-Delile
- Izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha kabi
- 1. Ukwemvelo
- 2. Ubuningi besayensi
- 3. Ubuningi bezinto eziningi
- 4. I-Psychology njengokuxhumana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nezishukumisayo
- Ubudlelwano nokuziphatha okunamandla
UJacob Robert Kantor (1888-1984) wayengumsunguli wezindlela zokuziphatha, imodeli yezengqondo neyesayensi eyayiphila ngokuziphatha okunamandla kweSkinnerian futhi eyayithonywe kakhulu ifilosofi yemvelo.
Kulesi sihloko sizohlaziya Izimiso ezine eziyisisekelo zikaKantor zokuziphatha kabi nobudlelwano bayo nemodeli kaSkinner.
- I-athikili ehlobene: "Izinhlobo eziyi-10 zokuziphatha: umlando, imibono kanye nokwehluka"
Izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha kabi
UKantor waqamba igama elithi "ukungaziphathi kahle" mhlawumbe ukuze ahlukanise isikhundla sakhe nemodeli yakudala yesayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo, i-hegemonic ngesikhathi sakhe futhi ithandwa kakhulu namuhla: uhlelo lwe- "E-R" (Stimulus-Response).
Imodeli kaKantor ichaza a inkambu yezengqondo ehlelwe njenge-K = (es, o, f e-r, s, hi, ed, md), lapho i- "K" iyisigaba esithile sokuziphatha. Isinye nesinye isifinyezo sibhekisa kokunye kokuguqukayo okulandelayo:
- Imicimbi yokukhuthaza: yonke into exhumana nomzimba othile.
- Okuguqukayo komzimba (o): ukusabela kokuphilayo kokugqugquzela kwangaphandle.
- Umsebenzi wokuphendula okhuthazayo (f r-r): uhlelo olwakhiwe ngokomlando olunquma ukuxhumana phakathi kwesikhuthazo nezimpendulo.
- Izici zezimo: noma yikuphi ukuguquguquka, kokubili okungokwemvelo nangaphandle, okunethonya ekuhlanganyeleni okuhlaziyiweyo.
- Umlando wokuziphatha (hi): ubhekisa ezingxenyeni zokuziphatha ezike zenzeka phambilini futhi ezinomthelela esimweni samanje.
- Imicimbi elahlwayo (ed): isamba sezici zesimo futhi kusuka emlandweni wokuziphatha, okungukuthi, yonke imicimbi ethonya ukusebenzisana.
- Medium of contact (md): izimo ezivumela isigaba sokuziphatha ukuthi senzeke.
I-Interbehaviorism ayithathwa njengethiyori yezengqondo kuphela, kepha futhi nesiphakamiso sefilosofi esijwayelekile, esisebenza kokusebenza kwengqondo nakwezinye izayensi, ikakhulukazi lezo zokuziphatha. Ngalo mqondo, uMoore (1984) uqokomisa ezine izimiso eziyisisekelo ezichaza ukusebenza kwengqondo kukaKantor.
1. Ukwemvelo
Ifilosofi yemvelo ivikela ukuthi zonke izinto zingachazwa yisayensi yemvelo nokuthi kunokuncika okucacile phakathi kwezenzakalo zomzimba nezingabonakali. Ngakho-ke, lefilosofi iyabulahla ubumbano phakathi kwento ephilayo nengqondo, ebheka ukubonakaliswa kwesisekelo somzimba womzimba lapho ihlangana nemvelo enikeziwe.
Ngakho-ke, lapho uhlaziya noma imuphi umcimbi, kubalulekile ukuthi ubheke umongo wesikhathi sendawo lapho wenzeka khona, ngoba ukuzama ukutadisha umcimbi ongabodwa kunciphisa futhi akusho lutho. UKantor wakuxwayisa lokho ukuthambekela kwengqondo ekusebenzeni kwengqondo kuphazamisa ukukhula kwayo njengesayensi futhi kufanele kubikwe nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwawo.
