Beta-2 mikroglobulin

B2M
Dostupne strukture
PDB	Pretraga ortologa: PDBe RCSB
Spisak PDB ID kodova
	1A1M, 1A1N, 1A1O, 1A6Z, 1A9B, 1A9E, 1AGB, 1AGC, 1AGD, 1AGE, 1AGF, 1AKJ, 1AO7, 1B0G, 1B0R, 1BD2, 1C16, 1CE6, 1DE4, 1DUY, 1DUZ, 1E27, 1E28, 1EEY, 1EEZ, 1EFX, 1EXU, 1GZP, 1GZQ, 1HHG, 1HHH, 1HHI, 1HHJ, 1HHK, 1HLA, 1HSA, 1HSB, 1I1F, 1I1Y, 1I4F, 1I7R, 1I7T, 1I7U, 1IM3, 1IM9, 1JF1, 1JGD, 1JGE, 1JHT, 1JNJ, 1K5N, 1KPR, 1KTL, 1LDS, 1LP9, 1M05, 1M6O, 1MHE, 1MI5, 1OF2, 1OGA, 1OGT, 1ONQ, 1PY4, 1Q94, 1QEW, 1QLF, 1QQD, 1QR1, 1QRN, 1QSE, 1QSF, 1QVO, 1R3H, 1S9W, 1S9X, 1S9Y, 1SYS, 1SYV, 1TMC, 1TVB, 1TVH, 1UQS, 1UXS, 1UXW, 1VGK, 1W0V, 1W0W, 1W72, 1X7Q, 1XH3, 1XR8, 1XR9, 1XZ0, 1YDP, 1YPZ, 1ZHK, 1ZHL, 1ZS8, 1ZSD, 1ZT4, 1ZVS, 2A83, 2AK4, 2AV7, 2AXF, 2AXG, 2BCK, 2BNQ, 2BNR, 2BSR, 2BSS, 2BST, 2BVO, 2BVP, 2BVQ, 2C7U, 2CII, 2CIK, 2CLR, 2D31, 2D4D, 2D4F, 2DYP, 2E8D, 2ESV, 2F53, 2F54, 2F74, 2F8O, 2GIT, 2GJ6, 2GT9, 2GTW, 2GTZ, 2GUO, 2H26, 2H6P, 2HJL, 2HLA, 2HN7, 2J8U, 2JCC, 2NW3, 2NX5, 2P5E, 2P5W, 2PO6, 2PYE, 2RFX, 2UWE, 2V2W, 2V2X, 2VB5, 2VLJ, 2VLK, 2VLL, 2VLR, 2X4N, 2X4O, 2X4P, 2X4Q, 2X4R, 2X4S, 2X4T, 2X4U, 2X70, 2X89, 2XKS, 2XKU, 2XPG, 2YPK, 2YPL, 2YXF, 2Z9T, 3AM8, 3B3I, 3B6S, 3BGM, 3BH8, 3BH9, 3BHB, 3BO8, 3BP4, 3BP7, 3BVN, 3BW9, 3BWA, 3BXN, 3BZE, 3BZF, 3C9N, 3CDG, 3CII, 3CIQ, 3CZF, 3D18, 3D25, 3D2U, 3D39, 3D3V, 3DBX, 3DHJ, 3DHM, 3DTX, 3DXA, 3EKC, 3FFC, 3FQN, 3FQR, 3FQT, 3FQU, 3FQW, 3FQX, 3FT2, 3FT3, 3FT4, 3GIV, 3GJF, 3GSN, 3GSO, 3GSQ, 3GSR, 3GSU, 3GSV, 3GSW, 3GSX, 3H7B, 3H9H, 3H9S, 3HAE, 3HCV, 3HG1, 3HLA, 3HPJ, 3HUJ, 3I6G, 3I6K, 3I6L, 3IB4, 3IXA, 3JTS, 3KLA, 3KPO, 3KPR, 3KPS, 3KWW, 3KXF, 3KYN, 3KYO, 3L3D, 3L3G, 3L3I, 3L3J, 3L3K, 3LKN, 3LKO, 3LKP, 3LKQ, 3LKR, 3LKS, 3LN4, 3LN5, 3LOW, 3LV3, 3M17, 3M1B, 3MGO, 3MGT, 3MR9, 3MRB, 3MRC, 3MRD, 3MRE, 3MRF, 3MRG, 3MRH, 3MRI, 3MRJ, 3MRK, 3MRL, 3MRM, 3MRN, 3MRO, 3MRP, 3MRQ, 3MRR, 3MV7, 3MV8, 3MV9, 3MYJ, 3MYZ, 3MZT, 3NA4, 3NFN, 3O3A, 3O3B, 3O3D, 3O3E, 3O4L, 3OX8, 3OXR, 3OXS, 3PWJ, 3PWL, 3PWN, 3PWP, 3QDA, 3QDG, 3QDJ, 3QDM, 3QEQ, 3QFD, 3QFJ, 3QZW, 3RL1, 3RWJ, 3S6C, 3SDX, 3SJV, 3SKM, 3SKO, 3SPV, 3T8X, 3TID, 3TIE, 3TLR, 3TM6, 3TO2, 3TZV, 3U0P, 3UPR, 3UTQ, 3UTS, 3UTT, 3V5D, 3V5H, 3V5K, 3VCL, 3VFR, 3VFS, 3VFT, 3VFU, 