JP7026509B2 - 抗vista抗体およびフラグメント - Google Patents
抗vista抗体およびフラグメント Download PDFInfo
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- JP7026509B2 JP7026509B2 JP2017566339A JP2017566339A JP7026509B2 JP 7026509 B2 JP7026509 B2 JP 7026509B2 JP 2017566339 A JP2017566339 A JP 2017566339A JP 2017566339 A JP2017566339 A JP 2017566339A JP 7026509 B2 JP7026509 B2 JP 7026509B2
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Description
本願は、2015年6月24日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/184,108号および2015年7月1日に出願された同第62/187,659号の優先権および利益を主張するものである。上記出願の教示は全て参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本明細書とともに提出された次のASCIIテキストファイル:2016年6月22日に作成された、87KBのサイズを有するファイル名01481142017SEQUENCELISTING.txtに含まれる配列表は参照により本願に組み込まれる。
「抗体」という用語は、ポリクローナル抗体、モノクローナル抗体(mAb)、キメラ抗体、ヒト化抗体、ヒト抗体および抗イディオタイプ(抗Id)抗体、ならびに、限定はされないが、酵素的開裂、ペプチド合成または組み換え技術などの知られた技術で得られる、それらのフラグメント、領域または誘導体を含むものとする。本発明の抗VISTA抗体は、免疫応答を調節、制御または増強するVISTAの一部に結合することができる。いくつかの実施形態では、抗体は本明細書に記載の1種以上の抗VISTA抗体を競合的に阻害する。2つ以上の抗体が同じ標的への結合を競合するか否かを決定する方法は、当該技術分野で知られている。例えば、1つの抗体が他の抗体の標的への結合をブロックするか否かを決定するために、競合結合アッセイを使用することができる。一般に、競合結合アッセイは、固体基質または細胞に結合した精製標的抗原(例えば、PD-1)、標識されていない試験結合分子、および標識された参照結合分子の使用を含む。競合阻害は、固体基質または細胞に結合した標識量を、試験結合分子の存在下に測定することによって測定される。通常、試験結合分子は過剰に含まれる。一般に、競合結合分子が過剰に存在すると、共通抗原に対する参照結合分子の特異的結合が、少なくとも50~55%、55~60%、60~65%、65~70%、70~75%またはそれ以上阻害される。いくつかの実施形態では、競合阻害は、競合阻害ELISAアッセイによって測定される。
本明細書に示された情報、例えば、少なくとも1つの特定のフラグメントの少なくとも70~100%の連続したアミノ酸をコードする核酸配列、その変異体もしくはコンセンサス配列、またはそれらの配列の少なくとも1つを含む寄託されたベクターを使用して、配列番号1、2および3の重鎖可変CDR領域の全てと、配列番号4、5および6の軽鎖可変CDR領域の全てを含む少なくとも1つの抗VISTA抗体をコードする本発明の核酸分子を、本明細書に記載の方法、または当該技術分野で知られた方法に依り得ることができる。
追加のアミノ酸、例えば追加の機能を付与するアミノ酸をコードする追加のコード配列を挙げることができる。したがって、抗体をコードする配列はマーカー配列、例えば、抗体フラグメントまたは一部を含む融合抗体の精製を促進するペプチドをコードする配列に融合することができる。
本明細書に開示の医薬組成物は、標準的手順にしたがって調製され、治療、例えば、軽減、予防もしくは除去のため、または、治療する病態の進行の遅延もしくは半減のために選択される用量で投与される(例えば、ヒト治療用の各種薬剤の投与方法の一般的な説明のためのRemington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences、Mack Publishing Company、Easton、PAおよびGoodman and Gilman’s The Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics、McGraw-Hill、New York、N.Y.を参照(これらの内容は参照によって本明細書に組み込まれる))。開示の抗体および薬剤を含む組成物は、制御もしくは持続放出型送達システム(例えば、カプセル、生分解性マトリックス)によって送達することができる。本開示化合物の組成物の投与に好適な薬物送達のための遅延放出型送達システムは、例えば、米国特許第5,990,092号明細書、同第5,039,660号明細書、同第4,452,775号明細書および同第3,854,480に記載されており、それらの全教示は参照によって本明細書に組み込まれる。
当業者、例えば臨床医は、個人に投与するための、特定の抗体、フラグメントおよび組成物の好適な用量および投与経路を、選択した薬剤、医薬製剤および投与経路、患者の各種因子および他の検討事項を考慮して決定することができる。用量は、引き起こされる、または生じる有害な副作用が最小、またはゼロになるものであることが好ましい。標準的な多剤投与処方では、薬剤は、患者が受ける治療において、あらかじめ決定された、または最適な血漿濃度を維持するように設計された処方計画にしたがって投与され得る。抗体、フラグメントおよび組成物は適切な用量範囲または治療有効量、例えば0.1mg/kg、0.2mg/kg、0.3mg/kg、0.4mg/kg、0.5mg/kg、0.6mg/kg、0.7mg/kg、0.8mg/kg、0.9mg/kg、1.0mg/kg、1.5mg/kg、2.0mg/kg、2.5mg/kg、3.0mg/kg、4.0mg/kg、5.0mg/kg、6.0mg/kg、7.0mg/kg、8.0mg/kg、9.0mg/kg、10.0mg/kg、11.0mg/kg、12.0mg/kg、13.0mg/kg、14.0mg/kg、15.0mg/kg、16.0mg/kg、17.0mg/kg、18.0mg/kg、19.0mg/kg、20.0mg/kg、30mg/kg、40mg/kg、50mg/kg60mg/kg、70mg/kg、80mg/kg、90mg/kgおよび100mg/kgで添加することができる。1つの実施形態では、投与する組成物、抗体またはフラグメントは、1回の投与当たり0.1~15mg/kgである。
