research-article

Exploring Gaze for Assisting Freehand Selection-based Text Entry in AR

Authors:

Mathias N. Lystbæk,

Jens Emil Sloth Grønbæk,

Hans GellersenAuthors Info & Claims

Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Volume 6, Issue ETRA

Article No.: 141, Pages 1 - 16

https://doi.org/10.1145/3530882

Published: 13 May 2022 Publication History

Abstract

With eye-tracking increasingly available in Augmented Reality, we explore how gaze can be used to assist freehand gestural text entry. Here the eyes are often coordinated with manual input across the spatial positions of the keys. Inspired by this, we investigate gaze-assisted selection-based text entry through the concept of spatial alignment of both modalities. Users can enter text by aligning both gaze and manual pointer at each key, as a novel alternative to existing dwell-time or explicit manual triggers. We present a text entry user study comparing two of such alignment techniques to a gaze-only and a manual-only baseline. The results show that one alignment technique reduces physical finger movement by more than half compared to standard in-air finger typing, and is faster and exhibits less perceived eye fatigue than an eyes-only dwell-time technique. We discuss trade-offs between uni and multimodal text entry techniques, pointing to novel ways to integrate eye movements to facilitate virtual text entry.

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Cited By

Faleel SSodhi RIrani P(2024)Comparison of Unencumbered Interaction Technique for Head-Mounted DisplaysProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36981468:ISS(500-516)Online publication date: 24-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3698146
Park YKim JOakley IKostakos VKay JHoang T(2024)The Impact of Gaze and Hand Gesture Complexity on Gaze-Pinch Interaction PerformancesCompanion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing10.1145/3675094.3678990(622-626)Online publication date: 5-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3675094.3678990
Lystbæk MMikkelsen TKrisztandl RGonzalez EGonzalez-Franco MGellersen HPfeuffer K(2024)Hands-on, Hands-off: Gaze-Assisted Bimanual 3D InteractionProceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology10.1145/3654777.3676331(1-12)Online publication date: 13-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3654777.3676331
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Exploring Gaze for Assisting Freehand Selection-based Text Entry in AR
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Human computer interaction (HCI)
    1. Interaction paradigms
      1. Mixed / augmented reality
    2. Interaction techniques
      1. Pointing
  2. Interaction design
    1. Interaction design theory, concepts and paradigms

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cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction

Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction Volume 6, Issue ETRA

ETRA

May 2022

198 pages

EISSN:2573-0142

DOI:10.1145/3537904

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Jeff Nichols
Apple Inc., United States

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Published: 13 May 2022

Published in PACMHCI Volume 6, Issue ETRA

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Cited By

Faleel SSodhi RIrani P(2024)Comparison of Unencumbered Interaction Technique for Head-Mounted DisplaysProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36981468:ISS(500-516)Online publication date: 24-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3698146
Park YKim JOakley IKostakos VKay JHoang T(2024)The Impact of Gaze and Hand Gesture Complexity on Gaze-Pinch Interaction PerformancesCompanion of the 2024 on ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing10.1145/3675094.3678990(622-626)Online publication date: 5-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3675094.3678990
Lystbæk MMikkelsen TKrisztandl RGonzalez EGonzalez-Franco MGellersen HPfeuffer K(2024)Hands-on, Hands-off: Gaze-Assisted Bimanual 3D InteractionProceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology10.1145/3654777.3676331(1-12)Online publication date: 13-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3654777.3676331
Lee JKim HKim G(2024)Keep Your Eyes on the Target: Enhancing Immersion and Usability by Designing Natural Object Throwing with Gaze-based TargetingProceedings of the 2024 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications10.1145/3649902.3653338(1-7)Online publication date: 4-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3649902.3653338
Wu LLafreniere BGrossman TWhite TSantosa S(2024)Body Language for VUIs: Exploring Gestures to Enhance Interactions with Voice User InterfacesProceedings of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference10.1145/3643834.3660691(133-150)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3643834.3660691
Ren YZhang YLiu ZXie N(2024)Eye-Hand Typing: Eye Gaze Assisted Finger Typing via Bayesian Processes in ARIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2024.337210630:5(2496-2506)Online publication date: May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2024.3372106
Zhang X(2024)Evaluating Target Expansion for Eye Pointing TasksInteracting with Computers10.1093/iwc/iwae00436:4(209-223)Online publication date: 27-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwae004
Bisogni CNappi MTortora GDel Bimbo A(2024)Gaze analysisImage and Vision Computing10.1016/j.imavis.2024.104961144:COnline publication date: 1-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.imavis.2024.104961
Barz MKaragiannis PKildal JRivera Pinto Ade Munain JRosel JMadarieta MSalagianni KAivaliotis PMakris SSonntag D(2024)MASTER-XR: Mixed Reality Ecosystem for Teaching Robotics in ManufacturingIntegrated Systems: Data Driven Engineering10.1007/978-3-031-53652-6_10(167-182)Online publication date: 17-Sep-2024
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Chen DGiordano MBenko HGrossman TSantosa S(2023)GazeRayCursor: Facilitating Virtual Reality Target Selection by Blending Gaze and Controller RaycastingProceedings of the 29th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology10.1145/3611659.3615693(1-11)Online publication date: 9-Oct-2023
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