www.nammakalvi.

com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  79

ciueil cyfk;
Þò™
Í¡Á VW jGt[jy;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. bghUe;jhj ,iz vJ>
m) VWnfhs; ? vUJfl;o M) jpUthqh;? fupf;ifa{u;
,) Mjpr;rey;Y}h; ? mupf;fnkL <) gl;okd;wk; ? gl;okz;lgk;
 tpil: M) jpUthqh; ? fupf;ifa{u;
2. Kiwahd bjhlu; mikg;gpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
m) jkpHu;fspd; tPutpisahl;L bjhd;ikahd VWjGt[jy;.
M) jkpHu;fspd; tPutpisahl;L VWjGt[jy; bjhd;ikahd.
,) bjhd;ikahd tPutpisahl;L jkpHu;fspd; VWjGt[jy;.
<) jkpHu;fspd; bjhd;ikahd tPutpisahl;L VWjGt[jy;.
tpil: <) jkpHu;fspd; bjhd;ikahd tPutpisahl;L VWjGt[jy;
3. brhw;bwhlu;fis Kiwg;gLj;Jf.
m) VWjGt[jy; vd;gij
M) jkpH; mfuhjp
,) jGtpg; gpoj;jy; vd;fpwJ
i) M/ m/ , ii) M/ ,/ m iii) ,/ M/ m iv) ,/ m/ M
 tpil: i) M/ m/ ,

FWtpdh
1. eP=;fs; thGk; gFjpapy; VWjGt[jy; vt;thbwy;yhk; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ>
$(r)y;ypf;fl;L/ k+;R tpul;L/ VWjGt[jy;/ fhis tpul;L/ khLgpoj;jy;/ vUJfl;o/
VWtpLjy; vdg; gy;ntW tot=;fspy; VWjGt[jy; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. VWjGt[jy; epfH;tpw;F ,yf;fpa=;fs; fhl;Lk; ntWbgau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Ky;iyf; fypapy;/ VWjGt[jy; vd;Wk; rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy Mfpa
E}y;fspy; `VWnfhs;~ vd;Wk; fz;Qilak;kd; gs;S vd;w rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpy; `vUJfl;o~
vd VWjGt[jy; gw;wp Fwpf;fg; bgw;Ws;sd.
 www.nammakalvi.com

80 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

3. VWjGt[jy; Fwpj;Jj; bjhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; fpilj;j ,l=;fisg; gl;oaypLf.

VWjGt[jy; Fwpj;j gy eLfw;fs;/ g[ilg;g[r; rpw;g=;fs; jkpHfj;jpd; gy;ntW gFjpfspy;
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
,l=;fs;:
1. nryk; khtl;lj;jpy; vUJ tpisaho kuzKw;wtd; bgauhy; vLf;fg;gl;l ``vUJ
bghUjhu; fy;~~ xd;W cs;sJ.
2. nfht[upr; r=;fd; fUte;Jiw vDk; Cupy; vUnjhL nghuho ,we;J gl;lhd;. r=;fd;
kfd; bgupa gay; vLj;j eLfy; xd;Ws;sJ.
3. ePyfpup khtl;lk; nfhj;jfpup mUfpYs;s fupf;ifa{upy; @d;W vUJfisg; gyu; To
tpul;LtJ nghd;w Xtpak; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. jpkpYld; Toa fhis xd;iw mlf;f Kay;tJ nghd;w Xtpak; kJiu crpyk;gl;o
mUnf fy;Y}j;J nkl;Lg;gl;oapy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

rpWtpdh
1. ntshz; cw;gj;jpapd; gz;ghl;L milahs ePl;rpia tpsf;Ff.
VWjGt[jy;/ Ky;iy epyj;J kf;fspd; milahsj;njhLk;/ kUjepyj;J ntshz;
Fofspd; bjhHpy; cw;gj;jpnahLk;/ ghiy epyj;J kf;fspd; njitf;fhd nghf;Ftuj;Jj;
bjhHpnyhLk; gpize;jJ. ,Jnt ntshz; cw;gj;jpapd; gz;ghl;L milahskhf ePl;rp
mile;jJ.
2. VWjGt[jy;/ jpizepiy thH;t[ld; vt;tpjk; gpize;jpUe;jJ>
jkpHf cHth;fs;/ j=;fspd; cHt[ rhh;e;j fUtpfnshL mWtilf;Fg;
bghpJk; Jizepd;w khLfisg; ;nghw;wp kfpH;tpf;f Vw;gLj;jpa tpHhnt khl;Lg;
bgh=;fy;. mt;tpHhtpd;nghJ/ khLfisf; Fspg;ghl;o/ gy tz;z=;fspy; bghl;ol;L
@f;fzh=;fapW/ fGj;Jf; fapW/ gpo fapW midj;ija[k; g[jpjhf mzptpg;gu;. bfhk;g[fisg;
gprpW rPtp/ vz;bza; jltp/ fGj;J kzpahuk; fl;o/ bts;is ntl;onah Jz;nlh
fGj;jpy; fl;Lth;. gpd;dh; g{khiy mzptpj;Jg; bgh=;fypl;Lj; jk;nkhL ciHg;gpy;
<Lgl;l khLfSf;F ed;wp bjhptpf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; jspifg; bgh=;fiy Cl;otpLth;.
,jd; bjhlh;r;rpahf ntshz Fofspd; thH;nthLk; ciHg;nghLk; gpize;J fple;j
khLfSld; mth;fs; tpisaho kfpGk; kughf cUf;bfhz;lnj VWjGt[jyhFk;.

beLtpdh
1. VWjGt[jy; jkpHhpd; mwr;bray; vd;W nghw;wg;gLtjw;fhd fhuz=;fis tptupf;f.
,is+h;fspd; tPuk;:
tPuj;jpw;Fk; tpisr;rYf;Fk; brHpg;gpw;Fk; bry;tj;jpw;Fk; jkpHh; f shy;
milahsg; gLj; j g; g Lgit khLfs;. Ky;iy kw;Wk; kUj epy=;fspy; fhy; bfhz;L
jkpHh; jk; thHnthL gpd; dpg; gpize;J gz;ghlhfpa[s;sJ VWjGt[jy;. VWjGt[jy;
jkpHhpd; ehfhpfj;ij czh;jJ ; k; tpisahl;L" ,is+u;fspd; tPuj;ijg; bgUkpjg;gLj;Jk;
gz;g hl; L epfH; t [ . ,t; t pisahl;oy; fhisia mutizj;J mlf;F gtnu tPuuhfg;
nghw; w g; g Ltu; .
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  81

td;kKk;/ nghh;btwpa[k;:
nkiy ehLfSs; xd;whd !;bgapdpy;/ fhisr; rz;il njrpa tpisahl;lhff;
bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; fhisia mlf;fpf; bfhy;gtnd tPudhff; fUjg;gLthd;.
mt;tpisahl;oy; Ma[j=;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtu;. fhisia mlf;Fk; tPud; btd;whYk;
njhw;whYk; Ml;lj;jpd; Kotpy; fhis bfhy;yg;gLtJk; cz;L. nkiy ehLfspy;
Mz;L KGtJk; elj;jg;gLk; fhis tpisahl;L/ kdpjDs; xspe;jpUf;Fk; td;kj;ija[k;
nghh; btwpiaa[nk btspg;gLj;JtJ nghy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
md;g[k; tPuKk;:
jkpHfj;jpy; eilbgWk; VWjGt[jypy; fhisia mlf;Fgth;fs; ve;j
Ma[jj;ija[k; gad;gLj;jf;TlhJ. epfH;r;rpapd; bjhlf;fj;jpYk; KotpYk; fhisfSf;F
tHpghL bra;tu;. mlf;f Koahj fhisfSk; cz;L. vdnt/ fhisfSk; btw;wp
bgw;wjhff; fUjg;gLk;. md;iga[k; tPuj;ija[k; xUnru tsh;j;bjLf;Fk; ,t;tpisahl;oy;
fhisia mutizj;J mlf;Fgtnu tPuuhfg; nghw;wg;gLtu;.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. 
jpkpYld; Toa fhisbahd;iw xUth; mlf;f Kay;tJ nghd;w Xtpak; ............ y;
cs;sJ.
m) nfhj;jfphp M) fhpifa{h; ,) Mjpr;rey;Y}h; <) fy;Y}j;J nkl;Lg;gl;o
 tpil: <) fy;Y}j;J nkl;Lg;gl;o
2. bghUe;jhj ,iziaj; njh;e;bjLf;f.
m) VWjGt[jy; ? jkpHfk;
M) fhisr;rz;il ? !;bgapd;
,) fk;gsh ? fh;ehlfk;
<) vUJfl;o ? kiyahsk;
 tpil: <) vUJfl;o ? kiyahsk;
3. bghUe;jhjijj; njh;e;bjL.
m) $y;ypf;fl;L M) khLtpLjy; ,) k+;Rtpul;L <) nrty; rz;il
tpil: <) nrty; rz;il
4. vGe;jJ Jfs;/ Vw;wdh; khh;g[
ftpH;e;jd kUg;g[ fy=;fpdh; gyh;
,t; mofs; ,lk; bgw;w E}y; vJ> vjidg; gw;wpf; TWfpwJ>
 tpil: fypj;bjhif/ VWjGt[jy;
 www.nammakalvi.com

82 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

epug;g[f
5. VWjGt[jy; gw;wpf; TWk; ,yf;fz E}y; ............ tpil: g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy
6. fhisg;nghh; Fwpj;j rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;s gpwehLfs; ............ tpil: vfpg;J/ fphPl; jPt[
7. fhisr; rz;ilia njrpa tpisahl;lhff; bfhz;l ehL ............ tpil: !;bgapd;

FWtpdh
1. `khl;Lg; bgh=;fy;~ ? Fwpg;g[ vGJf.
khLfisf; Fspg;ghl;og; gy tz;z=;fspy; bghl;ol;L/ @f;fzh=; fapW/
fGj;Jf; fapW/ gpo fapW midj;ija[k; g[jpjhf mzptpg;gh;. bfhk;g[fisg; gprpW rPtp/
vz;bza; jltp/ fGj;J kzpahuk; fl;o/ bts;is ntl;onah/ Jz;nlh fGj;jpy;
fl;Lth;. khLfSf;Fg; g{khiy mzptpj;Jg; bgh=;fypl;Lj; jk;nkhL ciHg;gpy; <Lgl;l
khLfSf;F ed;wp bjhptpf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; jspifg; bgh=;fiy Cl;Lth;.
2. VW jGt[jypy; ek; flik ahJ>
gz;ila tPut[zh;it epidt{l;Lk; VWjGt[jy; tpy=;Ffis
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jk; tHpghl;ila[k;/ ,aw;if ntshz;ikiaa[k; typa[Wj;Jk;
gz;ghl;Lf; FwpaPL MFk;. ek; Kd;ndhhpd; ,j;jifa gz;ghl;Lf; TWfisg; ngzpg;
ghJfhg;gJ ek; flikahFk;.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 67

1. ,yf;fpa=;fs; fhl;Lk; VWjGt[jy; fhl;rpfis c=;fs; gFjpapy; eilbgw;w vUJ tpLk;

tpisahl;L epfH;t[ld; xg;gpl;L tFg;giwapy; fye;JiuahLf.
ciuahLgth;fs; : Mrphpah;/ fgpyd;/ mkpH;jd;.
Mrphpah; :  fypj;bjhif/ Ky;iyf;fypapy; fhisfs; Kl;oa[k;/ nkhjpa[k;/ vjph;j;Jk;/
kz;oapl;Lk; tPuh;fisg;nghy; gha;e;jJ vd;gij mwpe;jPh;fs; my;yth-
mijg; nghy eP=;fs; fz;ldtw;iwf; TW=;fs;.
fgpyd; : ez;gh mkpH;jh- v=;fs; Ch; ry;ypf;fl;oy; vg;go thothriyj; jpwe;jt[ld;
ek; Mrphpah; TwpaJnghy fhisfs; ntfkhf te;jdty;yth-
mkpH;jd; : Mk; fgpyd;- vdf;F ghJfhg;g[ jLg;g[f;Fg; gpd; ,Ue;J ghh;f;fnt gakhf
,Ue;jJ. fypj;bjhif Twpa fhisfs; nghynt jpkpy; bgUj;J ,Ue;jJ
my;yth-
fgpyd; : Mk; mkpH;jh- vg;go kz;nkLfis vy;yhk; jhtp te;jJ ghh;j;jhah-
mkpH;jd; : Mk; fgpyd;- rhp- mjd; bfhk;gpy; Rw;wpa gzk; ahUf;F-
fgpyd; : ,J bjhpahjh mkpH;jh- mf;fhisia mutizj;J mlf;FgtUf;Fj;jhd;.
mkpH;jd; :  Mk; fgpyh- ek; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Twpaijg; nghynt Ma[jnk ,y;yhky;
mlf;fp/ btd;Wtpl;ldnu- kpf;f kfpH;r;rpaha; ,Uf;fpwjlh-
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  83