いくつかの実施形態では、固形腫瘍に骨髄細胞および/またはT細胞が浸潤する。ある特定の実施形態では、固形腫瘍は非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)などの肺癌である。
本明細書に記載の発明の抗体および抗原結合フラグメントは、一般に、例えば、試料(例えば、生物材料)中のVISTAタンパク質の検出に有用である。本発明の抗体は、当該技術分野で知られている多くのタンパク質検出アッセイ、例えば、免疫学的方法および免疫化学的方法、例えば、限定はされないが、フローサイトメトリー(例えば、FACS分析)、酵素結合免疫吸着検査法(ELISA)、例えば、化学発光法、、放射免疫測定法、免疫ブロット法(例えば、ウエスタンブロット)、免疫組織化学的検査法(IHC)、免疫沈降法、および他の抗体に基づく定量法(例えば、Luminex(登録商標)ビーズに基づくアッセイ)を適用可能である。他の好適な方法としては、例えば、質量分析法が挙げられる。
方法:VISTA発現用新鮮ヒトPBMCの調製および染色
いくつかのドナーから新鮮単離したPBMC(末梢血単核球)におけるVISTA発現を試験した。染色に抗ヒトVISTAビオチン(GA-1)を使用した(5μg/ml)。マウスIgG1、Kビオチン(クローンMOPC-21、5μg/ml)をアイソタイプ対照として使用した。
Biological Specialty Corp.(Colmar、PA)から血液試料を得、同じ日に採取し、分析した。ヘパリン硫酸を含む全血10mlを分析のために送った。
血液を滅菌PBSにより1:1に希釈した。希釈した臍帯血22mlを、50mlコニカルチューブ内の滅菌Ficoll-Hypaque(GE Healthcare カタログ番号17-144003)上に注ぎ、層を形成した。チューブを1800rpmで20分間、室温で遠心分離機にかけた。遠心分離後、1mlピペットを用いて界面の単核球を採取し、2本の50mlコニカルチューブに入れた。滅菌PBSを各チューブに加えて、体積を50mlとし、細胞を300gで、10分間、4℃で遠心分離機にかけた。上清を捨てた。細胞を50mlの滅菌PBS中に再懸濁し、チューブを300gで10分間、4℃で回転させた。上清を捨てた。細胞をまとめ、計数前に、50mlの滅菌PBS中に再懸濁した。
染色前に、1×106個の細胞を96ウエル丸底プレートに移し、150μlのPBSで洗浄した。その後、プレートを、1300rpm、4℃で、3分間、遠心分離機にかけた。
特定の表現型個体群をゲーティングするために、FlowJo Version9ソフトウエアを用いて、フローサイトメトリーデータを再分析した。異なる細胞サブセットにおけるVISTA発現を比較するために、幾何平均の一覧を使用した。抗VISTA処理試料の平均値からアイソタイプ対照の値を減算することによって、各個体群をバックグラウンドで正規化した。グラフをプリズムで作成し、スチューデントのt検定(2種の試料のみを比較する場合)、またはボンフェローニのポスト検定を含む一元配置ANOVAを使用して統計処理を行った。
ヒトミエロイドおよびリンパ球サブセットにおけるVISTAの発現:
図2A~2E、3A~3G、4、5A~5Bおよび6A~6Cに示すように、CD14+単球におけるVISTA発現は、他の全ての個体群と大きく異なっていた(p<0.001)。他の個体群間では大きな違いは認められなかった。末梢血では、単球が最も高レベルでVISTAを発現し、CD14+CD16-サブセットがCD14loCD16+細胞よりはるかに高い発現を示した。一方、APCは中程度のVISTA発現を示し、リンパ球サブセットは低い発現レベルを示した。
図7A~7E、8A~8Gおよび9に示すように、NKサブセットを含むCD56lo細胞はCD56HiNK細胞よりはるかに高いVISTA発現レベルを示した。T細胞サブセットのうち、CD8+記憶細胞は最も高い発現レベルを示したが、CD8+ナイーブT細胞またはCD4+T細胞よりさほど高くはなかった。
図10A~10D、11A~11Cおよび12に示すように、VISTA発現に大きな違いは認められず、DCおよび好塩基球は低いVISTA発現を示し、形質細胞用樹状細胞(pDC)は一般にそれらと比較して高かったが顕著なほどではなかった。
方法:
全血の染色:新鮮な単離全血(100μl)を下記に示した抗体カクテルで、4℃で30分間インキュベーションすることによって染色した。赤血球(RBC)を溶解緩衝液で溶解し、残りの細胞を染色緩衝液で1回洗浄した。細胞を200μlの染色緩衝液に再懸濁した。MACSQuantフローサイトメーターを用いてデータを集め、FlowJo解析ソフトウエアを用いて解析した。
健常ヒト末梢血細胞におけるVISTAの発現
全血および末梢血単核球のVISTA発現をマルチカラーフローサイトメトリーを用いて解析した。図15Aおよび15Bに示すように、最も高いVISTA発現は、単核球で検出され、続いて、好中球で検出された。図13Cおよび13Dに示すように、CD4+およびCD8+T細胞のVISTA発現は低レベルであった。
図14A~Cに示すように、肺癌患者の末梢血単核球(PBMC)を解析した。図14Aは、CD14+単球およびCD15+ミエロイド由来の抑制性細胞(MDSC)の解析を示す代表的なフロープロットである。結果は、表現型の上では、CD15+c細胞が好中球由来のMDSCであることを示唆している。さらに、これらの細胞は健常者の血液試料には存在しない。図14Bは、健常者と癌患者由来の単球におけるVISTA発現の代表的なヒストグラムであり、健常対照に比較して癌患者のVISTA発現レベルが高いことを示唆している。同様に、図14Cに示すように、癌患者のMDSCでは、高レベルのVISTAが認められた。
図16Aおよび16Bに示すように、サルの全血のフローサイトメトリー解析はヒト細胞に似たVISTA発現パターンを示した。単球および好中球はいずれも、CD4+(図16C)およびCD8+(図16D)T細胞に比べて最高レベルでVISTAを発現した。
