JP2006077030A - アミロイド形成疾患の予防および治療剤 - Google Patents
アミロイド形成疾患の予防および治療剤 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】 患者におけるアミロイドの沈積に対する免疫応答を誘導し得る薬剤、例えば、β−アミロイドペプチドまたはその活性フラグメントの使用。
【選択図】 なし
Description
て、Aβペプチドは凝集化形態において投与される。他の方法において、Aβペプチドは解離化形態において投与される。いくつかの方法において、治療剤はAβまたはその活性なフラグメントもしくは誘導体をコードする有効用量の核酸である。Aβまたはそのフラグメントをコードする核酸は、患者において発現され、免疫応答を誘導するAβまたはその活性なフラグメントを産生する。そのような方法のいくつかにおいて、核酸は皮膚を通して、必要に応じてパッチを介して投与される。いくつかの方法において、治療剤は、Aβに対する抗体に反応性の化合物を同定するために、化合物のライブラリーをスクリーニングする工程、および化合物を患者に投与して免疫応答を誘導する工程によって同定される。
用語「実質的な同一性」は、2つのペプチド配列が、最適に整列された場合に(例えば、初期設定ギャップウェイトを使用するGAPまたはBESTFITプログラムにより)、少なくとも65%の配列同一性を、好ましくは少なくとも80または90%の配列同一性を、さらに好ましくは少なくとも95%以上の配列同一性(例えば、99%以上の配列同一性)を共有することを意味する。好ましくは、同一でない残基位置は、保存的アミノ
酸置換により異なる。
Group、575 Science Dr.、Madison、WIのGAP、BESTFIT、FASTA、およびTFASTA)により、または視覚的検査(一般的に、前出のAusubelらを参照のこと)により実行され得る。パーセント配列同一性および配列類似性を決定するために適切であるアルゴリズムの1つの例は、BLASTアルゴリズムである(これは、Altschulら、J.Mol.Biol.215:403−410(1990)に記載される)。BLAST解析を実施するためのソフトウェアは、NationalCenter forBiotechnology Information(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)を通して公に入手し得る。代表的には、初期設定のプログラムパラメーターが配列比較を実施するために使用され得るが、カスタマイズされたパラメーターもまた使用され得る。アミノ酸配列について、BLASTPプログラムは、初期設定として文字長(wordlength)(W)が3、期待値(E)が10、およびBLOSUM62スコアリングマトリックスを使用する(HenikoffおよびHenikoff、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA89、10915(1989)を参照のこと)。
を別々に単離し、そして2番目の被験体における保護的または治療的効果を測定することによって区別され得る。
I.概略
本発明は、アミロイド沈着の蓄積によって特徴付けられる疾患の予防的処置および治療的処置に対する薬学的組成物および方法を提供する。アミロイド沈着は、不溶性塊に凝集されたペプチドを含む。このペプチドの性質は、異なる疾患において変化するが、しかし多くの場合において、この凝集体はβ−ひだ状シート構造を有し、そしてコンゴーレッド色素を用いて染色する。アミロイド沈着によって特徴付けられる疾患は、早期および後期発症のアルツハイマー病(AD)の両方を含む。両方の疾患において、このアミロイド沈着は、Aβと呼ばれるペプチドを含み、これは発症される個体の脳において蓄積される。いくつかの他の疾患の例は、アミロイド沈着が、SAAアミロイドーシス、遺伝性アイスランド症候群、多発性骨髄腫、および海綿状脳障害(狂牛病、クロイツフェルト−ヤーコプ病、ヒツジスクラピー、およびミンク海綿状脳障害を含む)によって特徴付けられる(Weissmannら、Curr.Opin. Neurobiol.7、695〜700(1997);Smitsら、Veterinary Quarterly 19、101〜105(1997);Nathansonら、Am.J. Epidemiol.145、959〜969(1997)を参照のこと)。これらの疾患において凝集体を形成するペプチドは、最初の3つに対してはそれぞれ、血清アミロイドA、シスタンチン(cystantin)C、IgG κ軽鎖であり、そして他のものに対してはプリオンタンパク質である。
1.アルツハイマー病
本発明における使用のための治療剤は、Aβペプチドに対する免疫応答を誘導する。これらの薬剤は、Aβペプチド自体ならびにその改変体、Aβペプチドに対する抗体を誘導するかおよび/またはAβペプチドに対する抗体と交差反応するAβペプチドのアナログおよびAβペプチドの模倣物、ならびにAβペプチドと反応性のある抗体もしくはT−細胞を含む。免疫反応の誘導は、免疫原が患者におけるAβと反応性のある抗体またはT−細胞を誘導するために投与される場合に、活性であり得、または抗体が、抗体それ自体が患者におけるAβに結合するように投与される場合に、受動的であり得る。
ナログは、天然のペプチドと少なくとも80%または90%の配列同一性を示す。いくつかのアナログはまた、非天然のアミノ酸またはN末端もしくはC末端アミノ酸の改変を含む。非天然のアミノ酸の例は、α,α−二置換アミノ酸、N−アルキルアミノ酸、乳酸、4−ヒドロキシプロリン、γ−カルボキシグルタミン酸、ε−N,N,N−トリメチルリジン、ε−N−アセチルリジン、O−ホスホセリン、N−アセチルセリン、N−ホルミルメチオニン、3−メチルヒスチジン、5−ヒドロキシリジン、ω−N−メチルアルギニンである。フラグメントおよびアナログは、以下に記載されるように、トランスジェニック動物モデルにおける予防的能力または治療的能力についてスクリーニングされ得る。
得る。コンビナトリアルライブラリーは、段階的な様式で合成され得る多くの型の化合物について産生され得る。このような化合物には、ポリペプチド、β−ターン模倣物、ポリサッカライド、リン脂質、ホルモン、プロスタグランジン、ステロイド、芳香族化合物、複素環式化合物、ベンゾジアゼピン、N−置換グリシンオリゴマーおよびオリゴカルバメートが挙げられる。これらの化合物の大きなコンビナトリアルライブラリーは、Affymax、WO95/12608、Affymax、WO 93/06121、Columbia University、WO 94/08051、Pharmacopeia、WO95/35503およびScripps、WO 95/30642(これらの各々は、あらゆる目的のために、引用することにより本明細書の内容となる)に記載されるコードされた合成ライブラリー(ESL)法によって構築され得る。ペプチドライブラリーはまた、ファージディスプレイ法によって生成され得る。例えば、Devlin、WO91/18980を参照のこと。
。
同一のまたは類似の原理によって、他のアミロイド形成疾患の処置に対する治療剤の産生を決定する。一般に、アルツハイマー病の処置に使用するために上記に述べた薬剤はまた、ダウン症候群に関連するアルツハイマー病の初期発症の処置のために使用され得る。狂牛病において、プリオンペプチド、活性フラグメント、およびアナログ、ならびにプリオンペプチドに対する抗体は、アルツハイマー病の処置におけるAβペプチド、活性フラグメント、アナログ、およびAβペプチドに対する抗体の代わりに使用される。多発性骨髄腫の処置において、IgG軽鎖およびアナログならびにそれらに対する抗体は、他の疾患の場合と同様に使用される。
