CN1308637A - 衍生自免疫球蛋白的不触发补体介导的裂解的结合分子 - Google Patents
衍生自免疫球蛋白的不触发补体介导的裂解的结合分子 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
公开了为重组多肽的结合分子,它包含:(ⅰ)能够结合靶分子的结合域,和(ⅱ)具有与人免疫球蛋白重链的全部或部分恒定区大致同源的氨基酸序列的效应子域;它的特征在于所述结合分子能够结合所述靶分子而不触发明显的依赖于补体的裂解或细胞介导的对所述靶的破坏,更优选其中所述效应子域能够特异性结合FcRn和/或FcγRⅡb。所述结合分子通常基于衍生自两个或两个以上人免疫球蛋白重链CH2域的嵌合域。在优选的实施方案中,所述区233-236和327-331被修饰为其它的残基,使所述分子为无效同种异型。所述结合域可以衍生自任何适用(通常临床)于所述分子的来源,并可以来自例如抗体;酶;激素;受体;细胞因子或抗原;配体和粘附分子。还公开了核酸、宿主细胞、生产方法和材料,而且例如用于抑制B细胞活化;肥大细胞脱颗粒;吞噬,或用于抑制第二个结合分子与所述靶分子结合。还公开了药用制剂。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及具有衍生自修饰的免疫球蛋白G(IgG)重链恒定区的氨基酸序列的结合多肽。本发明进一步涉及产生这样的多肽的方法和材料,以及使用这些多肽的方法和材料。
先有技术免疫球蛋白
免疫球蛋白是有助于保护宿主抵抗感染的糖蛋白。它们通常由重链和轻链组成,重链和轻链的N端区形成能够结合抗原的可变区或V区。V区与确定免疫球蛋白类型(有时为亚类[同种型]和同种异型[异种型(isoallotype)])的恒定区或C端区相缔合。
这样在哺乳动物物种中免疫球蛋白以IgD、IgG、IgA、IgM和IgE存在。在人类中IgG类依次以四个亚类存在(IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4)。IgG的C区包含三个区Cγ1、Cγ2和Cγ3,它们在这些亚类之间都非常相似(超过90%同源性)。Cγ1和Cγ2区通过铰链区连接。所述亚类的作用在物种之间似乎有变化。
已知C区决定着所述免疫球蛋白的各种效应子功能(参见Clark(1997)“Antibody Engineering”中的“IgG效应子机制”的详细论述,Capra编辑,Chem Immunol,Basel,Kurger出版,第65卷,88-110页)。
简而言之,IgG功能一般通过Ig的Fc区和往往在效应细胞上的Fcγ受体(FcγR)或其它结合分子的相互作用实现。这可以触发所述效应细胞杀伤所述靶细胞,所述抗体通过其可变(V)区结合所述靶细胞。此外,抗可溶性抗原的抗体可以形成为针对FcγR的免疫复合物,导致吸收(调理)所述免疫复合物,或导致触发所述效应细胞和释放细胞因子。
尽管由于存在多种受体形式使情况更复杂,但已经特征鉴定了人类的三类FcγR。这三类是:
(i)FcγRI(CD64),它以高亲和力结合单体IgG,并在巨噬细胞、单核细胞中以及有时在嗜中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞上表达。
(ii)FcγRII(CD32),它以中至低亲和力结合复合IgG并广泛被表达。这些受体可以分为两个重要型:FcγRIIa和FcγRIIb。
在许多涉及杀伤作用的细胞(例如巨噬细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞)中发现了所述受体的‘a’形式,它似乎能够激活杀伤过程,并以两个可选择的等位基因的形式出现。
所述‘b’形式似乎在抑制过程中起作用,并在B细胞、巨噬细胞中和在肥大细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞上发现。在B细胞上它似乎起抑制更多的免疫球蛋白产生和向估计例如为IgE类的同种型转换的作用。在巨噬细胞上,所述b形式起抑制由FcγRIIa介导的吞噬作用。在嗜酸性粒细胞和肥大细胞上,所述b形式可能通过IgE结合其单独的受体有助于抑制这些细胞的活化。
(iii)FcγRIII(CD16),它以中至低亲和力结合IgG并以两个型存在。FcγRIIIa发现于NK细胞、巨噬细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和某些单核细胞以及T细胞,并介导ADCC。FcγRIIIb高度表达于嗜中性粒细胞。这两个型都具有不同的同种异型形式。
除了结合FcγR之外,IgG抗体还可以激活补体,而这还可以导致细胞裂解、调理或导致细胞因子释放和炎症。所述Fc区还介导诸如运送IgG至新生儿(通过所谓的‘FcRn’);增加半寿期(据认为也是通过FcRn型受体实现-参见Ghetie和Ward(1 997)Immunology Today 18,592-598)和自聚集的特性。所述Fc区还是A蛋白和G蛋白相互作用(所述相互作用似乎与FcRn的结合类似)的原因。工程免疫球蛋白
上文论述的许多Fc介导的特性可能需要天然产生或人工构建的抗体。然而,存在不适宜和不良的情况,特别是细胞杀伤或细胞因子释放以及产生的炎症。
然而,同样地可能需要保留某些Fc介导的功能,例如长血浆半寿期。
已知例如人IgG4不激活补体,而人IgG2不结合高亲和性的FcγRI受体,所以以前在某些情况下已经使用这些免疫球蛋白(用IgG4 Fc制备TNF受体融合蛋白)。
然而,没有人类亚类在所有情况下缺乏所有的Fc相关效应子触发功能或补体激活,可能是由于存在几种形式的FcγR。因此,例如IgG4可以在某些人中触发依赖抗体的细胞毒性(ADCC),而IgG2结合一种等位基因型FcγRIIa受体且也激活补体。
突变Fc序列的一个可选方法是置换决定功能的残基。已经鉴定和公开了某些靶残基(参见上述的Clark 1997的论述)。这些靶残基包括连接在N端的附着于CH2域保守位点的糖类、在铰链区下位(例如序列ELLGGP)的某些残基和在位置331的脯氨酸残基以及在位置318-322的序列E-x-K-x-K。Cole等(1997)Journal of Immunology 159,3613-3621公开了一个最新的例子。在其公开内容中残基234、235和237突变为丙氨酸(或235有时突变为谷氨酸)。然而,这些残基都是在人IgG中的这些位置上罕见的残基,因此这些不适宜的氨基酸的存在可能使Fc免疫原性或抗原性更强,并还可能导致某些需要的Fc功能丧失。
再者,此策略已经用于构建治疗性非糖基化(aglycosylated)CD3抗体(参见Routledge等人,1993 Eur J Immunol 23:403-411;也参见UKPA 9206422.9)和用于抑制性CD18抗体。然而,关于该策略的一个缺点是新的重组构建物具有与众不同的序列,可能被免疫系统识别为异源物质并排斥。非糖基化抗体也不能结合抑制性受体FcγRIIb,然而保留这种结合可能有利于某些用途。
在WO 92/16562(Lynxvale Ltd)中公开了修饰免疫球蛋白的其它方法,该专利论述了对与抗原CD52具有结合亲和性的人源化IgG1抗体CAMPATH1H的同种异型的修饰。CD52抗原发现于人淋巴细胞和单核细胞,并已经用作治疗T和B细胞淋巴瘤和白血病、器官和骨髓移植受体的免疫抑制以及治疗诸如类风湿性关节炎和系统结节性脉管炎的某些自身免疫和相关疾病的治疗靶。
WO 95/05468(Lynxvale Ltd)还公开了对具有需要的结合或其它效应子功能的Ig(或衍生物)中的同种异型决定簇的修饰。
由前述可以看出,提供可能使Fc区的工程改造(诸如减少不需要的作用,同时保留或增强需要的特性)易化的方法和材料,应是对本领域的一种贡献。
发明公开
本发明人已使用新组合的人IgG亚类序列产生包含模拟人的非天然Fc序列的嵌合多肽,不过它不激活补体或通过FcγR触发细胞毒性活性。同时保留了某些需要的IgG特性。例如所述多肽不包含‘非人类’氨基酸,并很可能因此降低了免疫原性。此外,它们仍然结合A蛋白,这与它们能够通过与FcRn(新生儿Fc受体)的相互作用穿越人胎盘一致。
下文将更详细论述研制出所述序列的方法和某些证明了的特性。但简而言之,本发明人基于三种不同的IgG序列(1、2和4)制备了众多构建物。尽管这些抗体的相关区具有同源性,但它们不是精确地按照长度对应,从而使产生保留天然序列活性的衍生序列的过程复杂化。将构建的抗体和亲代对照抗体进行典型抗原系统RhD(Fog1)和CD52(CAMPATH-1H)方面的比较。令人惊讶的是,研究出的许多序列具有在所述亲代分子中没有发现的所需活性组合。一般来说,这些序列包含一个或多个含有修饰(一般为2、3或4个氨基酸)的区或区段,所述修饰与不同亚类的相应区一致。两个具体的目的区或区段是233-236和327,330,331。
因此在本发明的第一个方面公开了一种多肽结合分子,它包含(i)能够结合靶分子的结合域,和(ii)具有与人免疫球蛋白重链的全部或部分恒定区大致同源的氨基酸序列的效应子域;它的特征在于所述结合分子能够结合所述靶分子,而不触发明显依赖于补体的裂解或细胞介导的对所述靶的破坏,因此所述效应子域优选能够特异性结合FcRn或FcγRIIb,更优选能够特异性结合FcRn和FcγRIIb。
能够特异性结合A蛋白可以证明特异性结合FcRn。
因此按照本发明的结合分子已提高了临床特性(例如在‘封闭’抗体方面)。这可以通过提供衍生自Fc区的效应子域实现,所述效应子域对FcγRI、FcγRIIa和FcγRIII的亲和性降低,但保留了结合A蛋白(并因此结合FcRn,从而允许新生儿性转运和高半寿期)和/或FcγRIIb的能力。因此在本发明所述分子中,不需要修饰IgG中相对于天然Fc区的决定结合FcRn的残基。
在优选的实施方案中,所述效应子域对受体FcγRI的亲和力一般降低(与由其衍生的一个Fc区比较)约100倍或更高倍数。对于以上论述的某些较低亲和力的受体而言,所述亲和力的降低可以少于例如2-10倍左右,尽管在最优选的实施方案中它可以高达500倍。一般而言,在化学发光测定(在下文更详细描述)中活性的相应降低可以有30-300倍高。补体活性可降低约50倍。ADCC的相应值可以更高,例如10,000倍。然而本领域的那些技术人员将意识到,组合这些(降低的)活性仍可以对某些用途有益,而不管降低的精确水平。
尽管在过去已经制备了IgG1/IgG2和IgG1/IgG4嵌合体(参见例如Morgan等(1995)Immunology 86:319-324,或Chappel等(1991)ProcNtal Acad Sci美国88:9036-9040,或Greenwood等(1993)Eur JImmunol 23:1098-1104),但它们之中没有一个显示具有本发明所述结合分子具有的组合特性。
例如使用下文公开的方法或与其类似的方法可以评价所述结合分子的各种功能,这对本领域的技术人员而言不是问题。例如,可以直接或例如通过不能触发单核细胞化学发光间接评价FcγR结合特性。
具体而言,在所述补体组分例如以血清形式(如下文所述)存在的情况下,通过由靶细胞释放的CR-51可以检测不触发明显依赖于补体的裂解的能力(它一般是通过降低C1q分子的亲和力),由此所述结合分子引起少于5%最好少于2%的特异性靶细胞裂解。
同样,在合适的细胞毒性细胞例如血液单核效应细胞(如下文所述)存在的情况下,通过由靶细胞释放的CR-51可以评价细胞介导的对所述靶的破坏,由此所述结合分子引起少于5%最好少于2%的靶细胞裂解。