VISTAはヘム悪性腫瘍で発現するため、抗VISTA抗体は悪性細胞を破壊の標的とし、また、VISTAをブロックして、抗腫瘍免疫反応を促進する可能性がある。
ファージパニング
24のファージパニング実験を行い、Cyno VISTA-Hisに対するファージの反応性を向上させた。カニクイザルVISTAタンパク質は、ヒトVISTAタンパク質より良好なビオチン結合を示すため、これらの実験にはそのカニクイザルVISTAタンパク質を使用した。ファージ実験の成功を決定するために、それぞれのパニングラウンドからのファージプールをビオチン化cyno VISTA-Hisでコーティングしたニュートラアビジンプレートに加え、HRP-結合抗M13抗体で検出した。ファージ選択ラウンドで個々のコロニーを採取し、96ウエルプレート中でFabタンパク質を産生させた。発現したFab上清をビオチン化cyno VISTA-Hisへの結合について分析した。これには200より多くがヒットした。
BALB/cAnNCrlマウスの1グループは、完全フロイントアジュバント中で乳化したHu VISTA-Ig組み換えタンパク質(Sino)50μgの腹腔内(IP)注射を1回受け、2週後、不完全フロイントアジュバント中で乳化したHu VISTA-Ig組み換えタンパク質50μgのIP注射を1回受けた。2週後、マウスは、不完全フロイントアジュバント中で乳化したcyno VISTA-Fc組み換えタンパク質50μgのIP注射を1回受けた。全てのマウスは、尾の基部にPBS中25μgのヒトおよび同25μgのcyno VISTAの最終注射を受け、5日後、融合のために脾臓を回収した。
マウスA20細胞に、GFPまたはヒトVISTAのいずれかを安定にトランスフェクトした。それらをovaペプチドおよびDO11.10 T細胞とインキュベートした。インキュベーションの開始から24時間後、T細胞によるCD25の発現を測定した。A20-huVISTA細胞は、T細胞によるCD25発現を抑制するが、この読み出しは、VSTB95とのインキュベーションにより有意に修復される(図18)。
重鎖および軽鎖の両方のマウスハイブリドーマ配列は、インターナルソフトウェアプログラムを使用してCDR移植(Jones、et al.Nature、321:522-525(1986)により適合されたヒトフレームワークであった。このプログラムは、Kabatの定義(Wu、T.T.& Kabat、E.A.(1970).J Exp Med、132、211-50)に従ってV領域配列の相補性決定領域(CDR)を表し、Blastを使用してフレームワーク領域とヒト生殖細胞系遺伝子を比較する。マウスフレームワークに対して最も高い配列同一性を有するヒト生殖細胞系を、ヒトフレームワーク適合(HFA)のためのアクセプター遺伝子として選択した。いくつかの場合において、ヒトフレームワークが良好に発現された以前の実験に基づいて、密接に関連のあるヒト生殖細胞系遺伝子を代わりに選択した。マウスvHまたはvLのV領域のそれぞれについて選択されたヒトフレームワークについてのDNA配列を逆翻訳により得た。HFAアミノ酸配列に対応する合成DNA領域は、Integrated DNA Technologies(Coralville、IA)に注文した。ヒトIgG1およびヒトκのそれぞれへのクローニングを行った。
細胞株開発用分子のためのプラスミドおよび配列情報:VSTB112可変領域およびIgG1κ定常領域(VSTB174、定常領域中のアロタイプ変化のために新しい番号)、IgG2σ定常領域(VSTB140)またはIgG1プロテアーゼ耐性定常領域(VSTB149)を有する抗VISTA抗体のためにプラスミド構築物を作製した。
pEE6.4およびpEE12.4チャイニーズハムスターの卵巣(CHO)発現ベクター系(Lonza Biologics、PLC)は、哺乳動物発現細胞株における治療用mAb作製のための一次発現系としてBiologics Research(BR)およびPharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences(PDMS)で確立された。各ベクターは、重鎖(HC)または軽鎖(LC)の発現を駆動するためのヒトサイトメガロウイルス(huCMV-MIE)プロモーターを含み、アンピシリン耐性遺伝子を含む。pEE12.4ベクターはまた、グルタミンシンターゼ(GS)酵素をコードする遺伝子を含む。グルタミンシンターゼ活性を必要とする増殖条件は、発現ベクターを維持するために、細胞に選択的な圧力を加える(GS Gene Expression System Manual Version4.0)。一遺伝子ベクターとして、pEE6.4を使用してHC遺伝子をクローニングし、pEE12.4を使用してLC遺伝子をクローニングした。これらの2つのLonza一遺伝子ベクターからLonza二重遺伝子プラスミドが作製される。
これらの実験は、産生された抗体のヒトまたはカニクイザルVISTAタンパク質に対する結合能をELISAにおいて測定するため、および、FACSスクリーニングにより、その抗体の、ヒトまたはカニクイザルVISTAタンパク質を発現するK562細胞(ヒト骨髄性白血病細胞株)の表面のVISTAタンパク質に対する結合能を測定するために行われた。
ELISA手順概要:プレートを、終夜、4℃で、1μg/ml SB0361(ヒト)またはSB0361(cyno(カニクイザル))タンパク質をコーティングした。それらはそれぞれの種からのVISTAの細胞外ドメインである。抗体を出発濃度として1μg/mlに希釈し、計4種の濃度に1:4の段階希釈を行い、室温室温(RT)で2時間インキュベートした。マウス抗ヒトIgG1-HRP(ホースラディッシュペルオキシダーゼ)を検出のために使用し、RTで1時間インキュベートした。洗浄は全て、PBS-Tween(0.05%)を用いて行った。
この試験の目的は、混合リンパ球反応(MLR)アッセイおよびブドウ球菌腸毒素B活性化(SEB)アッセイにおいて細胞性免疫応答を高める多機能的αVISTA抗体の同定を支援するデータを示すことであった。
500mlのRPMIと50mlのヒトAB血清、5mlのペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン(10,000U/ml)、5mlのL-グルタミン(100x)および10mlのHEPES(1M)を合わせて10%AB培地を調製した。培地は14日を超えない日数保存した。0.2mlのチミジンストック(1mCi/ml)を9.8mlのRPMIで希釈して、1mCiの力価のチミジンを調製した。
