The document traces the evolution of computers from early mechanical devices like the Pascaline in 1642 to modern electronic computers like Intel Core i7 chips. It discusses how Moore's Law of cramming more transistors onto chips has driven continued growth in processing power. Key developments included the ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer; the IBM System/360, which established industry standards; and the Intel x86 architecture in personal computers. Modern computers integrate processors, memory, I/O, and software into systems that power applications from mobile apps to scientific computing.
The document traces the evolution of computers from early mechanical devices like the Pascaline in 1642 to modern electronic computers like Intel Core i7 chips. It discusses how Moore's Law of cramming more transistors onto chips has driven continued growth in processing power. Key developments included the ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer; the IBM System/360, which established industry standards; and the Intel x86 architecture in personal computers. Modern computers integrate processors, memory, I/O, and software into systems that power applications from mobile apps to scientific computing.
The document traces the evolution of computers from early mechanical devices like the Pascaline in 1642 to modern electronic computers like Intel Core i7 chips. It discusses how Moore's Law of cramming more transistors onto chips has driven continued growth in processing power. Key developments included the ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer; the IBM System/360, which established industry standards; and the Intel x86 architecture in personal computers. Modern computers integrate processors, memory, I/O, and software into systems that power applications from mobile apps to scientific computing.
The document traces the evolution of computers from early mechanical devices like the Pascaline in 1642 to modern electronic computers like Intel Core i7 chips. It discusses how Moore's Law of cramming more transistors onto chips has driven continued growth in processing power. Key developments included the ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer; the IBM System/360, which established industry standards; and the Intel x86 architecture in personal computers. Modern computers integrate processors, memory, I/O, and software into systems that power applications from mobile apps to scientific computing.
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Chapter 2
Computer Evolution and
Performance Pascaline 1642 Babbage Enigine ENIAC Harvard Mark 1 IBM System/360 Intel Core i 7 Evolution of Computer System Inside a laptop • Mobile apps, video games, spreadsheets, electronics, and accurate weather forecasts: that’s just a sampling of the life-changing things made possible by the reliable, exponential growth in the power of computer chips over the past five decades. • The continual cramming of more silicon transistors onto chips, known as Moore’s Law has been the feedstock of exuberant innovation in computing. Moore’s Law Transister Moore’s law Block Diagram of a Computer System Inside the Processor Role of ALU Role of Control Unit Inside Memory Unit Types of Memory Examples of memory Typical I/O Device Data Rates Input Unit Examples of Input Output Unit Examples of Output Unit Performance Balance • Processor speed increased • Memory capacity increased • Memory speed lags behind processor speed x86 Evolution (1) • 8080 — first general purpose microprocessor — 8 bit data path — Used in first personal computer – Altair • 8086 – 5MHz – 29,000 transistors — much more powerful — 16 bit — instruction cache, fetch few instructions — 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC • 80286 — 16 Mbyte memory addressable — up from 1Mb • 80386 — 32 bit — Support for multitasking • 80486 — experienced powerful cache — built in maths co-processor x86 Evolution (2) • Pentium — Multiple instructions executed in parallel • Pentium Pro — data flow analysis • Pentium II — graphics, video & audio processing • Pentium III — Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics x86 Evolution (3) • Pentium 4 — Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals — Further floating point and multimedia enhancements • Core — First x86 with dual core • Core 2 — 64 bit architecture • Core 2 Quad – 3GHz – 820 million transistors — Four processors on chip End