免疫応答の誘導のためのいくつかの物質は、アミロイド沈着に対する免疫応答の誘導のための適切なエピトープを含むが、あまりにも小さくて免疫原性になり得ない。この状態において、ペプチド免疫原は、適切なキャリアに連結されて免疫応答の誘発を補助し得る。適切なキャリアには、血清アルブミン、キーホールリンペットヘモシニアニン、免疫グ
ロブリン分子、サイログロブリン、オボアルブミン、破傷風トキソイド、または他の病原性細菌(例えば、ジフテリア、E.coli、コレラ、もしくはH.pylori、)由来のトキソイド、または弱毒化されたトキシン誘導体が挙げられる。免疫応答の刺激または増強のための他のキャリアには、サイトカイン(例えば、IL−1、IL−1αペプチドおよびIL−1βペプチド、IL−2、γINF、IL−10、GM−CSF、およびケモカイン(例えば、M1P1αおよびM1P1βおよびRANTES)が挙げられる。免疫原性剤はまた、O’Mahony、WO 97/17613およびWO 97/17614に記載されるように、組織を横切る輸送を増強するペプチドに連結され得る。
アミロイド沈着物に対する免疫応答はまた、Aβペプチドまたは他の免疫原ペプチドをコードしている核酸の投与によっても誘導され得る。そのような核酸は、DNAまたはRNAであり得る。免疫原をコードしている核酸セグメントは、代表的には、患者の意図した標的細胞中のDNAセグメントの発現を可能にするプロモーターおよびエンハンサーのような制御エレメントと連結されている。免疫応答の導入に望ましい血液細胞での発現のために、免疫グロブリン遺伝子の軽鎖または重鎖由来のプロモーターおよびエンハンサーエレメント、あるいはCMV主要中間初期プロモーターおよびエンハンサーが、直接発現に適している。連結された制御エレメントおよびコード配列は、しばしばベクターにクローニングされる。
ピローマウイルス(Oheら、HumanGene Therapy6、325−333(1995);Wooら、WO 94/12629ならびにXiaoおよびBrandsma、Nucleic Acids.Res.24、2630−2622(1996))。
処置を受ける余地がある患者は、現在症状を示している患者と同様に、症状を示していないが、疾患の危険性がある個体を含む。アルツハイマー病の場合において、彼または彼女が充分長く生きている場合、実質的に誰であってもアルツハイマー病を患う危険性がある。従って、本発明の方法は、被検体の患者の危険の評価を全く用いず、一般的な集団に対して予防的に投与され得る。本発明の方法は、特にアルツハイマー病の公知の遺伝的危険性を有する個体にとって有用である。このような個体は、この疾患の経験を持つ親族を有する患者を含み、そしてそのような患者の危険性は、遺伝子的または生化学的マーカーを用いた分析により決定される。アルツハイマー病に対する危険性の遺伝子マーカーは、APP遺伝子における変異を含み、特に717位、そしてHardyおよびSwedish変異に参照される670位、および671位の変異をそれぞれ含む(Hardy、TINS、前出を参照のこと)。他の危険性のマーカーは、プレセニリン遺伝子(PS1およびPS2)、およびApoE4(ADの家族歴、高コレステロール血症またはアテローム性動脈硬化症)における変異である。現在アルツハイマー病を患っている個体は、上記の危険性因子の存在と同様に特有の痴呆により認識され得る。さらに、多くの診断試験が、ADを有する個体を同定するために利用可能である。これらは、CSFtauおよびAβ42レベルの測定を含む。tauレベルの増加およびAβ42レベルの減少は、ADの存在を示す。アルツハイマー病を患っている個体はまた、実施例の節に記載される、MMS
EまたはADRDA診断基準により、診断され得る。
予防的な適用において、薬学的組成物または薬剤は、特定の疾患に対して感受性または別の危険性がある患者ヘ十分な量が投与され、危険性を除去または減少させる、あるいは疾患の発病を遅らせる。治療的な適用に、組成物または薬剤の、そのような疾患の疑わしい患者、またはすでにそのような疾患を患っている患者への、疾患の症状およびその合併症の治癒に十分な量、または少なくとも一部分の停止に十分な量が投与される。この達成に適切な量は、治療的にまたは薬学的に効果的な量として定義される。予防的および治療的レジメの両方において、薬剤は、通常、十分な免疫応答が達されるまでいくつかの投薬量で投与される。代表的には、免疫応答は、モニターされ、そして免疫応答が衰え始めた場合、投薬がくり返される。
、腕または足の筋肉に行なわれる。腹腔内注射、動脈内、頭蓋内、あるいは皮内への注射と同様に静脈内への注射はまた、免疫応答の発生に効果的である。いくつかの方法において、薬剤は、沈着物が蓄積した、特定の組織へ直接注射される。
た、MF59(WO90/14837)(b)10%スクアレン、0.4%Tween 80、5%pluronic−blockedポリマーL121、およびthr−MDPを含み、サブミクロン乳濁液にマイクロフルイダイズされるかまたは、より大きな粒子サイズの乳濁液を生成するためにボルテックスされたSAF、ならびに(c)2%スクアレン、0.2%Tween80、および1つ以上の以下からなる群から選択される細菌細胞壁組成物を含むRibiTMアジュバントシステム(RAS)、(RibiImmunochem、Hamilton、MT):モノホスホリル脂質A(MPL)、トレハロースジマイコレート(trehalosedimycolate)(TDM)、および細胞壁骨格(CWS)、好ましくは、MPL+CWS(DetoxTM)。好ましいアジュバントの別のクラスは、StimulonTM(QS21、Aquila、Worcester、MA)のようなサポニンアジュバント、またはISCOMs(免疫賦活複合体)およびISCOMATRIXのようなそれらから生成される粒子である。他のアジュバントは、完全フロイントアジュバント(CFA)および不完全フロイントアジュバント(IFA)を含む。他のアジュバントは、インターロイキン(IL−1、IL−2、およびIL−12)、マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(M−CSF)、腫瘍壊死因子(TNF)のようなサイトカインを含む。
本発明は、アルツハイマー病を患っている、または感受性である患者におけるAβペプチドに対する免疫応答を検出する方法を提供する。この方法は、患者への投与による処置
の経過をモニターするのに特に有用である。この方法は、症状のある患者への治療的処置、および症状のない患者への予防的処置の両方をモニターするために、用いられ得る。
法は、上述した(定義を参照のこと)。
これらの実施例は、アルツハイマー様の神経病理を引き起こす素因となる、717番目の位置に変異を持つAPP(APP717V→F)を過剰発現しているトランスジェニックマウスに対するAβ42ペプチドの投与を述べる。これらのマウス(PDAPPマウス)の産生および特徴はGamesら、Nature、前出に述べられている。ヘテロ接合体であるこれらの動物では、6ヶ月齢の前からAβが沈着し始める。15ヶ月齢までにアルツハイマー病で見られるのと同じくらいの程度までAβの沈着を示す。PDAPPマウスに凝集したAβ42(凝集Aβ42)またはリン酸緩衝化生理食塩水を注射した。Aβの複数のエピトープに対して抗体を誘導する能力のために、凝集Aβ42を選択した。
