Evolusi Komputer. Membahas Evolusi Komputer Sejak Generasi Pertama Sampai Saat Ini. Eniac. Ias. Ibm. Dec. PDP - 8
Evolusi Komputer. Membahas Evolusi Komputer Sejak Generasi Pertama Sampai Saat Ini. Eniac. Ias. Ibm. Dec. PDP - 8
Evolusi Komputer. Membahas Evolusi Komputer Sejak Generasi Pertama Sampai Saat Ini. Eniac. Ias. Ibm. Dec. PDP - 8
OMNIBUS
Semiconductor Memory
• 1970
• Fairchild
• Size of a single core
—i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storage
• Holds 256 bits
• Non-destructive read
• Much faster than core
• Capacity approximately doubles each year
Intel
• 1971 - 4004
—First microprocessor
—All CPU components on a single chip
—4 bit
• Followed in 1972 by 8008
—8 bit
—Both designed for specific applications
• 1974 - 8080
—Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor
Speeding it up
• Pipelining
• On board cache
• On board L1 & L2 cache
• Branch prediction
• Data flow analysis
• Speculative execution
Performance Mismatch
• Processor speed increased
• Memory capacity increased
• Memory speed lags behind processor speed
DRAM and Processor Characteristics
Trends in DRAM use
Solutions
• Increase number of bits retrieved at one time
—Make DRAM “wider” rather than “deeper”
• Change DRAM interface
—Cache
• Reduce frequency of memory access
—More complex cache and cache on chip
• Increase interconnection bandwidth
—High speed buses
—Hierarchy of buses
Pentium Evolution (1)
• 8080
— first general purpose microprocessor
— 8 bit data path
— Used in first personal computer – Altair
• 8086
— much more powerful
— 16 bit
— instruction cache, prefetch few instructions
— 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
• 80286
— 16 Mbyte memory addressable
— up from 1Mb
• 80386
— 32 bit
— Support for multitasking
Pentium Evolution (2)
• 80486
—sophisticated powerful cache and instruction
pipelining
—built in maths co-processor
• Pentium
—Superscalar
—Multiple instructions executed in parallel
• Pentium Pro
—Increased superscalar organization
—Aggressive register renaming
—branch prediction
—data flow analysis
—speculative execution
Pentium Evolution (3)
• Pentium II
—MMX technology
—graphics, video & audio processing
• Pentium III
—Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
• Pentium 4
—Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals
—Further floating point and multimedia enhancements
• Itanium
—64 bit
—see chapter 15
• See Intel web pages for detailed information on
processors
Internet Resources
• http://www.intel.com/
—Search for the Intel Museum
• http://www.ibm.com
• http://www.dec.com
• Charles Babbage Institute
• PowerPC
• Intel Developer Home