History Lecture Notes - S2004
History Lecture Notes - S2004
History Lecture Notes - S2004
and…
My Biorhythm
Lyman Briggs Lecture Series
• Emerging Issues in Abortion: Beyond Pro-
life and Pro-choice
• Adrienne Asch
• TONIGHT!
• 7:30 PM, C-106 Holmes Hall
Group Question
• Get into a group of three people
• You have three minutes to come up with
two answers and make an educated guess at
a third
Discussion Questions
• What defines a computer:
– What is the simplest definition of a computer
you can come up with?
– What defines a modern computer?
• Uses Silicon
• developed in 1948
• won a Nobel prize
• on-off switch
• Second Generation
Computers used
Transistors, starting in 1956
Second Generation – 1965-1963
• 1956 – Computers began to incorporate
Transistors
• Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors
Integrated Circuits
Connections:
• Which evolved from the other, which was
an entirely new creation
• vacuum tube
• integrated circuit
• transistor
• microchip
Evolution of Electronics
Microchip
(VLSIC)
Integrated
Circuit
Transistor
Vacuum
Tube
Evolution of Electronics
• Vacuum Tube – a dinosaur without a modern
lineage
• Transistor Integrated Circuit Microchip
IBM PC - 1981
• IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture
• First wide-selling personal
computer used in business
• 8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors
– 4.77 Mhz processing speed
• 256 K RAM (Random Access
Memory) standard
• One or two floppy disk drives
Apple Computers
• Founded 1977
• Apple II released 1977
– widely used in schools
• Macintosh (left)
– released in 1984, Motorola 68000
Microchip processor
– first commercial computer with
graphical user interface (GUI) and
pointing device (mouse)
Computers Progress
UNIVAC Mits IBM PC Macintosh Pentium
(1951-1970) Altair (1981) (1984) IV
(1968 vers.)
(1975)
Circuits Integrated 2 Intel Intel 8088 Motorola Intel P-IV
Circuits 8080 Microchip 68000 Microchip
Microchip -Transistors
29,000 - 7.5 million
transistors
RAM 512 K 265 Bytes 256 KB 256 MB
Memory
Speed 1.3 MHz 2 KHz 4.77 MHz 3200 MHz
= 3.2 GHz
Storage 100 MB 8” Floppy Floppy Floppy Hard
Hard Drive Drive Drive Drives Drive,
Floppy,
CD-Rom
Size Whole Briefcase Briefcase Two Small
Room (no monitor) + Monitor shoeboxes Tower
(integrated
monitor)
Cost $1.6 million $750 $1595 ~$4000 $1000 -
$2000
1990s: Pentiums and Power Macs
• Early 1990s began penetration of computers into
every niche: every desk, most homes, etc.
• Faster, less expensive computers paved way for this
• Windows 95 was first decent GUI for “PCs”
• Macs became more PC compatible - easy file transfers
• Prices have plummeted
– $2000 for entry level to $500
– $6000 for top of line to $1500
21st Century Computing
• Great increases in speed, storage, and
memory
• Increased networking, speed in Internet
• Widespread use of CD-RW
• PDAs
• Cell Phone/PDA
• WIRELESS!!!
Evolution of Dr. U’s Computer
1990 2004 Factor
Memory 1 MB 1 GB MB 1000x