作为可选的直接检测,可以通过抑制功能性免疫球蛋白的这些特性的能力推断功能性。例如通过提供抗补体裂解细胞或杀伤细胞(例如通过ADCC)的保护性作用或通过抑制单核细胞对致敏细胞的应答来推断。
在本发明这方面的一个优选实施方案中,所述效应子域包含与人IgG1、G2或G4的CH2序列大致同源的氨基酸序列,所述序列在指出的位置包含一个或多个以下修饰(氨基酸置换或缺失),所述位置根据EU编号系统编号(参见Kabat等“Sequence of proteins ofimmunological interest”.Bethesda,US Department of Health and HumanServices,NIH,1991):
位置 氨基酸
233 P
234 V
235 A
236 (无残基)或G
327 G
330 S
331 S
在优选的实施方案中,这些置换在‘区段’233-236和/或327,330,331中产生。因此在所述CH2域中的突变区将与为置换的残基来源的亚类100%同源,从而减少了所述区代表免疫系统的B细胞或T细胞表位的可能性。
已经制备了几个基于IgG1、IgG2或IgG4的具有所述特征的突变免疫球蛋白,并已经显示它们具有需要的特征。尽管在先有技术的结合分子中已经制备了一些单个残基突变,但具体的组合是新的,同时实现了新的功能性。
现在将更详细论述所述结合分子的优选形式:效应子域
所述肽包含具有与人免疫球蛋白恒定区(优选IgG的C区)的全部或部分大致同源的氨基酸序列的效应子域。
已经公开了人C区的许多序列;参见例如上文所述的Clark(1997)。使用Lasergene软件(DNAStar Limited,伦敦,英国),根据人Igγ-1链C区的登记号A93433、B90563、A90564、B91668、A91723和A02146,人Igγ-2链C区的登记号A93906、A92809、A90752、A93132、A02148,人Igγ-4链C区的登记号A90933、A90249、A02150和人Igγ-3链C区的登记号A23511,可由SwissProt和PIR数据库中获得人免疫球蛋白重链的其它序列。
可以通过任何常规方法评价同源性(或同一性,或相似性)。同源性可以是编码核苷酸序列水平或编码的氨基酸序列水平。“大致同源”是指所包含的氨基酸序列与参照免疫球蛋白具有至少约50%、或60%、或70%、或80%同源性,最优选至少约90%、95%、96%、97%、98%或99%同源性。
可以由Altschul等(1990)J.Mol.Biol.215:403-10的TBLASTN程序定义和测定相似性或同源性,该程序是本领域的标准用法,或者可优选标准程序BestFit,它是Wisconsin Package,版本8,1994年9月,(Genetics Computer Group,575 Science Drive,Madison,Wisconsin,美国,Wisconsin 53711)的一部分。BestFit使两个序列之间相似性最好的节段最适宜排列。使用Smith和Waterman的局部同源性算法,通过插入间隙使匹配数最大获得最适宜排列。
为了识别本发明的分子,可以进行该评价和评价需要的组合活性,这对本领域的一般技术人员而言不是问题。
除了对FcγRI、FcγRIIa、FcγRIIIa和FcγRIIIb的亲和力降低之外,还可能需要通过所述效应分子保留或具有结合所述‘抑制性’受体FcγRIIb的能力至某种程度,优选高于其对FcγRIIa受体的亲和力,更优选与衍生其的亲代Ig域的结合能力一样。本发明人获得的结果表明,他们已经研究出的结合分子确实具有这种特性。至今本领域仍未认识到Fc区与FcγRIIa和FcγRIIb的结合可以单独操作。这种能力可以补充在增加所述结合分子的治疗可能性方面的其它需要的功能(如结合A的能力所表明)。
尤其是许多出版物强调,FcγRIIb在抑制细胞进程中可能起重要作用(参见Daeron等,1995 Immunity 3(5):635-46;Van den Herik等,1995 Blood 85(8):2201-11;Sarmay等,1996 Immunol Lett 54(2-3):93-100;Fong等,1996 Immunol Lett 54(2-3):83-91;Sarmay等,1996 J BiolChem 271(48):30499-504;Unkeless和Jin,1997 Curr Opin Immunol9(3):338-43;Isakov,1997 Immunol Res 16(1):85-100;Hunter等,1998Blood 91(5):1762-8;Malbec等,1998 J Immunol 160(4):1647-58;Clynes等,1999 J Exp Med 189(1):179-85)。这些研究者表明,FcγRIIb当与其它受体交联时,可以抑制来自它们的信号,从而抑制诸如B细胞活化、肥大细胞脱颗粒或巨噬细胞吞噬的过程。
因此保留该活性的本发明的结合分子不仅可用于竞争和竞争性抑制不需要的抗体-抗原(诸如自身抗原或同种抗原)相互作用,而且例如通过抑制B细胞活化防止生产更多的自身抗原或同种抗原,用于非竞争性抑制所述过程。下文论述了涉及变态反应和哮喘治疗(抑制肥大细胞脱颗粒)和抗-RhD分子(抑制吞噬)的所述抑制性作用的其它应用实例。
所述效应子域本身优选衍生自人免疫球蛋白恒定区,更优选衍生自IgG的C区。
所包含的氨基酸序列最好与人IgG1、G2或G4的具有以上论述的修饰的氨基酸的CH2序列(即大约残基231-340)大致同源。
最优选的CH2序列示于图17,特别是那些分别称为G1Δab、G2Δa或G1Δac的序列。
这些序列中的任一个都可与天然或修饰的CH3和天然或修饰的铰链区加上可选的CH1、本发明所述分子中的序列组合(例如连续连接)。
然而,本领域的技术人员将意识到,所述效应子域的其它部分(或所述分子的其它域)不需要包含天然序列,特别是其可能需要组合本文公开的修饰序列和例如选自文献的其它序列,只要保留需要的活性。所述技术人员将意识到,包含这种另外修饰(例如通过氨基酸添加、插入、缺失或置换)的效应子域的结合分子属于本发明的范围。
特别优选的可是“无效同种异型”序列,诸如衍生自IgG重链的序列(参见WO 92/16562),其中同种异型残基突变为在其它人IgG亚类分子中发现的匹配残基。这可使任何个体将所述序列看作外源的可能性减至最低。结合域和靶分子
所述肽分子包含能够结合靶分子的结合域。
所述结合域具有与靶分子相互作用的能力,所述靶分子最好为另一种多肽,但可以是任何靶(例如碳水化合物、脂质(诸如磷脂)或核酸)。所述相互作用最好是特异性的。所述结合域可以与所述效应子域衍生自相同的源或不同的源。
例如,尽管所述效应子域通常衍生自抗体,但所述结合域可以衍生自对另一分子具有特异性的任何分子,例如酶、激素、受体(结合细胞或循环)、细胞因子或抗原(其特异性结合抗体)。
所述结合域最好包含抗体或其衍生物的全部或部分,尤其是天然或修饰的抗体的可变区。因此,按照本发明的结合分子可以提供产生于啮齿动物或camelidae(参见WO 94/25591)的抗体结合域和如上所论述的人免疫球蛋白重链。
还优选具有超过一种类型的结合域的分子,诸如双特异性抗体(参见例如PCT/US92/09965)。在这些情况下,一个‘臂’结合靶细胞,而另一个结合第二个细胞,以触发对所述靶的杀伤作用。在这样的情况下,可能需要对所述效应子部分的影响减至最小,所述效应子部分可能以另外的方式激活更多的细胞干扰所需的结果。所述‘臂’自身(即所述结合域)可以基于Ig域(例如Fab)或来自于其他蛋白,如在下文将更详细论述的融合蛋白中。
所述结合分子可以包含一个以上的多肽链,所述多肽链例如以共价键或其它方式(例如疏水作用、离子相互作用或经硫化桥连接)连接。例如它可以包含轻链连同含有所述效应子域的重链。可以使用任何合适的轻链,例如在一般群体中为Km(3)的最普通的κ轻链同种异型。因此最好是可以使用该普通κ轻链同种异型,因为所述群体中相对较少的成员将其视为外源。
典型的所述靶是存在于细胞上的抗原,或所述抗体和可溶性配体竞争的受体。
可以选择这些靶作为治疗性靶,从而希望其与具有以上论述的特性的分子结合,例如与其竞争或从其中替换不需要的抗体。另一方面,最好其自身可以结合所述靶分子,而不引起细胞介导的破坏、抗体触发的炎症或补体裂解。同样,所述效应子域可主要在介导转运和/或提高血清半寿期中起作用,在此情况下,所述结合域和靶分子可以是任何应当受益于这些性质的系统。
以下陈述了选择性用途,其中本发明的结合分子可以用作具有惰性(在某些方面)Fc区的治疗性抗体:1)与母体IgG同种抗体竞争在胎儿/新生儿血细胞上的抗原表位
胎儿血细胞的同种异体免疫失调具有共同的发病机理。由母亲合成针对在胎儿红细胞、粒细胞或血小板上的父性遗传抗原的IgG同种抗体。接着经胎盘转运所述同种抗体。在胎儿或新生儿中,存在包被抗体的胎儿血细胞破坏,这可能导致临床上明显下降的相关细胞的循环水平。针对所述相关表位但具有不触发破坏的Fc的治疗性抗体可以与母体抗体竞争结合胎儿细胞,因此抑制它们的破坏。针对红细胞同种抗原的抗体导致胎儿和新生儿溶血症
最重要的红细胞同种抗原是Rh和Kell血型系统。因为引入了出生后预防,所以归因于RhD抗原的溶血症的发生率已经显著下降,但由于在初次妊娠期间母体敏化的病例仍有发生。其它的Rh抗原(C、c、E、e)也可以引起溶血症,针对Kell(K1)抗原的抗体也可以,该抗体还损害胎儿骨髓中的红细胞生成(erythopoiesis)。
目前对于严重受影响的胎儿的治疗包括定时子宫内输入抗原阴性红细胞。在此病症中已经表明输注非特异性免疫球蛋白是无效的。在新生儿中的贫血和血胆红素过高可能需要交换输血法和/或光照疗法。
使用具有RhD特异性的惰性Fc构建物(称为Fog-1)的实验已经证实它们不能触发效应子机制(通过化学发光和ADCC检测单核细胞活化),更重要的是也已经表明抑制由包含多克隆抗-D的人血清触发的化学发光和ADCC。先前已经表明ADCC和化学发光预示体内红细胞破坏。先前出版的著作也已经证实Fog-1能够与大多数人抗-D血清竞争在RhD蛋白上的表位。针对血小板同种抗原的抗体导致胎儿和新生儿同种异体免疫性血小板减少
最相关的抗原是人血小板抗原(HPA)-1a。HPA-1a抗体在350个正常妊娠者中使一个发病,并在1200个胎儿中导致1个胎儿发生严重血小板减少。影响最严重的病例造成颅内出血或死亡。目前的治疗选择是每周输入HPA-1a阴性血小板(该方法每一次都具有0.5%的胎儿死亡风险)和静脉内给予母亲高剂量的免疫球蛋白,后一疗法的功效变异性大且不可预测。HPA-1a的定义是在血小板糖蛋白IIIa(GPIIIa)上的单一表位,可由University of Cambridge Division ofTransfusion Medicine获得识别此表位的单链FV(Griffin HM,OuwehandWH.对来自V基因噬菌体展示文库的血小板糖蛋白IIIa的亮氨酸-33(PAA1,HPA-1a)形式特异性的人单克隆抗体.Blood 1995;86:4430-4436)。已经表明人抗HPA-1a血清抑制基于所述构建物的抗体与人血小板的结合。所述血清抑制与最严重疾病有关的最高效价特异性抗体的血清极其一致。这表明所述重组抗体和血清抗体结合在血小板上的相同表位。
在以上和下文的应用中,除了竞争结合作用之外,本发明的治疗性抗体还可以通过FcγRIIb引起有益的抑制性作用。2)与自身抗体竞争在自身抗原上的表位自身抗体介导的血细胞破坏