3VFV, 3VFW, 3VH8, 3VRI, 3VRJ, 3VWJ, 3VWK, 3W39, 4E0K, 4E0L, 4E5X, 4EN3, 4EUP, 4F7M, 4F7P, 4F7T, 4FTV, 4FXL, 4G8G, 4G8I, 4G9D, 4G9F, 4GKS, 4GUP, 4HKJ, 4I4W, 4JFD, 4JFE, 4JFF, 4JFO, 4JFP, 4JFQ, 4JQX, 4JRX, 4JRY, 4K7F, 4KDT, 4L4T, 4L4V, 1CG9, 1N2R, 1P7Q, 1S8D, 1T1W, 1T1X, 1T1Y, 1T1Z, 1T20, 1T21, 1T22, 2AV1, 2FYY, 2FZ3, 2HJK, 3DX6, 3DX7, 3DX8, 3KPL, 3KPM, 3KPN, 3KPP, 3KPQ, 3LOZ, 3OV6, 3REW, 3RL2, 3VXM, 3VXN, 3VXO, 3VXP, 3VXR, 3VXS, 3VXU, 3W0W, 3WL9, 3WLB, 3WUW, 3X11, 3X12, 3X13, 3X14, 4GKN, 4HWZ, 4HX1, 4I48, 4K71, 4L29, 4L3C, 4L3E, 4LCW, 4LCY, 4LHU, 4LNR, 4M8V, 4MJ5, 4MJ6, 4MJI, 4MNQ, 4N0F, 4N0U, 4N8V, 4NNX, 4NNY, 4NO0, 4NO2, 4NO3, 4NO5, 4NQC, 4NQD, 4NQE, 4NQV, 4NQX, 4NT6, 4O2C, 4O2E, 4O2F, 4ONO, 4PJ5, 4PJ7, 4PJ8, 4PJ9, 4PJA, 4PJB, 4PJC, 4PJD, 4PJE, 4PJF, 4PJG, 4PJH, 4PJI, 4PJX, 4PR5, 4PRA, 4PRB, 4PRD, 4PRE, 4PRH, 4PRI, 4PRN, 4PRP, 4QOK, 4QRP, 4QRQ, 4QRR, 4QRS, 4QRT, 4QRU, 4U1H, 4U1I, 4U1J, 4U1K, 4U1L, 4U1M, 4U1N, 4U1S, 4U6X, 4U6Y, 4UQ2, 4UQ3, 4WJ5, 4WO4, 4WU5, 4WU7, 4X6C, 4X6D, 4X6E, 4X6F, 4XXC, 4WDI, 4Z76, 4Z77, 4Z78, 4R9H, 4RA3, 4RAH, 5D2L, 5D2N, 4WW2, 5DEG, 4RMT, 5DEF, 4RMW, 4RMV, 4RMR, 5D7J, 4RMQ, 4RMS, 4WWK, 5BXF, 5D5M, 5D7L, 4RMU, 4WUU, 5D7I, 5EU5, 5EO0, 5EO1, 5EU4, 5BRZ, 5EU6, 5BS0, 5EU3, 5C9J, 5D9S, 5HGA, 5C0D, 5C0B, 5C0I, 5C0A, 5B38, 5E9D, 5B39, 5C0H, 5HHN, 5HGD, 5C08, 5CFH, 5CKG, 4ZEZ, 5C0C, 5HGH, 5C0J, 5HHQ, 5DDH, 5HHM, 5HGB, 5C09, 5HYJ, 5CKA, 5C07, 5HHP, 5C0G, 5C0F, 5HHO, 5C0E
Identifikatori
Aliasi	B2M
Vanjski ID-jevi	OMIM: 109700 MGI: 88127 HomoloGene: 2987 GeneCards: B2M
Lokacija gena (čovjek)
Hrom.	Hromosom 15 (čovjek)
Kraj	44,718,851 bp
Lokacija gena (miš)
Hrom.	Hromosom 2 (miš)
Kraj	121,983,564 bp
Obrazac RNK ekspresije
	; ;
	Više referentnih podataka o ekspresiji
Ontologija gena
Molekularna funkcija	• GO:0001948, GO:0016582 vezivanje za proteine; • vezivanje identičnih proteina;
Ćelijska komponenta	• HFE-transferrin receptor complex; • Golđijev aparat; • phagocytic vesicle membrane; • early endosome membrane; • endoplasmic reticulum lumen; • membrana; • focal adhesion; • Golđijeva membrana; • ćelijska membrana; • extracellular region; • MHC class I protein complex; • ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane; • early endosome lumen; • Egzosom; • external side of plasma membrane; • Vanćelijsko; • citosol; • cell surface; • specific granule lumen; • recycling endosome membrane; • tertiary granule lumen; • MHC class I peptide loading complex;