(1.マウスの供給源)
30匹の異型遺伝子型の雌性PDAPPマウスを次のグループに無作為に分けた。10匹には凝集Aβ42を注射(1匹は輸送中に死亡)、5匹にはPBS/アジュバントまたはPBSを注射、そして10匹には注射しないコントロールとした。5匹には血清アミロイドタンパク質(SAP)を注射した。
凝集Aβ42の調製:2mgのAβ42(US PeptidesInc、ロット番号K−42−12)を0.9mlの水に溶解し、0.1mlの10×PBSを加えることによって1mlにした。これをボルテックスして、ペプチドが凝集する条件である37℃で一晩インキュベートさせた。未使用のAβは凍結乾燥粉末として−20℃で次の注射まで保管した。
最初の免疫のために、マウス1匹あたりPBS中に100μgの凝集Aβ42を完全フロイントアジュバント(CFA)と1:1の割合で乳化し、最終的な容量を400μlのエマルジョンとした。次に2週間後に同量の免疫原を不完全フロイントアジュバント(IFA)中で追加免疫した。1ヶ月間隔で、さらに2回の用量をIFA中で投与した。次に1ヶ月間隔で500μlのPBS中で引き続き免疫した。注射は腹腔内(i.p.)に投与した。
上記の方法は後述の一般的な材料および方法において述べる。
PDAPPマウスに凝集したAβ42(凝集Aβ42)、SAPペプチド、またはリン酸緩衝化生理食塩水のどれかを注射した。1グループのPDAPPマウスもポジティブコントロールとして注射せずに残した。凝集Aβ42に対するマウスの力価を、4回目の追加免疫からマウスが1年齢になるまで、1ヶ月おきに測定した。マウスを13ヶ月で屠殺した。調査した全ての時点で、9匹の凝集Aβ42を投与したマウスのうち8匹は高い抗体力価を示し、これは一連の注射の間、高いままであった(1/10000以上の力価)。9匹目のマウスの力価は低かったが、約1/1000の力価にかなり近かった(図1、表1)。SAPPを注射したマウスはこの免疫原に対して1:1,000から1:30,000の力価を示し、1匹のマウスのみが1:100,000を超えた。
は全ての時点でバックグラウンドの4倍以下であった(表1)。これらの時点で、SAPに特異的な応答はごくわずかであり、全ての力価は300未満であった。
Aβ1−42を注射したマウスの脳においてAβプラークならびに、神経およびグリア細胞の反応性変化が存在しないことは、それらの脳にアミロイドが沈着しないか、ごくわずかなアミロイドしか沈着せず、グリオーシスおよび神経炎の病状のような病的な結果が起こらなかったことを示している。Aβ1−42で処置したPDAPPマウスは、コントロールの非トランスジェニックマウスと本質的に同様な病状の欠如を示している。従って、Aβ1−42の注射は脳組織からのヒトAβの沈着予防または除去、その次に起こる神経性および炎症性変性変化を排除するのに、高い効果がある。従って、Aβペプチドの投与はADの予防に治療的な利益がある。
5週齢、雌Swiss Websterマウスのグループ(グループあたりN=6)を、CFA/IFA中で調剤した300、100、33、11、3.7、1.2、0.4、または0.13μgのAβを腹腔内に投与して免疫した。2週間おきに3回投与し、次に1ヵ月後に4回目の投与を行った。最初の投与はCFAで乳化し、残りの投与はIFAで乳化した。抗体力価を測定するために、2回目の投与後から始めて、それぞれの免疫から4−7日後に動物から採血した。11、33、または300μgの抗原で免疫した1組の3グループの動物から、4回目の免疫から約1ヶ月間隔で4ヶ月間、さらに採血して、ワクチンの用量のある範囲にわたって抗体応答の減衰をモニターした。これらの動物には、試験開始後7ヶ月目に最終的な5回目の免疫を行った。それらを1週間後に屠殺し、AN1792に対する抗体応答を測定し、毒性分析を行った。
血液で測定したものよりも、力価は、2倍から3倍高かった(図6)。この観察は、既往性の抗体応答が最高点に達するのは免疫から5日後以降であることを示唆している。33μgのグループにおいて、この時点でよりゆるやかな(50%)増加が見られた。300μg投与グループにおいて最後の投与から2ヵ月後、GMTは急速に約70%まで減少した。さらに1ヵ月後、減少はより急激ではなくなり45%(100μg)、および33および11μgで約14%であった。従って、免疫中止後の循環している抗体力価の減少率は2相性であり、応答が最高点に達してから最初の1ヶ月は急激に減少し、その後はよりゆるやかな減少率であるようである。
免疫原性製剤が老齢動物においてADの神経病理学的な特徴を阻止または逆転させる活性を調べるために、このアッセイを設計する。PDAPPマウスの脳にアミロイドプラークが既に存在する時点から、42アミノ酸長のAβ(AN1792)を用いて免疫を始めた。
Charles Riverから入手した11から11.5ヶ月齢の、48匹のヘテロ接合体の雌性PDAPPマウスを2つのグループに無作為に分けた。すなわち、24匹のマウスを100μgのAN1792で、24匹のマウスをPBSで、それぞれフロイントアジュバントと組み合せて免疫した。それらが15ヶ月齢に達したとき、AN1792およびPBSのグループを再び分けた。15ヶ月齢の時、AN1792およびPBS処置動物の、それぞれのグループの約半数を安楽死させ(それぞれn=10および9)、残りを18ヶ月で終了するまで免疫し続けた(それぞれn=9および12)。全体で8匹の動物(AN1792で5匹、PBSで3匹)が試験中に死亡した。免疫した動物に加えて、1
年齢(n=10)、15ヶ月齢(n=10)、および18ヶ月齢(n=10)の未処置PDAPPマウスを、脳内のAβおよびAPPレベルを測定するELISAでの比較のために含めた;1年齢の動物を免疫組織化学的分析にも含めた。
1.アミロイド産生量に対するAN1792処置の効果 定量的画像分析によって決定した皮質のアミロイド産生量に対するAN1792処置の結果を図7に示す。皮質のアミロイド産生量の中央値は、未処置12ヶ月齢PDAPPマウスのグループで0.28%であり、この値は試験開始時のマウスにおけるプラーク産生量をあらわす。18ヶ月で、PBS処置マウスではアミロイド産生量は17倍以上増加して4.87%となったが、AN1792処置マウスではアミロイド産生量が大きく抑制され0.01%だけであり、12ヶ月の未処置、15ヶ月および18ヶ月のPBS処置マウスのグループより著しく低かった。アミロイド産生量はAN1792を投与したもので、15ヶ月(96%の抑制、p=0.003)および18ヶ月(99%以上の抑制、p=0.0002)の両方で有意に抑制された。
Aβ陽性細胞の集団は、代表的的にはアミロイド沈着を含む脳の領域に見られた。驚くべきことに、AN1792レシピエント由来のいくつかの脳では、細胞外皮質アミロイドプラークが極めて少ないか、または全く見られなかった。ほとんどのAβ免疫応答性は大きな小葉または凝集体の細胞中に含まれているようであった。表現型では、これらの細胞は活性化した小膠細胞または単球に類似していた。それらは活性化した単球および小膠細