热型IgG自身抗体的溶血性贫血和自身抗体的血小板减少都具有共同的血细胞破坏机制。在这二者中,自身抗体以选定的自身抗原的所有组成部分(红细胞上的Rh和K,以及在血小板上的GPIIb/IIIa、GPIb/IX/V)为靶。所述自身抗体的结合缩短了分别导致贫血或血细胞减少的血细胞的寿命。红细胞和血小板自身抗体不大可能以在其各自自身抗原上的有限数量的B细胞表位为靶。采用V基因噬菌体展示技术可以产生抗这些表位的重组可变区抗体。针对相关表位但具有惰性Fc的治疗性抗体可以和患者的血细胞自身抗体竞争结合所述自身抗原,由此抑制所述血细胞的破坏。Goodpasture综合征(抗肾小球基底膜[GBM]疾病)
该病是肾小球性肾炎快速发展的主要原因,在发病后的几周或几个月内导致肺出血和末期肾衰竭。常规治疗依赖于透析连同增强的血浆交换和免疫抑制疗法,而免疫抑制治疗本身可能并发威胁生命的机会真菌感染和病毒感染。有确凿证据表明该疾病由自身抗体介导,已经确定所述自身抗原位于GBM的主要组分IV型胶原蛋白中。已经表明在GBM疾病中的自身抗体结合α3(IV)链的非胶原(NC1)域。编码此序列的基因(COL4A3)已经被克隆和测序。我们推测单克隆IgG竞争分子可以中和有害的抗-GBM自身抗体的作用,所述单克隆IgG竞争分子以在α3(IV)NC1上的免疫显性表位为靶并已设计具有生物学上失活的Fc域。我们将研究出重组的嵌合IgG抗体,它结合所述免疫显性α3(IV)NC1表位但没有标准的效应子功能。我们能够实现这一目标,因为已经研究出并特征鉴定了编码鼠抗-α3(IV)NC1可变区的基因(Pusey CD等,Lab Invest 1987,56;23-31和Ross CN等,Lab Invest 1996,74;1051-1059)。
再说一次,除了竞争结合作用之外,本发明的治疗性抗体还可以通过FcγRIIb引起有益的抑制性作用。3)变态反应和哮喘
变态反应和哮喘都是由对共同的环境抗原的不适当免疫应答引起,所述环境抗原诸如来自禾本科植物花粉、房间尘螨和许多其它的普通抗原来源的蛋白,一个实例是房间尘螨表皮螨属pteronyssinus(Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus)的Der P 1蛋白。受侵袭的个体产生高水平的免疫球蛋白,尤其是IgE类。这些IgE类抗体能够结合在肥大细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞上的高亲和性的FcεRI受体。所述结合受体的IgE与所述变应原交联导致所述细胞的活化和脱颗粒。这样就释放许多可以引起归因于过敏性反应的严重综合征乃至死亡的炎症介质。可以设想两种活化封闭抗体的机制。首先具有惰性Fc区的IgG抗体可以与IgE竞争结合变应原。这应当防止IgE的交联并因此防止所述细胞的活化。关于此机制,所述具有惰性Fc的IgG抗体可能不得不直接和IgE竞争结合所述变应原。
第二个重要机制应包括凭借FcγRIIb受体的阴性信号的作用。已经表明,FcγRIIB和FcεRI的交联导致对活化信号的抑制,该活化信号通常只有当FcεRI受体为交联时才可观察到。因此,引入具有针对FcγRIIb的Fc结合能力的IgG抗体和变应原抗原特异性可以导致对包被IgE的肥大细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞活化的抑制。关于这一点,如果所述IgG抗体通过与IgE不同的部位结合所述变应原,以使二者可以同时结合所述变应原,则所述IgG抗体还介导其强烈的负效应。4)炎症性疾病例如Crohn疾病
有许多免疫系统疾病似乎引起归因于免疫细胞(白细胞)的慢性活化状态的病变,所述免疫细胞包括T淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和NK细胞。通常观察到的这种慢性活化为活化的细胞连续移行到受感染组织中的炎症。为了移行到所述组织中,所述细胞必须接受和响应炎症介质,然后调节粘附分子,使它们能够首先粘附到被覆在血管壁上的细胞,然后在血管壁的细胞之间移行并移行至所述组织中。通过封闭在所述白细胞表面上的粘附分子或在被覆血管壁的活化上皮细胞上的相应配体,应可终止这种炎症的循环。这种活化抗原是VAP-1,而结合此分子的具有惰性Fc的抗体应当防止淋巴细胞在所述炎症部位粘附和移行,因此切断慢性活化的循环。5)抑制配体/受体的相互作用镰状细胞贫血病
以缬氨酸置换谷氨酸为特征的人血红蛋白变异体的纯合性(HbSS)导致慢性溶血和引起所述分子在脱氧状态形成类晶团聚体的趋势。这导致红细胞在微循环中呈镰状外形,从而导致在局部区域中的镰状‘危象’。这些可能是血栓形成(在骨、肺、脑或腹部)、再生障碍、溶血,或伴随脾和肝中的大量红细胞汇集。在这些危象期的过程中,红细胞粘附至内皮细胞是先决条件。此粘附过程是基于几种受体与其各自配体的相互作用。两个主要粘附途径是Lutheran与层粘连蛋白之间的相互作用和血小板反应蛋白与至今尚未明确的红细胞膜脂之间的相互作用。在动物试验中,我们已经获得了抗血小板反应蛋白的重组人可变区抗体减少镰状红细胞与内皮细胞粘附的证据。我们假定可以通过V基因噬菌体展示研究出抗lutheran的层粘连蛋白结合域(膜近侧域)的相似的重组可变区抗体,所述抗体封闭了与层粘连蛋白的相互作用。这些可变区抗体片段可以具有惰性Fc区,以产生能够干扰镰状红细胞粘附内皮细胞而不引起红细胞破坏的治疗性抗体。抗体介导的对血小板胶原蛋白受体的封闭
我们已基本证实,两个受体决定着为血栓形成起源事件的内皮下细胞胶原蛋白对血小板的活化;一个是我们认为主要起粘附作用的整合蛋白α2β1(血小板糖蛋白Ia/IIa),而另一个是活化、前期分泌和聚集必需的非整合蛋白糖蛋白VI(GpVI)。可以通过识别各个受体中不同域的V基因噬菌体展示,产生重组人抗体,这些抗体可以用于产生用于基于胶原蛋白的抗血栓形成治疗的具有惰性Fc区的引导抗体(lead-antibody)。这些引导抗体可以用于减轻冠状动脉血栓形成、血管成形术后的再狭窄和与旁路移植相关的血栓形成并发症。6)单克隆抗体往往用于封闭细胞功能,例如OKT3通过封闭T细胞受体用于免疫抑制T细胞,CD18抗体通过所述整合蛋白分子用于防止细胞-细胞粘附。然而,Fc与Fc受体的结合可以通过刺激细胞因子释放和炎症,引发严重的副作用。7)抗体Fc区有时附着于其它的重组蛋白,以产生具有延长的生物学半寿期的融合分子。由此TNF受体已附着于人IgG4 Fc,形成抑制可溶性TNF作用的分子,而CTLA4已和IgG Fc制备成融合蛋白,并通过在细胞表面上的B7共受体(CTLA4的配体)分子用于阻断信号。然而不理想的是所述融合蛋白的Fc也触发细胞因子。
适合于在上文具体论述之处论述的应用类型的V区或其它的结合区,对于本领域的技术人员而言是众所周知的。例如Routledge等(1991)Eur J Immunol 21,2717-2725和Bolt等(1993)Eur J Immunol 23,403-411公开的CD3结合域(例如YTH12.5)。Riechmann等(1988)Nature 332,323-327公开的CD52结合域(例如CAMPATH-1)。Salmi等(1993)J Exp Med 178:2250-60和Smith等(1998)J Exp Med 188:17-27公开的VAP-1结合域。McElveen等(1998)Clin Exp Allergy 28,1427-1434公开的Der p I域(例如2C7)。
因此,不结合Fc受体和触发杀伤作用并不激活补体、但确实结合靶分子的结合分子可以用于上述所有的实施例,以将任何副作用降至最低程度。具体而言,以上的1-5情况可以采用这种‘封闭’抗体,防止天然产生抗体的不良破坏。上述封闭型Fc区应是选择用于在以上6中的诸如CD3或CD18抗体的重组抗体的Fc区,或作为在以上7中的融合蛋白的Fc区。
可以通过任何合适的方法组合所述结合域和效应子域。例如可以通过侧链共价连接域。在另一方面,化学还原半胱氨酸残基产生的巯基已经用于交联抗体域(Rhind,S K(1990)EP 0385601交联抗体和其制备方法)。最后,化学修饰的糖基已经用于产生用于交联目的的活性基团。这些方法是本领域技术人员可采用的标准技术。它们尤其可以用于其中所述结合多肽包含非蛋白部分或基团的实施方案。
一般来说,使用重组技术表达融合蛋白形式的结合分子可能更合适。下文陈述的用于本发明的方法和材料构成了本发明其它方面。核酸
在本发明的一个方面,公开了编码如上所述的结合分子的核酸。
按照本发明的核酸可以包括cDNA、RNA、基因组DNA(包括内含子)和修饰的核酸或核酸类似物(例如肽核酸)。其中DNA序列是例如附图指定的,除非文章需要另外的RNA等价物,它包括在其中发生U置换T。
可以提供按照本发明的核酸分子,它们由其天然环境分离和/或纯化,为大致纯或均一形式,或者没有或基本没有其它物种来源的核酸。本文使用的术语“分离的”包括所有这些可能性。
所述核酸分子可以整个合成或部分合成。具体的说,它们可以是重组体,其中已经将发现实际上不连续(不连续连接)的核酸序列连接或人工组合。另一方面,例如使用自动化合成仪,已可以直接合成所述核酸分子。
另一个方面,公开了包含所述核酸序列的核构建物,例如可复制载体。
包括按照本发明的核酸的载体不需要包括启动子或其它的调节序列,尤其是如果准备使用所述载体将所述核酸引入细胞以重组至基因组中。
在所述载体中的核酸最好是处于宿主细胞中的合适启动子或其它转录调节元件的控制之下,并与它们可操作地连接,所述宿主细胞诸如微生物(例如细菌、酵母、丝状真菌)细胞或真核生物(例如昆虫、植物、哺乳动物)细胞。
具体地说,所述载体可以包含允许在宿主中选择或选择宿主细胞的基因(例如gpt),以及一个或多个适于所述宿主的增强子。
所述载体可以是在多个宿主中起作用的双功能表达载体。在基因组DNA的情况下,所述载体可以包含所述基因组DNA自身的启动子或其它的调节元件,而在cDNA的情况下,所述载体可以处于在所述宿主细胞中表达的合适启动子或其它调节元件控制之下。
所述“启动子”是指可操作地连接的DNA下游(即在双链DNA的有义链上的3′方向)的核苷酸序列,由该核苷酸序列可以开始转录。所述启动子可选地是诱导型启动子。
“可操作地连接”是指作为所述核酸分子的部分,以适于由所述启动子开始的转录的位置和方向连接。可操作性连接至启动子的DNA是在所述启动子的“转录起始调节之下”。
因此本发明在此方面提供基因构建物,最好是可复制载体,它包含操作性连接至本发明提供的核苷酸序列的启动子。
一般来说,本领域的那些技术人员完全能够构建质粒和设计用于重组基因表达的方法。可以选择或构建包含合适的调节序列的合适载体,所述调节序列包括启动子序列、终止子片段、聚腺苷酸化序列、增强子序列、标记基因和其它合适序列。更多的细节参见例如Molecular Cloning:a Laboratory Manual:第二版,Sambrook等,1989,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press。
在Molecular Biology,第二版,Ausubel等编辑,John Wiley & Sons,1992的Current Protocols中详细描述了许多已知用于操作核酸的技术和方法,例如在制备核酸构建物、诱变、测序、引入DNA到细胞中和基因表达以及蛋白分析中的技术和方法。Sambrook等和Ausubel等公开的内容通过引用结合到本文中。宿主细胞和方法
采用以上确定的表达载体转化细胞也包含在本发明中。还提供细胞培养物(最好是啮齿动物)和包含所述结合分子的细胞培养产物。
还提供制备按照本发明的结合分子的方法,该方法包括:
