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    Hypoxia Types

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    yelloweverglow
    The document describes and classifies the various causes of hypoxia into 5 categories: 1) inadequate oxygenation of blood in the lungs, 2) pulmonary disease, 3) venous-to-arterial shunts, 4) inadequate oxygen transport to tissues by blood, and 5) inadequate tissue capability of using oxygen. It then discusses the effects of hypoxia on respiration and various compensatory responses, as well as treatments like oxygen therapy.

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    Hypoxia Types

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    yelloweverglow
    109 views3 pages
    The document describes and classifies the various causes of hypoxia into 5 categories: 1) inadequate oxygenation of blood in the lungs, 2) pulmonary disease, 3) venous-to-arterial shunts, 4) inadequate oxygen transport to tissues by blood, and 5) inadequate tissue capability of using oxygen. It then discusses the effects of hypoxia on respiration and various compensatory responses, as well as treatments like oxygen therapy.

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    The document describes and classifies the various causes of hypoxia into 5 categories: 1) inadequate oxygenation of blood in the lungs, 2) pulmonary disease, 3) venous-to-arterial shunts, 4) inadequate oxygen transport to tissues by blood, and 5) inadequate tissue capability of using oxygen. It then discusses the effects of hypoxia on respiration and various compensatory responses, as well as treatments like oxygen therapy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    109 views3 pages

    Hypoxia Types

    Uploaded by

    yelloweverglow
    The document describes and classifies the various causes of hypoxia into 5 categories: 1) inadequate oxygenation of blood in the lungs, 2) pulmonary disease, 3) venous-to-arterial shunts, 4) inadequate oxygen transport to tissues by blood, and 5) inadequate tissue capability of using oxygen. It then discusses the effects of hypoxia on respiration and various compensatory responses, as well as treatments like oxygen therapy.

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    DESCRIPTIVE

    CLASSIFICATION OF THE CAUSES OF HYPOXIA:


    1. Inadequate oxygenation of the blood in the lungs because of extrinsic reasons
    a. Deficiency of O2 in the atmosphere
    b. Hypoventilation (neuromuscular disorders)
    2. Pulmonary disease
    a. Hypoventilation caused by increased airway resistance or decreased
    pulmonary compliance
    b. Abnormal alveolar ventilation-perfusion ratio (including either increased
    physiological dead space or increased physiological shunt)
    c. Diminished respiratory membrane diffusion
    3. Venous-to-arterial shunts (“right-to-left” cardiac shunts)
    4. Inadequate O2 transport to the tissues by the blood
    a. Anemia or abnormal hemoglobin
    b. General circulatory deficiency
    c. Localized circulatory deficiency (peripheral, cerebral, coronary vessels)
    d. Tissue edema
    5. Inadequate tissue capability of using O2
    a. Poisoning of cellular oxidation enzymes
    b. Diminished cellular metabolic capacity for using oxygen because of toxicity,
    vitamin deficiency, or other factors

    HYPOXIC CIRCULATORY ANEMIC HISTOTOXIC
    HYPOXIA HYPOXIA HYPOXIA HYPOXIA
    Hb N N decreased N
    Blood flow to N decreased N N
    tissues
    Characterized deficiency of low blood flow blood does not have inability of cells to
    by: oxygen in the enough capacity to utilize the oxygen
    atmosphere. carry oxygen. delivered.

    arterial O2 decreases N significantly N


    content decreased
    Arterial PO2 decreased N N N
    Arterial %O2 decreased N decreased N
    saturation of
    Hb
    Notes - High altitude - Circulatory Anemia - cells are unable
    (low PO2 in insufficiency Bleeding to utilize oxygen
    inspired air) - bleeding Methemoglobinemia - cyanide
    - decreased - heart failure CO poisoning posioning
    alveolar
    ventilation.
    - gas exchange
    failure
    (mismatch V/Q)
    - venous arterial
    shunt
    Effects of Hypoxia: Respiratory Stimulation
    • Dyspnea
    o difficult or labored breathing in which the person is conscious
    of shortness of breath
    • Hypernea
    o increase in the rate or depth of breathing
    • Tachypnea
    o rapid, shallow breathing
    o increasing ventilation compensating for loss of oxygen

    Chronic Mountain Sickness
    • high RBC mass and hematocrit (increased viscosity decreases tissue blood
    flow and O2 delivery)
    • Pulmonary arterial pressure becomes more elevated
    o pulmonary arterioles vasoconstrict
    o pulmonary shunt
    • enlargement of right side of heart
    • peripheral arterial BP begins to fall
    • congestive heart failure
    • death

    Compensatory Responses to Hypoxia
    • increased pulmonary ventilation (tachypnea)
    • increased RBC and [Hb]
    • increased lung diffusing capacity
    • increased tissue capillarity
    • cellular acclimatization (increased # of mitochondria and cellular oxidative
    enzymes)
    o increased cell’s ability to use O2 despite low O2

    Cyanosis
    • bluish discoloration of skin
    • excessive amounts of deoxygenated Hb in blood vessels and capillaries
    • deoxygenated Hb = dark blue purple color
    • Central cyanosis - deoxygenated Hb > 5g/100mL in arterial blood
    Low PCO2
    • caused by decreased arterial O2
    o stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors thereby increasing ventilation
    o increase in ventilation decreases arterial PCO2 => minimize hypoxemia

    Increased pH
    • respiratory alkalosis
    • caused by decrease in PCO2 => rise of HCO3

    Medication: hyperbaric oxygen inhalation



    Oxygen Therapy – tent, mask, intranasal tube
    • atmospheric hypoxia – 100% effective
    • hypoventilation hypoxia – breathing in 100% O2 = 5x O2 movement into
    alveoli each breath
    • hypoxia caused by impaired alveolar membrane diffusion – “”
    • hypoxia caused by anemia, abnormal hemoglobin transport of O2, circulatory
    deficiency, or physiological shunt,
    o small amount of extra O2, (7-30 %), can be transported in the
    dissolved state in the blood when alveolar O2 is increased to
    maximum
    • hypoxia caused by inadequate tissue use of O2 - no benefit from oxygen
    therapy

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