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    Pneumonia: Definition

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    hemaanandhy
    Pneumonia is an acute lung infection caused by microbes. It is influenced by factors like aging, smoking, and chronic diseases. Microbes enter the lungs through aspiration, inhalation, or the bloodstream. There are several types including community-acquired, hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-rays, and tests of sputum and blood. Treatment focuses on restoring oxygen levels, relieving symptoms, and administering antibiotics.

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    Pneumonia: Definition

    Uploaded by

    hemaanandhy
    60 views5 pages
    Pneumonia is an acute lung infection caused by microbes. It is influenced by factors like aging, smoking, and chronic diseases. Microbes enter the lungs through aspiration, inhalation, or the bloodstream. There are several types including community-acquired, hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-rays, and tests of sputum and blood. Treatment focuses on restoring oxygen levels, relieving symptoms, and administering antibiotics.

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    Pneumonia

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    Pneumonia is an acute lung infection caused by microbes. It is influenced by factors like aging, smoking, and chronic diseases. Microbes enter the lungs through aspiration, inhalation, or the bloodstream. There are several types including community-acquired, hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-rays, and tests of sputum and blood. Treatment focuses on restoring oxygen levels, relieving symptoms, and administering antibiotics.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    60 views5 pages

    Pneumonia: Definition

    Uploaded by

    hemaanandhy
    Pneumonia is an acute lung infection caused by microbes. It is influenced by factors like aging, smoking, and chronic diseases. Microbes enter the lungs through aspiration, inhalation, or the bloodstream. There are several types including community-acquired, hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-rays, and tests of sputum and blood. Treatment focuses on restoring oxygen levels, relieving symptoms, and administering antibiotics.

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    The key takeaways are that pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by microbes. There are different types including community acquired, hospital acquired, and ventilator associated pneumonia. Clinical manifestations include fever, cough, shortness of breath and diagnostic features include chest x-rays, sputum tests and blood tests.

    The different types of pneumonia mentioned are community acquired pneumonia, hospital acquired pneumonia, ventilator associated pneumonia, health care associated pneumonia, fungal pneumonia, and opportunistic pneumonia.

    Some of the clinical manifestations of pneumonia mentioned are fever, shaking chills, shortness of breath, productive cough, purulent sputum, pleuritic chest pain, confusion, crackles on examination, dry cough, headache, myalgias, fatigue and sore throat.

    PNEUMONIA

    DEFINITION:
    Pneumonia is an acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by a
    microbial organism.
    PREDISPOSING FACTORS:
    Aging
    Air Pollution
    Altered consciousness (Alcoholism, head injury, seizures, anesthesia,
    drug overdose, stroke)
    Altered oropharyngeal flora
    Chronic lung diseases, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, End-Stage Renal

    Disease.
    Debilitating illness
    HIV infection
    Immunosuppressive drugs
    Malnutrition, Smoking, Tracheal Intubation
    Upper Respiratory Tract Infection.

    MODE OF ENTRY:
    1. Aspiration Aspiration from the Nasopharynx or oropharynx.
    2. Inhalation inhalation of microbes present in the air.
    3. Haematogenous spread It is mainly from a primary infection
    elsewhere in the body.
    TYPES OF PNEUMONIA:
    Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

    Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)


    Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
    Health Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP)
    Community Acquired Pneumonia It is defined as the lower respiratory tract
    infection of the lung parenchyma with onset in the community or during the
    first 2 days of hospitalization.
    Hospital Acquired Pneumonia It is defined as the pneumonia occurring 48
    hours or longer after hospital admission and not incubating at the time of
    hospitalization.
    Ventilator Associated Pneumonia It refers to pneumonia that occurs more
    than 48 to 72 hours after endotracheal intubation.
    Health Care Associate Pneumonia It includes any patient with a new onset
    of pneumonia was hospitalized in an acute care hospital for 2 or more days
    within 90 days of the infection.
    Fungal Pneumonia Fungi may also be a cause of pneumonia. Pneumocystitis
    jiroveci is an opportunistic fungus rarely causes pneumonia in healthy one.
    Aspiration Pneumonia It refers to the sequeale occurring from abnormal
    entry secretions or substances into the lower airway. It usually follows
    aspiration of material from the mouth or stomach into the trachea and
    subsequently from the lungs.

    Opportunistic Pneumonia Certain patients with altered immune response are


    highly susceptible to respiratory infections such as protein-calorie malnutrition.
    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
    After the pneumococcus organisms reach the alveoli
    There is an out pouring of fluid into the alveoli
    CONGESTION
    The organisms multiply in the serous fluid
    The infection spread and interferes with lung function
    There is a massive dilation of the capillaries
    Alveoli is filled with organisms, neutrophils, RBCs
    The lung appears red and granular

    RED
    HEPATIZATION

    Lungs resembles similar to liver


    Blood Flow decreases
    Leukocytes and fibrin consolidate in affected part of lung
    Complete resolution and healing occurs
    CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
    Early:
    Fever

    GRAY
    HEPATIZATION

    RESOLUTION

    Shaking chills
    Shortness of breath
    Productive cough
    Purulent Sputum (Rust Colored Sputum)
    Pleuritic chest pain.
    Confusion and Stupor (elderly people)
    Crackles sound (in physical examination)

    Atypical :

    Dry cough
    Headache
    Myalgias
    Fatigue
    Sore throat
    Nausea
    Vomitting
    Diarrhoea

    DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES:
    1. History collection regarding the allergens, bad habits, chronic diseases.
    2. Physical Examination Crackles sound on auscultation, dullness seen
    during percussion, body temperature and skin turgor.
    3. Chest X-Ray Shows a typical pattern and consolidation of the lobar or
    segmental regions. Cavitary shadows suggest the presence of a
    necrotizing infection with viruses.
    4. Gram stain of Sputum it should be sent to laboratory for culture
    before antibiotic therapy starts.
    5. Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) It reveals hypoxemia [PaO2 < 80 mm hg]
    hypercapnea [PaCo2 >45 mm hg] and acidosis.

    6. Complete

    Blood

    Count

    and

    Routine

    Blood

    Chemistries

    Leukocytosis is found in the majority of patients with bacterial


    pneumonia [WBC > 15,000/ul with presence of immature neutrophils]
    MANAGEMENT:
    MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:
    Administration of oxygen in order to treat the hypoxemia.
    Administration of analgesics such as Brufen, NSAIDS to relieve the
    chest pain for patient comfort.
    Antipyretics such as aspirin, acetaminophen to restore the normal body
    temperature.
    During the febrile the patient activity should be restricted and rest should
    be encouraged.
    Amantadine (Symmetrel) and Rimantadine (Flumadine) are used with 48
    houts

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