(i)组合编码结合域的核酸和编码效应子域的核酸,以形成核酸构建物;
(ii)在合适的宿主细胞中引起或使所述构建物表达。
可以通过本领域技术人员知道的任何常规方法进行组合,例如通过连接片段(例如限制性内切酶酶切片段)或在一个或几个扩增步骤中使用不同的模板(例如使用PCR),以产生构建物。
产生抗体(和由此而来的结合域)的方法包括用合适的目的蛋白或其片段免疫哺乳动物(例如人、小鼠、大鼠、兔、马、山羊、绵羊、骆驼或猴)。可以使用本领域已知的众多技术中的任一种,由免疫动物中获得抗体,并可筛选,最好使用抗体与目的抗原结合。
例如,可以使用蛋白质印迹技术或免疫沉淀(Armitage等,1992,Nature 357:80-82)。
在EP-A-0120694和EP-A-0125023中描述了嵌合抗体的克隆和表达。
可以通过定点诱变,例如通过本文公开的方法或在公开技术中的方法(参见例如Lynxvale Ltd的WO 92/16562或WO 95/05468),产生根据本发明的编码所述效应子域的核酸。其它方面
还提供本发明的结合分子的用途,即防止、抑制或干扰第二个结合分子与靶分子结合。该用途可以包括与治疗相关的靶抗原或细胞的抗体竞争或替换该抗体。
本发明还提供包含如上所述的结合分子的试剂,无论该结合分子是是否重组产生。
本发明还提供包含如上所述的结合分子加上药学上可接受的载体的药用制剂。
本发明还提供治疗患者的方法,该方法包括将如上所述的药用制剂给予所述患者,或给予取自该患者的样品(例如血液样品),该样品随后返回给所述患者。治疗方法特别用于以下疾病:移植物抗宿主疾病;宿主抗移植物疾病;器官移植排斥;骨髓移植排斥;自身免疫;同种异体免疫;变态反应;慢性或急性炎症疾病。
本发明还提供治疗患者的方法,该方法包括引起或使编码如上所述的结合分子的核酸表达,从而使所述结合分子在患者体内发挥其作用。通常所述表达在患者中发生,或在所述患者为未出生婴儿的某些特别情况下在所述患者的母亲中发生。
还提供如上所述的结合分子用于制备改进免疫应答的药物,特别是治疗以上论及的疾病的药物当中的用途。
为了更充分地理解本发明,现在将更详细地描述实施方案,所述实施方案仅作为实施例,并没有限制作用。根据这些实施方案,本领域技术人员可以设计属于本发明范围的其它实施方案。
附图
图1
用Fog-1抗体包被的RBC使FcγRI细胞形成花结。用一系列抗体浓度的Fog-1抗体包被R2R2RBC,将其与在96孔板中培养的B2KA细胞温育,并测定和RBC形成花结的B2KA细胞的百分率。误差线表示一式三份孔的标准差值。对于突变体Fog-1 G1Δb、G1Δc、G1Δab、G1Δac、G2Δa、G4Δb和G4Δc,如同G2(显示)一样,在B2KA细胞和任何包被浓度的RBC之间没有形成花结。图2
荧光染色FcγRI细胞。FcγRI转染细胞系、B2KA(a和b)和3T3+FcγRI+γ链(c和d)循序与CAMPATH-1(a和c)或Fog-1(b和d)系抗体、生物素酰化抗人κ抗体和ExtrAvidin-FITC温育。对10000个细胞检测荧光强度,并标绘荧光频道(channel)的几何平均数。图3
表示荧光染色的FcγRI细胞的频率分布图。如在图2中一样使用100μg/ml的CAMPATH-1系抗体染色B2KA细胞。叠加显示代表抗体的符合每个荧光频道的细胞数目的频率分布图。图4
人单核细胞对用Fog-1系抗体致敏的RBC的CL应答。用在各种浓度抗体包被R1R1 RBC。对每个所述样品测定结合每个细胞的抗体分子数和单核细胞对所述RBC的CL应答。图5
用其它的Fog-1抗体抑制Fog-1 G1引起的CL。用2μg/ml Fog-1 G1和标明的不同浓度Fog-1抗体敏化RBC。在图4中这些抗体产生低CL应答。检测单核细胞的CL应答。把单独的2μg/ml G1产生的应答作为100%。图6
用Fog-1 G2Δa抑制对临床血清的CL应答。用常量的Fog-1 G1(20μg/ml)或临床相关血清和不同量的Fog-1 G2Δa敏化RBC。用标准量的BRAD 5获得100%应答。在没有Fog-1 G2Δa的情况下,所述应答的百分率为G1:150%、血清A:142%、血清B:265%、血清C:200%、血清D:163%、血清E:94%、抗C+D血清:259%以及抗K血清:119%。图7
由CAMPATH-1系抗体介导的补体裂解。用51Cr标记人PBMC,并在作为补体源的血清存在下与所述抗体温育。标绘特定Cr释放的百分率,作为裂解发生的量。图8
用CAMPATH-1 G2Δa抑制CAMPATH-1 G1介导的补体裂解。如在图7中一样进行补体裂解,但所述样品包含常量(6.25μg/ml终浓度)的CAMPATH-1 G1和不断增加量的CAMPATH-1 G2Δa。图9
由CAMPATH-1系抗体介导的ADCC。用51Cr标记人PBMC并与抗体温育。清洗后,所述细胞作为效应细胞以20∶1的效应物:靶比值和另外的PBMC温育。标绘特定Cr释放的百分率,作为裂解发生的量。图10a
由Fog-1系抗体介导的对RhD+RBC的ADCC。图10b
由Fog-1系抗体介导的对RhD+RBC的ADCC。图11a
用Fog-1抗体抑制由2ng/mg Fog-1 G1介导的对RhD+RBC的ADCC。图11b
用Fog-1抗体抑制由Fog-1 G1介导的对RhD+RBC的ADCC。在由常量Fog-1 G1(2ng/mg)和不同浓度的所述抑制剂抗体组成的抗体混合物中敏化RBC。图12
用Fog-1抗体抑制由3 ng/mg多克隆抗RhD介导的对RhD+RBC的ADCC。图13a
荧光染色FcγRIIa 131H/H细胞。将转染子系3T6+FcγRIIa131H/H细胞和与山羊F(ab′)2抗人κ、接着和结合FITC的驴抗山羊IgG复合的Fog-1抗体温育。对10000个细胞检测荧光强度,并标绘荧光频道的几何平均数。图13b
荧光染色FcγRIIa 131R/R细胞。将转染子系3T6+FcγRIIa 131R/R细胞和与结合FITC的山羊F(ab′)2抗人κ复合的所述Fog-1抗体温育。对10000个细胞检测荧光强度,并标绘荧光频道的几何平均数。图14a
荧光染色FcγRIIb1★细胞。使用转染子系3T6+FcγRIIb1★以及使用结合FITC的山羊F(ab′)2抗人κ与未标记的山羊F(ab′)2抗人κ的混合物复合的Fog-1抗体,如在图13b中一样进行该试验。图14b
荧光染色FcγRIIIb NA1细胞。使用转染子系CHO+FcγRIIIbNA1,如在图13中一样进行该试验。图14c
荧光染色FcγRIIIb NA2细胞。使用转染子系CHO+FcγRIIIbNA2,如在图13中一样进行该试验。图15
显示表1,它对比了野生型G1、G2和G4序列产生的突变。图16
显示表2,它概括了抗体活性。图17
显示了某些修饰型和野生型CH2序列的序列,包括称为G1Δab、G2Δa、G1Δac的序列。
实施例 一般材料和方法构建表达载体
IgG1恒定区的起始点是为包含修饰的多位点接头的载体M13tg131形式的同种异型人IgG1恒定区基因G1m(1,17)(Clark,M.R.:WO 92/16562)。2.3kb的IgG1插入片段因此在其5′末端具有BamHI位点,并包含相邻于所述BamHI位点的HindIII位点。在3′末端聚腺苷酸化信号的下游,按5′至3′顺序依次存在的位点是:SphI、NotI、BglII、BamHI。已经获得为在M13tg131中的HindIII-SphI片段的人IgG2恒定区基因,并已通过用HindIII消化,补平突出末端以及再将所述末端连接在一起,破坏所述HindIII位点。克隆所述载体的SalI-SphI片段,以替换在上述IgG1载体中的等同片段。获得为在M13tg131中的HindIII-SmaI片段的人IgG4恒定区基因并破坏所述HindIII位点。所述SmaI位点存在于CH3外显子的3′末端和聚腺苷酸化位点之间,所以通过加入来自所述IgG1载体的SmaI片段破坏所述聚腺苷酸化位点,所述IgG1载体包含在IgG1基因中的等同SmaI位点和在所述基因下游多位点接头中的SmaI位点之间的DNA。
为了易于交换突变外显子序列,第一个步骤是在CH1和铰链外显子之间引入XbaI限制位点,在铰链和CH2外显子之间引入XhoI位点,以及在CH2和CH3外显子之间引入KpnI位点。这类似于先前进行的对IgG1和IgG4基因的操作(Greenwood,J.,Clark,M.和Waldmann,H.(1993)Structural motifs involved in human IgG antibodyeffector functions.Eur.J.Immunol.23,1098-1104)。
为提供模板DNA,用上述的M13感染大肠杆菌(E.coli)RZ1032并制备单链DNA(ssDNA)。因为所述菌株是dut- ung-,所以生产的单链DNA应包含一些替代了胸苷的尿苷。
用于引入所述突变的寡核苷酸是:位于铰链区和CH2外显子之间的MO10(5′GGA TGC AGG CTA
CTC GAG GGC ACC TG 3′),位于CH2和CH3外显子之间的MO11(5′TGT CCA TGT GGC CCT
GGT ACC CCA CGG GT 3′),位于CH1和铰链区外显子之间的MO12(5′GAG CCT GCT TCC
TCT AGA CAC CCT CCC T 3′),限制位点标以下划线。
在50μl包含25pmol寡核苷酸和5u T4多核苷酸激酶(nbl)的70mM Tris HCl pH 7.6溶液、10mM MgCl2、100mM KCl、5mM DTT、0.5mg/ml BSA、1mM ATP的反应物中磷酸化所述寡核苷酸。于37℃温育反应物1小时并于70℃加热5分钟。
为了使诱变的寡核苷酸对所述模板DNA退火,在20μl的40mMTris HCl pH 7.5、20mM MgCl2、50mM NaCl中于80℃温育500ng包含尿苷的DNA和1pmol每种磷酸化寡核苷酸,并使其缓慢冷却至37℃。用上述缓冲液增加体积至30μl,DTT加入到7mM,ATP加入到1mM,而dATP、dCTP、dGTP和dTTP每种都加入到250μM。加入5u T7 DNA聚合酶(未修饰,United States Biochemical)和0.5u T4DNA连接酶(Gibco BRL),于室温温育所述反应物16小时,以合成突变链。用乙醇沉淀所述DNA,将其溶解在50μl的20mM Tris HCl pH8.0、1mM EDTA、1mM DTT、0.1mg/ml BSA中,并加入1u尿嘧啶DNA糖基化酶(New England Biolab)。于37℃温育2小时后,加入50μl的400mM NaOH,置所述反应物于室温5分钟以使DNA的模板链片段化。用乙醇沉淀所述DNA,将其溶解在水中并转化到大肠杆菌TG1中。生产用于选择产生的M13克隆的复制型(RF)DNA,并消化得到包含需要的XbaI、XhoI和KpnI限制位点的克隆。获得IgG1和4个载体的合适的克隆,但在IgG2载体中的MO12似乎错误退火,所以对没有此寡核苷酸的IgG2重复诱变,因为在CH1和铰链区外显子之间的所述位点对于这些试验不是必须的。对于每个载体,通过测序证实所述外显子的DNA序列。