2. c=;fs; Chpy; bgh=;fy; tpHh eilbgWfpwJ. mt;tpHhtpy; rhf;F Xl;lk;/ jtis Xl;lk;/
g[l;oapy; jz;zPu; epug;g[jy;/ ,ir ehw;fhyp/ cUisf; fpH=;F bghWf;Fjy;/ Crpapy;
E}y; nfhj;jy;/ nfhyk; nghLjy;/ fapW ,Gj;jy;/ bkJthf kpjptz;o Xl;Ljy;/ ghid
cilj;jy; Mfpa nghl;ofs; eilbgWfpd;wd. mg;nghl;ofs; Fwpj;J neuo tUzid
bra;f.
bgh=;fy; tpHh 2018
Cuhl;rp xd;wpak; ts;spa{u;/ jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lk;.
,lk; : tpisahl;lu=;fk; jiyik : Cuhl;rp kd;wj; jiytu;
ehs; : 15.1.2018 Kd;dpiy : jiyikahrpupau;/
neuk; : fhiy 8 kzp Cuhl;rp xd;wpa bjhlf;fg; gs;sp. ts;spa{h;.
epfH;r;rpepuy;
1. rhf;F Xl;lk;:
rpWth;fns- rpWkpah;fns- KjyhtJ epfH;r;rpahf gd;dpbuz;L taJf;Fl;
gl;lth;fSf;F ,g;nghl;o. rhf;Ff;Fs;s fhiy EiHj;Jf; bfhz;L Xo tu ntz;Lk;.
rhf;F ,y;nyd;D rhf;Fr; brhy;yhjP=;f. th=;f... nghl;of;F th=;f-
2. jtis Xl;lk;:
jz;zpapy;yh neuj;jpy; jtis v=;fpUe;J tUk;> mg;goD epidf;fhjP=;f-
Fl;of; Fl;oj; jtisfs; vl;o vl;og; ghf;FJ... jtisfns jt;tpj; jt;tpjhd; nghfDk;
ve;jpUr;rp Xlf; TlhJ- thpirapy; cf;fhU=;f... nghl;o bjhl=;FJ.
3. g[l;oapy; jz;zPu; epug;g[jy;:
kfsph; th=;f... c=;f rpf;fdj;ij ehd; fz;Lgpoj;Jr; brhy;nwd;. ifapy; jz;zPu;
vLj;J g[l;oapy; epug;g ntz;Lk;. jz;zPu; rpf;fdk; ,f;fdk; njit.
4. ,ir ehw;fhyp:
rpWth;fSf;F vd;W xUnghl;o rpWkpah;fSf;bfd xU nghl;o ghl;L
nfl;Lfpl;nl ftdj;njhL ehw;fhypapy; ,lk; gpof;ft[k;. ftdkhf eP=;f ,Uf;fpwP=;fsh...
xU njh;t[.
5. cUisf;fpH=;F bghWf;Fjy;:
,t;tpisahl;oy; ,uz;ow;F nkw;gl;l vj;jid egh;fSk; tpisahlyhk;.
rpy kPl;lh; ,ilbtspapy; ,U gf;fKk; thpirahf vj;jid egh;
tpisahLfpwhh;fnsh mj;jid fl;l=;fs; nghl ntz;Lk;. xU gf;fj;jpy; cs;s
fl;lj;jpw;Fs; njitf;nfw;g cUisf;fpH=;Ffs; itj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;. vjph;gf;fj;jpy;
cs;s fl;lk; fhypahf ,Uf;fntz;Lk;;. kzp xypj;jt[ld; cUisf;fpH=;F ,Uf;Fk;
fl;lj;jpw;F Kd; epw;gth;fs; mjpypUe;J xd;W vLj;J jdf;F neh;vjpnu ,Uf;Fk;
fl;lj;jpw;Fs; bfhz;Lngha; itf;f ntz;Lk;. ,g;goahf xt;bthd;whf Xo te;J
vLj;J Kjypy; epug;g[fpwth;fs; btw;wpahsh;fshf mwptpf;fg;gLth;.
 www.nammakalvi.com

84 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

6. Crpapy; E}y; nfhj;jy;:

mWgJ taJf;F nkw;gl;l jhj;jh ghl;of;Fj;jhd; ,e;jg;nghl;o. vLf;fnth>
nfhf;fnth> vLj;Jf; nfhf;f ntz;Lk;. rpWtuhf ,Uf;Fk;. nghnj fha;fwpfs;/ fPiu
tiffs; rhg;gpl;lhy; jhd; ,g;g nfhf;f Koa[k;.
7. nfhyk; nghLjy;:
bgz;fSf;fhd nghl;o. thrypy; nghLk; tz;zf; nfhy=;fs;- c=;fs; kd
vGr;rpfis me;j nfhyj;jpy; fhzyhk;. ,s=;fhiyg; bghGjpy; XnrhdpypUe;J tUk;
J}a fhw;W c=;fSf;F ,aw;if je;j ,d;gg; gupR.
8. fapW ,Gj;jy;:
ek;k Cu; ,is+u;fis ,uz;L mzpahfg; gpupj;J m=;nf fplf;fpw tlf;fapW
MSf;bfhU gf;fk; gpoj;J ,Gf;fDk;. ,Gf;Fk; nghJ fapW mWe;jh eh=;f bghWg;gpy;iy-
9. bkJthf kpjptz;o Xl;Ljy;:
ntfk;... irf;fps;/ tz;o/ thfd=;fs; vjpYnk ntfk;...ntfk;... Mdh ,=;nf
bkJthf Xl;lntz;Lk;. fhiy fPnH Cd;wpdhy; nghl;oapypUe;J ePf;fg;gLtPh;fs;/
ntfkhfg; nghdhYk; eLth;fs; nghl;oapypUe;J ePf;fpLthh;fs;. ftdkhfg; ngha; gupirg;
bgW=;fs;.
10. ghid cilj;jy;:
nkny ghid bjh=;Fk;. ePsfk;g[ jUnthk;. Mdh Jz;Ly c=;f fz;iz
,Wf;fkhff; fl;otpLnthk;. ghh;itahsh;fs; ftdkhf ,Uf;fntz;Lk;. ,is+h;fs;
ntfj;jpy; te;J c=;fs; jiyiag; gjk; ghh;j;J tplf; TlhJ-
vy;nyhUk; ghh;j;J kfpH;r;rpahf ,U=;fs;-


 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  85

ftpijg; ngiH
Þò™
Í¡Á kzpnkfiy
bjhpe;J bfhs;nthk;
Ik;bgU=;FG

mikr;rh; rl=;F gilj; J}jh;; rhuzh;

bra;tpg;nghh; jiyth; (xw;wh;)

fuzj;jpayth; ,t[sp kwth;

vz;nguhak; (Fjpiu tPuh;)

fUk fdfr; fil efu gilj; ahid

tpjpfs; Rw; w k; fhg; g hsh; khe;jh; jiyth; tPuh;

brhy;Yk; – bghUSk; :
rkaf;fzf;fh; ? rkaj; jj;Jtthjpfs; ghilkhf;fs; ? gybkhHp ngRk; kf;fs;
FHP, ? xd;WTo/ FGkp njhk; ? Fw;wk;
nfhl;o ? kd;wk; ntjpif ? jpz;iz
J}zk; ? J}z; jhkk; ? khiy
tpnyhjk; ? Jzpahyhd bfho brw;wk; ? rpdk;
trp ? kiH fyhk; ? nghh;/ fyfk;
Jiw ? ePh;epiyapd; Xu=;fs; kjiy khlk; ? bghpa khlk;
tpHt[kyp ? tpHhf;fs; kpFe;j
fjypiff; bfho ? rpW/ rpW bfho (rpwpJ rpwpjhf gy bfhofs;)
fhZd;W bfho ? bfhk;g[fspy; fl;Lk; bfho
JUj;jp ? Mw;wpilf;Fiw (Mw;wpd; eLtpy; cs;s kzy;jpl;Lfs;)

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[:
njhuztPjpa[k; ? vz;Qk;ik njhkW nfhl;oa[k; ? vz;Qk;ik
khw;Wkpd; ? Vty; tpidKw;W gug;g[kpd; ? Vty; tpidKw;W
cWbghUs; ? cupr;brhy; bjhlh; jhH;g{e;Jiw ? tpidj;bjhif
ed;bghUs; ? gz;g[j;bjhif jz;kzy; ? gz;g[j;bjhif
 www.nammakalvi.com

86 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

ey;Yiu ? gz;g[j;bjhif
gh=;fwpe;J ? ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
fha;fF
; iyf; fKF ? ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj; bjhif
g{f;bfho ty;yp ? ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj; bjhif
Kj;Jj;jhkk ? ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj; bjhif
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :
1. gug;g[kpd; ? gug;g[ + kpd; 2. miwe;jdd; ? miw + j;(e;) + j; + md; + md;
gug;g[ ? gFjp/ miw ? gFjp/
kpd; ? Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik j;(e;) ? MdJ tpfhuk;/
tpidKw;W tpFjp. j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
md; ? rhhpia/
md; ? Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. Ik;bgU=;FG/ vz;nguhak; ? brhw;bwhlu;fs; czu;j;Jk; ,yf;fzk;
m) jpirr;brhw;fs; M) tlbrhw;fs; ,) cupr;brhw;fs; <) bjhifr;brhw;fs;
tpil: <) bjhifr;brhw;fs;
FWtpdh
1. gHkzy; khw;Wkpd;" g[Jkzy; gug;g[kpd; ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; : Tythzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; ,aw;wpa kzpnkfiyf; fhg;gpaj;jpy;
,lk;bgw;wpUf;fpwJ ,j;bjhlh;.
bghUs; : tpHhf;fs; epiwe;j ,k;@J}hpd; bjUf;fspYk; kd;w=;fspYk; giHa kziy
khw;wpg; g[J kziyg; gug;g[=;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
tpsf;fk; : kzpnkfiyf; fhg;gpaj;jpy; Kg;gJ fhijfSs; Kjy; fhijahf tps=;FtJ
tpHhtiw fhij MFk;. g[fhh; efupy; ,Ugj;bjl;L ehs; eilbgwf;Toa
,e;jputpHh bjhl=;f cs;sJ. ,e;j mwptpg;ig ahid kPJ mkh;e;J
Kuriwnthd; mwptpj;jhd;. tpHhf;fs; epiwe;j ,k;@J}hpd; bjUf;fspYk;
kd;w=;fspYk; giHakziy khw;wpg; g[jpa kziyg; gug;g[=;fs; vd;W
mwptpf;fpwhd;.
2. gl;okz;lgk;/ gl;okd;wk; ? ,uz;Lk; xd;wh> tpsf;fk; vGJf.
gl;okz;lgk; vd;gJ ,yf;fpa tHf;F. Mdhy; ,d;W eilKiwapy; gyUk; gl;okd;wk;
vd;nw Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;fs;. ngr;R tHf;Fk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  87

``kfj ed;ehl;L ths;tha; nte;jd;~~

gifg; g[wj;Jf; bfhLj;j gl;okz;lgk; vdr; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYk;/
``gl;okz;lgj;Jg; gh=;F mwpe;J VWkpd;~~ vd kzpnkfiyapYk;
``gl;okz;lgk; Vw;wpid/ Vw;wpid"
vl;ondhL ,uz;Lk; mwpaidna~~ vd;W jpUthrfj;jpYk;
``gd;dUk; fiy bjhp gl;okz;lgk;~~ vdf; fk;guhkhazj;jpYk;
,r;brhy; gapd;WtUjiy mwpayhk;.

rpWtpdh
1. 
c=;fs; Cupy; eilbgWfpd;w tpHh Kd;ndw;ghLfis ,e;jputpHh epfH;t[fSld;
xg;gpLf.
cs;Ah; tpHh ,e;jputpHh
1. Ch; ehl;lhz;ik/kzpak; Ch;g; g[fhh; efhpy; ,e;jputpHh eilbgWtJ FwpjJ ;
bghpnahh;/ nfhapy; FUf;fs;/ Kjpnahh;/ Kuriwnthd; ehd;F tifg; gilfSk; NH
;,is+h;fs; vy;nyhUk; xU=;nf To mfd;w Kuriwe;J ``grpak [ ; gpzpak[ ; gifa[k;
nfhapy; Kd;ghf mkh;e;jdh;. eP=f; p trpak[ ; tsDk; Ruf;f~~ mwptpjj ; hd;.
may;ehl;odUk; murh;/ m ; ikr;rh; Ik;bgU=;FG/
vz;nguhak; mitapy; jpuz;oUe;jdh;.
2. Ch;j; jpUtpHhtpwF; ehs; Fwpjj; t[ld; Cu; njhuzk; fl;oa bjUf;fs;/ kd;w=;fspy; g{uz
rhl;ly;/ C
; u; EiHthapypny ntg;gpiy/ Fk;gk;/ bghw;ghypif/ ghit tpsf;F k=;fyg;
khtpiyj;njhuz=;fs;fl;Ljy;/tPLfSf;Fr; bghUs;fs; mHFgLj;jp itf;fg;gl;ld.
Rz;zhk;g[ g{Rjy; nfhapyf; Sf;F tz;zk; ghf;F kuk;/ thiHkuk; t+;rpf; bfho/
g{Rjy; Mfpa Kd;ndw;ghlhd Maj;jg; fUk;gf
[ isa[k; el;L itj;jdh;. j=;fj;
gzpfs; bra;jdh;. J}z;fspy; Kj;Jkhiyfs; bjh=;ftpll ; dh;.

3. Cutu; ntWghod;wp xw;Wikahf gl;okz;lgk; VWkpd;

gl;okd;w epfH;r;rp tHpahf r@fg; Cu; kd;w=;fspy; mtutu; rkaj;jpw;F cupa
gpur;ridfis tpthjpj;J jPu;t[ bghUis thjpl;Lj; jPu;t[ fz;ldh;.
fz;ldh;. jkpHfj;jpd; ghuk;ghpaf;
fiyfshd bjUf;Tj;J/ fufhl;lk;/
bgha;f;fhy; epfH;r;rpfs; elj;jpdh;.

