。2匹の雌性カニクイザル(Macaca fascicilaris)を、1、4および7日目の、3回の静脈ボーラス用量の3.0mg/Kg 10D1で処置して、これらの動物における安全性およびT細胞活性化を評価した。初回の用量の投与後、14日までの有害反応、体重低下/上昇、ならびに疾病率および死亡率のいずれかについて、これらの動物を観察した。最終用量の7日後に、この動物を屠殺して、剖検し、その器官を個々に検討した。血液サンプルを、フローサイトメトリーによるT細胞集団および活性マーカーの発現の試験のために、各用量の前および剖検の前に収集した。血漿をまた血液サンプルから収集し、ELISAによって10D1抗体レベルおよび抗10D1抗体応答を決定した。
6匹のカニクイザル(4匹の雄および2匹の雌)(実験的に処理され、この研究の開始時の体重は2.4〜3.8kgであった)を、以下の表9に示されるような処置群に割りあてた。
MDXCTLA4−01は、進行性、転移性、ホルモン性の難治性の前立腺癌を有する患者における、抗細胞傷害性Tリンパ球関連抗原−4(抗CTLA−4)モノクローナル抗体10D1(MAb 10D1)のオープンラベル(open−label)研究である。処置は注射液として3.0mg/Kgの投薬量で静脈内投与される、単回用量のMAb 10D1である。
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- ヒトCTLA−4に特異的に結合するヒト配列抗体。
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