使用寡核苷酸:MO22BACK(编码链):5′TCT CCA ACA AAGGCC TCC CGT CCT CCA TCG AGA AAA 3′,MO22(互补链):5′TTTTCT CGA TGG AGG ACG GGA GGC CTT TGT TGG AGA 3′,在CH2中于氨基酸位置327、330和331(Δa突变)引入变化;使用寡核苷酸:MO7BACK(编码链和编码Δc突变):5′TCC TCA GCA CCT CCA GTCGCG GGG GGA CCG TCA GTC 3′,MO21(互补链和编码Δb突变):5′GAC TGA CGG TCC CGC GAC TGG AGG TGC TGA GGA 3′,在CH2中于氨基酸位置233至236(Δb和Δc突变)引入变化;通过还需要所述寡核苷酸MO11和MO10BACK:5′CAG GTG CC
C TCG AGT AGCCTG CAT CC 3′的重叠延伸PCR引入突变,XhoI限制位点标以下划线。
对于所述Δa突变,第一组PCR使用由MO22和MO10BACK以及由MO22BACK和MO11扩增的IgG1和IgG2模板。对于所述Δb和Δc突变,第一组PCR使用由MO21和MO10BACK以及由MO7BACK和MO11扩增的IgG1和IgG4模板。在终产物中,源自用MO21引导的链的DNA应具有所述Δb突变,而源自MO22BACK的DNA应具有所述Δc突变。每个PCR包含在50μl的10mM Tris HClpH 8.85、25mM KCl、5mM(NH4)2SO4、2mM MgSO4和250μM每种dATG、dCTP、dGTP和dTTP中的约30ng M13tg131+恒定区单链DNA、25pmol每种寡核苷酸和1u Pwo DNA聚合酶(BoehringerMannheim)。将所述反应进行14个循环至结束,每个循环为94℃,30秒;50℃,30秒;72℃,60秒,然后72℃,5分钟。由低熔点琼脂糖中切除代表预期大小的产物DNA的条带,并将其融化在100μl水中。对于每种突变,通过重叠延伸PCR将两个初始PCR产物连接在一起。将总共约4μl的融化的凝胶片和每个25pmol的MO10BACK和MO11以及如上所述的其它组分混合,以使所述初始的PCR产物为等摩尔量。如上所述进行超过18个循环的PCR,只是退火温度由50℃降至48℃。纯化所获得的包含整个CH2外显子的产物,并用XhoI和KpnI对其消化。用XhoI和KpnI消化包含如上所述的特别限制位点的突变M13tg131+恒定区载体的复制型DNA,以去除存在的CH2DNA和连接CH2区的突变体。将所述DNA样品转化入大肠杆菌TG1中。对各个典型克隆的DNA测序,以鉴定正确突变的恒定区。
为了获得具有Δa和Δb或Δc的IgG1载体,使用代表Δa突变体的DNA作为模板,用于第二轮PCR,以引入如上所述的Δb和Δc突变。
由复制型DNA中除去每一个为BamHI-NotI片段的IgG1、2和4野生型基因和突变的恒定区基因,并将它们克隆到修饰的CAMPATH Hu4VH HuIgG1 pSVgpt载体(Clark,M.R.:LynxvaleBinding Molecules,同上)中,以替换存在的恒定区。产生的载体命名为pSVgptCAMPATHHu4VHHuIgG1Δa等。该载体还包含允许在哺乳动物细胞中选择的gpt基因、鼠免疫球蛋白重链增强子和CAMPATH-1 Hu4VH可变区DNA,以便其具有可在哺乳动物细胞中表达的完全重链基因。CAMPAYH-1人源化轻链基因存在于表达载体CAMPATH HuVL pSVneo(Reichmann,L.,Clark,M.R.,Waldmann,H.和Winter,G.(1988)Nature 332,323-327)中。
在载体pHEN1中获得Fog1可变区DNA(Bye,J.M.,Carter,C.,Cui,Y.,Gorick,B.D.,Songsivilai,S.,Winter,G.,Hughes-Jones,N.C.和Marks,J.D.(1992)人单克隆抗Rh(D)抗体的种系可变区基因节段J.Clin.Invest.90,2481-2490)。通过PCR扩增它们,所用寡核苷酸为:FOG1VHBACK 5′TCC ACA GGT GTC CAC TCC CAG GTG CAT
CTA CAG CAG 3′FOG1VHFOR 5′GAG GTT GTA AGG ACT CAC CTG AGG
AGA CGG TGA CCG T 3′FOG1VKBACK 5′TCC ACA GGT GTC CAC TCC GAC ATC CAG
ATG ACC CAG 3′FOG1VKFOR 5′GAG GTT GTA AGG ACT CAC GTT TGA TCT
CCA GCT TGG T 3′在载体M13VHPCR1(Orlandi,R.,Gussow,D.H.,Jones,P.T.和Winter,G.(1989)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.美国86,3833)中的插入片段的5′部分包含所述启动子和编码所述信号肽的DNA,使用通用的M13反向引物和VO3:5′GGA GTG GAC ACC TGT GGA GA 3′对该5′部分扩增。使用通用的M13-40引物和VO4:5′GTG AGT CCT TAC AAC CTC TC3′经PCR获得在M13VHPCR1中的VH的3′和相当于VH-CH内含子的5′末端的DNA。将这两个DNA节段依次连接至通过如上所述的重叠延伸PCR扩增的DNA Fog-1 VH和Fog-1 VK。使用去除识别位点但没有改变编码氨基酸的寡核苷酸,通过上述方法除去Fog-1 VH内部的BamHI限制位点。将为HindIII-BamHI片段的全部PCR产物克隆到M13mp19中,并确认它们的DNA序列。
包含所述Fog-1 VH的HindIII-BamHI片段用于替换包含上述pSVgpt载体中的CAMPATH-1 VH的片段,产生的表达载体命名为pSVgptFog1VHHuIgG2等。对于所述IgG1载体,在所述恒定区DNA的5′末端的特别的HindIII限制位点是指不可能简单交换HindIII-BamHI可变区片段。而是用HindIII消化相关的pSVgptCAMPATHHu4VHHuIgG1载体。将用来删除HindIII位点并加入BamHI位点的连接体连接在切割端上。然后用BamHI和NotI消化所述DNA,以便能够分离所述恒定区并将其克隆到pSVgptFog1VHHuIgG2中,以替换所述IgG2恒定区。
将包含所述Fog-1 VK的HindIII-BamHI片段转移至已包含鼠免疫球蛋白重链增强子和人κ恒定区基因的载体pSVhyg-HuCK(Orlandi等,1989)中。产生的表达载体叫做pSVhygFog1VKHuCK。产生抗体
通过用PvuI消化使10μg每个重链表达载体和20μg相关轻链表达载体线性化,并将它们混合在50μl水中。在具有5%胎牛血清(FBS)的Iscove改良型Dulbecco培养基(IMDM)中培养非分泌性大鼠骨髓瘤系细胞YB2/0至半融合(semi-confluency)。通过离心收集107细胞,在0.5ml培养基中重悬浮并转移至GenePulser小杯(BioRad)。加入所述DNA并将混合物冰浴5分钟。给予所述细胞一个960μF/170V的脉冲,并再度冰浴15分钟,之后置于20ml IMDM+10%FBS的培养瓶中。将它们于37℃、5%CO2的潮湿气氛中温育。24小时后,体积增加一倍,通过加入霉酚酸至0.8μg/ml和加入黄嘌呤至250μg/ml使所述培养基成为选择性培养基。等分所述细胞于两个96孔平板上培养。进行选择之后约18天,可观察到菌落,用ELISA分析上清液中存在的IgG。简单地说,用山羊抗人IgG、Fc特异性抗体(Sigma)包被微量滴定板孔,然后将其与稀释5倍的所述上清液温育。通过与结合HRPO的山羊抗人κ抗体(Seralab)温育并用邻苯二胺底物进行显色,检测结合抗体。扩大培养包含最高量抗体的孔的细胞,并超低温保藏原种。
将分泌最高量抗体的细胞系扩展到500ml的IMDM+2%FBS中,以提供饱和上清液用于抗体纯化。通过离心澄清所述上清液,并将其制成0.1M Tris HCl pH 8.0溶液。加入A蛋白-琼脂糖(Sigma),于4℃搅拌该混合物16小时。收集琼脂微珠上柱,用0.1M Tris HCl pH8.0溶液继之以10 mM Tris HCl pH 8.0溶液流洗。用每份1ml的0.1M甘氨酸pH 3.0将所述抗体洗脱到每份100μl的1M Tris HCl pH 8.0样品中,并由A280nm读数鉴定包含显著量蛋白的流分。将这些流分对PBS透析,除菌过滤,A280nm重复检测获得合适的抗体浓度(浓度=A280nm×0.714mg/ml)。
使用12.5%丙烯酰胺通过还原SDS-PAGA确定所述抗体的纯度和完整性。在ELISA中检验所述浓度,所述ELISA使用山羊抗人κ抗体(Seralab)作为捕获制剂,使用生物素酰化山羊抗人κ抗体(Sigma)继之以ExtrAvidin-HRPO(Sigma)用于检测。这表明,所述重链的性质不大可能影响所获得的结合水平。FcγRI转染子形成花结
将清洗的R2R2RBC和在100ml PBS中的抗体样品在96孔平板中于室温温育1小时。清洗所述RBC三次,在PBS重悬浮,并于37℃和在96孔平板中培养的表达FcγRI cDNA、B2KA(S.Gorman和G.Hale,未公开)的转染子温育40分钟。废弃上清液,将所述孔清洗一次,以去除过量的RBC。对于每个孔,检测200个B2KA细胞,并记录RBC花结的数目。标绘一式三份的孔中的平均百分率和标准偏差。另一方面,在微量离心管中混合敏化的RBC和B2KA细胞,使其沉淀并温和重悬浮,之后转移到显微镜载玻片上。荧光染色FcγR转染子
在用细胞解离缓冲液(Gibco BRL)处理后获得表达FcγRI cDNA、B2KA和3T3+FcγRI+γ-链(van Urgt,M.J.,Heijnen,I.A.F.M.,Capel,P.J.A.,Park,S.Y.,Ra,C.,Saito,T.,Verbeek,J.S.和van de Winkel,J.G.J.(1996)FcR γ-链是体内人FcγRI(CD64)的表面表达和功能必需的,Blood 87,3593-3599)的转染子,所述转染子为在包含0.1%(w/v)NaN3、0.1%(w/v)BSA(清洗缓冲液)的磷酸缓冲盐水中的单细胞悬浮液。在96孔板中以每孔105沉淀细胞,在100μl CAMPATH-1或Fog-1抗体的稀释液中重悬浮并冰浴30分钟。以每孔150ml清洗缓冲液清洗细胞三次,同样地和20μg/ml结合生物素的山羊抗人κ链抗体(Sigma)继之以20μg/ml ExtrAvidin-FITC(Sigma)温育。最后清洗之后,在100μl包含1%(v/v)甲醛的清洗缓冲液固定细胞。通过用CD64单克隆抗体(Serotec)和结合FITC的山羊和小鼠IgG抗体(Sigma)染色证实FcγRI的表面表达。在FACcan(Becton Dickinson)上检测荧光强度。