胞に発現されるリガンド(MHCIIおよびCD11b)を認識する抗体に免疫応答性を示し、時折血管壁または内腔に結合していた。AβおよびMHC II特異的抗体を用いて標識した、近接した切片との比較により、これらの細胞の類似したパターンが両方のクラスの抗体により認識されることが明らかになった。AN1792処置した脳の詳細な調査により、MHCII陽性細胞はこれらの動物に残っている、限られたアミロイドの付近に限られることが明らかになった。使用した固定条件化では、細胞はT細胞(CD3、CD3e)またはB細胞(CD45RA、CD45RB)リガンドまたは白血球共通抗原(CD45)を認識する抗体には免疫応答性を示さなかったが、単球と交差反応するロイコシアリン(leukosialin)(CD43)を認識する抗体には反応を示した。どのPBS処置マウスでも、そのような細胞は見られなかった。
(a)皮質のレベル
未処置のPDAPPマウスでは、12ヶ月の皮質における全Aβレベルの中央値は1,600ng/gであり、15ヶ月までに8,700ng/gまで増加した(表2)。18ヶ月時の値は22,000ng/gであり、実験の期間中に10倍以上増加した。PBS処置動物は15ヶ月で全Aβは8,600ng/gであり、18ヶ月で19,000ng/gまで増加した。対照的に、AN1792処置動物では15ヶ月で、PBSで免疫した群に比べて全Aβが81%少なかった(1,600ng/g)。AN1792およびPBS群を比べると18ヶ月で有意に低い(p=0.0001)全Aβ(5,200ng/g)が見られた(表2)。これは他の見方では存在するAβが72%減少したことを示している。同様の結果がAβ42の皮質レベルを比較した時に得られた。すなわち、AN1792処置群はより少ないAβ42を含んだが、この場合、AN1792およびPBS群の差は15ヶ月(p=0.04)および18ヶ月(p=0.0001、表2)の両方で有意であった。
未処置のPDAPPマウスでは、12ヶ月齢での海馬における全Aβレベルの中央値は15,000ng/gであり、15ヶ月で51,000ng/g、および18ヶ月でさらに81,000ng/gまで増加した(表3)。同様に、PBSで免疫したマウスでは15ヶ月および18ヶ月でそれぞれ40,000ng/gおよび65,000ng/gの値を示した。AN1792で免疫した動物はより少ない全Aβを示し、具体的には15ヶ月および18ヶ月の時点で、それぞれ25,000ng/gおよび51,000ng/gであった。18ヶ月のAN1792処置群の値は、PBS処置群の値に比べて有意に低かった(p=0.0105、表3)。Aβ42の測定は同じパターンの結果を示した。すなわち18ヶ月の評価では、AN1792処置群のレベルはPBS群より有意に低かった(それぞれ39,000ng/g対57,000ng/g、p=0.0022)(表3)。
12ヶ月の未処置PDAPPマウスでは、小脳における全Aβレベルの中央値は15ng/gであった(表4)。15ヶ月では、この中央値は28ng/gまで増加し、18ヶ月までには35ng/gまで増加した。PBS処置マウスでは、全Aβ値の中央値は、15ヶ月で21ng/g、および18ヶ月で43ng/gであった。AN1792処置動物では15ヶ月で全Aβは22ng/gであり、18ヶ月では対応するPBS群に比べて有意に低い(p=0.002)全Aβであった(25ng/g)(表4)。
APP−αおよび全長のAPP分子はどちらも、Aβ配列の全てまたは一部を含み、従ってAN1792特異的免疫応答の生成によって、潜在的に影響を受け得る。現在までの研究では、PDAPPマウスにおける神経病理学的な増加として、APPレベルのわずかな増加が言及されている。皮質においては、APP−α/FL(全長)またはAPP−αどちらかのレベルは、処置によって本質的には変化しなかった。例外として18ヶ月の時点でAN1792処置群において、PBS処置群に比べてAPP−αが19%減少された。18ヶ月におけるAN1792処置群のAPPの値は、未処置群の12ヶ月および15ヶ月、ならびにPBS群の15ヶ月の値とは有意に違わなかった。全ての場合で、APPの値はPDAPPマウスで正常に見られる範囲内にとどまった。
神経炎性局面過重は、15ヶ月齢(84%、p=0.03)および18ヶ月齢(55%、p=0.01)の両方で、PBS群に比べてAN1792処置マウスの前頭皮質で有意に減少した(図8)。神経炎性局面過重の中央値は、PBS群で15ヶ月と18ヶ月との間に0.32%から0.49%まで増加した。これと対照的に、AN1792群では神経炎性局面の発達が大きく減少し、神経炎性局面過重の中央値は、15ヶ月および18ヶ月の群でそれぞれ0.05%および0.22%であった。
上記で述べたように、11ヶ月齢のヘテロ接合性のPDAPPマウス(N=24)に、フロイントアジュバントで乳化した100μgのAN1792を用いて一連の免疫を5回行った。0、2、4、8、および12週に腹腔内に投与し、16週にPBS単独(フロイントアジュバントなし)で6回目の免疫を行った。ネガティブコントロールとして、並行して1組の24匹の月齢を一致させたトランスジェニックマウスを、同じアジュバントで乳化したPBSを用いて、同じスケジュールで投与して免疫した。2回目の投与後から始めて、それぞれの免疫後3から7日以内に動物から採血した。AN1792に対する抗体反応をELISAによって測定した。AN1792で免疫した動物の相乗平均力価(GMT)は、2回目、3回目および最後(6回目)の投与後それぞれ約1,900、7,60
0、および45,000であった。コントロールの動物では6回目の免疫後、Aβ特異的な抗体は測定されなかった。
9匹のAN1792で免疫した、および12匹のPBSで免疫した18ヶ月齢のPDAPPマウスから、9回目の免疫から7日後に脾臓を取り出した。脾臓細胞を単離し、Aβ40、Aβ42、またはAβ40−1(逆順のタンパク質)の存在下で72時間培養した。マイトジェンConAをポジティブコントロールとして使用した。1.7μMより多いタンパク質で最高の応答が得られた。9匹全てのAN1792処置動物由来の細胞は、Aβ1−40またはAβ1−42タンパク質のどちらかに応答して増殖し、どちらのタンパク質に対しても同じレベルの取り込みを示した(図10、上のパネル)。Aβ40−1逆向きタンパク質に対する反応は無かった。コントロール動物由来の細胞はどのAβタンパク質にも反応しなかった(図10、下のパネル)。
この研究の結果は、アミロイド沈着が存在するPDAPPマウスをAN1792で免疫すると、アミロイド沈着の進行を遅くし、および阻止し、その次に起こる老齢PDAPPマウスの脳内での神経病理学的な変化を遅らせることを示している。AN1792を用いた免疫は、アミロイドが通常アミロイドーシスへと至る構造に発展するのを本質的に停止させた。従って、Aβペプチドの投与はADの処置に処置上の利益がある
(IV.Aβフラグメントのスクリーニング)
9〜11ヶ月齢の100匹のPDAPPマウスを、9つの異なったAPPおよびAβの領域で免疫し、どのエピトープが応答を伝達するのか決定する。9つの異なった免疫原および1つのコントロールを、上記で述べたようにi.p.で投与する。免疫原は、すべてシスチン結合によってヒツジ抗マウスIgGと結合している4つのヒトAβペプチド結合体1−12、13−28、32−42、1−5、およびAPPポリペプチドaa592−695、凝集ヒトAβ1−40、および凝集ヒトAβ25−35、および凝集げっ歯類Aβ42を含む。凝集Aβ42およびPBSをコントロールとして使用する。1つの処置群あたり10匹のマウスを使用する。力価を上記のように測定し、注射の4ヶ月後マウスを安楽死させる。組織化学、Aβレベル、および毒性を死後に決定する。
(1.免疫原の調製)