方法:ProteOn XPR36系(BioRad)を使用して、エピトープ結合(binning)を行った。アミン共役化学(BioRad、カタログ番号176-2410)についての製造業者の指示書を使用して、ProteOn GLCチップ(BioRad, Cat#176-5011)を二組の6個のモノクローナル抗体(mAb)でコーティングした。
抗IgG Fcコーティング表面を使用して、ProteOnチップ上で抗体を捕捉した。0.39nM~100nMの範囲のVISTAタンパク質の濃度でのヒトおよびカニクイザル(cyno)VISTA細胞外ドメイン(ECD)の結合について、抗体を試験した。抗原を、抗体コーティングチップに4分間結合/会合(bind/associate)させ、その後、解離を30分間モニタリングした。100mMリン酸の18秒間の2回の処理でチップを再生させた。全ての実験は25℃で行い、データを1:1 Langmuir結合モデルに適合させた。
方法:
C57Bl/6マウスにMB49腫瘍細胞を注射した。腫瘍が確立されたところで、抗VISTA処理を開始した。次いで腫瘍増殖を1週間に3回モニタリングした。腫瘍が任意の寸法で15mmに達したところでIACUC規則に従ってマウスを安楽死させた。
体積=(L2*W2)/2
雌マウスにおけるCh13F3-mIgG2a治療により、70%の動物で完全な腫瘍の拒絶(CR)および30%(n=7)で部分寛解(PR)が誘導された(表13および図25B)。対照的に、全ての対照mIgG2a処理マウスは、腫瘍の進行性の増殖を示した(6/6)(図25A)。これらのデータは、抗VISTA処理が腫瘍増殖に大きな効果を有し得ることを示す。
ヒトVISTA上のVSTB50、60、95および112についてのエピトープを同定するために、対応するFabを使用して、溶液(solution)水素/重水素交換質量分析(HDX-MS)を行った。H/D交換について、Fab摂動(perturbation)を分析するために使用した手順は、いくつかの変更を有して前述のもの(Hamuro et al., J. Biomol.Techniques 14:171-182, 2003;Horn et al., Biochemistry 45:8488-8498, 2006)と同様であった。Pierce Fab Preparation Kit (Thermo Scientific, Cat# 44985)を使用して、パパイン消化およびプロテインA捕捉によりIgGからFabを調製した。ヒトVISTAタンパク質配列は、6個のN結合グリコシル化部位を含む。配列カバー率を向上させるために、PNGアーゼFによりタンパク質を脱グリコシル化した。脱グリコシル化VISTAタンパク質を、重水素化水溶液中で所定の時間インキュベートして、交換可能水素原子に重水素取り込みを生じた。重水素化VISTAタンパク質を、4℃で30秒、2分、10分および60分の間、46μLの酸化重水素(D2O)中VSTB50、VSTB60、VSTB95またはVSTB112のFabのいずれかと複合体化した。低pHにより交換反応をクエンチし、ペプシンでタンパク質を消化した。同定されたペプチドでの重水素レベルを、LC-MSの質量シフトからモニタリングした。参照対照として、Fab分子と複合体化しないこと以外は、VISTAタンパク質を同様に処理した。Fabに結合した領域は、交換から比較的保護され、そのため参照VISTAタンパク質よりも多くの重水素の画分を含む部位であると推測された。タンパク質の約94%を、特定の領域にマッピングし得た。
VISTA構造を決定して、VISTA細胞外ドメイン(ECD)と誘導抗体VSTB112のFab断片の間の相互作用を規定するエピトープおよびパラトープを示す努力において、複合体を結晶化し、1.85Åの解像度まで構造を決定した。T抗体VSTB112のFab断片と複合体化したヒトVISTAのECDの構造は、VISTA ECD自身の構造を決定し、この相互作用のためのエピトープ/パラトープの両方を規定するための努力において決定された。該構造は、VISTAが、IgV折りたたみにTCR Vα鎖と同様の鎖トポロジーを適用することを明らかにする。βサンドイッチの背面および前面のB鎖とF鎖を架橋する規範的なジスルフィド結合に加えて、該構造により、ECDが、2つのさらなるジスルフィド結合を有し、その1つがCC’ループを前面シートにつなぎ、第2のものがA’鎖とG’鎖の間にあることが明らかになる。VISTA分子間に結晶接触が存在するが、それらは小さなものであり、この構造に基づくVISTA ECDの二量体についての証明はない。VSTB112エピトープは、VISTA BC、CC’およびFGループと最も近い前面βシート(C’CFG)の残基と共に、これらのループの一部を含むことが示される。パラトープは、接触を最小にするCDR L3との重鎖相互作用に対して大きく偏る。
VSTB112 Fabは、VISTA ECDへの結合の際に1024.3Å2の表面積が埋まり、重鎖表面の埋没はこの合計の715.3Å2となる。VISTAとVSTB112軽鎖の間に7個の水素結合および4個の塩の架橋相互作用が形成され、VISTAとVSTB112重鎖の間に10個の水素と2個の塩の架橋相互作用が形成される。VSTB112は、FGループの近位の末端で前面シート鎖C’、C、FおよびG中の残基、ならびにBC、FGおよびCC’ループ中の残基を認識する(図29および30)。CC’ループとの相互作用は、さらなる軽鎖相互作用を作製するFGループ中の残基E125およびR127のみを有するFab軽鎖との接触のほとんどの原因となる。VISTA FGループに対応する残基119~127は、VSTB112との結合時に埋まる合計1034.8Å2の表面積の38%になる。顕著に、このループは高度に極性であり、以下の配列-IRHHHSEHR-(配列番号:75)で構成される。さらに、VSTB112 CDR H3中のW103は、VISTAの主鎖の残基H122およびH123を正確に包み、VISTA H121は、CDR H2中のF55の芳香族環との相互作用上の端を形成する。
