Gyroscope and Stabilizing: Presented To: Engr. Abu Bakar SB

Gyroscope and
Stabilizing
Presented to: Engr. Abu Bakar sb.
Group Members
 Muhammad Talha (15-ME-31)

 Faizan Rasheed (15-ME-32)
 Farhan Mehmood (15-ME-33)
 Hamza Akhtar (15-ME-34)
 Ghulam Murtaza (15-ME-35)
 Abdul Rehman (15-ME-38)
Contents
Gyroscope
Properties of Gyroscopes
History of Gyroscopes
Applications of Gyroscopes
Types of Gyroscopes available
Gyroscope
WHAT IS AGYROSCOPE?
DEFINITION :
A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining
orientation, based on the principles of conservation of
angular momentum. Counter balancing
Law Angular Momentum
The law of conservation of angular momentum states that when no external
torque acts on an object, no change of angular momentum will occur.
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History of Gyroscopes
1817. Johann Bohnenberger created the first know
gyroscope, calling it simply the “machine”.
1820. Pierre-Simon Laplace recommended the “machine”
be used as a teaching aide.
1852. Leon Foucault the name “gyroscope” when he uses
Bohnenberger’s “machine” in an experiment involving the
earth’s rotation.
1905 – 1908. The first gyroscope for marine navigation was
developed by German inventor Hermann Anschutz-
Kaempfe.
History of Gyroscopes(Contd.)
1917. The “Chandler gyroscope” toy was invented by the
Chandler Company in Indiana. It is still considered a
classic American toy.
During World War II, the gyroscope became the prime
component for aircraft and anti-aircraft gun sights.
1991. Charles Stark Draper Laboratory demonstrated one
of the first MEMS or “Vibratory” gyroscopes fabricated in
silicon.
Gyroscope Device
 As shown in figure, Gyroscope is a device consisting of a wheel, rotor, or disc

mounted on shaft so that it can spin rapidly about a spin axis which is free to alter
directions.
 If a torque is applied to the spin axis, the orientation of the axis is unaffected by
tilting of the mounting, according to the law of angular momentum conservation.
Implements:
Gyroscopes can be used to provide stability or maintain directions in navigation systems,
8
automatic pilot planes, andstabilizers.
Gyroscope Parts
Spin axis
Initial axis of rotation is
conserved
Rotor
Consists of a spinning
mass on an axel
Gimbal
A gimbal is a pivoted
support that allows the rotation
of an object about a single axis.

How Gyroscopes Work
Mechanical Gyroscope
 Spinning mass mounted on gimbals
 Sensors on axis to detect rotation
 Precession

PROPERTIES OF GYROSCOPES
 Gyroscopes have two basic properties:
 Rigidity and Precession These properties are defined

as follows:
1. RIGIDITY
2. PRECESSION
What is Rigidity?
 The axis of rotation (spin axis) of the gyro wheel tends

to remain in a fixed direction in space if no force is
applied to it.
What is precession?
Precession is a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of a rotating body. In
other words, if the axis of rotation of a body is itself rotating about a second axis, that
body is said to be precessing about the secondaxis.
Precision follows the right hand thumbrule.
13
Applications ofGyroscopes
(Contd.)
2.Spacecraft rely on gyroscopes for orientation while
in space.
3.Aircraft and aircraft autopilots rely on gyroscopes to
account for changes in direction & altitude
Yaw in airplane?
 The yaw axis is perpendicular to the wings and lies in

the plane of the aircraft centerline
 The yawing motion is being caused by the deflection of
the rudder of this aircraft.
How Plane turn?
A yaw rotation is a movement around the yaw axis of a

rigid body that changes the direction it is pointing, to the
left or right of its direction of motion.
Gyroscope in plane
 In aircraft instruments, gyros are used in attitude,

compass and turn coordinators.
 These instruments contain a wheel or rotor rotating at a
high RPM which gives it two important properties:
rigidity and precession.
 The rotor or gyro can be electrically or vacuum /
pressure driven by a special pump on the engine.
• The enclosed ball beneath the airplane icon is the
slip indicator. It functions exactly like a leveler,
and indicates any side-loading during the turn.
A. In Aeronautics andAviation:-
1.Remote control flying devices, helicopters, some
hovercraft, some planes, etc. rely on gyroscopes to
prevent them from flipping over or going into a spin.
(Contd.)
B. In Naval field
1.Gyroscope are used in ships to maintain stability as
the effect of gyroscopic couple is on:-
(a.) Steering
(b.) Pitching
(c.) Rolling
Application of Gyroscopes(Contd.)
C. In automobiles
1.Gyroscopic behaviour is used in the racing car
industry. This is because car engines act just like big
gyroscopes. Because of the of the gyroscopic forces
from the engine depending on whether the engine is
spinning clockwise or anti-clockwise the cars nose will
be forced up or down.
Application of Gyroscope(Contd.)
(Contd.)
2. Wheels on motorbikes act as gyroscopes and make
the bike easier to balance (stay up right) when moving.
(Contd.)
D. In toys and everyday uses'
1.Gyroscopes are used in various toys such as yo-yo.
Some other toy products are Gravitron and
ChikyuGoma.
(Contd.)
E. In electronics and gadgets
1.Gyroscopes are used in various fields nowadays such
as in smartphones, video game controllers, computer
mouses and presentation mouses.
(Contd.)
Types of Gyroscopes available
Spinning Mass Gyro
Mass spins steadily within the gyro with free movables axis
(gimbals).
Optical Gyroscope
Laser rays reflect many times within an enclosure, any changes in
orientation will be registered as changes between the moment of
the laser emittance to eventual reception.
Vibrating Gyroscope
Determines rate of turn by a vibrating resonator and its change in
vibrations from the original vibrating direction.
Gas Rate Gyro
Sprays gas on heated coils, when a change in direction occurs the
spray is curved resulting in a change in the temperature of the coils.
(Currently unpractical because of the numerous factors involved
Types of Gyroscopesavailable
(Contd.)
Mechanical Gyroscope
A mechanical gyroscope is essentially a spinning wheel or disk
whose axle is free to take any orientation. This orientation changes
much less in response to a given external torque than it would without
the large angular momentum associated with the gyroscope's high rate
of spin.
Types of Gyroscopes (Contd.)
Types of Gyroscopes (Contd.)
Common Uses
 Gyrocompass
 Used by ships to find true north
 Seeks minimum potential energy
 Stability Assistance
 Hubble Space Telescope (into low Earth orbit in
1990)
 Bicycles
 Inertial Guidance System

 Guided Missiles
 Measure angular velocity in inertial reference frame
 Detect
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Gyroscope and

 Muhammad Talha (15-ME-31)

jahangirabad institute oftechnology 5

 As shown in figure, Gyroscope is a device consisting of a wheel, rotor, or disc

jahangirabad institute oftechnology 9

jahangirabad institute oftechnology 10

 Rigidity and Precession These properties are defined

 The axis of rotation (spin axis) of the gyro wheel tends

Precision follows the right hand thumbrule.

 The yaw axis is perpendicular to the wings and lies in

A yaw rotation is a movement around the yaw axis of a

 In aircraft instruments, gyros are used in attitude,

 Inertial Guidance System

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