結合Aβペプチドの調製:4つのヒトAβペプチド結合体(アミノ酸残基1−5、1−12、13−28、および33−42、それぞれヒツジ抗マウスIgGに結合している)
を、架橋剤スルホEMCSを用いてAβペプチドに加えた人工的なシステインにより結合することによって調製した。Aβペプチド誘導体を、次の最終的なアミノ酸配列で合成した。それぞれの場合で挿入したシステイン残基の位置を下線で示す。示されているように、Aβ13−28ペプチド誘導体は、カルボキシル末端のシステインの前に加えられた2つのグリシン残基を有した。
ヒト1−40(AN1528;California Peptides Inc.、ロット番号ME0541)、ヒト1−42(AN1792;CaliforniaPeptides Inc.、ロット番号ME0339およびME0439)、ヒト25−35、およびげっ歯類1−42(California Peptides Inc.、ロット番号ME0218)ペプチドを、それぞれの組の注射を調製するために、−20℃で乾燥して保存してあった凍結乾燥粉末から新しく可溶化した。この目的のために、2mgのペプチドを0.9mlの脱イオン水に加え、混合物をボルテックスして比較的均一な溶液または懸濁液を作成した。4つのうち、AN1528のみがこの段階で可溶性のペプチドであった。次に、10×PBS(1×PBS:0.15M NaCl、0.01M リン酸ナトリウム、pH7.5)の100μlのアリコートを、AN1528が沈殿し始めた時点で加えた。懸濁液を再びボルテックスして翌日使用するために37℃で一晩インキュベートした。
(1.実験計画)
100匹の雄および雌、9から11ヶ月齢のヘテロ接合性のPDAPPトランスジェニックマウスを、CharlesRiver LaboratoryおよびTaconicLaboratoryから入手した。マウスを10の群に分けて、フロイントアジュバントと組み合せたAβまたはAPPの異なった領域で免疫した。動物は動物の性別、月齢、血統および供給源が群内でできるだけ近くなるように分けた。免疫原は、それぞれヒツジ抗マウスIgGと結合したヒト配列由来の4つのAβペプチド、1−5、1−12、13−28、および33−42;4つの凝集Aβペプチド、ヒト1−40(AN1528)、ヒト1−42(AN1792)、ヒト25−35、およびげっ歯類1−42;およびAPPアミノ酸残基592−695を含むpBx6と呼ばれる融合ポリペプチドを含んだ。10番目の群はコントロールとしてアジュバントと組み合せたPBSで免疫した。
様々なAβペプチドまたはAPP誘導体で免疫してから約4ヵ月後、生理食塩水で灌流した動物から脳を取り出した。半球の一つを免疫組織化学的分析のために調製し、そしてもう1つをAβおよびAPPレベルを定量するために使用した。様々な形態のベータアミロイドペプチドおよびアミロイド前駆体タンパク質の濃度を測定するために、この半球を解剖し、そして海馬、皮質、および小脳領域のホモジネートを5Mグアニジン中で調製した。これらを希釈し、そしてアミロイドまたはAPPのレベルをELISAフォーマットで、既知の濃度の標準AβペプチドまたはAPPの、一連の希釈液と比較して定量した。
6グループのサブセット由来の脳を免疫組織化学的分析のために調製した。Aβペプチド結合体Aβ1−5、Aβ1−12、およびAβ13−28で免疫した3つのグループ、全長Aβ凝集物AN1792およびAN1528で免疫した2つのグループ、およびPBSで処置したコントロールグループである。これらのグループからの脳切片におけるアミロイド負荷のイメージ分析の結果を図12に示す。コントロール動物に比べて、3つの処置グループの皮質領域においてアミロイド負荷の有意な減少がみられた。アミロイド負荷の一番大きな減少はAN1792を投与したグループで観察され、平均値は97%減少した(p=0.001)。AN1528(95%、p=0.005)およびAβ1−5ペプ
チド結合体(67%、p=0.02)で処置した動物においても有意な減少が観察された。
第2回目の免疫の後から始めて、それぞれの免疫から4から7日後にマウスから採血し、全部で5回採血した。抗体力価を、Aβ1−42結合抗体として、Aβ1−42でコートしたプラスチックマルチウェルプレートでサンドイッチELISAを用いて測定した。図13に示したように、最も高い力価のAN1792特異的抗体を誘発した4つのワクチンでは、第4回目の投与後にピークの抗体力価が誘発された。すなわち、AN1792(GMTピーク値:94,647)、AN1528(GMTピーク値:88,231)、Aβ1−12結合体(GMTピーク値:47,216)およびげっ歯類Aβ1−42(GMTピーク値:10,766)であった。これらのグループにおける力価は、第5回目および6第回目の用量後にいくらか減少した。残りの5つの免疫原では、第5回目または第6回目の用量後にピーク力価に達し、そしてこれらは4つの最も高い力価を示すグループの値よりもかなり低かった。すなわち、Aβ1−5結合体(GMTピーク値:2,356)、pBx6(GMTピーク値:1,986)、Aβ13−28結合体(GMTピーク値:1,183)、Aβ33−42結合体(GMTピーク値:658)、Aβ25−35(GMTピーク値:125)であった。同じELISAサンドイッチフォーマットを用い、免疫原のサブセット、Aβ1−5、Aβ13−28、Aβ25−35、Aβ33−42またはげっ歯類Aβ1−42で免疫したグループについて、相同性ペプチドに対する抗体の力価もまた測定した。これらの力価はAβ1−42に対して測定した力価とほぼ同じであったが、例外としてげっ歯類Aβ1−42免疫原について相同性免疫原に対する抗体力価が約2倍高かった。個々の動物のAN1792特異的抗体力価の大きさまたは処置グループの平均値は、皮質におけるAβの減少として測定される効力と相関しなかった。
Aβ依存的リンパ球増殖を、最後の6回目の免疫から約1週間後に採取した脾臓細胞を用いて測定した。ウェルあたり105個の新しく採取した細胞を、刺激のために5μMの濃度のAβ1−40存在下で5日間培養した。10グループのうち7グループのサブセッ
ト由来の細胞は、逆ペプチドAβ40−1の存在下でも培養した。ポジティブコントロールとして、追加の細胞をT細胞分裂促進剤であるPHAと共に培養し、そしてネガティブコントロールとしてペプチドを加えずに細胞を培養した。
20匹の非トランスジェニックマウスを、Aβまたは他の免疫原を用い、必要に応じてアジュバントを加えて免疫し、4−5ヶ月で安楽死させる。免疫したマウスから血液を採集する。必要に応じてIgGを他の血液成分から分離する。免疫原に特異的な抗体は、アフィニティークロマトグラフィーで部分的に精製し得る。マウスあたり平均約0.5−1mg、全体で5−10mgの免疫原特異的抗体が得る。
7−9ヶ月齢のPDAPPマウスのグループに、それぞれPBS中の0.5mgのポリクローナル抗Aβ抗体、または特異的抗Aβモノクローナル抗体を下記に示すように注射する。全ての抗体製剤をエンドトキシンレベルが低くなるように精製する。Aβのフラグメントまたはより長い形態をマウスに注射して、ハイブリドーマを調製し、そしてこのハイブリドーマを、望ましいAβの所望のフラグメントに特異的に結合してAβの他の重複しないフラグメントに結合しない抗体に関してスクリーニングし、フラグメントに対するモノクローナル抗体を調製し得る。
この実施例はCFA、ミョウバン、水中油型エマルジョンおよびMPLを、免疫応答を刺激する能力に関して比較する。
(1.実験計画)