对于带有FcγRII、3T6+FcγRIIa 131H/H、3T6+FcγRIIa 131R/R(Warmerdam,P.A.M.,van de Winkel,J.G.J.,Gosselin,E.J.,和Capel,P.J.A.(1990)人类Fcγ受体II(CD32)多态性的分子基础J.Exp.Med.172,19-25;Warmerdam,P.A.M.,van de Winkel,J.G.J.,Vlug,A.,Westerdaal,N.A.C.和Capel,P.J.A.(1991),在人类Fcγ受体II的第二个Ig样域中的单个氨基酸是人IgG2结合的关键,J.Immunol.147,1338-1343)和3T6+FcγRIIb1★(Warmerdam,P.A.M.,van den Herik-Oudijk,I.E.,Parren,P.W.H.I.,Westerdaal,N.A.C.,van de Winkel,J.G.J.和Capel,P.J.A.(1993),Int.Immunol.5,239-247)的转染子,复合所述抗体,然后与所述细胞温育。对于FcγRIIa 131H/H,将所述抗体与等摩尔量的山羊F(ab′)2抗人κ(Seralab)混合,并于37℃温育1小时。然后将所述复合物与所述细胞混合,如上所述继续分析,只是检测抗体为结合FITC的驴抗山羊IgG(Serotec)。对于FcγRIIa 131R/R,使用等摩尔量的结合FITC的山羊F(ab′)2抗人κ(Seralab)制备所述复合物,而对于FcγRIIb1★,使用等摩尔量的结合FITC的山羊F(ab′)2抗人κ和未标记的山羊F(ab′)2抗人κ的1∶1混合物制备所述复合物。因此对于这些受体来说,只需要一个温育步骤。
对于带有FcγIIIb、CHO+FcγIIIb NA1或NA2(Bux,J.,Kissel,K.,Hofmann,C.和Santoso,S.(1999),使用等位基因特异性重组FcγRIIIb抗原检测粒细胞抗体,Blood 93,357-362)的转染子,如以上对3T6+FcγRIIa 131H/H细胞的描述进行染色。红细胞致敏
在PBS中清洗O型(Group O)R1R1 RBC,并在RPMI+10%FBS中重悬浮,终浓度为5%v/v。将10μl细胞加入到在V形底孔平板中的50μl单克隆抗体或RPMI/FBS中,并于37℃温育60分钟。在一些试验中,所述单克隆抗体在RPMI/FBS中连续稀释,以获得一系列结合红细胞的IgG。在竞争试验中,在25μl竞争性单克隆抗体和25μl野生型单克隆抗体或25μl含同种抗体的血清的混合物中敏化所述红细胞。致敏之后,用200μl体积的PBS清洗细胞4次,并在50μlRPMI/FBS中重悬浮(终浓度=1%v/v)。在所有的试验中,在化学发光(CL)测定中使用等分细胞试样(E-IgG),通过流式细胞仪分析等分试样,以测定结合红细胞的IgG的水平。化学发光测定
通过密度梯度离心由混合自6个正常供体的EDTA-抗凝血血液中分离PBMC。用含1%无球蛋白的BSA的PBS清洗PBMC四次,并以2×106/ml在包含25%RPMI和2.5%FBS的Hank平衡盐溶液(HBSS)中重悬浮。将等份试样(100μl)分配在96孔平底白色不透明平板中,并于37℃在5%CO2的潮湿空气氛围中温育2小时。然后将所述平板置于发光计(Anthos Lucy 1,Labtech International,Uckfield,英国)中,并向每孔中加入100μl含4×10-4M鲁米诺(Sigma)的HBSS和20μl E-IgG。然后于37℃监测所述CL反应60分钟。测定红细胞结合的IgG
将25μl等份E-IgG转移到V形底孔平板,用PBS清洗一次,离心至沉淀为止并在50μl F(ab)2 FITC-抗-IgG(在PBS/1%BSA中稀释30倍)中重悬浮。于室温30分钟后,用200μl PBS/BSA清洗所述细胞一次,冰上保持直至用流式细胞仪(EPICS XL-MCL,CoulterElectronics,Luton,英国)分析。记录荧光频道的平均数。
通过使用标准曲线将荧光频道的平均数转变为IgG分子/细胞,所述标准曲线通过向900μl的连续稀释2倍的人单克隆IgG1抗-D(BRAD-5)中加入100μl 5%v/v R1R1细胞制备。用PBS/BSA清洗敏化的红细胞3次,并在PBS/BSA中重悬浮至1%v/v。取出25μl的等份试样,如上所述通过流式细胞仪分析。对余下的红细胞计数,离心至沉淀为止,在包含Triton X-100的缓冲液中裂解,如Kumpel所述(Kumpel,B.M.(1990),定量结合红细胞的免疫球蛋白的简易非同位素法,Vox Sanguinis,59,34-39)用ELISA测定裂解物中的IgG。由IgG浓度和红细胞数量推断结合每个红细胞的IgG分子的数目,每个裂解物都根据所述红细胞数量制备。然后绘制荧光强度对结合每个红细胞的IgG分子数目的标准曲线。CAMPATH-1系抗体介导的补体裂解
对100ml健康志愿者的静脉血去纤维蛋白,并使用Ficoll-PaquePlus(Pharmacia)经密度梯度离心分离组分。将血清和单核细胞层取出到干净管(fresh tube)中。将所述细胞稀释到Iscove改良型Dulbecco培养基(IMDM)中并通过离心收集。在IMDM中清洗所述细胞两次,同时将其混合为一份沉淀,该沉淀在200μlIMDM中重悬浮。加入900μCi的[51Cr]铬酸钠并于37℃温育所述细胞40分钟。加入10ml IMDM并使所述细胞沉淀。清洗所述细胞两次并以约6×106细胞/ml在IMDM中重悬浮。将50μl等份的标记细胞加入到在96孔平板孔中的50μlIMDM中的抗体样品中。将100μl与IMDM 1∶1稀释的保留血清加入到每个孔中,所述平板于37℃温育1小时。离心所述平板,对上清液取样,并在γ计数器中检测释放的51Cr的相对量。由未加入抗体的样品获得自发释放的水平,并由重悬浮所述细胞后取出的相似样品中获得释放的51Cr的总量的大小。由下式计算特定51Cr释放的百分率:
绘制一式三份样品的平均数和标准差。
为抑制补体裂解,抗体样品包含常量(6.25μg/ml终浓度)的CAMPATH-1 G1和增加量的CAMPATH-1 G2Δa。CAMPATH-1系抗体介导的ADCC
如上所述制备外周血单核细胞。清洗后,在补加5%FBS的IMDM中重悬浮所述细胞,并将其转移至已包被CD3抗体的烧瓶中。于37℃、5%CO2中培养所述细胞三天。用51Cr标记5%的所述细胞作为靶细胞,对其清洗并以6×105细胞/ml在IMDM+5%FBS中重悬浮。向包含50μl在IMDM+5%FBS中的抗体样品的96孔平板的孔中加入50μl等份样品。所述靶细胞和抗体在37℃温育1小时,加入作为载体的RBC并使所述细胞沉淀。在IMDM中清洗所述细胞两次。通过离心收集余下的单核细胞,并以4×106细胞/ml在IMDM+5%FBS中重悬浮,将其中150μl加入到在所述过程中重悬浮所述靶细胞的每个孔中。这产生20∶1的效应物-靶比值。温和离心所述细胞,并置于组织培养培养箱中6小时。对上清液取样,并如上所述测定特定51Cr释放。相对于抗体终浓度绘制一式两份样品的特定释放的平均值。实施例1-抗体的产生和基本特征
在表1(图15)中显示了选择消除效应子功能的突变。在IgG1和IgG2基因中产生的所述Δa突变引入了在位置327、330和331的IgG4残基。同样,将在位置233-236的IgG2残基引入到IgG1和IgG4中,但因为IgG2在236具有缺失,而其它亚类在此具有甘氨酸残基,所以产生省略(Δb)或包括(Δc)G236的突变。
用合适的轻链表达载体将允许表达CAMPATH-1或Fog-1 VHDNA的载体和野生型或突变体恒定区基因共转染到大鼠骨髓瘤细胞中。
分离稳定的转染子,扩展培养并由在A蛋白-琼脂糖上的上清液中纯化抗体。
选择CAMPATH-1H,因为它提供了体外研究补体和细胞介导的裂解的良好靶系统。
对于所述Fog-1抗体,在纯化后形成的沉淀一旦经除菌过滤去除,就观察不到进一步的沉淀。根据280nm的吸光度确定抗体浓度,必要时可在ELISA检测κ链存在的相对量后调节所述抗体浓度。所述抗体进行还原SDS-PAGE。每个样品都显示表观分子量约25和55 kDa的两条带,这代表所述轻链和重链的预计大小。各种抗体系的重链大小之间没有可见不同,但Fog-1抗体的两条链似乎稍小于它们的CAMPATH-1相应物。每个系的重链似乎具有相同的表观分子量,这一事实表明所述突变在所述蛋白的糖基化中未产生任何重大差异。对于具有CAMPATH-1特异性的抗体,纯化后的产量在每ml上清液0.6-9μg之间变化,而可溶性Fog-1抗体的产量在3-20μg/ml之间。两个抗体系的纯化产量在排序上没有相关性表明,说明所述突变没有一个影响了所述抗体生产或它们结合A蛋白的能力。
然后测试两个抗体系的特异性。所述CAMPATH-1抗体显示与临床级CAMPATH-1H竞争结合抗CAMPATH-1独特型单克隆抗体YID13.9。在作为交联试剂的抗人IgG抗体存在下Fog-1抗体能够凝集RhD+RBC。同样,通过用不同抗体包被RhD+RBC并使用抗G1m(a)、抗IgG2或抗IgG4抗体作为交联抗体观察凝集形式检定Fog-1抗体的IgG亚类。结果表明所述抗体是正确的亚类。然后在过量的CAMPATH-1系抗体存在下,使用Fog-1 IgG1和抗G1m(a)、Fog-1 IgG2和抗IgG2以及Fog-1 IgG4和抗IgG4对RhD+RBC进行凝集。所述CAMPATH-1抗体仅在它们为与Fog-1抗体相同的亚类时,才能通过竞争所述交联试剂抑制凝集,由此证实它们的亚类。实施例2-FcγRI结合
用在浓度范围内的11种Fog-1抗体的每一种包被每个细胞具有约30000 RhD位点的RBC(R2R2),并加入到在孔中培养的表达人FcγRI的转染子B2KA中。温育后,洗出过量的RBC,记录通过RBC形成花结的B2KA细胞的百分率(图1)。对于G1和G1Δa,当在位置327、330和331包括IgG4残基时,获得的花结水平相似,当用约0.1μg/ml的抗体包被RBC时,出现半最大(half-maximal)花结,Fog-1抗体在此浓度预计应占据约三分之一的RhD位点。G4需要稍高一些的浓度获得同样的花结水平。当使用由包含Δb和Δc突变的G1和G4抗体或G2抗体包被的RBC时,没有形成花结。在图1显示的试验中,试验的最高包被浓度为10mg/ml,这预示相当于占据约90%的RhD位点。使用最高至80mg/ml的包被浓度重复所述试验,该浓度基本饱和了所述RhD位点,但对于G2和包含Db或Dc突变并由此在铰链区下部加入IgG2残基的抗体仍没有观察到花结。这表明即使当用这些抗体于对RBC最大密度包被此抗原时,IgG/FcγgRI的相互作用也不足以形成花结。
将敏化的RBC和B2KA细胞一起离心,之后在显微镜载玻片上观察花结,发现比在孔中温育所述细胞产生的花结比例高,所以使用此方法研究对花结形成的抑制。用1mg/ml Fog-1 G1和不同量的Fog-1 G2Da或Fog-1 G4Db的混合物包被R2R2 RBC,之后与B2KA细胞混合。当单独使用1μg/ml的Fog-1G1时,包被的RBC在95%的B2KA细胞上形成花结,而在64 mg/ml G2Δa或G4Δb存在下致敏完全消除了花结形成(未列出数据)。
通过荧光染色检测两个抗体系与在其表面上表达FcγRI cDNA的两种不同细胞系的结合。图2显示了代表性的试验。使用CD64抗体检测,3T3转染子表面表达FcγRI的水平高于B2KA系,这反映出当通过Fc检测结合时获得较高的信号。对于这两个系,G1和G1Δa抗体以相同的表观亲和力结合所述受体,这表明在位置327、330和331的突变没有明显影响所述相互作用。G4抗体的结合大约比G1和G1Δa抗体的结合低3倍。对于G2抗体或任何其它突变抗体几乎未观察到结合,这表明在IgG1和IgG4中的Δb和Δc突变足以将与FcγRI的结合降低至少104倍。如果和本底或和具有Δb突变的同等抗体比较荧光水平,则在最高试验浓度的包含Δc突变尤其是G1Δc突变的抗体显示与FcγRI结合的程度低。如果如在图3中所见,最高浓度的CAMPATH-1抗体和B2KA细胞的荧光强度频率分布图重叠,则对G1和G1Δa的标绘一致。G1Δb和G1Δc抗体的频率分布图明显不同。实施例3-通过化学发光检测FcγRI触发