2. Ubuningi besayensi
Ngokusho kukaKantor ayikho isayensi ephakeme kunaleyo yonke, kepha ulwazi olutholwe imikhakha eyehlukene kumele luhlanganiswe, futhi kuyadingeka ukuthi abanye baphikise izindlela zabanye ukuze isayensi ithuthuke. Ngalokhu, abacwaningi akufanele bafune umbono omkhulu kepha baqhubeke nokucwaninga nokwenza iziphakamiso.
3. Ubuningi bezinto eziningi
I-Interbehaviorism iyayilahla imicabango yendabuko kanye namamodeli wenkinga, efuna ukuchaza ukwenzeka kwemicimbi ethile ngobudlelwano obulula, obuqondile. Ngokusho kukaKantor okuyimbangela kumele kuqondwe njengenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa izinto eziningi emkhakheni we-phenomenological onikeziwe.
Ubuye waveza nobuningi besayensi; akunasimo lapho kutholakala khona iziqiniseko, kepha kungenzeka kuphela ukuthi kukhiqizwe amamodeli achazayo asondele ngangokunokwenzeka kuzimbangela, lapho kungenakwenzeka ukuthola lonke ulwazi.
4. I-Psychology njengokuxhumana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nezishukumisayo
UKantor uveze ukuthi into yokufunda isifundo se-psychology kufanele kube ukungaziphathi kahle, okusho ukuthi, ukuxhumana okubili phakathi kwesikhuthazo nezimpendulo lomzimba. Lokhu kuhlangana kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokwesayensi efana ne-physics, ngoba kwi-psychology ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphethini wokuziphatha ngokuqongelela okwenzekayo kubaluleke kakhulu.
- Ungaba nentshisekelo: "Imibono eyishumi eyinhloko yezengqondo"
Ubudlelwano nokuziphatha okunamandla
Isayensi yokusebenza kwengqondo kaKantor kanye nokuziphatha okunamandla kukaBurrhus Frederick Skinner kwavela ngasikhathi sinye. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwale mikhakha yomibili ekuphakameni kwayo bungachazwa njengokungaqondakali, ngoba kokubili ukufana nokwehluka phakathi kokuziphatha kabi nokuziphatha okunamandla zisobala.
Zombili lezi zinhlobo zihlaziya ukusebenza ngaphandle kokusebenzisa okungaqondakali kokulamula, njengemicabango, imizwa, noma okulindelwe. Ngale ndlela, bagxila ekutadisheni okungalindelekile kanye nobudlelwano obuyimbangela phakathi kokuziphatha nezincazelo zayo zemvelo, ukugwema ukusetshenziswa kokwakhiwa kokucabanga.
NgokukaMorris (1984), umehluko phakathi kokuziphatha okungafani nokuziphatha okunamandla ngokuyinhloko udaba lokugcizelelwa noma imininingwane; Isibonelo, uKantor akavumelananga nombono weSkinnerian wokuthi ukuziphatha kufanele kuqondwe njengempendulo, kepha kunalokho wakuthatha njengokuxhumana phakathi kwezici ezahlukahlukene.
USchoenfeld (1969) wathi ithonya elilinganiselwe likaKantor lingachazwa iqiniso lokuthi Iminikelo yakhe ngokuyisisekelo yayingeyokwethiyori, ngoba ithalente lakhe eliyinhloko lalinokuhlaziywa kanye nokugxekwa kwezindlela zamanje futhi wafuna ukugqugquzela abanye ukuba balandele inkomba entsha emkhakheni wezengqondo nezesayensi jikelele.
- Ungaba nentshisekelo: "Isimo esisebenzayo sikaSteven C. Hayes"
- UMorris, E. K. (1984). I-psychology yokungaziphathi kahle nokuziphatha okunamandla: Okunye ukufana nokwehluka. Umhlaziyi Wokuziphatha, 7 (2): 197-204.
- ISchoenfeld, W. N. (1969). Injongo kaJ. J. Kantor Psychology of Grammar and Psychology and Logic: Ukubonga okubuyela emuva. Ijenali Yokuhlaziywa Kokuhlola Kokuziphatha, 12: 329-347.