Elm Hillから入手した100匹の雌Hartley種、6週齢のモルモットを10グループに分け、AN1792またはそのパルミトイル化誘導体で、様々なアジュバントと組み合せて免疫した。7グループにはAN1792(明記しなければ33μg)を、a)PBS、b)フロイントアジュバント、c)MPL、d)スクアレン、e)MPL/ス
クアレン、f)低用量のミョウバン、またはg)高用量のミョウバン(300μgのAN1792)と組み合せて注射した。2グループには、AN1792のパルミトイル化誘導体(33μg)を、a)PBS、またはb)スクアレンと組み合せて注射した。最後に、10番目のグループには抗原または追加のアジュバント無しにPBS単独を投与した。フロイントアジュバントを投与したグループでは、最初の用量はCFAと乳化し、そして残りの4回の用量はIFAと乳化した。高用量のミョウバングループに300μgのAN1792を投与した以外は、全てのグループに抗原を33μgの用量で投与した。注射はCFA/IFAは腹腔内、そして他の全てのグループでは左右交互の後足四頭筋に筋肉内投与した。最初の3回の用量は2週間おきのスケジュールで投与し、次に2回の用量を1ヶ月おきに投与した。抗体力価を測定するために、2回目の投与後から始めて、それぞれの免疫から6から7日後に採血した。
2mgのAβ42(California Peptide、ロット番号ME0339)を0.9mlの脱イオン水に加え、そしてこの混合物をボルテックスして比較的均一な懸濁液を作成した。10×PBS(1×PBSは、0.15M NaCl、0.01Mリン酸ナトリウム、pH7.5)の100μlのアリコートを加えた。この懸濁液を再びボルテックスし、そして翌日使用するために37℃で一晩インキュベートした。未使用のAβ1−42は乾燥剤と共に凍結乾燥粉末として−20℃で保存した。
PBSに、最終的な濃度が5%のスクアレン、0.5%のTween 80、0.5%のSpan 85となるように加え、そしてこの混合物を上記で述べたように乳化した。
2回目の免疫後から始めて、免疫の6から7日後にモルモットから採血し、全部で4回採血した。Aβ42に対する抗体力価を一般的な材料および方法で述べたようにELISAで測定した。
約14週後、全てのモルモットにCO2を投与した。脳脊髄液を採取し、そして脳を取り出して、3つの脳領域(海馬、皮質および小脳)を解剖して総Aβタンパク質の濃度をELISAで測定するために使用した。
(1.抗体応答)
免疫後AN1792に対する抗体応答として測定される場合、種々のアジュバントの強度(potency)の広範な範囲が存在した。図14に示すように、AN1792をPBS中で投与した場合、2または3回の免疫後には抗体は検出されず、そして4回目および5回目の投与後にわずかな応答が検出され、相乗平均力価(GMT)はわずかに約45であった。o/wエマルジョンは3回目の投与後に大きくない力価(GMT255)を誘導し、この力価は4回目の投与後に維持され(GMT 301)、そして最後の投与で減少した(GMT 54)。ミョウバンに結合したAN1792に関しては明らかな抗原用量応答が存在し、300μgは33μgに比べて全ての時点でより免疫原性であった。4回目の免疫後の、抗体応答のピーク点では、2つの投与間の差は43%、GMTは約1940(33μg)および3400(300μg)であった。33μgのAN1792プラスMPLに対する抗体応答は、ミョウバンに結合した約10倍高用量の抗原(300μg)で生じる応答と非常に類似していた。o/wエマルジョンにMPLを加えると、MPLを単独のアジュバントとして使用した時に比べて75%ほどワクチンの強度が減少した。AN1792のパルミトイル化誘導体は、PBS中で投与した場合に完全に非免疫原性であり、そしてo/wエマルジョン中で提示した場合大きくない力価を示して、3回目および4回目の採血についてGMTは340および105であった。最も高い抗体力価はフロイントアジュバントで産生され、GMTのピーク値は約87,000で、2つの次に最も強力なワクチンであるMPLおよび高用量AN1792/ミョウバンの約30倍大きい値であった。
約14週でモルモットを深く麻酔し、群のサブセットであるフロイントアジュバント(群2)、MPL(群5)、高用量のAN1792300μgとミョウバン(群10)で免疫した群、およびPBSで免疫したコントロール群(群3)の動物から、脳脊髄液(CSF)を採取し、そして脳を摘出した。Aβペプチドのレベルを測定するために、1つの半球を解剖して、海馬、皮質、および小脳領域のホモジネートを5Mグアニジン中で調製した。これらを希釈し、そしてELISA形式で、既知の濃度のAβ標準タンパク質の一連の希釈液と比較して定量した。海馬、皮質および小脳のAβタンパク質レベルは、これらのワクチンで惹起されるAβに対する抗体応答が広い範囲にわたるにもかかわらず、4つのグループ全てで非常に類似していた。測定されたAβレベルの平均値は、海馬においては約25ng/g組織、皮質では21ng/g、および小脳では12ng/gであった。従って、これらの動物のいくつかで、ほとんど3ヶ月間Aβに対する高い循環抗体力価が存在することは、それらの脳での全Aβレベルを変化させなかった。CSF中のAβレベルもグループ間で非常に類似していた。AN1792による免疫が内因性のAβに大きな影響を与えないことは、免疫応答がAβの病的な形成に焦点を合わせていることを示している。
この研究のために6週齢の雌性Swiss Websterマウスを1グループあたり10−13匹使用した。0、14、28、60、90、および120日目に200μlの投与量で皮下に投与し、免疫を行った。全ての処方でPBSを緩衝液として使用した。ELISAによって抗体力価を分析するために、2回目の投与後から始めて、それぞれの免疫から7日後に動物から採血した。それぞれのグループの処置レジメを表7にまとめる。
治療的効果の研究を、ヒトでの使用に適当な一連のアジュバントを用いて、PDAPPトランスジェニックマウスで行い、Aβに対する免疫応答を増強する能力、および脳内のアミロイド沈着の免疫媒介性の除去を誘発する能力を決定した。
μgのAN1792を5μgのチメロサールと組み合せて、そして皮下に投与した。9番目のコントロールグループは、皮下に投与された200μlのPBSのみを受けた。免疫は最初の3回の投与は2週間ごと、その後は1ヵ月ごとのスケジュールで行い、0、16、28、56、85および112日目に行った。抗体力価を測定するために、2回目の投与後から始めてそれぞれの免疫から6〜7日後に動物を採血した。最後の投与から約1週間後に動物を安楽死させた。脳内のAβおよびAPPレベルのELISAアッセイによって、および脳切片におけるアミロイドプラークの存在を免疫組織化学的に評価することによって結果を測定した。さらに、Aβ特異的抗体力価、およびAβ依存的増殖およびサイトカイン応答を決定した。
が期待される。対照的に、AN1792プラス保存剤チロメサールは、PBSで治療したマウスとほとんど同じAβレベルの中央値を示した。Aβ42の皮質レベルを比較した場合、同様の結果が得られた。PBSコントロールにおけるAβ42レベルの中央値は1624ng/gであった。AN1792プラスCFA/IFA、AN1792プラスミョウバン、AN1792プラスMPLおよびAN1792プラスQS21で処置したマウスで著しく抑制された中央値が観察され、それぞれ403、1149、620、および714であり、AN1792プラスCFA/IFA処置グループでは統計学的に有意な(p=0.05)抑制であった。AN1792プラスチメロサールで処置したマウスでの中央値は、1619ng/gのAβ42であった。