4. cwtpdu;fisa[k; fUj;JkhWghL bfhz;l giftu;fsplk;

tpUe;jpdu;fisa[k; miHj;J nfhgKk; g{rYk; bfhs;shJ njtUk;
jpUtpHh epfH;r;rpfspYk; kf;fSk; xd;Wgl;L ,Ugj;bjl;L
g=;Fbfhs;sr; bra;jdu;. ehs;fspYk; cytp te;jdu;.
 www.nammakalvi.com

88 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. bgz;ikia Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jk; g[ul;rpf; fhg;gpak; ............
m) rPtfrpej; hkzpM) rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,) kzpnkfiy <) tisahgjp
tpil: ,) kzpnkfiy
2. bghUe;jhj ,iziaj; njh;e;bjL.
m) trp ? kiH M) nfhl;o ? kd;wk;
,) jhkk; ? khiy <) brw;wk; ? ,d;gk;
tpil: <) brw;wk; ? ,d;gk;
3. bghUe;jhjidj; njh;e;bjL.
m) J}jh; M) rhuzh; ,) gilj;jiyth; <) g[yth;
tpil : <) g[yth;
4. gpd;tUk; fUj;Jfspy; kzpnkfiy E}y; TWk; fUj;J ............
m) md;ng rptk; M) clk;ig tsh;j;njd; caph; tsh;j;njnd
,) grpa[k; neha[k; gifa[k; eP=;Ff <) ahJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfsph;
tpil: ,) grpa[k; neha[k; gifa[k; eP=;Ff
epug;g[f
5. ,e;jputpHhitf; Fwpg;gpLk; fhij ............ tpil: tpHhtiwfhij
6. kzpnkfiyapd; fhijfs; ............ tpil: 30
7. Tyk; vd;gjd; bghUs; ............ tpil: jhdpak;
8. ,s=;nfhtofs; rhj;jdhiu vt;thW g[fH;e;Js;shh;>
tpil: jz;lkpH; Mrhd; rhj;jd; ed;D}w; g[ytd;
rpWtpdh
1. `kzpnkfiy~ ? E}y; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
nfhtyDf;Fk; khjtpf;Fk; kfshfg; gpwe;j kzpnkfiyapd; Jwt[ thH;f;ifiaf;
TWtjhy; kzpnkfiyj; Jwt[ vd;w bgaUk; kzpnkfiy E}Yf;F cz;L. bgsj;j rkar;
rhh;g[ilaJ. fij mog;gilapy; kzpnkfiyiar; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; bjhlh;r;rpbadf;
TWth;. Kg;gJ fhijfisf; bfhz;l E}y;.
2. ~rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;~ ? Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
zz kzpnkfiyf; fhg;gpaj;ij ,aw;wpath; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;.
zz rhj;jd; vd;w ,aw;bgah; bfhz;l ,th; jpUr;rpiar; nrh;e;j rPj;jiy
vd;w Chpy; gpwe;jth; vd;gh;.
zz Tyk; vdg;gLk; jhdpa tzpfk; bra;jth;.
rPj;jiy rhj;jdhh;
zz jz;lkpH; Mrhd;/ rhj;jd;/ ed;D}w; g[ytd; vd;w bgah;fSk; cz;L.
zz rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,aw;wpa ,s=;nfhtofSk;/ rhj;jdhUk; rkfhyj;jth;.
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  89

3. Ik;bgU=;FG/ vz;nguhaj;ij tpthp.

Ik;bgU=;FG
zz mikr;rh;  J}jh;
zz rl=;F bra;tpg;nghh;  rhuzh; (xw;wh;)
zz gilj;jiyth;
vz;nguhak;
zz fuzj;jpayth;  efukhe;jh;
zz fUk tpjpfs;  gilj;jiyth;
zz fdfr;Rw;wk;  ahid tPuh;
zz filf;fhg;ghsh;  ,t[sp kwth;

beLtpdh
1. kzpnkfiy E}ypd; tpHhtiw fhijapy; brhy;yg;gLk; fUj;Jfisf; TWf.
,e;jpu tpHhitf; fhz te;njhh;:
zz g[fhh; efhpy; cyfpay;/ jj;Jtk;/ tPLngW Mfpa bghUs;fis tpsf;Fgtuhfpa
rkathjpfs; To cs;sdh;.
zz fhyf;fzpjh;/ flt[dh;/ gy bkhHp ngRk; mah;ehl;odh;/ Ik;bgU=;FG kw;Wk;
vz;nguhaj;ijr; nrh;e;jth;fSk; muritapy; xd;W jpuz;L cs;sdh;.
tpHh Kd;ndw;ghLfs;:
zz njhuzk; fl;oa bjUf;fspYk;/ kd;w=;fspYk; g{uz Fk;gk;/ bghw;ghypif/ ghit
tpsf;F nghd;w k=;fyg; bghUs;fis mHFgLj;jp ita[=;fs;.
zz Fiy Kw;wpa ghf;F kuj;ija[k;/ thiH kuj;ija[k;/ t+;rpf; bfhoiaa[k;/
g{=;bfhofisa[k;/ fUk;iga[k; el;L ita[=;fs;. tPLfspd; Kd; bjUj; jpz;izapd;
j=;fj; J}z;fspy; Kj;J khiyfisj; bjh=;f tpL=;fs;.
zz bjUf;fspYk;/ kd;w=;fspYk; giHa kziy khw;wpg; g[jpa kziyg; gug;g[=;fs;.
Jfpy; bfhofis khl=;fspd; thapy;fspy; nrh;j;Jf; fl;L=;fs;.
gl;okz;lgk; VWf:
ge;jy;fspYk;/ Ch;kd;w=;fspYk; ey;yit gw;wpr; brhw;bghHpthw;W=;fs;.
rkaj;jpw;F chpa cl;bghUs; mwpe;J thjpLnthh; gl;okz;lg Kiwfisj; bjhpe;J
thjpl;Lj; jPh;t[ fhQ=;fs;.
rpdKk; g{rYk; iftpLf:
zz gifthplk; nfhgKk;/ g{rYk; bfhs;shJ tpyfp epy;Y=;fs;.
zz kzy; Fd;W/ g{+;nrhiy/ Mw;wpilf; Fiw/ epHy; jUk; jz;zPh;j; Jiwfspy;
eilbgWk; ,Ugj;bjl;L ehs; tpHh epfH;t[fspy; njtUk; kf;fSk; xd;Wgl;L
kfpH;t[ld; cyhtp tUth; vd;gjid ed;F mwpa[=;fs;.
 www.nammakalvi.com

90 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

thH;j;J:
fhyhl; gilapdUk;/ njh;g; gilapdUk;/ Fjpiug; gilapdUk;/ ahidg;
gilapdUk; NH;e;J tu mfd;w Kurpid Kuriwnthd; miwe;jhd;.
``grpa[k; neha[k; gifa[k; eP=;fp kiHa[k; tsKk; v=;Fk; bgUFtjhf~~ vd;W thH;j;jp
Kuriwe;jhd;.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 71

1. c=;fs; Cupy; eilbgWk; jpUtpHhtpw;fhd miHg;gpjH; xd;wpid totikf;f.

_ mUs;kpF nfhl;il khupak;kd; khrpg; bgUtpHh

jpz;Lf;fy;
jpUtpHh miHg;gpjH;
md;ghh;e;j nfhl;il khhpak;kd; gf;jnfhofns-
,e;jhz;L _n\tpsk;gp tUlk; khrp khjk; 11Mk; ehs; jpz;Lf;fy; mUs;kpF
_ nfhl;il khhpak;kd; khrpg; bgUtpHh eilbgWk;. mg;bghGJ fPH;f;Fwpj;j ehs;fspy;
gy;ntW epfH;r;rpfs; eilbgWk;. gf;jnfhofs; fye;J bfhz;L rpwg;gpf;FkhW md;g[ld;
nfl;Lf;bfhs;fpnwhk;.
,tz;/
eph;thff; FGtpdh;/
_ m/kp nfhl;il khhpak;kd;
khrpg; bgUtpHhf; FGtpdh;
jpz;Lf;fy;.
epfH;r;rp epuy;

ehs; epfH;r;rp rpwg;g[r; bra;gth;fs;

12.3.18 tpahHd; tpHh bfhonaw;wy;
13.3.18 bts;sp g{j;jkyh; g{r;brhhpjy; tpHh tzpfh;fs; r=;fk;
15.3.18 +hapW rhkp rhl;Ljy;
g[jd; ? bts;sp bfhokuj;Jf;F k+;rs; ePh; Cw;Wjy;
tpahHd; m=;Ftpyh!; tzpff; FGkj;jpd; m=;Ftpyh!;
kz;lfg;go g[ifapiyf; fk;bgdp
bts;sp g{f;FHp ,w=;Fjy; gf;jh;fs;
rdp jrhtjhuk; mUs; epfH;r;rpfs;
+hapW ehlfk;(bjUf;Tj;J) kUjg;gh FGtpdh;
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  91

2. Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;L Xu; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpia tpupj;bjGJf.

g{+;nrhiy ? rphpf;Fk; kyh;fs; ? gRikahd g[y;btsp ? Tt[k; Fapy; ? tPRk; bjd;wy;
?tpisahLk; FHe;ijfs; ? mHfpa fhl;rpfs;.
me;jpthdk; brk;ik glu;e;J brf;fr; brnty; vdj; njhd;wpaJ. gr;ir
ku=;fslh;e;j nrhiy/ nrhiyfspy; g{r;brofs;/ brofs; njhWk; kyh;fs;/ mk;kyh;fs;
rphpg;ig cjph;f;Fk;. v=;Fk; kzk; gug;g[k; kfue;j=;fs;- tz;od=;fs; te;J mkUk;.
gr;irg; nghh;it nghh;j;jpaJ nghy; gRk;g[y; jiu/ g[y; Edp KGtJk; tufurp
xl;of; bfhz;lJ nghy; rpWrpW tpijfs;/ jdpikapy; mkh;e;J Tt[k; Fapy;/ nrhfj;ijf;
fPjkhf ,irf;Fk; kh=;Fapy;fs;-
bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; rpy;byd;W tPRk; bjd;wy; bghjpifr; re;jdj; jhJ bgh=;Fk;
thrid- gRk;g[y; jiuapy; v=;Fk; rpupj;jpLk; g{f;fs;- mHfpa FHe;ijfs; tz;z cilapy;-
,j;jifa ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs;- ``ifg[ide;J ,aw;whf; ftpd; bgW tdg;g[ ,aw;if~~
vd;nd mHF- tz;zj; jpay;g[-



tphpthdk;
Þò™
Í¡Á mfHha;t[fs; gl;okd;wk;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; jtwhd bra;jpiaj; jUk; Tw;W.
m) mupf;fnkL mfHha;tpy; nuhkhdpa ehza=;fs; fpilj;jd.
M) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy vd;Dk; ,yf;fz E}ypYk; VWnfhs; Fwpj;Jf;
Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,) vl;L/ gj;J Mfpa vz;Qg; bgau;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.
<) gl;okz;lgk; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[ kzpnkfiyapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
tpil: ,) vl;L/ gj;J Mfpa vz;Qg; bgau;fspd; gpd; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.
FWtpdh
1. bjhy;ypay; Mjhu=;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,l=;fis mfHha;t[ bra;a ntz;Lk;. Vd;>
zz bjhy;ypay; mfHha;t[ bra;jy; vd;gJ njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l epyg;gFjpapy; brJf;fpr;
brJf;fp Muha;jy; MFk;. mfHha;t[ tuyhW KGikbgw cjt[fpwJ.
zz mfHha;tpy; fpilj;j bghUs;fs; ehk; thH;e;j fhyj;ij kl;Lkpd;wp ek; tuyhw;iwa[k;
czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
 www.nammakalvi.com

92 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

rpWtpdh
1. 
tpaj;jF mwptpay; tputpf; fplf;Fk; epiyapy; mfHha;tpd; njit Fwpj;j c=;fsJ
fUj;Jfisj; bjhFj;Jiuf;f.
zz mwptpay; cyfj;jpy; thH;e;J bfhz;oUf;fpnwhk;. giHa jiyKiwiag; gw;wpj;
bjhpe;J vd; bra;tJ> bry;yplg;ngrpf;Fs;ns cyfk; Rw;Wk; ntisapy; mfHha;tpy;
fpilf;Fk; bry;yhf; fhRfs; te;bjd;d bra;a Koa[k;> kof;fzpdp kiyf;f itf;fpwJ.
mijbay;yhk; tpl;Ltpl;L kz; XLfs; ,we;njhiur; Rke;j kz;jhHpfs; fz;lwpe;J
vd;d rhjpf;fKoa[k;> ,t;thW ,Uf;f/ mfHha;t[ vd;d bra;a ,Uf;fpwJ>
zz mhpf;fnkL mfHha;tpy; nuhkhdpa kl;ghz;l=;fs; fpilj;jd. mjdhy;
nuhkhdpah;fSf;Fk; ekf;Fk; ,Ue;j tzpfj; bjhlu;g[ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
zz Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; elj;jg;gl;l mfHha;tpy; Vuhskhd KJkf;fs; jhHpfs; fz;L
gpof;fg;gl;ld.
zz ek; Kd;ndhh;fs; ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng mwptpay; mog;gilapyhd
gz;ghl;L thH;f;ifia thH;ejth;fs;. jkpHh;fspd; czt[/ cil/ thHplk; Kjypad
,aw;ifiar; rpijf;fhj ,ay;g[fisf; bfhz;lit vd;gjw;F mfHha;tpy; fz;l
rhd;Wfns Mtz=;fshfj; jpfH;fpd;wd.