抗VISTA抗体の機能的効果を2つのインビトロアッセイ、混合白血球反応(MLR)およびSEB(スタフィロコッカス(Staphylococcus)エンテロトキシンB)で評価した。両アッセイは、T細胞増殖およびサイトカイン誘導を一次読み出しとして測定するが、これらの効果は異なるメカニズムによる。MLRにおいて、異なる2人のヒトドナーからの末梢血単核球(PBMC)を一緒にインキュベートし、1人のドナーからのT細胞と他方のドナーの樹状細胞間の主要組織適合遺伝子複合体(MHC)の不適合は、T細胞の増殖よインターフェロン(IFNγ)産生をもたらす。SEBアッセイでは、単一ドナーからのPBMCを細菌性超抗原とともにインキュベートする。これは、抗原提示細胞(APC)表面のMHC Class IIタンパク質をT細胞のT細胞受容体(TCR)に結合させ、T細胞の活性化、増殖、およびサイトカイン分泌を引き起こす。両アッセイにおいて、VSTB174の親分子であるVSTB112は、T細胞増殖およびサイトカイン産生の用量依存的誘導を示し、候補の中で最も強力であった(図21A~21D、T表12)。
表12に示したアッセイデータは、VSTB174の親分子であるVSTB112で生成された。VSTB174の活性をより理解するために、単球活性化アッセイを行った。結果は、全PBMCと共にVSTB174をインキュベートすると、CD14+単球上の活性化マーカ(CD80およびHLA-DR)の上方制御を誘導し、VISTAを高発現すると知られている免疫細胞サブセットに結合する抗体の効果を示すことを示した(図32)。他の問題は、全PBMCにおける単球活性化に対する作用が、VISTAに結合し、IgG1 Fcを有する抗体によって促進されるか否かである。抗体VSTB103およびVSTB63は、VSTB112およびVSTB111と同様、VISTAに高アフィニティ(それぞれ、KD6.36E-10および8.30E-10respectively)で結合し、かつVISTAタンパク質を発現する細胞に結合する。VSTB103はVSTB112と同じエピトープ・ビンにあり、一方、VSTB63は異なるエピトープ・ビンにあり、抗体はいずれも単球活性化を促進しない。総合すると、これらの結果は、VSTB174がT細胞活性化/増殖に影響を及ぼし得るメカニズムは、NK細胞によって促進される単球活性化によるものであることを示している。
500mlのRPMI 1640(Corning、10-040-CV)を50mlのヒトAB血清(Valley Biomedical、Inc、ロット番号3C0405)、5mlのペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン(Lonza、17-602E)10,000U/ml、5mlのL-グルタミンglutamine(100×)(Gibco、25030-081)および10mlのHEPES(1M)(Fisher BP299-100、ロット番号-1)と混合した。培地を4℃で、14日以内の間、保存した。
抗体を10%AB血清中で2×所望の濃度に希釈した:VSTB174:lot VSTB174.003
必要とする適切な数の細胞を、解析すべき試料数に基づき、アッセイのために決定した。応答個体群を2.0×105c細胞/96ウエルU底プレートに播種した。CD14負の選択個体群では、0.5×105個の細胞を播種した。すべての条件を3回行った。
96ウエルU底プレートを453gで5分間遠心分離にかけ、上清を除去した。
・CD14-APC(クローン HCD14)1:250(Biolegend カタログ番号325608)
・HLA-DR-PE Cy7(クローン L243)1:250(Biolegend カタログ番号307616)
・CD80-PE(クローン 2D10)1:250(Biolegend カタログ番号305208)
・Hu FcR結合阻害剤(eBioscienceカタログ番号14-9161-73)
全ての統計をPrism GraphPad,version6で行った。多重性に対するテューキーの補正を含むOne-Way ANOVAを使用して、各タイムポイントで、グループ間の一対比較を行った。全ての検定および比較で、0.05未満のP値は、有意であると見なした。全てのグラフ及び表で、*p<0.05、**p<0.01、***p<0.001、****p<0.0001。
VSTB174はIgG1Fcを有し、それは抗体依存性細胞媒介性細胞傷害(ADCC)、および抗体依存性細胞媒介性食作用(ADCP)活性を与え得る。両タイプのアッセイを行い、VSTB174は、K562-VISTA細胞を溶解または貪食する(図33-34)が、K562ミエローマ細胞株親細胞はしないことがわかった(データは示さず)。VISTAの阻害作用を調節するVSTB174の作用のさらなるメカニズムは、VISTAを高レベルで発現する細胞の溶解または呑食であり、したがって、局所微少環境からそれらを除去する。
抗ヒトVISTA mAb(VSTB173およびVSTB174)によりVIATAを異所的に発現する細胞のマクロファージ媒介食作用増強の研究に、インビトロ食作用アッセイを使用した。これらのmAbを異なるFc骨格(IgG1 WT(野生型)、IgG1 PR(プロテアーゼ耐性)およびIgG2σ)にクローニングし、食作用の増強に関し異なる活性を持つ可能性があると仮定した。IgG1およびIgG1 PR骨格は、Fc受容体に結合することができ、ADCPを引き起こす可能性があるが、IgG2σは、Fc受容体に結合せず、ADCPを媒介しない。
ADCCを誘導するそれらの能力を試験するために、以下の3種のヒト抗VISTA抗体を試験した:
VSTB174(IgG1)
VSTB149(IgG1 PR)
VSTB174.LF(IgG1 LF(低フコース))。
ヒトおよびカニクイザルVISTA細胞外ドメイン(ECD)に対するVSTB174のアフィニティを、ProteOn装置を用いる表面{ひょうめん}プラズモン共鳴(SPR)法によって測定した。VSTB174は各タンパク質に対して非常に類似したKD値を示した(ヒトVISTA ECDで1.56E-10 MおよびカニクイザルVISTAで8.66E-11 M)。
マウス種、試薬および腫瘍モデル
抗VISTA抗体療法が野生型マウスにおいて腫瘍増殖を抑制することを示す公開された試験(Le Mercier et al.,2014)に加えて、異なる投与スケジュールを使用したwtマウス、およびVSTB123で治療したVISTA-KIマウスにおいて、代理母ハムスター抗体による抗腫瘍の有効性が示された。