実施例2、3および7で記載したように、研究終了時に組織病理学的調査のために組織を採取した。さらに、血液学的、および臨床化学的検査を、実施例3および7由来の最終の血液試料で行った。脳、肺、リンパ節、胃腸、肝、腎、副腎および生殖巣を含むほとんどの主要な臓器を評価した。研究動物において散発的な病変が観察されたが、影響を受けた組織または病変の重症度のいずれにおいても、AN1792で処置された動物と未処置の動物の間で明らかな違いは見られなかった。PBSで処置した、または未処置の動物と比べて、AN1792で免疫した動物において独特な組織病理学的病変は見られなかった。実施例7において、アジュバントグループおよびPBS処置グループ間で、臨床化学的プロファイルにおいても違いは見られなかった。実施例7において、PBS処置動物に比べてAN1792とフロイントアジュバントで処置した動物との間で、いくつかの血液学的パラメーターが有意に上昇していたが、この種の影響はフロイントアジュバント処置およびそれに伴う腹膜炎から予想され、AN1792処置による副作用を示すものではない。毒性評価の一部分ではないが、PDAPPマウスの脳の病変を有効性のエンドポイントの一部として広範囲に調査した。どの研究においても、脳形態学において処置に関連する有害作用の徴候は見られなかった。これらの結果はAN1792による処置は、十分耐用性があり、少なくとも実質的に副作用がないことを示している。
安全性を決定するために単回投与の第1相試験を行う。治療薬を、投与量を増やしながら異なった患者に投与する。有効性が推定されるレベルの約0.01から始めて、マウスで有効な投与量の約10倍のレベルに達するまで3倍ずつ増加させる。
(1.抗体力価の測定)
マウスを、尾静脈を小さく切開して採血し、そして約200μlの血液を微量遠心チューブに採取した。モルモットを、まず後足のかかと部分の毛を剃り、次いで、18ゲージの針で中足静脈を切開して採血し、血液を微量遠心チューブに採取した。血液を室温(RT)で1時間凝固させ、ボルテックスして、次に14,000×gで10分間遠心分離し、血清から血餅を分離した。次に、血清を清潔な微量遠心チューブに移して、力価を測定するまで4℃で保存した。
マウスをイソフルランで麻酔した。脾臓を取り出し、10%の熱非働化ウシ胎仔血清を
含むPBS(PBS−FBS)5mlで2回リンスし、次に1.5mlのPBS−FBS中の50μのCentriconユニット(DakoA/S、Denmark)で、Medimachine(Dako)を用いて100rpm、10秒間ホモジナイズした。次に100μサイズの孔を持つナイロンメッシュで濾過した。脾臓細胞を15mlのPBS−FBSで1回洗浄し、次いで、200×gで5分間遠心分離してペレット化した。ペレットを0.15MNH4Cl、1M KHCO3、0.1M NaEDTAを含む緩衝液(pH7.4)5mLに、室温で5分間再懸濁することにより赤血球を溶解した。次に、白血球を上記のように洗浄した。新しく単離した脾臓細胞(ウェルあたり105細胞)を3組、96ウェルU底組織培養用処理マイクロタイタープレート(Corning、Cambridge、MA)上で、2.05mMLグルタミン、1%ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン、および10%熱非働化FBSを補充したRPMI1640培地(JRH Biosciences、Lenexa、KS)中で、37℃、96時間培養した。様々なAβペプチド、Aβ1−16、Aβ1−40、Aβ1−42、またはAβ40−1逆向き配列タンパク質もまた、5μMから0.18μMの範囲の投与量で、4段階で加えた。コントロールウェルの細胞は、タンパク質を加えずにコンカナバリンA(ConA)(Sigma、cat.#C−5275、1μg/ml)とともに培養した。細胞を最後の24時間3H−チミジン(1μCi/ウェル、Amersham Corp.、Arlington Heights、ILから入手)でパルスした。次に細胞をUniFilterプレートに回収し、Top Count MicroplateScintillation Counter(Packard Instruments、DownersGrove、IL)でカウントした。結果は不溶性の高分子に組み込まれた放射活性の1分あたりのカウント(cpm)として表す。
安楽死させた後、脳を取り出し一方の半球を免疫組織化学的分析のために調製し、他方の半球から3つの脳の領域(海馬、皮質および小脳)を分離して、様々なAβタンパク質の濃度およびAPPの形を特異的なELISAを用いて測定するのに使用した(Johnson−Woodら、前出)。
脳ホモジネートを氷冷Casein Diluent(0.25%カゼイン、PBS、0.05%アジ化ナトリウム、20μg/mlアプロチニン、5mM EDTA pH8.0、10μg/mlロイペプチン)で1:10に希釈し、次に16,000×gで20分間、4℃で遠心分離した。合成Aβタンパク質標準物質(1−42アミノ酸)およびAPP標準物質を、最終的な組成物中に0.5Mグアニジンおよび0.1%ウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)を含むように調製した。「全」AβのサンドイッチELISAは、Aβの13−28アミノ酸に特異的なモノクローナル抗体(mAβ)266(Seubertら)を捕獲抗体として利用し、Aβの1−5アミノ酸に特異的なビオチン化mAβ 3D6(Johnson−Woodら)をリポーター抗体として利用する。3D6mAβは分泌されたAPPまたは全長のAPPを認識せず、アミノ末端のアスパラギン酸を持つAβ種のみを検出する。このアッセイの感受性の下限は、約50ρg/ml(11ρM)であり、そして1ng/mlまでの濃度では内因性のマウスAβタンパク質に交差反応性を示さな
い(Johnson−Woodら、前出)。
2つの異なったAPPアッセイを利用した。APP−α/FLと呼ばれる第1のアッセイは、APP−アルファ(α)および全長(FL)の形のAPPの両方を認識する。2つ目のアッセイはAPP−αに特異的である。APP−α/FLアッセイは、Aβの最初の12アミノ酸を含む分泌APPを認識する。リポーター抗体(2H3)は、APP695のアミノ酸612−613の間で起こるα切断部位(clip−site)に特異的でない(Eschら、Science248、1122−1124(1990))ので、このアッセイは全長APP(APP−FL)もまた認識する。APP−FLの細胞質側尾部に対する固定化APP抗体を用いて、脳ホモジネートからAPP−FLを涸渇させる予備実験は、APP−α/FL APPの約30−40%がFLであることを示唆している(データは示していない)。APP−α/FLおよびAPP−αアッセイの両方に対する捕獲抗体は、APP695形態のアミノ酸444から592に対して惹起されたmAβ 8E5(Gamesら、前出)である。APP−α/FLアッセイについてのリポーターmAβは、APP695のアミノ酸597から608に特異的なmAβ 2H3(Johnson−Woodら、前出)であり、APP−αアッセイについてのリポーター抗体はAPPのアミノ酸605から611に対して惹起されたmAβ 16H9のビオチン化誘導体である。APP−α/FLアッセイの感受性の下限は約11ng/ml(150ρM)(Johnson−Woodら)であり、そしてAPP−α特異的アッセイの感受性の下限は22ng/ml(0.3nM)である。どちらのAPPアッセイでも、mAβ 266に関して上記で述べたように、mAβ 8E5を96ウェルEIAプレートのウェルにコートした。精製した組換え分泌APP−αを、APP−αアッセイおよびAPP−α/FLアッセイの参照標準物質として使用した(Eschら、前出)。5Mグアニジン中の脳ホモジネート試料をELISASpecimen Diluent(0.014Mリン酸緩衝液、pH7.4、0.6%ウシ血清アルブミン、0.05%チメロサール、0.5M