beLtpdh 
1. gz;ghl;Lf; TWfisg; ngzpg; ghJfhf;f ehk; bra;a ntz;oa bray;fisj; bjhFj;J
vGJf.
kdpjd; njhd;wpg; gy;yhapuk; Mz;Lfs; fle;Jtpl;ld. ,d;Wk; gz;ghl;L
mstpy; rpwe;j thH;it btspg;gLj;jpa jkpHh;fspd; tuyhw;iw mwpe;J bfhs;s
jkpHfj;jpd; bjhd;ikahd gFjpfisf; bfhz;Lk; kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa gHikahd
fUtpfisf; bfhz;Lk; ,irf; fUtpfisf; bfhz;Lk; mwpa KofpwJ. mtw;iwg;
ngzpf; fhf;f ntz;Lk;. ,J ek; flikahFk;.
gz;ghl;Lf; TW ? VWjGt[jy;:
tPuj;jpw;Fk; tpisr;rYf;Fk; brHpg;gpw;Fk; bry;tj;jpw;Fk; jkpHh;fshy;
milahsg; gLj;jg;gLgit khLfs;. Ky;iy kw;Wk; kUj epy=;fspy; fhy; bfhz;L
jkpHh; jk; thH;nthL gpd;dpg; gpize;J gz;ghlhfp cs;sJ VWjGt[jy;. ,J jkpHh;fspd;
ehfhpfj;ij czh;j;Jk; tpisahl;L. ,is+h;fspd; tPuj;ijg; bgUkpjg;gLj;Jk;
gz;ghl;L epfH;t[. Kd;ndhh; tHpepd;W ,se;jiyKiwapdu; filg;gpof;f ntz;oa
xd;W" fhjYk; tPuKk; gHe;jkpHhpd; gz;ghl;Lj; jla=;fs;. tPuKk; md;g[k; VWjGt[jypd;
tpisepy=;fshf tps=;FfpwJ vd;gij tsUk; jiyKiwapdu;f;F vLj;Jf;fhl;l xU
tha;g;g[.
gz;ghl;Lf;TW ? mfHha;t[:
mfHha;t[ vd;gJ njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l epyg;gFjpapy; brJf;fpr; brJf;fp Muha;jy;
MFk;. Ma;t[ vd;gJ mwptpd; btspg;ghL. ekJ Kd;ndhh;fs; thH;e;J bgw;w gl;lwpit
tifg;gLj;jp bjhFj;Jg; ghh;g;gjw;Fj; bjhy;ypay; Ma;nt bgU=;fy;tpahf mikfpd;wJ.
gz;ghl;L vr;r=;fshfj; jpfGk; ,t;tifahd Ma;t[fisf; fz;L gadilayhk;.
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  93

gz;ghl;Lf;TW ? jpUtpHhf;fs;:
fp.gp. 2 Mk; E}w;whz;nlhL bjhlh;g[ila g[fhu;efupy; bfhz;lhlg;bgw;w
,e;jputpHh rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYk; kzpnkfiyapYk; tpthpf;fg;gLfpwJ. nfhapy; tpHhf;fspy;
gz;ghl;Lf; TWfshf cs;s xapyhl;lk;/ kapyhl;lk;/ ehjRuk;/ gujk;/ bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiu
Ml;lk; vdg;gy fiyfs; ele;njWfpd;wd. tpHh epfH;r;rpapy; gl;okd;wk;/ bjUf;Tj;J
ehlf=;fSk; eilbgWfpd;wd.
,j;jifa gz;ghl;Lf; TWfisa[k;/ fiyepfH;t[fisa[k; ngzpg; ghJfhj;J
,se;jiyKiwapdUf;Fk; ,dp tUk; jiyKiwapdUf;Fk; fhl;LtJ ek; flikahFk;.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
epug;g[f.
1. mwptpd; btspg;ghlha;j; jpfH;tJ ............ tpil: Ma;t[
2. gy;yhtuj;jpy; Ma;t[ ele;j Mz;L ............ tpil: 1863

beLtpdh
1. `mfHha;t[~ Fwpj;J ghlg;gFjp fUj;Jfisf; TWf.
Kd;Diu:
mfHha;t[ vd;gJ njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l epyg;gFjpapy; brJf;fpr; brJf;fp Muha;jy;
MFk;. Ma;t[ vd;gJ mwptpd; btspg;ghL. ekJ Kd;ndhh;fs; thH;e;J bgw;w gl;lwpit
tifg;gLj;jp bjhFj;Jg; ghh;g;gjw;Fj; bjhy;ypay; Ma;nt bgU=;fy;tpahf mikfpd;wJ.
gz;ghl;L vr;r=;fshfj; jpfGk; ,t;tifahd Ma;t[fisf; fz;L gadilayhk;.
fPHo mfHha;t[:
kJiu efUf;F mUnf cs;s fPHo vd;Dkplj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l mfHha;tpy;
RLkz; bghUs;fs;/ cnyhfg; bghUs;fs;/ Kj;Jfs;/ fpsp+;ry; bghUs;fs;/ khd;bfhk;g[fs;/
nrhHpfs;/ fpz;z=;fs;/ Jisaplg;gl;l ghj;jpu=;fs;/ ,uj;jpdf;fy; tiffs;/ gGg;g[/ fWg;g[/
rptg;g[?fWg;g[g; ghidfs;/ rJu=;ff; fha;fs;/ jhdpa=;fisr; nrfhpf;Fk; fyd;fs;/ brk;g[/
r=;F tisay;fs;/ vYk;gpdhy; Md Th;Kidfs;/ jkpH; vGj;Jfs; bghwpf;fg;gl;l ghid
XLfs;/ fw;fUtpfs;/ ePh; nrfhpf;Fk; bghpa kl;fyd;fs;/ rpwpa FLitfs;/ ciwf;fpzWfs;/
RLkz; Tiu XLfs; nghd;w gy;ntW bjhy;ypay; bghUs;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.
@d;W btt;ntW fhyfl;l=;fisr; nrh;e;j ,tw;Ws; bjhd;ikahdit Rkhh; 2300
Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lit vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,Jtiu mfHha;t[ bra;ag;gl;l
bgUk;ghd;ikahd ,l=;fs;/ ,wg;g[j; bjhlh;ghd jla=;fis btspg;gLj;Jtdthf
mike;Js;sd. Mdhy;/ fPHoapy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s KGikahd thH;tplg;gFjpa[k;/
br=;fy; fl;Lkhd=;fSk;/ ,jug; bghUs;fSk; jkpHhpd; cahpa ehfhpfj;ijf; fz;Kd;
fhl;Lk; rhl;rpfsha; mike;Js;sd.
 www.nammakalvi.com

94 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

gy;yhtuk; mfHha;t[:
150 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dhy; 1863Mk; Mz;L ,uhgh;l; g[q!;g[l; vd;Dk;
bjhy;ypay; mwp+h; brd;idg; gy;yhtuk; brk;kz; nkl;Lg;gFjpapy; vYk;iga[k;
fw;fUtpiaa[k; fz;Lgpoj;jhh;. ,e;jf; fw;fUtpjhd; ,e;jpahtpy; fz;blLf;fg;gl;l
Kjy; fy;yha[jk;. ,e;jf; fy;yha[jk; fz;Lgpof;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;ng/ nuhkhdpah;fspd;
gH=;fhRfisf; nfhitapy; fz;blLj;njhk;.
mhpf;fnkL:
mhpf;fnkL mfHha;tpy; nuhkhdpa kl;ghz;l=;fs; fpilj;jd. mjdhy;/
nuhkhdpah;fSf;Fk;/ ekf;Fk; ,Ue;j tzpfj; bjhlh;g[ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Mjpr;rey;Y}h;:
1914Mk; Mz;L Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; elj;jg;gl;l mfHha;tpy; Vuhskhd
KJkf;fs; jhHpfs; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;ld. cs;s=;ifapy; cyfk; ,Uf;fpwJ. kof;fzpdp
kiyf;f itf;fpwJ. ek; Kd;ndhh;fs; ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng/ mwptpay;
mog;gilapyhd gz;ghl;L thH;f;ifia thH;e;jth;fs;. jkpHh;fspd; czt[/ cil/
thHplk; Kjypad ,aw;ifiar; rpijf;fhj ,ay;g[fisf; bfhz;lit vd;gjw;F
mfHha;tpy; fz;l rhd;Wfns Mtz=;fshfj; jpfH;fpd;wd.
mfHha;tpd; gaDk; Kot[k;:
mfHha;tpy; fpilj;j Mtz=;fnsh mLj;j jiyKiwf;F ek; gz;ghl;od;
nkd;ikiag; giwrhw;Wk;. vdnt/ mfHha;t[ vd;gJ ekf;F kpfkpfj; njitahd
bray;ghL. mfHha;t[ jUk; rhd;Wfspd; @yk; ekJ tskhd tuyhw;iwa[k;
gz;ghl;ila[k; mwpe;Jbfhz;L typikahd vjph;fhyj;ij cUthf;f Koa[k;.
,aw;ifnahL ,ize;j gz;ghl;L thH;f;if ek;KilaJ. kf;fs; mwptpay; vd;fpw
kfj;jhd rpe;jidiag; g[hpe;Jbfhs;tjw;Fk; ekJ gz;ghl;od; nkd;ikfis ,d;iwa
jiyKiw vLj;Jf;bfhz;L rpwg;ghf thH;tjw;Fk; mfHha;t[ Jizepw;fpd;wJ.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 77

1. ,is+h;fspilna gz;ghl;oid tsu;gg ; jpy; bgUk;g=;F tfpg;gJ FLk;gkh> r@fkh> ?

vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; brhw;nghu; epfH;j;Jf.
brhw;nghh;
fjhghj;jpu=;fs;
eLth; : fgpyd; ? jkpHhrphpah;/
FLk;gnk : mKjh (khztp)/ r@fnk : thzd; (khztd;)

eLth; : mitnahUf;F tzf;fk;-

,d;W ek; ,yf;fpa kd;w tpHhtpw;F tUif je;jpUf;Fk; midtUf;Fk; ,dpa
khiy tzf;fk;!
,d;iwa NHypy; ek; ,isa rKjhaj;Jf;F gy tha;g;g[fs;/ trjpfs; cyifg;
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  95

gw;wp mwpa gy thapy;fs; cs;sd/ vdpDk; gz;ghl;ilf; fw;Wf; bfhLg;gJ vJ

vd Muha[k; nghJ xU ­brhw;nghh; elj;j ntz;Lk;. khzth;fspd; rpe;jidfis
mwpa ntz;Lk; vd;w mth vGe;jJ! mjdhy; cUthdnj ,j;jiyg;g[.
,g;nghJ FLk;gnk vd brhw;nghh; epfH;j;j tUfpwhh; mKjh.
mKjh : midtUf;Fk; ,dpa tzf;fk;...
Iah! ``ey;ybjhU FLk;gk; gy;fiyf;fHfk;~~ vd;ghh;fs; ``rhd;nwhdhf;Fjy;
je;ijf;Ff; flnd~~ vd;ghh;fs;. bgw;nwhh;fns Kjy; Mrhd; ,tw;iwbay;yhk;
nfs;tpg;gl;oUg;gPh;fs;. ,e;jf; Tw;Wfs; vy;yhk; mjid czh;j;JfpwJ. xU
FHe;ij gpwe;J tsh;e;J tUk; FLk;gr; ­NH;epiyjhd; gz;ghl;oid tsh;g;gjpy;
bgUk;g=;F tfpf;fpwJ my;yth!
``ve;jf; FHe;ija[k; ey;y FHe;ijjhd; kz;zpy; gpwf;ifapny. mtd; ey;ytd;
MtJk; jPatd; MtJk; md;id tsh;g;gpdpny~~ vd;w ftp+dpd; mofisr;
rhd;whf;fp ew;gz;ghl;oid tsh;g;gJ FLk;gnk.... FLk;gnk... vd;W Twp vd;
brhw;nghiu epiwt[ bra;fpnwd;. ed;wp tzf;fk;-
eLth; : Mfh- mUikahd fUj;Jfs; th=;f thzd;! c=;fs; fUj;ij
typa[Wj;J=;fs; ghh;f;fyhk;.
thzd; : r@fnk
Iah! mKjh ve;j E}w;whz;oy; ,Uf;fpwhs; vd;nw bjhpatpy;iy! eP=;fns
brhy;Y=;fs;! xU FHe;ij 3taJ tiujhd; ,g;nghbjy;yhk; FLk;g guhkhpg;gpy;
,Uf;FJ! @Q tajpny r@fj;Jf;F te;JLJ Iah...
 jd; Mrphpaiug; ghh;f;fpwJ. jd; rf khzt/ khztpaiu ghh;f;fpwhh;fs;.
tz;o Xl;Lk; Xl;Leh; Kjy; Mah tiu me;j FHe;ijf;Fs; xU jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;.
tsh;fpwhd;... r@fj;jpd; gy bra;jp rhsu=;fs; jpwf;fpd;wd. jd;ida[k; mwpahky;
mtw;iw Muha;fpwhd;" ed;ik jPik mwpfpwhd;;" mtd; kd typikiag;
bghWj;J gz;ghl;ilf; fhg;gtdhfnth my;yJ kPWgtdhfnth khWfpwhd;.
vdnt r@fnk bgUk;g=;F tfpf;fpwJ. ed;wp tzf;fk;-
eLth; :  UtUila ciuiaf; nfl;Fk; nghJ/ gz;ghl;ilf; fw;Wf; bfhLg;gJ
,
FLk;gkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mjid tsh;j;bjLf;Fk; g=;F r@fj;ijna
rhh;e;jJ.... ed;wp tzf;fk;-
2. 
bjhy;ypay; Jiw rhu;e;j mYtyu; xUtuplk; neu;fhzy; epfH;j;Jtjw;fhd
tpdhg;gl;oaiy cUthf;Ff.
Iah/ tzf;fk;-
zz jkpHfj;jpy; bjhd;ikahd gFjpfs; vd;W vg;go tiuaiwg;gLj;JtJ>
zz fPHo Ma;t[ ve;j tuyhw;iw my;yJ gpd;g[yj;ij vLj;Jr; brhy;tjhf ,Uf;fpwJ
vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;fpr; brhy;Y=;fnsd;.
zz Iah- ,e;j gpuhkp vGj;Jfs; vd;gJ ve;j bkhHpf;FhpaJ>
 www.nammakalvi.com