为了通过FcγRI/II检测机能活动,检测单核细胞对用Fog-1系抗体致敏的RBC的化学发光(CL)应答,并相对于每个RBC结合的抗体分子数绘图(图4)。观察具有较高量抗体的G1和G1Δa抗体之间的差异,但二者都产生高于抗体浓度范围的G4抗体的应答。G1Δc抗体获得显著的触发,G1Δac和G4Δc获得较小程度的触发,但其它抗体未产生任何应答。
由先前章节已知缺乏FcγRI触发的抗体以增加的浓度和常量的Fog-1 G1混合,并用于致敏RBC。在图5中显示了针对RBC的CL应答。通过比较所述CL应答和G1单独测定时获得的CL应答,如果假定所述突变体与其相对浓度成比例地替换RBC中的活性G1,则似乎8个抗体中的6个抑制所述反应至预测的程度。对于G2,抑制性作用被延迟,因为产生相同量的抑制需要约3倍多的G2。G1Δc抑制到和其它突变体大约相同的程度,只是所述应答未降至零。
有两篇论文论述了使用化学发光预测体内病理学的严重程度,这两篇论文是Hadley(1995)Transfusion Medicine Reviews 9:302-313和Hadley等(1998)Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105:231-234。
在这些测定中,超出由BRAD-5单克隆抗体对照产生的化学发光30%的结果应可预示体内HDN病状。因此这些可以封闭至低于30%水平的抗体应适用于治疗。
测试一个突变抗体Fog-1 G2Δa抑制针对血清的CL应答的能力,所述血清包含临床上显著的抗体。所述血清包含抗RhD抗体或抗C+D,并在没有抑制剂的情况下,产生高出以下规模30%的CL应答:即表示新生儿严重溶血症和需要子宫内输血的规模。所述血清与不同浓度的G2Δa混合,混合物用于敏化RBC并检测单核细胞的应答(图6)。由于所有5种抗RhD血清都封闭在30%以下,所以加入G2Δa抗体降低CL信号。实现此目标需要的抗体量在16-260μg/ml之间变化,所述范围大概反映出所述血清中抗RhD抗体的不同量和亲和力。有两种对照血清。G2Δa根本不能封闭抗κ血清,因为其反应性涉及RBC上的不同抗原。G2Δa只能抑制抗C+D血清的部分活性。实施例4-在补体裂解中的作用
图7显示了针对G1和G2 CAMPATH-1抗体产生的所有突变显著降低了它们介导补体裂解的能力。当使用常量的G1和不同量的G2Δa(图8)进行测定时,所述G2Δa抗体能够通过CAMPATH-1 G1封闭对PBMC的杀伤作用。实施例5-在ADCC中的作用
使用人PBMC作为靶细胞(图9)检测CAMPATH-1抗体介导ADCC的能力,使用RhD+RBC作为靶细胞(图10和10b)检测Fog-1抗体介导ADCC的能力。图9显示CAMPATH-1抗体和一些具有很低活性的突变体在ADCC中的联合的能力。图10和10b显示Fog-1抗体突变体G1Δab、G1Δac、G2Δa、G4Δb和G4Δc不能支持任何对RBC的杀伤作用。在图10中,可见到用G2或G4致敏的RBC的一些裂解,但这些抗体在图10b的分析中没有明显活性。这证明了以下观察:即裂解程度可能取决于效应细胞的供体,甚至当使用在不同时间取自同一供体的效应细胞时裂解程度可能改变。然而,对于以上列出的突变体,没有观察到在本底水平以上的活性,尽管已经对一系列效应细胞供体进行了试验。
使用一些Fog-1抗体尝试抑制Fog-1 G1(图11和11b)和抗RhD血清的临床样品(图12)介导的对RhD+RBC的ADCC。所述图显示所有的试验抗体当在RBC敏化之前与活性抗体混合时,都能够抑制ADCC。Fog-1突变抗体G1Δb、G1Δab、G1Δac、G4Δb和G4Δc对于封闭ADCC特别有效。实施例6-FcγRII结合
图13、13b和14分别显示Fog-1系抗体的复合物与带有FcγRIIa131H/H、FcγRIIa 131R/R和FcγRIIb1★的细胞结合。当检测与这些受体的结合时,由于它们对各个抗体分子的低亲和性,所以必须形成抗体复合体。FcγRIIa 131H/H是FcγRIIa的同种异型,IgG2抗体应与其强有力结合,实际上,G1和G2显示强结合性(图13)。向这两种抗体中加入所述突变似乎逐渐降低结合水平,而G1Δc和G1Δac抗体仅具有G4抗体所显示的本底结合水平。图13b显示所述抗体当与FcγRIIa的131R同种异型结合时具有不同的相对活性,但对野生型G1抗体产生的突变又降低了与所述受体的结合。所有的所述抗体都显示与所述抑制性受体FcγRIIb1★的结合明显高于阴性对照样品—单独的交联F(ab′)2或与F(ab′)2复合的无糖基IgG1抗体(图14)。尽管大多数突变体的结合相对于相应的野生型抗体降低,但一些突变体显示不超出野生型G1抗体具有的结合两倍的结合。实施例6b-FcgRIII结合
图14b和14c分别显示Fog-1系抗体的复合物与带有FcγRIIIb的同种异型NA1和NA2的细胞结合。对于这两种同种异型,观察到与G1抗体结合,而与G1Δa和G1Δc抗体的结合度小。未观察到结合其它突变抗体,因为它们显示与阴性对照样品—单独的交联F(ab′)2或与F(ab′)2复合的无糖基IgG1抗体相似的荧光水平。实施例7-产生抗HPA-1a抗体
扩增抗HPA-1a ScFv(Griffin,H.M.和Ouwehand,W.H.(1995)对来自V基因噬菌体展示文库的血小板糖蛋白IIIa的亮氨酸-33形式特异性的人单克隆抗体Blood 86,4430-4436)的VH和Vλ,并通过先前描述的重叠延伸PCR将每种都连接至载体M13VHPCR1(Orlandi等,1989)的前导序列。同样地将M13VHPCR1中VH的3′和相当于VH-CH内含子的5′末端的DNA连接到所述前导序列/VH DNA。将所述产物以HindIII-BamHI片段克隆到IgG1和IgG2表达载体中,以替换存在的可变区片段和产生载体pSVgptB2VHHuIgG1和pSVgptB2VHHuIgG2。
将在读框内的所述前导序列/VλDNA连接到取自已知表达载体(Routledge,E.G.,Lloyd,I,Gorman,S.D.,Clark,M.和Waldman,H.1991,Eur.J. Immunol.21:2717)的Kern-Oz-同种异型人λ链恒定区DNA(Rabbitts,T.H.Forster,H.和Matthews,J.G.1983.Mol.Biol.Med.1:11)。将整个λ基因作为HindIII-BamHI片段克隆到M13中,而pSVhyg-HuCK的鼠重链增强子(Orlandi等,1989)使用连接物添加所述基因的5′,以使整个插入片段可以作为BamHI片段转移到pSV2neo(Southern,P.J.和Berg.P.1982.J.Mol.Appl.Genet.1:327)中。所述载体命名为pSVneoB2VλHuCλ。
将所述表达载体转染到大鼠骨髓瘤细胞系YB2/0中,选择转染子并如前所述纯化抗体。这些B2IgG1和B2IgG2抗体可以用作对照抗体。
一旦选择了最好的无效恒定区,则可以将B2 VH HindIII-BamHI片段引入到具有合适的恒定区基因的表达载体中,替换存在的可变区片段。然后可以用pSVneoB2VλHuCλ将所述重链表达载体共转染到骨髓瘤细胞中,并纯化所述抗体备用。实施例8-结合分子的治疗用途
按照本发明的治疗性分子例如可以通过静脉内给予母亲,从而依赖胎盘转移(例如经FcRn)向胎儿提供治疗剂量,用于治疗并发HPA-1a同种异型免疫的妊娠。
另一个选择是通过经皮肤的脐血管加样直接给予胎儿。此方法目前在FAIT中进行,以输送匹配的血小板。因为输入的血小板的存活期短,所以在妊娠过程中该方法可能不得不重复多次。然而危险的是该方法每一次都具有0.5%的胎儿死亡风险。
但是,胎儿给予治疗性抗体应当具有以下优点:即需要的剂量低得多,并由此可以认为使用本发明所述分子连同血小板输注的组合方法是治疗的第一步。此方法可以在分娩前降低或消除对血小板输注的进一步需要。结束语
在表2(图16)中概括了所述抗体的活性。由此可以看出,已经产生降低结合FcγRI、FcγRIIa 131H/H、FcγRIIa 131R/R、FcγRIIIb NA1和FcγRIIIb NA2能力的结合分子;它们不能引起单核细胞发光;不能介导补体裂解和没有ADCC活性。然而,所述结合分子保留了对抑制性受体FcγRIIb的结合。先前用于剔除效应子功能的其它突变,诸如除去在CH2域中的糖基化位点以产生无糖基抗体,也可以用于消除与可能不需要的受体的结合。
选择的突变体已经显示能够完全抑制FcγRI细胞通过Fog-1 G1形成花结;抑制单核细胞对Fog-1 G1致敏的RBC的应答;抑制单核细胞对多克隆抗RhD致敏的RBC的应答;抑制通过由CAMPATH-1G1介导的补体裂解杀伤PMBC;抑制通过由Fog-1 G1介导的ADCC杀伤RBC;抑制通过由多克隆抗RhD血清介导的ADCC杀伤RBC。
本文的结果证明,改变IgG CH2域中对应于不同亚类的即使单一的残基也可以导致不同的活性。因此考虑三对Db和Dc突变体:G1Δb和G1Δc、G1Δab和G1Δac、G4Δb和G4Δc。在每一对中,所述抗体的差别仅是没有G236的(Δb)或存在G236的(Δc)。然而,就本文检测的大多数功能而言,所述Δb和Δc抗体具有不同的活性。所述Db突变体在结合FcγRIIa 131H/H方面更活跃,而所述Dc突变体在FcγRI结合、FcγRIIIb NA1和NA2结合、单核细胞活化和ADCC方面更活跃。产生Δb和Δc突变的区已知为铰链区下部或为铰链连接区,并似乎具有延长的结构,连接所述铰链区和其余的CH2域。此区残基的添加和缺失估计可能改变了铰链区下部残基相对于在其余的CH2域中的受体相互作用部位的排列。
然而应当强调的是,不能总是根据野生型抗体活性推测突变的作用,但所述突变将取决于其中存在所述突变的新情况(基于‘混合的’IgG亚类)。一个实例是在补体裂解测定中,其中IgG2抗体的活性仅有IgG1抗体活性的约三分之一,但将IgG2残基引入到IgG1中(G1Δb和G1Δc)消除了裂解。同样地,IgG1和IgG2显示同等结合FcγRIIa 131H,但G1Δb和G1Δc的活性分别低50和10倍。在图9和10的ADCC分析中,IgG2和IgG4产生同样低但可检测水平的裂解。在IgG2和IgG4之间置换残基以及置换残基到IgG1中降低活性。这些情况表明,不同人IgG亚类的野生型抗体和突变抗体估计可以在结合其它分子时使用不同的残基,以触发活性。
Claims (34)
1.为重组多肽的结合分子,它包含:(i)能够结合靶分子的结合域,和(ii)具有与人免疫球蛋白重链的全部或部分恒定区大致同源的氨基酸序列的效应子域;它的特征在于所述结合分子能够结合所述靶分子而不触发明显的依赖于补体的裂解或细胞介导的对所述靶的破坏。
2.在权利要求1中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述效应子域能够特异性结合FcRn和/或FcγRIIb。
3.在权利要求1或权利要求2中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述效应子域是衍生自两个或两个以上人免疫球蛋白重链CH2域的嵌合域。
4.在权利要求3中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述人免疫球蛋白选自IgG1、IgG2和IgG4。
5.在权利要求3或权利要求4中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述效应子域衍生自第一个人免疫球蛋白重链CH2域,其中所述CH2域的至少1个区中的至少1个氨基酸已被修饰为第二个不同的人免疫球蛋白重链CH2域中的对应氨基酸。