Biološki proces	• positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis; • cellular response to iron ion; • response to cadmium ion; • negative regulation of receptor binding; • negative regulation of neuron projection development; • antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-dependent; • T cell differentiation in thymus; • immune system process; • interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway; • antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I; • iron ion homeostasis; • positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity; • GO:0019049, GO:0030683 mitigation of host defenses by virus; • antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-independent; • regulation of membrane depolarization; • antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I; • positive regulation of ferrous iron binding; • positive regulation of transferrin receptor binding; • retina homeostasis; • positive regulation of T cell cytokine production; • protein refolding; • GO:0046730, GO:0046737, GO:0046738, GO:0046736 Imuni odgovor; • regulation of immune response; • positive regulation of receptor binding; • positive regulation of protein binding; • Urođeni imunski sistem; • cellular response to lipopolysaccharide; • response to molecule of bacterial origin; • antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent; • iron ion transport; • neutrophil degranulation; • regulation of erythrocyte differentiation; • cellular response to iron(III) ion; • antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide; • positive regulation of iron ion import across plasma membrane; • GO:1900400 regulation of iron ion transport;
	Izvori:Amigo / QuickGO
Ortolozi
	567
	12010
	ENSG00000166710; ENSG00000273686
	ENSMUSG00000060802
	P61769
	P01887
	NM_004048
	NM_009735
	NP_004039
	NP_033865
	Wikipodaci
Pogledaj/uredi – čovjek	Pogledaj/uredi – miš