96 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

zz Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; elj;jg;gl;l mfHha;tpy; kl;Lk; Vuhskhd KJkf;fs; jhHpfs;

fz;Lgpof;fg; gl;Ls;sd vd;W Ma;twpf;if Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Vd; m=;Fkl;Lk; ,J
nghd;w jla=;fs; mjpfkhf cs;sd vd;gjw;Ff; fhuz=;fs; VnjDk; cz;lh>
zz `mwptpay; kf;fSf;fhfnt~ vd;w bfhs;ifia rw;W tpsf;fpr; brhy;Y=;fnsd;.
zz kJiuf;F mUfpy; cs;s fPHoapy; ,wg;g[j; jla=;fs; VnjDk; fpilj;Js;sjh>
zz mfHha;t[ bra;af; Toa ,l=;fspy; bgUk;ghYk; ,wg;g[g; gw;wpa jla=;fs; mjpfkhff;
fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;W brhy;fpwhh;fs; ,jw;fhd fhuzj;ij tpsf;fpr; brhy;y
Koa[kh>
zz flYf;Fs; Ma;t[fs; ,Jtiu bra;ag;gl;oUf;fpd;wdth> g{k;g[fhh; efu fly;
gFjpfspy; bra;ag;gl;l Ma;t[ nghy; ,d;iwa fhyf;fl;l=;fspy; Ma;t[
nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;ldth> mg;goahdhy; Ma;t[ nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l nghJ vd;bdd;d
jla=;fs; ,Jtiu fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;Ls;sd>
,JtiuapYk; jh=;fs; Twpa mfHha;t[ gw;wpa bra;jpfs; gaDW tifapy;

mike;jpUe;jd.
kpf;f ed;wp-
3. c=;fs; CUf;F mUfpy; cs;s bjhd;ikahd ,lj;ijg; ghu;itapl;Lf; Fwpg;g[ vGJf.
v=;fs; CUf;F mUfpy; cs;s bjhd;ikahd ,lk; : tst{h;
Fwpg;g[fs;:
v=;fs; CUf;F mUfpy; 150 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; fly; nfhshy; bfhs;sg;gl;l
tst{h; vd;w Ciu mfHha;t[ bra;jdh;. ehd; m=;F brd;W ghh;j;j nghJ kpft[k; tpae;J
nghndd;.
mf;fhy kd;dd; fl;oa muz;kidg; gFjp bjhpe;jJ. kf;fs; tHpgl;l
bja;tj;jpUnkdp tpag;gpw;Fhpajha; mhpjhd cnyhfj;jhy; bra;ag;gl;oUe;jJ. mf;fhy
nghh;tPuh;fs; gad;gLj;jpa Ma[jk; rpije;Jnghd epiyapy; fpilj;jJ kf;fspd;
cil/ thH;tplk;/ gad;gLj;jpa mzpkzpfs; Mlk;gukha; ,Ue;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfs;
fpilj;jpUe;jd. gpwehLfSld; fly; thzpfk; nkw;bfhz;ljw;fhd rhd;WfSk;
,Ue;jd. ek; Kd;ndhh;fspd; fle;j fhyj;ij vz;zp tpae;njd;.


 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  97

fw;fz;L
Þò™
Í¡Á ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,l=;fs;
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 80

1. ty;ypdk; kpfykh>
m) bgl;or; bra;jp c) ijg; g{rk;
M) tpHhf; FG C) Tlf; bfhL;
,) fpspg; ngr;R v) fj;jpia tplf; Th;ik
<) jkpH;j; njd; V) fhh;g; gUtk;
2. bjhlu; jUk; bghUisf; TWf.
m) rpd;df;bfho ? rpd;dk; tiuag;gl;l bfho
rpd;d bfho ? rpwpa bfho
M) njhg;g[f;fs; ? njhg;gpypUe;J ,wf;fptug;gl;l fs;
njhg;g[fs; ? bjd;de;njhg;g[fs; gyt[z;L
,) filg;gpo ? bfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpog;gJ
filgpo ? thzpfk; bjhl=;ff; fil gpoj;jhu;
<) eLf;fy; ? milahskhf eLtJ" eLf;fy; Cd;wpndhk;.
eLfy; ? epidt[r; rpd;dk;
c) ifk;khW ? bra;j cjtp
ifkhW ? ifapy; cs;s khW(tpsf;FkhW)
C) bgha;r;brhy; ? eP brhd;dJ bgha;r;brhy;
bgha; brhy; ? bgha; brhy;tJ jtW
3. rpe;jid tpdh:
ehspjH;fs; rpytw;wpy; ty;ypdk; kpfntz;oa ,lj;jpy; kpfhky; vGjp tUtij
eP=;fs; ghu;j;jpUg;gPu;fs;. mt;thW vGJtJ bkhHpf;F tsk; nrh;f;Fkh> ty;ypdk; kpf
ntz;oajd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vGJf.
mjw;f;F ? jtW
mjw;F = mJ + md; + F
mJ (Rl;Lg;bgah;) + md;(rhhpia) + F(ntw;Wik cUg[)
mjd; + F = mjw;F ? vd;gnj rhp
ty;byhw;Wf;F mUfpy; ,d;bdhU ty;ypdk; kpfhJ.
mjw;F vd;nw vGj ntz;Lk;
v.fh: ,e;jg; bghUs; ntz;lhk;. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,ij itj;Jf;bfhs;.
 www.nammakalvi.com

98 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

filgpoj;jy; ? filg;gpoj;jy;
filgpoj;jy; ? filiag; gpoj;jy;
filg;gpoj;jy; ? gpd;gw;Wjy;
,jpy; filgpo vd;gJ filiag;gpo vd;W bghUs;/ mnj brhy;ypy; ty;ypdk;
kpFe;J `­filg;gpo~ vd tUk; nghJ gpd;gw;Wjy; vd;Dk; bghUs; jUk;.
v.fh: nrfh; g[jpjhf thzpfk; bjhl=;ff; fil gpoj;jhh;.
eh=;fs; vd;Wk; J}a;ikiaf; filg;gpog;nghk;.
vdnt ty;ypdk; ,l;L vGJtjpy; ftdk; njit!
4. chpa ,l=;fspy; ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpa[k; vGJf.
gH=;fhy kf;fspd; ehfhpfk;/ gz;ghL bjhlh;ghd tuyhWfis mfHha;tpy;
fpilf;fpd;wg; bghUs;fSk; cWjpgLj;Jfpd;wd. gy;ntW ,l=;fspy; mfHha;t[fs;
nkw;bfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. mt;tifapy; Ma;t[ eilbgWfpd;w ,l=;fspy; fPHoa[k;
xd;W.
fPHoapy; thH;e;j kf;fspy; gyh ; r; bry;te;jh;fshf ,Ue;Js;sdh; vd;gij
mfHha;tpy; fpilj;jg; bghUs;fs; ekf;F czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,=;F f; Fiwthd
vz;zpf;ifapy;jhd; j=;f j; jpdhyhdg; bghUs;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
nkYk; ,Uk;igg; gad;gLj;jp r; bra;j f; nfhlhp/ Fj;jPl;ofs;/ Kjyhd
fUtpfSk; ahidj;je;jj;jpdhy; bra;j r; rPg;g[/ nkhjpuk;/ gfil/ fhjzpfs;. fz;zhog;
bghUs;fspy; cUthf;fpa kzpfs;/ tisay;/ njhLg; nghd;wita[k; fpilj;Js;sd.

bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 82

goj;Jr; Ritf;f.
Muhnuh Mupuhnuh Muhnuh Mupuhnuh
J}=;fhj fz;nz cidj; J}=;f itg;ngd; Mupuhnuh
khk;gHj;ijf; fPwp taYf;F cuk;nghl;Lj;
njd; ghu;j;J bey;tpisa[k; bry;te;jdhu; g[j;jpundh-
bts;spj;nju; g{l;o nkfk;nghy; khLfl;o
ms;spg; goasf;Fk; mjpu;&;lKs;s g[j;jpundh
Kj;Jr; rphpg;gHfh Ky;iyg;g{g; gy;yHfh
bjhl;oy; fl;oj; jhyhl;l J}f;fk; tUnkhlh
fjpuWf;Fk; neuj;jpny fl;oa[d;idj; njhspypl;lhy;
kjpaj;J btapypny kaf;fKk;jhd; thuhnjh
taypny ntiy bra;ntd; tug;gpdpny nghl;oLntd;
taiytpl;L VWKd;dk; tha;tpl;L mGthnah>
? ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghl;L/ jftyhsu;: ntyk;khs;
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  99

bghd;bkhHpfis bkhHp bgah;f;f.

1. A nation’s culture resides in the hearts and in the soul of its people -Mahatma Gandhi
ek; ehl;oDila gz;ghl;oid kf;fs; midtUk; jk; ,ja=;fspYk;/ Mj;khtpYk;
epiyj;jpUf;fr; bra;a ntz;Lk;.
2. The art of people is a true mirror to their minds - Jawaharlal Nehru
kf;fspd; fiy czh;nt mth;fspd; cs;sj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; fz;zho
3. The biggest problem is the lack of love and charity - Mother Teresa
md;g[ brYj;Jjy;/ jh;kk; bra;jy; ,tw;wpd; Fiwghnl/ kpfg;bghpa gpur;ridaha; cs;sJ.
4. You have to dream before your dreams can come true - A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
c=;fs; fdt[ edthFk; tiu/ fdt[ fhQ=;fs;.
5. Winners don’t do different things; they do things differently - Shiv Khera
btw;wpahsh;fs; tpj;jpahrkhd bray;fisr; bra;tjpy;iy khwhf xt;bthU braiya[k;
tpj;jpahrkhf bra;fpwhh;fs;.

totk; khw;Wf
gpd;tUk; fUj;Jfis cs;th=;fpf; bfhz;L/ thpirg;gLj;jp Kiwahd gj;jpahf;Ff.
1. cyfpd; kpfg;bghpa fy;kug; gokKk; ,=;nfjhd; fz;blLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. 
ilndhru;fs; cyhtpj; jphpe;j jkpH;kz; vd;W mupaY}u; bguk;gY}u; khtl;l=;fs;
mwpag;gLfpd;wd. bguk;gY}u; khtl;lj;jpy; fly;gFjp ,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gij m=;Ff;
fpilj;Js;s Mjhu=;fs; cWjp bra;fpd;wd.
3. 
,=;Ff; fy;yhfpg; nghd ilndhru; Kl;ilfs;/ ghiwg; gokkhff; fpilj;j fly;
ej;ij/ ilndhrupd; thy;gFjp/ fly; fpsp+;ry;fspd; ghiwg; gok=;fs; nghd;wit
fpilj;Js;sd.
4. 
jkpH;kf;fspd; bjhd;ikia kPl;blLg;gJld; ehk; thH;fpd;w epyg;gFjpapd;
tuyhw;iwa[k; bjupe;Jbfhs;s mupaY}Uk; bguk;gY}Uk; mupa Cu;fsha;j; jpfH;fpd;wd.
tpil:
4jkpH; kf;fspd; bjhd;ikia kPl;blLg;gJld; ehk; thH;fpd;w epyg;gFjpapd;
tuyhw;iwa[k; bjupe;Jbfhs;s mupaY}Uk; bguk;gY}Uk; mupa Cu;fsha;j; jpfH;fpd;wd.
2 ilndhru;fs; cyhtpj; jphpe;j jkpH; kz; vd;W mupaY}u;/ bguk;gY}u; khtl;l=;fs;
mwpag;gLfpd;wd. bguk;gY}u; khtl;lj;jpy; fly;gFjp ,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gij m=;Ff;
fpilj;Js;s Mjhu=;fs; cWjp bra;fpd;wd. 3 ,=;Ff; fy;yhfpg; nghd ilndhru;
Kl;ilfs;/ ghiwg; gokkhff; fpilj;j fly; ej;ij/ ilndhrupd; thy;gFjp/ fly;
fpsp+;ry;fspd; ghiwg; gok=;fs; nghd;wit fpilj;Js;sd. 1 cyfpd; kpfg;bghpa
fy;kug; gokKk; ,=;nfjhd; fz;blLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
 www.nammakalvi.com

100 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

kug[ ,izr; brhw;fisj; bjhlupy; mikj;J vGJf.

v. fh : nkYk; fPGk;:
Mupg; brhd;djpy; ek;gpf;if ,y;yhky; Fkhu; nkYk; fPGk; ghu;j;jhd;.
1. nkLk; gs;sKk;:
nrup kf;fspd; thH;f;if nkLk; gs;sKk; bfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
2. efKk; rija[k;:
Kk;jh$%k; jkpHurpa[k; efKk; rija[k; nghy ,izgphpahj; njhHpfs;.
3. KjYk; Kot[k;:
,J nghd;w jtWfs; KjYk; Kot[k; Mf ,Uf;fl;Lk; vd;W Mrphpah; mth;fspUtiua[k;
vr;rhpj;jhh;.
4. nfspf;ifa[k; ntof;ifa[k;:
v=;fs; Cu;j; jpUtpHh nfspf;ifa[k; ntof;ifa[k; epiwe;jjhf ,Ue;jJ.
5. fz;Qk; fUj;Jk;:
md;gHfd; fz;Qk; fUj;Jkhfg; goj;Jj; nju;tpy; Kjy; kjpg;bgz; bgw;whd;.
bjhFg;g[iu vGJf.
gs;spapy; eilbgw;w ,yf;fpakd;w tpHh epfH;;r;rpfisj; jpul;oj; bjhFg;g[iu cUthf;Ff.
jkpH; ,yf;fpa kd;w tpHh
,lk; : tpj;ahghh;j;jp nkdpiyg; gs;sp/ rPyg;gho/ jpz;Lf;fy; ?5.
ehs; : jpUts;Stuhz;L/ _tpsk;gp tUlk;/ itfhrp 23.
06.06.2018 g[jd;fpHik
bjhFg;g[iu:
jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lk;/ rPyg;gho/ tpj;ahghu;j;jp nkdpiyg;gs;spapy; jkpH; ,yf;fpa
kd;wf; Tl;lk; gpw;gfy; 3.00 kzpastpy; bjhl=;fp eilbgw;wJ. ,e;;epfH;;r;rpf;F gs;spj;
jiyik Mrpupau; $hf;Fypd; nkup jiyik jh=;fpdhu;. gs;spj; jhshsu; lhf;lu;. Mu;.
fpU&;z@u;j;jp Kd;dpiy tfpj;jhu;. khtl;l mstpy; jkpH;g; ngr;Rg; nghl;oapy; Kjyplk;
bgw;w 12Mk; tFg;g[ khzth; ,d;g tz;zd; tuntw;g[iu epfH;j;jpdhu;. ,yf;fpa=;fspy;
vt;thW ,d;gr;Rit mike;J ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ gw;wpg; ngrpdhu;. Kd;dpiy tfpj;Jg;
ngrpa gs;spj; jhshsu; fpU&;z@u;j;jp Kf;Tlw;gs;S nghd;w rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fspy; ,d;gr;
RitnahL eifr;Rita[k; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ gw;wpg; ngrpdhu;.
jiyik Mrphpau; jiyik ciuapy; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ghLbghUs; vt;thbwy;yhk;
fhyj;jpw;nfw;whw; nghy; khwp te;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;og; ngrpdhu;.
rpwg;g[r; brhw;bghHpthw;wpa jpz;Lf;fy; I. ypnahdp mth;fs;/ xd;ghd; Ritfis
tpsf;fp eifr;Rit czh;nthL ``,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,d;gr;Rit~~ vDk; jiyg;gpy; ,yf;fpa
tpUe;J gilj;jhu;.
epiwthf/ ,yf;fpakd;wr; brayu; 12Mk; tFg;g[ khztp md;g[r; bry;tp
ed;wpa[iu Mw;wpdhu;.
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  101

gj;jpiag; goj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.

bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; milahsr; rpd;dkhff; fh=;nfak; khLfs; nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
jkpHf khl;od=;fspd; jha; ,dk; vd;W `fh=;nfak;~ fUjg;gLfpwJ. gpwf;Fk;nghJ
rptg;g[ epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; fh=;nfak; khLfs;/ MW khjk; tsu;e;j gpwF rhk;gy;
epwj;Jf;F khwptpLfpd;wd. gRf;fs; rhk;gy; my;yJ bts;is epwj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
kpLf;fhd njhw;wj;Jf;Fg; bgau;bgw;w fh=;nfak; ,df; fhisfs; VWjGt[jy;
epfH;tpw;Fk; bgau; bgw;Ws;sd. mj;Jld;/ Vu; cGtjw;Fk; tz;o ,Gg;gjw;Fk; mjpfk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
fLikahf ciHf;ff;Toa fh=;nfak; khLfs; nfusk;/ fu;ehlfk;/ Me;jpuk; Mfpa
khepyj;jtuhy; tpUk;gp th=;fpr; bry;yg;gLfpd;wd. ,y=;if/ gpnurpy;/ gpypg;igd;!;/
knyrpah Mfpa ehLfSf;Fk; Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gLfpd;wd. fqu; mkuhtjp Mw;Wj;
Jiwapy; fh=;nfak; khLfspd; cUtk; bghwpj;j fp.K. Kjy; E}w;whz;ilr; nru;e;j nruu;
fhy ehza=;fs; fz;blLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
tpdhf;fs;:
1. gpd;tUk; ehd;F tpdhf;fSf;Fk; bghUe;Jk; xU tpiliaj; jUf.
m) kpLf;Fj; njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; VWjGt[jYf;Fk; bgau; bgw;wit vit>
M) jkpHf khl;od=;fspd; jha; ,dk; vd;W fUjg;gLtJ ahJ>
,) gpw khepyj;jtu; tpUk;gp th=;fpr; bry;fpd;w fhis ,dk; vJ>
<) nkw;fz;l gj;jp vijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>
 tpil: fh=;nfak; ,df; fhisfs;
2. bghUe;jhj brhy;iyf; fz;lwpf. 
m) fu;ehlfk; M) nfush ,) ,y=;if <) Me;jpuh
tpil: ,) ,y=;if
3. gphpj;J vGJf: fz;blLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
m) fz;L + vLf;fg;gl;L + cs;sd. M) fz;L + vLf;fg; + gl;Ls;sd.
,) fz;blLf;f + gl;L + cs;sd. <) fz; + blLf;f + gl;L + cs;sd.
 tpil: m) fz;L + vLf;fg;gl;L + cs;sd.
4. bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; milahsr; rpd;dkhff; fh=;nfak; khLfs; nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd ? ,J
vt;tifj; bjhlu;>
m) tpdhj; bjhlu; M) fl;lisj;bjhlu;
,) bra;jpj;bjhlu; <) czu;r;rpj;bjhlu;
tpil: ,) bra;jpj;bjhlu;
 www.nammakalvi.com

102 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

bkhHpnahL tpisahL
bghUs; vGjpj; bjhluikf;f.
fiu/ fiw" Fstp/ FHtp" this/ thiH" guit/ gwit" kiu/ kiw"
miy flyiy ,d;W flyiyapd; ntfk; kpf mjpfkht[s;sJ.
miH tutiHj;jy; vd; ez;gu;fis tutiHj;Js;nsd;
fiu Mw;wpd; Xuk; Mw;w=;fiuapy; bjd;id ku=;fs; brHpjJ
; tsh;eJ
; cs;sd.
fiw gotJ fiw rl;ilapy; fiw goe;Js;sJ.
Fstp g{r;rp tiffSs; xd;W thry; epiyg;goapy; Fstp TLfl;oapUf;fpwJ.
FHtp FHe;ij FHtp kU=;fpDk; fpHtjhFk; (gps;isj;jkpH;)
this kPd;fspy; xUtif ePu; epiyfspy; this kPd; Js;spf; Fjpj;jJ.
thiH thiH kuk; jpUkzg; ge;jypy; thiH ku=;fs; fl;odu;.
guit gue;Js;s fly; kJiuf;Fg; gf;fj;jpYs;s rpw;W}u; guit.
gwit gwg;git fhiyg; bghGjpy; gwitfs; ghLk;.
kiu khd;/ jhkiu jhkiu ePh; epiyapy; kyUk;.
kiw ntjk; ntjghl rhiyapy; ehd;kiw Xjg;gl;ld.
mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
,ait/ re;jg;ngiH/ rpl;lk;/ jfH;t[/ bgshp
,ait : tHp/ @=;fpy; mhprp/ Jtiu/ njhiu bey;/ fhL
re;jg;ngiH : re;jdg; bgl;o
rpl;lk; : E}y; rpl;lk;/ vhpe;J fUfpaJ/ bgUik mwpt[/ ePjp/ cah;e;J
jfH;t[ : mfH;/ mwpt[/ cz;fyk;
bgshp : bgUk; gz;tif.
bghUs;jUk; tifapy; brhw;bwhlu; cUthf;Ff.
bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s brhw;fisf; bfhz;L bghUs;jUk; tifapy; xU
brhy;ypy; bjhliuj; bjhl=;Ff. mj;Jld; mLj;jLj;Jr; brhw;fisr; nrh;j;J/ g[jpa
g[jpa brhw;bwhlu;fis cUthf;Ff. ,Wjpj; bjhlu; midj;Jr; brhw;fisa[k; nru;j;jjhf
mika ntz;Lk;.
fhy=;fspy; bjUtpy; itf;fhjPh;fs; fhg;g[f; fk;gpfs; ftdf; Fiwt[ld;
Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ fhiy mWe;j kiHf; kpd;fk;gpfs;.
tpil:
1. itf;fhjPh;fs;
2. kiHf; fhy=;fspy; mWe;j kpd;fk;gpfs; fhg;g[f; fk;gpfs; kPJ fhiy itf;fhjPh;fs;
3. kiHf; fhy=;fspy; bjUtpy; mWe;j kpd;fk;gpfs; fhg;g[f; fk;gpfs; kPJ fhiy itf;fhjPh;fs;
4.  kiHf; fhy=;fspy; bjUtpy; mWe;j kpd;fk;gpfs; fhg;g[f; fk;gpfs; kPJ ftdf; Fiwt[ld;
fhiy itf;fhjPh;fs;
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  103

FWf;bfGj;Jg; g[jph;
1V 2, e; 3 jp 4u tp Hh
W 5j t u 6 rh
7j t is 8X l; l k; y
G 9 rp 10 tp jp
t[ a; 11 M h; dh j j; 12 rh

j fh 13 kh 14 t o
y; h; 15 f f; 16 f
a; 17 ah dp 18 j 19 nfh s;
,lkpUe;J tyk;
2. tpHhtiw fhij Fwpg;gpLk; tpHh (6)
5. rup vd;gjw;fhd vjpu;r;brhy; jUk; vGj;Jfs; ,lk; khwpa[s;sJ (3)
7. bgh=;fy; tpHhitbahl;o elj;jg;gLk; rpWtu;fSf;fhd nghl;ofspy; xd;W (7)
10. CH; vd;gjw;Fj; jw;fhyg; gad;ghl;oy; cs;s brhy; (2)
13. kh + mo ? ,jd; g[zu;e;j totk; (3)
19. bfhs; vd;gjd; Kjy;epiy jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau; (2)
tykpUe;J ,lk;
9. J}a;ikaw;w FUjpia vLj;Jr; bry;Yk; ,uj;jf; FHha; (2)
11. Muha;r;rp vd;gjd; brhw;RUf;fk; (3)
12. kzpnkfiy fhg;gpaj;jpd; Mrpupau; (5)
16. ry;ypf;fl;L tpisahl;Lf;Fhpa tpy=;F (2)
18. jdp + Ms; ? nru;j;J vGJf. (4)
nkypUe;J fPH;
1. jkpHu;fspd; tPu tpisahl;L (7)
2. ,ts; + I ? nru;e;jhy; fpilg;gJ(3)
3. kuj;jpy; fha;fs; ... ... .. Mff; fha;j;jpUe;jd (4)
5. cupr;brhw;fSs; xd;W (2)
6. .. ... ... ...... rpwe;jJ(2)
8. neu;jijf; Fwpg;gpLk; thdpay; brhy; (2)
12. mfHha;tpy; fpilj;j bfhs;fyd;fSs; xUtif (4)
15. fha; gGj;jhy;... ... .... (2)
fPHpUe;J nky;
14. xUtu; gw;wp xUtu; gpwuplk; ,ij itf;ff; TlhJ (3)
17. ah Kjy; tUk; tpdhg;bgau; (2)
18. jftpyu; vd;gjw;F vjpu;r;brhy;yhfj; jpUts;Stu; Fwpg;gpLtJ (4)
 www.nammakalvi.com

104 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vGJf.  gf;fk;: 86

1. gujk; ghujj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lf; fiyahFk;.

2. jkpHfj;jpd; ,irf;fUtpfSs; ehjRuKk;; xd;W. jtpy; njhw; fUtpfSs; xd;W.
3. jk;g[uh RUjp jtwhky; ,Ug;gjw;F ,irf;fg;gLtJ.
4. giw/ njhy; fUtpfSs; bjhd;ikahdJ. ey;yJf;Fk; bfl;lJf;Fk; ,irapy;
Ez;zpa ntWghL cz;L.
5. jkpH;ehl;Lg; bgz;fspy; vz;z=;fis thry; Kd; btspg;gLj;JtJ. vhpa[k;
Fj;Jtpsf;F k=;fyk; rpd;d=;fspy; xd;W.
6. jkpHh;fspd; fhjYk; tPuKk; ,Ufz;fs;/ fhisia mlf;fp bgz;izj; jpUkzk;
bra;jdh;. ,BJ xU gz;ghl;L epfH;t[.

bray;jpl;lk;
jkpH;ehl;oy; mfHha;t[ nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l ,l=;fs; Fwpj;j bra;jpfis/ ehspjH;fspnyh
g[j;jf=;fspnyh jpul;or; bra;jpg; glj;bjhFg;gpid cUthf;Ff.
bjhy;ypay; gw;wpa bra;jpfs;:
njdp khtl;lk;/ ngho/ rp.gp.V./ fy;Y}hp tuyhw;Wj;Jiw kw;Wk; ghz;oaehL
gz;ghl;L ika bjhy;ypapay; Jiw @yk;/ ,e;j Ma;t[ ele;jJ.
cjtp nguhrphpah;/ khzpf;fuh$; TwpajhtJ:
nj.fy;Yg;gl;o mUnf/ ftrnfhl;il fpuhkj;jpy;/ gz;iznkL vdg;gLk;/
mf;u\hunkL gFjpapy; jkpHhpd; bjhd;ikia fz;lwpa[k; nehf;fpy;/ Ma;t[
nkw;bfhz;nlhk;. ,jpy;/ jkpHhpd; bjhd;ik vGj;J totkhd/ jkpH;/ `gpuhkp~ vGj;Jf;fs;
bghwpj;j/ fUg;g[/ rptg;g[ tz;zKila ghid XLfs;/ KJkf;fs; jhHp/ RLkz;
bghk;ikfs;/ kz;ghz;l=;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
ghid XLfspy;/ fp.gp. 1 kw;Wk; 2k; E}w;whz;il nrh;e;j/ jkpH; gpuhkp vGj;J
totk; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ. bjhlh; vGj;Jfs; fpilf;fhjjhy;/ KGtJk; goj;J mwpa
Koatpy;iy. ,=;F fhzg;gLk; br=;fy;fs;/ fPHo mfH;tha;t[ fl;Lkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;j
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  105

br=;fy;fspd; mikg;ig nghd;nw fhzg;gLfpwJ. Jthu=;fs; cs;sJ ,jd; rpwg;g[.

kw;bwhU ghid Xl;oy;/ kPd; cUtk; bghwpj;Js;sJ.
KJkf;fs; jhHpfspd; nkw;F gFjpapy; tl;ltotkhd my=;fhu=;fs; @d;W
kw;Wk; ehd;F mLf;fpy; bghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jhHpapd; tpspk;g[ gFjpapy; fapW nghd;w my=;fhu FwpaPLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,it kz;ghz;l=;fs; RLtjw;F Kd; tiuag;gl;lit vd bjhpfpwJ.
tphpthd bjhy;ypapay; Ma;t[ nkw;bfhz;lhy;/ gz;ila jkpHh;fspd;
rpwg;g[fisa[k;/ thH;tpay; Kiw/ ehfhPfj;ija[k; gz;ghl;L milahs=;fisa[k;
btspf;bfhzu Koa[k;. ,t;thW mth; Twpdhh;.

