Basic Electronics Bridge Course

Introduction to Electronics and
Communication (BESCK204C)
What is electronics?
• Electronics is the science of how to control electric energy , energy which
the electrons have a fundamental role.
• It also deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical

components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated
circuits, and associated passive electrical components and interconnection
technologies.
• When building electronics circuits , including resistors, capacitors , diodes ,

transistors and integrated circuits involves a large number of basic
electronic components.
.The brief overview of the functions of each of these basic
electronic components.
Transformer
Integrated circuits
Multimeter /Ohmmeter
Capacitor
Resistor
Diode
LED
Transistors
• A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric
power to an electrical load. The main purpose of a power supply is
to convert electric current from a source to the
correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load.
• DC Supply
• AC Supply
• Transformer
Integrated Circuits
• Integrated circuit, another name for a chip, is a small electronic device made
out of semiconductor material.
• The first IC was developed in the1950s by Jack of Texas Instruments and
Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor.
• ICs are used for a variety of devices, including microprocessors, audio and
video equipment, automobiles, and other home appliances.
• Integrated circuits are made up of
several components such as R, C, L,
diodes and transistors. They are built on
a small single block or chip of a
semiconductor known as an integrated
circuit (IC). All of them work together to
perform a particular task.
Multimeter/ Ohmmeter
• A Multimeter , also known as a Volt-
Ohm meter , is an electronic measuring
instrument that combines several
measurements functions in one unit.
Active Components
• The electronics components which are capable of
amplifying or processing an electrical signal are called as
passive component.
• Examples:
• Transistors
• Logic Gates
Capacitor
• Capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store
electrical energy temporarily in an electric field.
• Capacitors come in several

different varieties, the two
most common being ceramic
disk and electrolytic. The
amount of capacitance of a
given capacitor is usually
measured in microfarads ,
abbreviated F.
Resistor
Diode
• Diode is a two terminal electronic component with asymmetric
conductance; it has low resistance to current in one direction , and
high resistance in the other.
• The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric
current to past in one direction, while blocking current in the
opposite direction.
Light Emitting Diodes
Transistor
• Transistor is a semiconductor device used to simplify and
switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed
of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit.
Semi conductors
• A semiconductor is a material which has an electrical
conductivity value falling between that of a conductor,
such as copper, and an insulator, such as glass.
• Materials such as silicon and germanium , have electrical

properties somewhere in the middle , between those of a
“Conductor” and an “Insulator”. They are not good
conductors nor good insulators.
Conductors
• The materials that have a low value of resistivity allowing them to easily
pass an electrical current due to there being plenty of free electrons
floating about within their basic atom structure.
• Ex: Copper, Aluminium
Insulators:
• on the other hand are the exact opposite of conductors. They are made
of materials , generally non-metals, that have very few or no “free
electrons” floating about within their basic atom structure because the
electrons in the outer valence shell are strongly attracted by the
positively charged inner nucleus.
• Ex: marble, fused quartz, PVC , plastics, rubber etc.
Amplifier
• An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an
electronic device that can increase the magnitude of a signal (a
time-varying voltage or current).
• It is a two-port electronic circuit that uses electric power from
a power supply to increase the amplitude (magnitude of the
voltage or current) of a signal applied to its input terminals,
producing a proportionally greater amplitude signal at its output.
• The amount of amplification provided by an amplifier is measured
by its gain: the ratio of output voltage, current, or power to input.
• An amplifier is defined as a circuit that has a power gain greater
than one.
• Oscillator : An oscillator is a mechanical or electronic device that works on
the principles of oscillation: a periodic fluctuation between two things
based on changes in energy.
• Computers, clocks, watches, radios, and metal detectors are among the
many devices that use oscillators.
• An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software

designed for a specific function.
• Embedded systems may also function within a larger system. The systems
can be programmable or have a fixed functionality.
• Electronic communication is any form of communication that's broadcast,
transmitted, stored or viewed using electronic media, such as computers,
phones, email and video. But each has specific uses and is better suited for
certain scenarios.
• A sensor is a device that produces an output signal for the purpose of sensing
a physical phenomenon.
• In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module, machine, or

subsystem that detects events or changes in its environment and sends the
information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor.
• Sensors are always used with other electronics.

Application of Electronics
• Communication and Entertainment
• Industrial
• Medical Science
• Defence
Syllabus
Module 1 : Power Supplies –Block diagram, Half-wave rectifier, Full-wave
rectifiers and filters, Voltage regulators, Output resistance and voltage
regulation, Voltage multipliers.
• Amplifiers – Types of amplifiers, Gain, Input and output resistance, Frequency
response, Bandwidth, Phase shift, Negative feedback, multi-stage amplifiers .
• Module 2: Oscillators – Barkhausen criterion, sinusoidal and non-

sinusoidal oscillators, Ladder network oscillator, Wein bridge oscillator,
Multivibrators, Single-stage astable oscillator, Crystal controlled
oscillators (Only Concepts, working, and waveforms. No mathematical
derivations) Operational amplifiers -Operational amplifier parameters,
Operational amplifier characteristics, Operational amplifier
configurations, Operational amplifier circuits.
Module 3: Boolean Algebra and Logic Circuits: Binary numbers, Number Base
Conversion, octal & Hexa Decimal Numbers, Complements, Basic definitions,
Axiomatic Definition of Boolean Algebra, Basic Theorems and Properties of
Boolean Algebra, Boolean Functions, Canonical and Standard Forms, Other
Logic Operations, Digital Logic Gates.
Combinational logic: Introduction, Design procedure, Adders- Half adder, Full
adder.
Module 4: Embedded Systems – Definition, Embedded systems vs general

computing systems, Classification of Embedded Systems, Major application
areas of Embedded Systems, Elements of an Embedded System, Core of the
Embedded System, Microprocessor vs Microcontroller, RISC vs CISC Sensors
and Interfacing – Instrumentation and control systems, Transducers, Sensors,
Actuators, LED, 7-Segment LED Display.
Module 5: Analog Communication Schemes – Modern communication system
scheme, Information source, and input transducer, Transmitter, Channel or
Medium – Hardwired and Soft wired, Noise, Receiver, Multiplexing, Types of
communication systems. Types of modulation (only concepts) – AM , FM,
Concept of Radio wave propagation (Ground, space, sky)
• Digital Modulation Schemes: Advantages of digital communication over
analog communication, ASK, FSK, PSK, Radio signal transmission Multiple
access techniques.

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Introduction to Electronics and

• It also deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical

• When building electronics circuits , including resistors, capacitors , diodes ,

• Capacitors come in several

• Materials such as silicon and germanium , have electrical

• An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software

• In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module, machine, or

• Sensors are always used with other electronics.

• Module 2: Oscillators – Barkhausen criterion, sinusoidal and non-

Module 4: Embedded Systems – Definition, Embedded systems vs general

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