雌VISTA-KIマウスにおいてMB49有効性試験を行い、1~10mg/kgの範囲のいくつかの用量でVSTB123を試験した。0日目に、マウスに250,000個のMB49腫瘍細胞を皮内注射した。
6日目に、図37に示すように投与を開始した(10mg/kgのアイソタイプ対照mIgG2aまたは示した用量のVSTB123のいずれか;10匹のマウス/群)。
図1は、AML腫瘍細胞株によるVISTA発現を示し、これと、図17のRNA seq発現データは、AML細胞によりVISTAが発現されるという考え、および抗VISTA薬物が、免疫調節または抗体媒介性傷害に対し、これらの細胞を直接標的にすることにより効果的であるという考えを支持する。
クローンGG8、抗ヒトVISTAマウスIgG1を使用して、免疫組織化学アッセイを最適化した。このmAbを使用して、非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)FFPE腫瘍切片におけるVISTAの染色を調べた。
VISTA抗原変異体を作製して、結晶学のために精製した。組み換えhisタグ付加VSTB174 Fabを内部発現させて精製した。結晶を作製し、シンクロトロン照射を使用してVISTA ECD:VSTB174 Fab複合体についての高解像度データを補正するために使用し、相同性モデリングおよび電子密度分析を併用して、構造決定を解決した(図29(上))。
VSTB116重鎖(配列番号57)および軽鎖(配列番号58)可変領域マウスIgG1骨格にサブクローニングしてVSTB175を作製した。VSTB175重鎖発現プラスミド、pDR23170をベクターvDR000367(マウスIgG1 Balb C定常領域をコードするpUnderベクター)およびpDR17582由来のVSTB116可変領域を使用して作製した。pDR23170の標準的な合成は、Genewiz with HindIII_BamH1サイトで行い、ベクターvDR000367(pUnder_mG1 Balb C)にHindIII_BamH1サイトでカスタムクローニングし、最終生成物pDR23170を作製した。VSTB175軽鎖発現プラスミド、pDR21003を、アダプター追加したGeneArtで、可変領域の標準的な合成によって作製した。vDR000371(マウスカッパ定常領域をコードするpUnderベクター)を、Esp3Iサイトを用いて直線化した。合成されたVSTB175軽鎖可変領域配列のフラグメントを、vDR000371に融合クローニングして、pDR21003を作製した。得られた一次転写物の配列を決定し、確認し、大規模のDNA調製物を形質移入用に調製した。
Expi293F細胞(Life Technologies Corporationカタログ番号A14527)を、Expi293発現培地(Life Technologies Corporationカタログ番号A14351-01)で、37°C;7%CO2;130RPMで増殖させた。形質移入の2日前に細胞を7e5細胞/mlで分けた。形質移入時、細胞を計数し、細胞が少なくとも30e5細胞/mlの濃度で95%超が生細胞であることを確認した。それぞれ30-mLの形質移入のために、30μgのプラスミドDNAをOpti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium(Life Technologies Corporationカタログ番号31985-070)中で混合し、総体積1.5mLとした。(15μgのpAdvantage DNAおよび15ugの発現ベクターDNA(抗体用、これはHC:LC比が1:3の発現コンストラクト)。81μLのExpiFectamine 293試薬(Life Technologies Corporation カタログ番号 A14525).をその後、Opti-MEMI培地中に希釈して総容量1.5mLとした。希釈したDNAおよびExpiFectamine溶液をその後、静かに撹拌し、室温で5分間インキュベートした。希釈DNAを希釈ExpiFectamine 293試薬に添加し、静かに撹拌し、室温で20分間インキュベートした。インキュベーション後、混合物を、125ml振盪フラスコに入れた25.5mlの細胞に加えた。形質移入後直ちに、150uLのExpiFectamine 293 Transfection Enhancer 1および1.5mLのExpiFectamine 293 Transfection Enhancer 2を各フラスコに加えた(Life Technologies Corporationカタログ番号A14525)。形質移入の5日後、細胞上清を遠心分離によって採集し、0.2ミクロンフィルタによって清澄化した。
推奨濃度:10μg/ml;希釈剤:Dako共通抗体
材料および方法
VISTA VSTB175抗体およびNSCLC試料:VISTA VSTB175抗体の凍結アリコートを、ヒトNSCLC組織試料の最適化のために用意した。9個のホルマリンで固定し、パラフィン包埋した(FEPE)試料を評価用に選択し、スライドグラス上の無染色切片を免疫組織化学的(IHC)染色のために、最適化されたVISTA(VSTB175)IHCアッセイが特定されたところで用意した。
1.1回の通常の切片作成プロトコルにつき、スライドを4ミクロンに切断する。スライドを風乾し、その後、60℃で60分間ベークする。スライドは一般に、切断の2週間以内に染色に使用する。
2.Leicaのスライドラックにベークしたスライドを置き、自動染色装置にラックを挿入する。
3.一次抗体Leica抗体希釈液(#AR9352)で1:500に希釈する。
1.Bond Dewax Solution(#AR9222)を72℃で3回適用。
2.100%エタノールを3回適用。
3.Leica Bond Wash 1×Solution(#AR9590)を3回適用。
4.Leica ER 1 Epitope Retrieval Solution(#AR9961)は、40分間90℃でインキュベートする。
5.Leica Bond Wash 1×Solutionを5回適用。
6.Thermo Pierce rotein-Free Blocking Buffer(#37584)は5分間インキュベートする。
7.抗体適用前に洗浄は行わない。
8.抗体希釈液は60分間インキュベートする。
9.Leica Bond Wash 1× Solutionを3回適用。