NaCl、0.1% NP40)中で1:10に希釈した。それらを次に0.5Mグアニジンを含むSpecimenDiluent中で1:4に希釈した。次いで、希釈したホモジネートを16,000×gで15秒間、室温で遠心分離した。APP標準物質および試料を、2連のアリコートでプレートに加え、室温で1.5時間インキュベートした。ビオチン化リポーター抗体2H3または16H9を試料と共に室温で1時間インキュベートした。試料希釈液で1:1000に希釈したストレプトアビジン−アルカリホスファターゼ(BoehringerMannheim)をウェル中で、室温で1時間インキュベートした。蛍光基質4−メチル−ウンベリフェリルホスフェートを加えて室温で30分間インキュベートし、そしてCytofluortm 2350蛍光計(Millipore)を用いて365nmの励起および450nmの発光でプレートを読み出した。
脳をPBS中4%パラホルムアルデヒドで、4℃で3日間固定し、次いで、切片にするまでにPBS中1%パラホルムアルデヒドで、4℃で1〜7日間保存した。40ミクロンの厚さの、冠状切片を室温でビブラトームを用いて切断し、免疫組織化学的処理の前に凍結防止剤(リン酸緩衝液中30%グリセロール、30%エチレングリコール)中、−20℃で保存した。それぞれの脳について、背側海馬のレベルでの6つの切片(それぞれ連続する240μmの間隔で分離した)を、以下の抗体:(1)PBSおよび1%ウマ血清中で2μg/mlの濃度に希釈した、ビオチン化抗Aβ(mAβ、3D6、ヒトAβに特異的)、または(2)PBSおよび1.0%ウマ血清中で3μg/mlの濃度に希釈した、ヒトAPPに特異的なビオチン化mAβ、8E5、または(3)Tris緩衝化生理食塩水、pH7.4(TBS)中で、0.25%TritonX−100および1%ウマ血清で1:500に希釈した、グリア細胞繊維性酸性タンパク質(GFAP、SigmaChemical Co.)に特異的なmAβ、または(4)TBS中で、0.25%Triton X−100および1%ウサギ血清で1:100に希釈した、MAC−1抗原CD11b(ChemiconInternational)に特異的なmAβ、または(5)TBS中で、0.25%Triton X−100および1%ウサギ血清で1:100に希釈したMHC II抗原(Pharmingen)に特異的なmAβ、または(6)PBS中1%ウサギ血清で1:100に希釈したCD43(Pharmingen)に特異的なラットmAβ、または(7)PBS中1%ウサギ血清で1:100に希釈したCD45RA(Pharmingen)に特異的なラットmAβ、または(8)PBS中1%ウサギ血清で1:100に希釈したCD45RB(Pharmingen)に特異的なラットモノクローナルAβ、または(9)PBS中1%ウサギ血清で1:100に希釈したCD45(Pharmingen)に特異的なラットモノクローナルAβ、または(10)PBS中1%ウサギ血清で1:100に希釈したCD3e(Pharmingen)に特異的なビオチン化ポリクローナルハムスターAβ、または(11)PBS中1%ウサギ血清で1:200に希釈したCD3(Serotec)に特異的なラットmAβ、または(12)1%正常ウマ血清を含む、一次抗体を含まないPBS溶液、の1つとともに一晩インキュベートした。
化抗マウスIgG(Vector)と、室温で1時間インキュベートした。切片を次に、PBS中で1:75に希釈したキット成分「A」および「B」を用いて、西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ−アビジン−ビオチン−複合体と室温で1時間反応させた(VectorElite StandardKit、Vector Labs、Burlingame、CA)。
CCDビデオカメラおよびSony Trinitronモニターを通してNikon Microphot−FX顕微鏡と連結したVideometric 150 ImageAnalysis System(Oncor,Inc.、Gaithersburg、MD)を、免疫反応性のスライドグラスの定量に使用した。切片の画像をビデオバッファーに保存し、色調および彩度を基礎とした閾値を決定し、免疫標識された構造によって占められた全画素領域(pixelarea)を選択し、計算した。それぞれの切片について、海馬は手動で輪郭を描き、海馬によって占められる全画素領域を計算した。アミロイド負荷のパーセントを次のように測定した:(mAβ 3D6に免疫反応性のAβ沈着を含む海馬領域の割合)×100。同様に、神経炎負荷のパーセントを次のように測定した:(mAβ 8E5に反応性のジストロフィーの軸索を含む海馬領域の割合)×100。Simple 32 SoftwareApplicationプログラムを作動させるC−Imaging System(Compix,Inc.、Cranberry Township、PA)を、Optronicsカメラを通してNikon Microphot−FX顕微鏡に連結し、GFAP−陽性星状細胞ならびにMAC−1−およびMHCII−陽性小グリア細胞によって占められる後方板状回の(retrospenial)皮質のパーセントを定量するのに使用した。免疫反応させた切片の画像をビデオバッファーに保存し、単色を基礎とした閾値を決定し、免疫標識された細胞によって占められた全
画素領域を選択し、計算した。それぞれの切片について、後方板状回の(retrosplenial)皮質(RSC)は手動で輪郭を描き、RSCによって占められる全画素領域を計算した。星状細胞のパーセントは次のように定義した:(GFAP−反応性星状細胞に占められるRSCの割合)×100。同様に、小グリア細胞のパーセントを次のように定義した:(MAC−1−またはMHCII−反応性小グリア細胞に占められるRSCの割合)×100。全ての画像分析について、背側海馬のレベルでの6つの切片(それぞれ連続して240μmの間隔で分離された)を、それぞれの動物で定量した。全ての場合で動物の処置状態は観測者には未知であった。
Claims (3)
- 患者においてAβに対する免疫原性応答を誘導するのに有効な薬剤および薬学的に受容可能なアジュバントを含む、アミロイドの沈積に随伴する疾患の治療または予防のための薬学的組成物。
- 結合体分子に連結したAβまたはその免疫原性フラグメントを含み、かつ、該キャリアがAβに対する免疫応答を促進するものである、アミロイドの沈積を特徴とする疾患を治療または予防するための組成物。
- Aβに対する免疫応答を誘導するのに有効なAβまたはそのフラグメントをコードするウイルスベクターを含む、アミロイドの沈積を特徴とする疾患を治療または予防するための組成物。
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