6.在权利要求5中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述第一个人免疫球蛋白选自IgG1、IgG2和IgG4,而所述第二个人免疫球蛋白选自IgG2和IgG4。
7.在权利要求3至6的任一项中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述CH2域的2个不连续的区的每一个中的至少2个氨基酸分别被修饰为在第二个和第三个人免疫球蛋白重链CH2域的对应区中的对应氨基酸。
8.在权利要求7中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述2个不连续的区是残基233-236和327-331。
9.在权利要求3至8的任一项中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述效应子域与所述第一个人免疫球蛋白重链CH2域具有至少约90%的序列同一性。
10.在权利要求3至9的任一项中要求保护的结合分子,它包含在所述位置具有一个或多个以下氨基酸或缺失的人免疫球蛋白重链CH2域:位置
氨基酸233 P234 V235 A236 (无残基)或G327 G330 S331 S 。
11.在权利要求3至10的任一项中要求保护的结合分子,它包含在所述位置具有一个或多个以下氨基酸区段或缺失的人免疫球蛋白重链CH2域:233P、234V、235A和236无残基;或233P、234V、235A和236G;和/或327G、330S和331S。
12.在权利要求9至11的任一项中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述效应子域选自G1Δab、G2Δa或G1Δac。
13.在权利要求3至12的任一项中要求保护的结合分子,它进一步包含使所述分子为大致无效同种异型的修饰。
14.在权利要求5至13的任一项中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述效应子域与所述第一个或第二个人免疫球蛋白重链CH2域相比,对FcγRI、FcγRIIa或FcγRIII的亲和力下降以及介导补体裂解的能力下降。
15.在权利要求14中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述效应子域保留对FcγRIIb的亲和力。
16.在前述的权利要求的任一项中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述结合域衍生自与所述效应子域不同的来源。
17.在前述的权利要求的任一项中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述结合域选自抗体;酶;激素;受体;细胞因子或抗原;配体和粘附分子的结合部位。
18.在前述的权利要求的任一项中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述结合域能够结合以下任一种分子:红细胞的RhD抗原;血小板的HPA同种抗原;嗜中性粒细胞抗原;T细胞受体;整合蛋白;GBM胶原蛋白;DerP1;HPA-1a;VAP-1;层粘连蛋白;lutheran;血小板糖蛋白VI;血小板糖蛋白Ia/IIa 。
19.在权利要求18中要求保护的结合分子,其中所述结合域选自CAMPATH-1和FOG-1;OKT3;B2(抗HPA-1a);VAP-1;鼠抗α3(IV)NC1;YTH12.5(CD3);2C7(抗Der p I);抗层粘连蛋白;抗lutheran的结合域。
20.包含核苷酸序列的分离的核酸,所述核苷酸序列编码在前述权利要求的任一项中要求保护的所述结合分子的效应子域。
21.在权利要求20中要求保护的核酸,其中所述核苷酸序列编码在前述权利要求的任一项中要求保护的结合分子。
22.在权利要求20或权利要求21中要求保护的为可复制载体的核酸。
23.在权利要求22中要求保护的核酸,其中所述核苷酸序列可操作地连接至启动子。
24.包含权利要求22或权利要求23的载体或用它们转化的宿主细胞。
25.产生在权利要求1至19的任一项中要求保护的结合分子的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:修饰编码第一个人免疫球蛋白重链CH2的核苷酸序列,以使所述CH2域的至少1个区中的至少1个氨基酸对应于第二个人免疫球蛋白重链CH2域的氨基酸。
26.在权利要求1至19或21至23的任一项中要求保护的结合分子或核酸的用途,它用于结合靶分子和所述结合分子。
27.在权利要求26中要求保护的用途,其中所述靶分子是FcγRIIb,所述结合引起对以下一种或多种作用的抑制:B细胞活化;肥大细胞脱颗粒;吞噬。
28.在权利要求26中要求保护的用途,用于防止、抑制或相反干扰第二个结合分子与所述靶分子结合。
29.在权利要求28中要求保护的用途,其中所述第二个结合分子是抗体。
30.在权利要求28或权利要求29中要求保护的用途,其中所述靶分子选自:红细胞的RhD抗原;血小板的HPA同种抗原;嗜中性粒细胞抗原;T细胞受体;整合蛋白;GBM胶原蛋白;Der P1;HPA-1a;VAP-1;层粘连蛋白;lutheran;血小板糖蛋白VI;血小板糖蛋白Ia/IIa。
31.在权利要求27至30的任一项中要求保护的用途,用于治疗患以下疾病的患者:移植物抗宿主疾病;宿主抗移植物疾病;器官移植排斥;骨髓移植排斥;自身免疫,诸如结节性脉管炎、自身免疫性溶血性贫血、自身免疫性血小板减少和关节炎;同种异体免疫,诸如胎儿/新生儿同种异体免疫性血小板减少;哮喘和变态反应;慢性或急性炎症性疾病,诸如Chrohn病;HDN;Goodpasture,镰状细胞性贫血,冠状动脉闭塞。
32.在权利要求26至31的任一项中要求保护的用途,其中所述结合分子给予患者,或可选地在所述患者是未出生婴儿的情况下,给予所述患者的母亲。
33.包含在权利要求1至19的任一项中要求保护的结合分子或在权利要求21至23的任一项中要求保护的核酸加上药学上可接受载体的药用制剂。
34.一种寡核苷酸,它选自:
MO22BACK: 5′TCT CCA ACA AAG GCC TCC CGT CCT CCATCG AGA AAA 3′,
MO22:5′TTT TCT CGA TGG AGG ACG GGA GGC CTT TGTTGG AGA 3′,
MO7BACK:5′TCC TCA GCA CCT CCA GTC GCG GGG GGACCG TCA GTC 3′,
MO21:5′GAC TGA CGG TCC CGC GAC TGG AGG TGC TGAGGA 3′。
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- 1999-05-07 ES ES99920998T patent/ES2342238T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-05-07 AU AU38373/99A patent/AU752185C/en not_active Expired
- 1999-05-07 PL PL99343931A patent/PL343931A1/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-05-07 EP EP99920998A patent/EP1075496B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-05-07 TR TR2000/03292T patent/TR200003292T2/xx unknown
- 1999-05-07 JP JP2000548374A patent/JP4511035B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-05-07 HU HU0101915A patent/HUP0101915A3/hu unknown
- 1999-05-07 US US09/674,857 patent/US7597889B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-05-07 NZ NZ507694A patent/NZ507694A/en unknown
-
2000
- 2000-10-20 ZA ZA200005870A patent/ZA200005870B/en unknown
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101014619B (zh) * | 2004-07-15 | 2010-11-03 | 赞科股份有限公司 | 优化的Fc变体 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO328687B1 (no) | 2010-04-26 |
CA2326501A1 (en) | 1999-11-18 |
EE200000643A (et) | 2002-04-15 |
RU2226196C2 (ru) | 2004-03-27 |
HUP0101915A2 (hu) | 2001-09-28 |
GB9809951D0 (en) | 1998-07-08 |
AU752185C (en) | 2003-09-18 |
JP4511035B2 (ja) | 2010-07-28 |
AU3837399A (en) | 1999-11-29 |
TR200003292T2 (tr) | 2001-03-21 |
KR20010034847A (ko) | 2001-04-25 |
AU752185B2 (en) | 2002-09-12 |
JP2002514406A (ja) | 2002-05-21 |
KR100634853B1 (ko) | 2006-10-17 |
DE69942178D1 (de) | 2010-05-06 |
PL343931A1 (en) | 2001-09-10 |
EP1075496A1 (en) | 2001-02-14 |
ATE461940T1 (de) | 2010-04-15 |
HK1039624A1 (zh) | 2002-05-03 |
HUP0101915A3 (en) | 2005-01-28 |
CN1250570C (zh) | 2006-04-12 |
NO20005612D0 (no) | 2000-11-07 |
BR9910281A (pt) | 2001-01-02 |
ES2342238T3 (es) | 2010-07-02 |
US7597889B1 (en) | 2009-10-06 |
CA2326501C (en) | 2010-10-26 |
EP1075496B1 (en) | 2010-03-24 |
ZA200005870B (en) | 2002-10-25 |
NZ507694A (en) | 2003-07-25 |
WO1999058572A1 (en) | 1999-11-18 |
NO20005612L (no) | 2000-12-29 |
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