10.Post Primary Link(Leica Bond Polymer Refine Kit#DS9800)は8分間インキュベートする。
11.Leica Bond Wash 1X Solutionを2分間、3回適用。
12.ポリマー(Leica Bond Polymer Refine Kit #DS9800)は8分間インキュベートする。
13.Leica Bond Wash 1× Solutionを2分間、2回適用。
14.DI水による濯ぎ。
15.Peroxide Block(Leica BPRキット)10分間インキュベートする。
16.Leica Bond Wash 1× Solutionを2回適用。
17.DI水による濯ぎ。
18.DABクロマゲン(chromagen)/基質(Leica BPRキットt)は10分間インキュベートする。
19.Leica Bond Wash 1× Solutionを3回適用。
20.ヘマトキシリン対比染色(Leica BPR Kit)は2分間インキュベートする。
21.DI水による洗浄。
22.Leica Bond Wash 1× Solutionを1回適用。
23.DI水による濯ぎ。
24.Leica Bond RX/Maxからスライドを取り出す。
脱水およびカバースリップを次のように手で行う:
23.95%エタノールを2回交換(各1分)
24.100%エタノールを2回交換(各1分)
25.キシレンを2回交換(各2分)
26.Cytoseal封入剤でカバースリップする。
方法:
Janssenから提供された抗体を用いて抗体滴定実験を行った。免疫組織化学的染色をVSTB175(キメラ抗体)およびすぐに使用可能なIgG1アイソタイプ対照抗体(BioGenexカタログ番号HK119-7M、BGX-Ms-IgG1と称する)を用いて行い、シグナルの最小バックグラウンドおよび最大検出をもたらす濃度を確立した。LifeSpanより供給されたホルマリン固定パラフィン包埋組織上の2種の試験抗体、およびJanssenから供給された陽性(Vista K562)および陰性(ラージ)対象細胞株を用いて、20μg/ml、10μg/ml、5μg/mlおよび2.5μg/mlの連続希釈を行った。アイソタイプ対照抗体は、すぐに使用可能な濃度でのみ使用した。一次抗体として、VSTB175およびBGX-Ms-IgG1抗体を使用し、主要検出システムはベクター抗マウスセカンダリー(BA-2000)、およびベクター赤色基質キット(SK-5100)を含むベクターABC-APキット(AK-5000)で構成した、これは、フクシャ色に着色した堆積物を生成するために使用された。
本発明の態様として、以下のものが挙げられる。
[1]哺乳動物のT細胞活性化IgV領域抑制因子(VISTA)タンパク質に結合する抗原結合領域を含む単離抗体、またはその抗原結合フラグメントであって、前記抗体が、
a)配列番号31のアミノ酸配列を有するVH CDR1、配列番号32のアミノ酸配列を有するVH CDR2、および配列番号33のアミノ酸配列を有するVH CDR3を含む抗体VHドメイン;
b)配列番号34のアミノ酸配列を有するVL CDR1、配列番号35のアミノ酸配列を有するVL CDR2、および配列番号36のアミノ酸配列を有するVL CDR3を含む抗体VLドメイン;
c)非ヒト抗体重鎖定常領域;ならびに
d)非ヒト抗体軽鎖定常領域
を含む単離抗体、またはその抗原結合フラグメント。
[2]前記抗体VHドメインは配列番号64を含む[1]に記載の単離抗体、または抗原結合フラグメント。
[3]前記抗体VLドメインは配列番号45を含む[1]または[2]に記載の単離抗体、またはその抗原結合フラグメント。
[4]前記非ヒト抗体重鎖定常領域は、マウス抗体重鎖定常領域である[1]、[2]または[3]に記載の単離抗体、または抗原結合フラグメント。
[5]前記マウス抗体重鎖定常領域は、マウスIgG1重鎖定常領域である[4]に記載の単離抗体、または抗原結合フラグメント。
[6]前記マウスIgG1重鎖定常領域は、配列番号76の重鎖定常領域を含む[5]に記載の単離抗体、または抗原結合フラグメント。
[7]前記マウス抗体重鎖定常領域は、マウスIgG2a重鎖定常領域である[4]に記載の単離抗体、または抗原結合フラグメント。
[8]前記非ヒト抗体軽鎖定常領域は、マウス抗体軽鎖定常領域である[1]~[7]のいずれか一項に記載の単離抗体、または抗原結合フラグメント。
[9]前記マウス抗体軽鎖定常領域は、マウスIgG1軽鎖定常領域である[8]に記載の単離抗体、または抗原結合フラグメント。
[10]前記マウスIgG1軽鎖定常領域は、配列番号77の軽鎖定常領域を含む[9]に記載の単離抗体、または抗原結合フラグメント。
[11]前記マウス抗体軽鎖定常領域は、マウスIgG2a軽鎖定常領域である[8]に記載の単離抗体、または抗原結合フラグメント。
[12]前記哺乳動物VISTAタンパク質は、ヒトVISTAタンパク質である[1]~[11]のいずれか一項に記載の単離抗体、または抗原結合フラグメント。
[13]前記抗体または抗原結合フラグメントは、配列番号46のエピトープに結合する[1]~[12]のいずれか一項に記載の単離抗体、または抗原結合フラグメント。
[14]前記抗体は、全抗体である[1]~[13]のいずれか一項に記載の単離抗体、または抗原結合フラグメント。
[15]哺乳動物のT細胞活性化IgV領域抑制因子(VISTA)タンパク質に結合する抗原結合領域を含む単離抗体、またはその抗原結合フラグメントであって、前記抗体は、配列番号76を含む抗体重鎖、および配列番号77を含む抗体軽鎖を含む単離抗体、またはその抗原結合フラグメント。
[16][1]または[15]に記載の抗体、または抗原結合フラグメントを含む組成物。
[17]試料中の哺乳動物VISTAタンパク質を検出する方法であって、前記試料を[1]または[15]に記載の抗体、または抗原結合フラグメントと、前記抗体、または抗原結合フラグメントが前記試料中のVISTAタンパク質に結合する条件下で接触させる工程と、前記試料中のVISTAタンパク質に結合した前記抗体、または抗原結合フラグメントを検出する工程を含む方法。
[18]前記試料は細胞を含む[17]に記載の方法。
[19]前記試料は組織を含む[17]または[18]に記載の方法。