β₂ mikroglobulin, znan i kao B2M je komponenta molekula MHC klase I. Molekule MHC-klase imaju α₁, α₂ i α₃ proteine koji su prisutni u svim jedarnim ćelijama (isključujući crvene krvne ćelije).^[5]^[6] Kod ljudi, β₂ mikroglobulinskz protein^[7] kodiran je genom B2M.^[6]^[8]

Struktura i funkcija

Aminokiselinska sekvenca

Dužina polipeptidnog lanca je 119 aminokiselina, a molekulska težina 13.715 Da.^[9].

10	20	30	40	50
MSRSVALAVL	ALLSLSGLEA	IQRTPKIQVY	SRHPAENGKS	NFLNCYVSGF
HPSDIEVDLL	KNGERIEKVE	HSDLSFSKDW	SFYLLYYTEF	TPTEKDEYAC
RVNHVTLSQP	KIVKWDRDM

Simboli

C: Cistein
D: Asparaginska kiselina
E: Glutaminska kiselina
F: Fenilalanin
G: Glicin
H: Histidin
I: Izoleucin
K: Lizin
L: Leucin
M: Metionin
N: Asparagin
P: Prolin
Q: Glutamin
R: Arginin
S: Serin
T: Treonin
V: Valin
W: Triptofan
Y: Tirozin

β₂ microglobulin mikroglobulin leži pored lanca α₃ na površini ćelije. Za razliku od α₃, β₂ nema transmembransku regiju. Neposredno iznad β₂ (tj. dalje od ćelije) nalazi se lanac α₁, koji je sam pored α₂.

β₂ mikroglobulin pridružuje se ne samo na alfa lanac molekula MHC klase I, već i na molekule slične klasi I kao što je CD1 (kod ljudi pet gena), glavni kompleks histokompatibilnosti , MR1, neonatusni Fc receptor (FcRn) i Qa-1 (oblik aloantigena). Ipak, gen β₂ mikroglobulina nalazi se izvan lokusa MHC (HLA), na drugom hromosomu.

Dodatna funkcija je povezanost sa HFE protein, zajedno regulišući ekspresiju hepcidina u jetri koji cilja transporter gvožđa feroportin na bazolateralnoj membrani enterocita i ćelijskoj membrani makrofaga za razgradnju, što rezultira smanjenim unosom gvožđa iz hrane i smanjenim oslobađanjem gvožđa iz recikliranih crvenih krvnih zrnaca u MPS (monojedarni sistem fagocita). Gubitak ove funkcije uzrokuje višak gvožđa i hemohromatozu.^[10]

Kod infekcija citomegalovirusom, a virusni protein veže se za β₂ mikroglobulin, sprečavajući skupljanje molekula MHC klase I i njihov transport do plazmamembrane.

Konstruirani su modeli miševa kojima nedostaje gen β₂ mikroglobulina. Ovi miševi pokazuju da je β₂ mikroglobulin neophodan za ekspresiju površinsloćelijske MHC klase I i stabilnost brazde koja veže peptide. U stvari, u nedostatku β₂ mikroglobulina, na površini se mogu otkriti vrlo ograničene količine molekula MHC klase I (klasični i neklasični) (sindrom golih limfocita ili BLS) . U nedostatku MHC klase I, ne mogu se razviti CD8⁺ T-ćelija. (CD8⁺ T-ćelije su podskup T-ćelija uključenih u razvoj stečenog imuniteta.)

Klinički značaj

U pacijenata na dugotrajnoj hemodijalizi, može se agregirati u amiloidna vlakna koja se talože u zglobovima, bolest poznata kao amiloidoza povezana s dijalizom.