epw;f mjw;Fj;jf...
ehd; ghuhl;Lg; bgw;w NHy;fs;
m) TLjyhf kPjk; bfhLj;j filf;fhuhplk; me;jg; gzj;ij kPz;Lk; mspj;jnghJ.
M) fl;Liu VLfisf; fPnH jtwtpl;l vd; MrpupaUf;F mij vLj;Jj; je;jnghJ.
,) efug; ngUe;J epiyaj;jpy; tHpnfl;l bgupatUf;F tHpfhl;oa nghJ.
<)  s;spf;Fr; brd;W bfhz;oUe;jnghJ Kjpathpd; gGjhfp epd;w ,Urf;fu thfdj;ijr;
g
bra;j nghJ.

epiwt[iu :
tpj;ahde;jd; vGjpa ,e;E}y; gy fiyr; brhw;fisa[k; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.


 www.nammakalvi.com

106 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

thH;tpay;
Þò™
Í¡Á jpUf;Fws;
cyfg; gz;ghl;ow;Fj; jkpHpdj;jpd; g=;fspg;ghf mike;j E}y;/
jpUf;Fws;. ,dk;/ rhjp/ ehL Fwpj;j vt;tpj milahsj;ija[k;
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jhj cyfg; bghJkiw ,e;E}y;. ,J Kg;ghy;/
bghJkiw/ bgha;ahbkhHp/ tha[iwthH;j;J/ bja;tE}y;/ jkpH;kiw/
KJbkhHp/ bghUSiw nghd;w gy bgah;fshy; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
jUkh;/ kzf;Flth;/ jhkj;jh;/ er;rh;/ ghpjp/ ghpnkyHfh;/ jpUkiyah;/
ky;yh;/ ghpg;bgUkhs;/ fhsp=;fh; Mfpa gjpd;kuhy; jpUf;FwSf;F
Kw;fhyj;jpy; ciu vGjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;t[iufSs; ghpnkyHfh; jpUts;Sth;
ciuna rpwe;jJ vd;gh;. ,e;E}y; gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F E}y;fSs; xd;W. ,e;E}iyg;
nghw;Wk; ghly;fspd; bjhFg;ng jpUts;Stkhiy.
gpw mwE}y;fisg; nghy; my;yhky; bghJ mwk; ngQk; jpUf;Fwis ,aw;wpath;
jpUts;Sth;. ,tUf;F ehadhh;/ njth;/ Kjw;ghtyh;/ bja;tg;g[yth;/ ehd;Kfdhh;/
khjhdg=;fp/ bre;jhg;nghjhh;/ bgUehtyh; nghd;w rpwg;g[g; bgah;fs; cz;L.
bghiwa[ilik
Fws; 1 : mfH;thiuj; jh=;Fk; epyk;nghyj; jk;ik
,fH;thu;g; bghWj;jy; jiy.
tpsf;fk; : jd;idj; njhz;Lgtiuj; jh=;Fk; epyk;nghyj; jd;id ,fH;gtiug;
bghWg;gJ jiyrpwe;jJ.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ mwpjy; :
mfH;thu;/ ,fH;thu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
bghWj;jy; ? bjhHpw;bgau;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :
bghWj;jy; – bghW + j;; + j;; + my; mfH;thh; – mfH; + t; + Mh;/
bghW – gFjp mfH; – gFjp
j; – re;jp t; – vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
j; – rhhpia Mh; – gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
my; – bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjp

,f;Fwspy; ctikazp gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.

Fws; 2 : jpwdy;y jw;gpwu; bra;apDk; nehbehe;J
mwdy;y bra;ahik ed;W
tpsf;fk; : gpwh; jdf;Fj; juf;Tlhj Jd;gj;ijj; je;jhYk; kdk; behe;J mwk; my;yhj
bray;fisr; bra;ahik rpwg;g[f;FupaJ.
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  107

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ mwpjy; :

jpwk; ? jpwd; ? kfuj;jpw;F dfuk; nghyp/ mwk; ? mwd; ? kfuj;jpw;F dfuk; nghyp/
bra;ahik ? vjph;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgau;
jk;gpwh; ? (jkf;Fg; gpwu;) F – ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
neh ? beh ? Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; beh ? XbuHj;J xUbkhHp ehw;gj;jpuz;lDs;
xd;W

Fws; 3 : kpFjpahd; kpf;fit bra;jhiuj; jhk;jk; gf;fk;: 88

jFjpahd; btd;W tply;.
tpsf;fk; : brUf;fpdhy; Jd;gk; je;jtiu ek;Kila bghWikahy; bty;y
ntz;Lk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ mwpjy; :
btd;Wtply; ? `my;~ <w;W tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;WtpFjp
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :
tply; ? tpL + my;
tpL ? gFjp/
my; ? my; <w;W tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp
jPtpid mr;rk;
Fws; 4 : jPait jPa gaj;jyhy; jPait
jPapDk; m+;rg; gLk;.
tpsf;fk; : jPr;braiy vtu; bra;jhnuh mtUf;nf mJ Jd;gj;ijr; bra;a[k;. bjhl;lhy;
kl;Lnk Rl;blupf;Fk; jPiaf; fhl;oYk; epidj;j mstpny Rl;blupf;Fk;
Mw;wy; cs;sJ jPr;bray;. mjw;fhf m+;r ntz;Lk;.
bghUs; mwpjy; :
jPait ? jPikahd bray;
gaj;jyhy; ? jUtjhy;
jPapDk; ? beUg;ig tpl
Fws; 5 : kwe;Jk; gpwd;nfL NHw;f NHpd;
mw+;NGk; NH;e;jtd; nfL.
tpsf;fk; : kwe;Jk; Tlg; gpwUf;Ff; bfLjy; bra;a epidf;ff; TlhJ. epidj;jhy;/
epidj;jtUf;Ff; bfLjy; bra;a mwk; epidf;Fk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ mwpjy; :
NHw;f ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W/
NH;e;jtd; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
nfL ? bfL > nfL Kjdpiy jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau;
 www.nammakalvi.com

108 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; mwpjy; :

NHw;f ? NHy; (w;) + f
NHy; ? gFjp y; > w; MdJ tpfhuk;
f ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
nts;tp
Fws; 6 : bry;tj;Js; bry;tk; brtpr;bry;tk; mr;bry;tk;
bry;tj;Js; vy;yhe; jiy.
tpsf;fk; : bry;tj;jpy; rpwe;jJ brtpahy; nfl;lwpa[k; nfs;tpr;bry;tk;. mJ gpw
tHpfspy; tUk; bry;t=;fistplj; jiyrpwe;jJ.
mzp : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;WtUk; mzp brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp MFk;.
mzpapyf;fzk; :
Fwspy; te;j brhy;ny kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xnu bghUis czh;j;jpdhy;
mJ brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp MFk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; `bry;tk;~ vd;Dk; brhy; gyKiw te;J `nfs;tp~ vd;Dk; xnu
bghUisj; jUtjhy; ,J brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp Mapw;W.

Fws; 7 : vidj;jhDk; ey;yit nfl;f midj;jhDk;

Md;w bgUik jUk;.
tpsf;fk; : vt;tst[ rpwpjhdhYk; ey;tw;iwf; nfl;lhy;/ nfl;l mst[f;Fg; bgUik
cz;lhFk;.

Fws; 8 : Ez=;fpa nfs;tpau; my;yhu; tz=;fpa

thapdu; Mjy; mupJ.
tpsf;fk; : rhd;nwhupd; El;gkhd mwpt[iufisf; nfshjth;fs; gzpt[ilatuhf
,Uf;f khl;lhu;fs;. mj;jifatuplkpUe;J gzpthd brhw;fis vjpu;ghu;f;f
KoahJ
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ mwpjy; :
nfs;tpau; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
thapdu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :
Ez=;fpa = EQ=;F + ,(d;); + a; + m tz=;fpa = tz=;F + ,(d;) + a; + m
Ez=;F – gFjp/ tz=;F – gFjp/
,(d;) – ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy ,(d;) – ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
dfuk; g[zh;eJ
; bfl;lJ tpfhuk; dfuk; g[zh;eJ
; bfl;lJ tpfhuk;
a; – cld;gL bka; re;jp a; – cld;gL bka; re;jp
m – bgabur;r tpFjp m – bgabur;r tpFjp
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  109

Fws; 9 : brtpapw; Rita[zuh tha[zu;tpd; khf;fs;

mtpapDk; thHpDk; vd;.
tpsf;fk; : nfs;tpr; Ritia czuhky; ehtpd; Ritia kl;Lk; czu;gtu;
,we;jhy;jhd; vd;d- ,Ue;jhy;jhd; vd;d-
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ mwpjy; :
mtpapDk; thHpDk; ? vz;Qk;ik

bjhpe;J bjspjy;
Fws; 10 : Fzk;ehof; Fw;wKk; eho mtw;Ws;
kpifeho kpf;f bfhsy;.
tpsf;fk; : xUtupd; Fzj;ija[k; Fw;wj;ija[k; Muha;e;J mwpe;J mtw;Ws;/ vJ
kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpwnjh mijf; bfhz;L mtu; ,j;jifatu; vd;W
Kot[ bra;jy; ntz;Lk;.
mzp : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;WtUk; mzp brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
MFk;.
mzpapyf;fzk; : F
 wspy; te;j brhy;ny kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xnu bghUis czh;j;jpdhy;
mJ brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp MFk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk; : ,
 f;Fwl;ghtpy; `eho~ vd;Dk; brhy; gyKiw te;J `Muha;e;J~ vd;Dk;
xnu bghUisj; jUtjhy; ,J brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp Mapw;W.

Fws; 11 : bgUikf;Fk; Vidr; rpWikf;Fk; jj;jk;

fUknk fl;lisf; fy;.
tpsf;fk; : xUtupd; bgUikf;Fk; rpWikf;Fk; mtutu; bray;ghLfns Muha;e;J
mwpa[k; ciufy; MFk;.
mzp : Vfnjr cUtf mzp

Fws; 12 : njuhd; bjspt[k; bjspe;jhd;fz; Ia[wt[k;

jPuh ,Lk;ig jUk;.
tpsf;fk; : Muhahky; xUtiuj; nju;t[ bra;tJk; mt;thW nju;t[ bra;jgpd; mtiug;
gw;wp Iag;gLjYk; jPuhj Jd;gj;ijj; jUk;.
xw;whly;
(murd; xw;wh;fis epu;tpfpj;jy;)
Fws; 13 : xw;bwhw;wpj; je;j bghUisa[k; kw;Wnkhu;
xw;wpdhy; xw;wpf; bfhsy;.
 www.nammakalvi.com

110 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

tpsf;fk; : xw;wd; xUtd; kiwe;jpUe;J nfl;Lj; bjupe;jija[k; kw;nwhu; xw;wid

mDg;gp mwpe;J tur; bra;J/ mtw;iw xg;g[ nehf;fpa gpd;ng/ kd;dd;
mtid cz;ikbad ek;g ntz;Lk;
mzp : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;WtUk; mzp brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
MFk;.
tpidj;J}a;ik
Fws; 14 : Xxjy; ntz;Lk; xspkhH;Fk; bra;tpid
MmJk; vd;D ktu;.
tpsf;fk; : nkYk; nkYk; nkk;ghL mila tpUk;g[fpwth;fs;/ jk; g[fH; bfLtjw;Fhpa
bray;fisr;; bra;af; TlhJ.

Fws; 15 : <d;whs; grpfhz;ghd; MapD+; bra;aw;f

rhd;nwhu; gHpf;Fk; tpid.
tpsf;fk; : bgw;bwLj;j jhna grpahy; Jd;gk; cWtijf; fz;L tUe;j neu;e;jhYk;/
mwpt[ila rhd;nwhu; gHpf;Fk; ,Hpbray;fisr; bra;af; TlhJ

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ mwpjy; :

<d;whs; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
rhd;nwhd; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgah;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; mwpjy; :
bra;aw;f ? bra; + my; + f
bra; ? gFjp
my; ? y; ? w; MdJ tpfhuk;
f ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp
Fws; 16 : ryj;jhy; bghUs;bra;nj khu;j;jy; gRkz;
fyj;JePu; bga;jpuP, aw;W.
tpsf;fk; : jPa brayhy; bghUs; nrh;j;Jg; ghJfhj;jy; Rlhj kz;fyj;jpy; ePnuw;wp
itg;gijg; nghd;wJ. (ryk; ? t+;rid).
mzp : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;WtUk; mzp ctikazp MFk;.
mzpapyf;fzk; : x
 U bra;a[spy; ctik/ ctnkak;/ ctk cUg[ Mfpa @d;Wk;
btspg;gilaha; mike;jpUf;Fkhapd; mBJ ctikazp MFk;
ctik : gRkz; fyj;JePu; bga;jpuP,
ctnkak; : ryj;jhy; bghUs; bra;nj khh;j;jy;
ctk cUg[ : mw;W
mzptpsf;fk; : t
 +;rfkhd tHpfspy; bghUs; nrh;j;J mg;bghUisg; ghJfhg;gJ cyuhj
gr;ir kz;ghidapy; ePh; epiwj;Jg; ghJfhf;f Kay;tijg; nghd;wJ MFk;
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  111

giHik
Fws; 17 : tpiHjifahd; ntz;o ,Ug;gu; bfGjifahw;
nfshJ el;lhu; brapd;.
tpsf;fk; : el;gpd; cupikapy; jk;ikf; nfl;fhknyna xU braiyr; bra;jhYk;
el;g[ ghuhl;Lnthu;/ ;tpUg;gj;njhL mr;braYf;F cld;gLtu;. (el;lhu; ?
ez;gh;fs;)
mzpapyf;fzk; : F
 wspy; te;j brhy;ny kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xnu bghUis czh;j;jpdhy;
mJ brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp MFk;.