[20]前記試料は、免疫細胞もしくは間質細胞、またはそれらの組み合わせを含む[17]~[19]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[21]前記免疫細胞はミエロイド細胞、単球またはT細胞である[20]に記載の方法。
[22]前記試料は癌細胞を含む[17]~[21]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[23]前記癌細胞は、肺癌細胞、前立腺癌細胞、急性骨髄性白血病急性骨髄性白血病(AML)細胞、メラノーマ細胞、卵巣癌細胞および結腸癌細胞からなる群から選択される[22]に記載の方法。
[24]前記抗体、または抗原結合フラグメントは、検出可能な標識を含む[17]~[23]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[25]免疫組織化学的(IHC)染色アッセイを含む[17]~[24]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
[26]フローサイトメトリーアッセイを含む[17]~[24]のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
Claims (11)
- ヒトのT細胞活性化IgV領域抑制因子(VISTA)タンパク質に結合する抗原結合領域を含む単離抗体、またはその抗原結合フラグメントであって、前記抗体が、
a)配列番号31のアミノ酸配列を有するVH CDR1、配列番号32のアミノ酸配列を有するVH CDR2、および配列番号33のアミノ酸配列を有するVH CDR3を含む抗体VHドメイン;
b)配列番号34のアミノ酸配列を有するVL CDR1、配列番号35のアミノ酸配列を有するVL CDR2、および配列番号36のアミノ酸配列を有するVL CDR3を含む抗体VLドメイン;
c)非ヒト抗体重鎖定常領域;ならびに
d)非ヒト抗体軽鎖定常領域
を含む単離抗体、またはその抗原結合フラグメント。 - 以下:
(i)配列番号64を含む抗体VHドメイン;
(ii)配列番号45を含む抗体VLドメイン;
(iii)マウス抗体重鎖定常領域を含む非ヒト抗体重鎖定常領域;
(iv)マウスIgG1重鎖定常領域を含む非ヒト抗体重鎖定常領域;
(v)配列番号76におけるマウスIgG1重鎖定常領域を含む非ヒト抗体重鎖定常領域;
(vi)マウスIgG2a重鎖定常領域を含む非ヒト抗体重鎖定常領域;
(vii)マウス抗体軽鎖定常領域である非ヒト抗体軽鎖定常領域;
(viii)マウスIgG1軽鎖定常領域である非ヒト抗体軽鎖定常領域;
(ix)配列番号77におけるマウスIgG1軽鎖定常領域を含む非ヒト抗体軽鎖定常領域;または
(x)マウスIgG2a軽鎖定常領域を含む非ヒト抗体軽鎖定常領域
の少なくとも1つを含む請求項1に記載の抗体、または抗原結合フラグメント。 - 前記抗体または抗原結合フラグメントは、配列番号46のエピトープに結合し、前記抗体は、全抗体または抗体断片を含む請求項1または2に記載の抗体、または抗原結合フラグメント。
- ヒトのT細胞活性化IgV領域抑制因子(VISTA)タンパク質に結合する抗原結合領域を含む単離抗体、またはその抗原結合フラグメントであって、前記抗体は、配列番号76を含む抗体重鎖、および配列番号77を含む抗体軽鎖を含む単離抗体、またはその抗原結合フラグメント。
- 請求項1、2または4に記載の抗体、または抗原結合フラグメントを含む組成物。
- 試料中のヒトVISTAタンパク質を検出するインビトロ方法であって、前記試料を請求項1、2または4に記載の抗体、またはその抗原結合フラグメントと、前記抗体、またはその抗原結合フラグメントが前記試料中のヒトVISTAタンパク質に結合する条件下で接触させる工程と、前記試料中のヒトVISTAタンパク質に結合した前記抗体、またはその抗原結合フラグメントを検出する工程を含むインビトロ方法。
- 前記試料は、以下:
(i)ヒト細胞;
(ii)ヒト組織;
(iii)ヒト免疫細胞;
(iv)ヒト間質細胞;
(v)ヒトのミエロイド細胞、単球もしくはT細胞;
(vi)ヒト癌細胞;
(vii)ヒトの肺癌細胞、前立腺癌細胞、急性骨髄性白血病(AML)細胞、メラノーマ細胞、卵巣癌細胞および結腸癌細胞のいずれかを含むヒト癌細胞もしくはヒト癌組織;
(viii)ヒトの乳、消化管、内分泌、神経内分泌、眼、泌尿生殖器、胚細胞、婦人科、頭頸部、血液、筋骨格、神経、呼吸器、膀胱、結腸、直腸、肺、子宮内膜、腎臓、膵臓、肝臓、胃、精巣、食道、前立腺、脳、子宮頸、卵巣、甲状腺、白血病、メラノーマ、リンパ腫、および骨髄異形成症候群のいずれかを含むヒト癌細胞もしくはヒト癌組織、ここで前記癌細胞もしくは癌組織は、骨髄細胞および/またはT細胞に浸潤され得るかもしくはされ得ない;
(ix)ヒトのリンパ性白血病、骨髄性白血病、急性リンパ性白血病(ALL)、慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)、急性骨髄性白血病(AML)、慢性骨髄性白血病(CML)、有毛細胞白血病、T細胞前リンパ性白血病、大型顆粒リンパ球白血病、成人T細胞白血病、組織球性リンパ腫、濾胞性リンパ腫、ホジキンリンパ腫、多発性骨髄腫、メラノーマ、膀胱癌および非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)のいずれかを含むヒト癌細胞もしくはヒト癌組織;または
(x)前記のいずれかの組み合わせ
のいずれかを含む請求項6に記載の方法。 - 前記抗体、または抗原結合フラグメントは、検出可能な標識を含む請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記抗体、または抗原結合フラグメントは、検出可能な標識を含む請求項7に記載の方法。
- (i)免疫組織化学的(IHC)染色アッセイ;または
(ii)フローサイトメトリーアッセイ
を含む請求項6に記載の方法。 - (i)免疫組織化学的(IHC)染色アッセイ;または
(ii)フローサイトメトリーアッセイ
を含む請求項7に記載の方法。
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JP2018530514A (ja) | 2018-10-18 |
US20210318322A1 (en) | 2021-10-14 |
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