Niski nivoi β₂ mikroglobulina mogu ukazivati na neprogresivnost HIV-a.^[11]

Nivoi β₂ mikroglobulin može biti povišen kod multiplog mijeloma i limfoma, iako su u ovim slučajevima primarna amiloidoza (lahki lanac amiloida) i sekundarna amiloidoza (protein povezan sa amiloidima) češći. Normalna vrijednost β₂ mikroglobulina je < 2 mg/L.^[12] Međutim, s obzirom na multipli mijelom, nivoi β₂ mikroglobulina mogu biti i na drugom kraju spektra.^[13] Dijagnostičko ispitivanje multiplog mijeloma uključuje dobivanje nivoa β₂ mikroglobulina, jer je ovaj nivo važan prognostički pokazatelj. Od 2011., očekuje se da će pacijent sa razinom od < 4 mg/L imati medijanu preživljavanja 43 mjeseca, dok će pacijent sa nivoom > 4 mg/ imati medijanu preživljavanja od samo 12 mjeseci^[14] β₂ razine mikroglobulina ne mogu, međutim, razlikovati monoklonsku gamopatiju neodređenog značaja (MGUS) koja ima bolju prognozu i tinjajući (nizak stupanj) mijeloma.^[15]^[16]

Zabilježene su mutacije gubitka funkcije ovog gena kod pacijenata sa karcinomom, koji nisu reagirali na imunoterapije

Reference

^ ^a ^b ^c ENSG00000273686 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000166710, ENSG00000273686 - Ensembl, maj 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000060802 - Ensembl, maj 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Entrez Gene: Beta-2-microglobulin".
^ ^a ^b Güssow D, Rein R, Ginjaar I, Hochstenbach F, Seemann G, Kottman A, Ploegh HL (novembar 1987). "The human beta 2-microglobulin gene. Primary structure and definition of the transcriptional unit". Journal of Immunology. 139 (9): 3132–8. PMID 3312414.
^ Cunningham BA, Wang JL, Berggård I, Peterson PA (novembar 1973). "The complete amino acid sequence of beta 2-microglobulin". Biochemistry. 12 (24): 4811–22. doi:10.1021/bi00748a001. PMID 4586824.
^ Suggs SV, Wallace RB, Hirose T, Kawashima EH, Itakura K (novembar 1981). "Use of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes: isolation of cloned cDNA sequences for human beta 2-microglobulin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 78 (11): 6613–7. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.6613S. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.11.6613. PMC 349099. PMID 6171820.
^ "UniProt, P61769". Pristupljeno 13. 7. 2021.
^ Hundall SD (2011). "Chapter 3: Iron, Heme, and Hemoglobin". Hematology: A Pathophysiologic Approach (1st izd.). str. 17–25. ISBN 978-0-323-04311-3.
^ Rao M, Sayal SK, Uppal SS, Gupta RM, Ohri VC, Banerjee S (oktobar 1997). "Beta-2-Microglobulin Levels in Human-Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Subjects". Medical Journal, Armed Forces India. 53 (4): 251–254. doi:10.1016/S0377-1237(17)30746-3. PMC 5531080. PMID 28769505.
^ Pignone M, Nicoll D; McPhee SJ (2004). Pocket guide to diagnostic tests (4th izd.). New York: McGraw-Hill. str. 191. ISBN 0-07-141184-4.
^ "Amyloidosis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Pristupljeno 28. 6. 2021.
^ Munshi NC, Longo DL, Anderson KC (2011). "Chapter 111: Plasma Cell Disorders". u Loscalzo J, Longo DL, Fauci AS, Dennis LK, Hauser SL (ured.). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th izd.). McGraw-Hill Professional. str. 936–44. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.
^ Rajkumar SV (2005). "MGUS and smoldering multiple myeloma: update on pathogenesis, natural history, and management". Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program. 2005: 340–5. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2005.1.340. PMID 16304401.
^ Bataille R, Klein B (novembar 1992). "Serum levels of beta 2 microglobulin and interleukin-6 to differentiate monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance". Blood. 80 (9): 2433–4. doi:10.1182/blood.V80.9.2433.2433. PMID 1421418.

Dopunska literatura

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