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ mwpjy; : gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; mwpjy; :

tpiHjifahd; – tpidahyiza[k; bgah; nfshJ – nfs; + M + j; + c
bfGjifahd; – tpidahyiza[k; bgah; nfs; – gFjp
M – vjph;kiw ,ilepiy
g[zh;e;J bfl;lJ tpfhuk;
j; – ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c – tpidbar;r tpFjp

jP el;g[
Fws; 18 : fdtpDk; ,d;dhJ kd;ndh tpidntW
brhy;ntW gl;lhu; bjhlu;g[.
tpsf;fk; : bra;a[k; bray; ntwhft[k; brhy;Yk; brhy; ntwhft[k; ,Ug;gtu;fSila
el;ghdJ fdtpy; Tl Jd;gj;jpidj; jUtjhFk;.
mzpapyf;fzk; : F
 wspy; te;j brhy;ny kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xnu bghUis czh;j;jpdhy;
mJ brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp MFk;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; mwpjy; :
gl;lhu; ? gL (gl;L) + Mu;
gL ? gFjp/
gL ? gl;L vd xw;W ,ul;oj;J ,we;jfhyk; fhl;oaJ
Mu; ? glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
ngijik
(ngijikapd; bjhHpy; ahit>)
Fws; 19 : ehzhik ehlhik ehupd;ik ahbjhd;Wk;
ngzhik ngij bjhHpy;;.
tpsf;fk; : ehz ntz;Ltdtw;wpw;F ehzk; bfhs;shika[k;/ ehl ntz;Ltdtw;iw
ehlhika[k; ahthplj;Jk; md;gpy;yhika[k; tpUk;g ntz;Ltdtw;iw
tpUk;ghika[k; ngijapd; bjhHpy;fshFk;.(ngijik ? mwptpypfspd;
mwpahikf; Fzk;)
 www.nammakalvi.com

112 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

mzpapyf;fzk; : F
 wspy; te;j brhy;ny kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xnu bghUis czh;j;jpdhy;
mJ brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp MFk;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; mwpjy; :
ehzhik ? ehz; + M + ik ehlhik ? ehL + M + ik
ehz; ? gFjp/ ehz; ? gFjp/
M ? vjph;kiw ,ilepiy/ M ? vjph;kiw ,ilepiy/
ik ? gz;gg [ ; bgah; tpFjp ik ? gz;gg [ ; bgah; tpFjp
ngzhik ? ngz; + M + ik
ngz; ? gFjp/ M ? vjph;kiw ,ilepiy/ ik ? gz;g[g; bgah; tpFjp.

Fws; 20 : Xjp czu;e;Jk; gpwu;f;Fiuj;Jk; jhdl=;fhg;

ngijapd; ngijahu; ,y;.
tpsf;fk; : goj;Jk; goj;jij czh;e;Jk; czh;e;jij kw;wth;f;Ff; Twpa[k; jhd;
mjd;go bray;glhj ngijiag; nghy ngij ahUkpy;iy.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ mwpjy;:
jhdl=;fhg; ngij ? <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
ngijahu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; mwpjy;:
czh;e;Jk; czh; + j;(e;) + j; + Xk; ciuj;Jk; ciu + j; + j; + ck;
czh; – gFjp/ ciu – gFjp/
j;(e;) – re;jp `e;~ MdJ tpfhuk; j; – re;jp
j; – ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; – ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Xk; – jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W ck; – bjhpepiy tpidbar;r tpFjp
tpFjp

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 91

1. glj;jpw;nfw;w Fwisj; nju;t[ bra;f.

m) ehzhik ehlhik ehhpd;ik ahbjhd;Wk;

ngzhik ngij bjhHpy;.
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  113

M) t piHjifahd; ntz;o ,Ug;gu; bfGjifahw;

nfshJ el;lhu; brapd;
,) bry;tj;Js; bry;tk; brtpr;bry;tk; mr;bry;tk;
bry;tj;Js; vy;yhe; jiy. tpil: ,)
2. ghlypd; bghUSf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.
ghly;
Mz;oy; ,isatbdd;W me;njh mfe;ijapdhy;
<z;o=;F ,fH;e;bjd;id Vsdk;bra; ? khz;gw;w
fhupUs;nghy; cs;sj;jhd; fhe;jpkjp ehjidg;
ghujp rpd;dg; gay;.
(1893y; ghujpahupd; gjpndhuhtJ tajpy; vl;ilag[uk; kd;du; rk!;jhdg; g[yth;fs;
;mitapy;/ mtuJ ftpj;jpwidg; g[fH;e;J `ghujp~ vd;w gl;lj;ijr; Nl;odhh;.)
Fws;
m) brtpapw; Rita[zuh tha[zh;tpd; khf;fs;
mtpapDk; thHpDk; vd;.
M) kpFjpahd; kpf;fit bra;jhiuj; jhk;jk;
jFjpahd; btd;W tply;.
,) Fzk;ehof; Fw;wKk; eho mtw;Ws;
kpifeho kpf;f bfhsy;.
tpil: M) kpFjpahd; kpf;fit bra;jhiuj; jhk;jk;
jFjpahd; btd;W tply;.
FwSf;Fg; bghUs;:
ekf;F ey;y trjpa[k; tha;g;g[k; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;bwz;zp ``,tu;f;F
,j;jP=;if bra;jhy; vtu; ek;ik vd;d bra;a Koa[k;>~~ vd;w ,Wkhg;g[f; bfhz;L
jP=;fpiHj;jtu;fisa[k; bghWikg; gz;ghy; btw;wp fhz ntz;Lk;. (bghiwa[ilik :
8tJ Fws;)
3. bghUSf;nfw;w moiaf; fz;Lgpoj;Jg; bghUj;Jf.
1. gRkz; fyj;JePu; bga;jpuP, aw;W m) xUtdpd; bray;ghLfns curp mwpak
[ ; ciufy;
2. jj;jk; fUknk fl;lisf;fy; M) mt;tstpw;Fg; bgUik cz;lhf;Fk;
3. midj;jhDk; Md;w bgUik jUk; ,) Rlhj kz;fyj;jpy; ePqw;wp itg;gijg; nghy
tpil: 1 ? ,/ 2 ? m/ 3 ? M
4. jPuh ,Lk;ig jUtJ vJ>
m) Muhahik/ Iag;gLjy; M) Fzk;/ Fw;wk;
,) bgUik/ rpWik <) ehlhik/ ngzhik
tpil: m) Muhahik/ Iag;gLjy;
Fws;: njuhd; bjspt[k; bjspe;jhd;fz; Ia[wt[k;
jPuh ,Lk;ig jUk;.
 www.nammakalvi.com

114 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  ,ay; 3

5. brhy;Yf;fhd bghUisj; bjhlhpy; mikj;J vGJf.

m) Ez=;fpa nfs;tpau; ? El;gkhd nfs;tpawpt[ cilatu.;
Kfpyd; El;gkhd nfs;tpawpt[ cilatdhf ,Ue;jhd;. mjdhy; bgupnahhplj;Jg;
gzpthd brhw;fspy; ngRfpwhd;.
M) ngzhik ? ghJfhf;fhik.
 mg;ghtpd; E}iyg; ghJfhf;fhikahy; ,dpad; giHa ngg;gh; tpahghhpaplk;
nghl;Ltpl;lhd;.
,) brtpr; bry;tk; ? nfl;gjhy; bgWk; mwpt[.
 mwp+h;fspd; mwpt[iufisf; nfl;gjhy; bgWk; mwpt[ jf;f rkaj;jpy; ngr;Rg;
nghl;oapy; ngRtjw;F gad;gl;lJ.
<) mwdy;y bra;ahik ? mwk; my;yhj bray;fisr; bra;ahjpUj;jy;.
kyutd; ,sikapypUe;nj mwk; my;yhj bray;fisr; bra;ahjpUe;jjdhy; jhd;/
mikjpf;fhd tpUJ fpilj;jJ.

FWtpdh  gf;fk;: 92
1. epyk; nghy ahuplk; bghWik fhf;fntz;Lk;>
jd;idj; njhz;Lgtiuj; jh=;Fk; epyk;nghyj; jd;id ,fH;gtuplj;Jk;
bghWik fhf;f ntz;Lk;.
2. jPait jPa gaj;jyhy; jPait
jPapDk; m+;rg; gLk; ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; fUj;ij tpsf;Ff.
jhd; ,d;gk; milantz;Lbkd vz;zp ,d;bdhUtUf;Fr; bra;a[k; jPa
bray;fns gpd;dh; me;j ,d;gj;ij ePf;Fk;. jPr;braiy vth; bra;jhnuh mtUf;nf
Jd;gj;ijj; jUk;. jP bjhl;lhy; jhd; RLk;. jPabray;fs; epidj;j mstpny Rl;blupf;Fk;
Mw;wy; cs;sd. mjdhy; jhd; `jPapDk; m+;rg;gLk;~ vd;whu;.
3. xw;bwhw;wpj; je;j bghUisa[k; kw;Wnkhu;
xw;wpdhy; xw;wpf; bfhsy; ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; mike;Js;s ea=;fis vGJf.
xw;wd; xUtd; kiwe;jpUe;J nfl;Lj; bjupe;j bra;jpia kw;nwhh; xw;wid
mDg;gp mwpe;J tur; bra;a ntz;Lk; ek;g ntz;Lk; kd;dd;/ mtw;iw xg;g[nehf;fpa
gpd;ng/ mjid cz;ikbad ek;gntz;Lk;. .
4. fdtpYk; ,dpf;fhjJ vtu; el;g[>
brhy; xd;W/ bray; ntW vd xd;Wf;bfhd;W bjhlh;gpy;yhky; ele;J
bfhs;gthpd; el;g[ fdtpYk; Jd;gk; jUtjhFk;.
fijf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd Fwisj; nju;t[ bra;J fhuzj;ij vGJf.
bksdtpujk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ehd;F ez;gu;fs; xU brhw;bghHpitf;
nfl;ldu;. jh=;fSk; xU thuj;Jf;F bksdtpujk; ,Ug;gjhfj; jPu;khdk; bra;jdu;.
bksdtpujk; Muk;gkhfp tpl;lJ- bfh+;r neuk; nghdJk; xUtd; brhd;dhd;. ``v=;fs;
tPl;L mLg;ig mizj;Jtpl;nldh bjhpatpy;iyna-~~
 www.nammakalvi.com

,ay; 3 IX  Nh;ah  ,sikj; jkpnH  115

gf;fj;jpypUe;jtd; ``mlg;ghtp- ngrpl;ona-~~ vd;whd;. clnd @d;whtJ Ms;/

``eP kl;Lk; vd;d> ePa[k;jhd; ngrptpl;lha;-~~ vd;whd;. ehd;fhtJ Ms;/ ``ey;yntis- ehd;
kl;Lk; ngrtpy;iy-~~ vd;whd;. ,g;goahf mtu;fspd; bksdtpujk; Koe;JnghdJ.
1. kwe;Jk; gpwd;nfL NHw;f NHpd;
mw+;NGk; NH;e;jtd; nfL.
2. jpwdy;y jw;gpwu; bra;apDk; nehbehe;J
mwdy;y bra;ahik ed;W.
3. Xjp czu;e;Jk; gpwu;f;Fiuj;Jk; jhdl=;fhg;
ngijapd; ngijahu; ,y;.
fijf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd Fws;
3. Xjp czu;e;Jk; gpwu;f;Fiuj;Jk; jhdl=;fhg;
ngijapd; ngijahu; ,y;.
tpsf;fk;:
fw;f ntz;oa mwE}y;fisf; fw;wwpe;Jk; mjd; cz;ikfis kw;wth;fSf;F vLj;Jf;
Twpa[k; thH;fpd;w xUtd;/ jhd; fw;wwpe;j xGf;f bewpapy; thHj; jtwpdhy; mtidg;
nghd;w mwptpypfs; cyfpy; ,y;iy.
vdnt ``brhy;tijg; nghy bra;a ntz;Lk; bra;tijna brhy;y ntz;Lk;~~.
jpUf;Fws; gw;wpa rpy Muha;r;rp bra;jpfs;
jpUf;Fws; Kjd;Kjypy; mr;rplg;gl;l Mz;L ? 1812
jpUf;Fws; mfuj;jpy; bjhl=;fp dfuj;jpy; KofpwJ.
jpUf;Fwspy; ,lk;bgWk; ,Ukyu;fs; ? mdpr;rk;/ Ftis
jpUf;Fwspy; ,lk;bgWk; xnu gHk; ? beU+;rpg;gHk;
jpUf;Fwspy; ,lk;bgWk; xnu tpij ? Fd;wpkzp
jpUf;Fwspy; ,UKiw tUk; xnu mjpfhuk; ? Fwpg;gwpjy;
jpUf;Fwspy; ,lk;bgw;w ,uz;L ku=;fs; ? gid/ @=;fpy;
jpUf;Fws; @yj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; mr;rpl;ltu; ? j+;ir +hdg;gpufhru;
jpUf;FwSf;F Kjd; ;Kjypy; ciu vGjpatu; ? kzf;Fltu;
jpUf;Fwis M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHpbgau;j;jtu; ? $p.a[.nghg;
jpUf;Fwspy; nfho vd;w brhy; VG ,l=;fspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
VG vd;w brhy; vl;Lf; Fwl;ghf;fspy; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jpUf;Fws; ,Jtiu E}w;Wf;Fk; nkw;gl;l bkhHpfspy; btspte;Js;sJ.

fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
mfHha;t[ ? Excavation fy;btl;oay; ? Epigraphy
eLfy; ? Hero Stone gz;ghl;Lf; FwpaPL ? Cultural Symbol
g[ilg;g[r; rpw;gk; ? Embossed sculpture bghwpg;g[ ? Inscription

