Unit - 6

www.nammakalvi.
com Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
rpWif mshtpa TH;

,ay; 6 fiy/ mHfpay;/ g[Jikfs;
ciueil jpiubkhHp
bra;a[s; ftpijfs; eFyd;
bra;a[s; rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,s=;nfhtofs;
bra;a[s; bka;g;ghl;oay; bjhy;fhg;gpau; 6
,ay;
Jizg;ghlk; eofu; jpyfk; ghyr;re;jpud; Rs;spf;fhL
,yf;fzk; fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk;
thH;tpay; jpUf;Fws; jpUts;Stu;
6
,ay;
ciueil cyfk;
jpiubkhHp
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ntWgl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rpWif mshtpa TH;

m) mz;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ M) nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[
,) eLf;fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ <) fhl;rp kiwt[ [tpil: <) fhl;rp kiwt[]
FWtpdh
1. gpd;dzp ,ir glj;jpd; fhl;rpaikg;g[f;F vt;thW capql;Lk;> rhd;W jUf.
jpiug;glj;jpd; czu;t[fis btspf;bfhzu cjt[tJ gpd;dzp ,irna.
gpd;dzp ,irr; nru;g;g[/ kt[dk; ,t;tpuz;Lk; rpy ntisfspy; jpiuapy; czu;t[fis
btspf;bfhzu cjt[fpd;wd.
,ir ghj;jpu=;fspd; kdf;ftiyfs; miyf;fHpg;gf [ s; Mfpatw;iw vjpbuhypg;gjhft[k;
,Uj;jy; mtrpakhdJ.
257
Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH www.nammakalvi.com
rpWtpdh
1. jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpapd; Mw;wiy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; g[yg;gLj;Jf.
fhl;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:
fhl;rp vd;gJ fij efu;t[f;F cjt[tJ.
jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpfs; rpwg;ghf mike;jhy; trdj;jpw;F ,uz;lhk; ,lk;jhd;.
jpiug;glj;jpy; trdk; ,d;wpf; fhl;rpfis mLj;jLj;J itg;gjd; @yk; fij
brhy;yg;gLk;.
fhl;rpfs; khWtij czu;j;j xU fhl;rpiar; rpwpJ rpwpjhf k=;fyhf;fpf; fhl;o ,Us;
6 Mf;fpf; fhl;Ltu;. ,ijf; fhl;rp kiwt[ vd;gu;.

mLj;j fhl;rp bjhl=;Fk;nghJ ,Ul;lhf ,Ue;j gFjp rpwpJ rpwpjhf btspr;rkhf khwp
,ay;
KGf;fhl;rpa[k; bjupa[k; ,ijf; fhl;rp kiwt[ vd;gu;.

xU fhl;rp kiwa[k; nghJ mLj;jf; fhl;rp bjuptJ fyit vd;gu;.
giHaf; fhl;rpia mHpj;J mLj;jf; fhl;rp njhd;WtJ mHpg;g[ vd;gu;.
,g;gog; gy;ntW cj;jpfs; fhl;rp efu;t[f;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
rhd;W:
Kjy; fhl;rpapy; njhHp xUj;jp fjhehafpaplk; bjhlu;tz;og; gazr;rPl;ilf;
bfhLg;ghs;.
mLj;jf; fhl;rpapy; fjhehafp bjhlu;tz;oapy; ,Ug;ghs;.
Kjy; fhl;rpapy; vz; 7/ tPiuah bjU... vd;W xUtu; Kftupiar; brhy;ypf;
bfhz;oUf;Fk;nghnj/ me;j Kftupapy; brd;W fhl;rp epw;Fk;.
,t;tpuz;L jut[fspYk; fhl;rp mikg;ng Mw;wy; cs;sjhf tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
beLtpdh
1.
jpiug;glj;Jiw vd;gJ Mapuk; ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; bjhHpyh> my;yJ fiyfspd;
r=;fkkh> c=;fs; ghu;itiaf; fl;Liuahf;Ff.
rpWif mshtpa TH;
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
Mapuk; ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; (FLk;gk;) bjhHpy;
fiyfspd; r=;fkk;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
vy;yhf; fiyfSk;/ fiy+u;fSk; eyptile;J tUk; epiyapy; jpiug;glj;Jiw
,d;W gy;ntWgl;l epiyapy; thH;thjhuj;ij tH=;fpa[k;/ fiyfspd; r=;fkhf
tps=;FtJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mtw;iwg;gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
Mapuk; ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; (FLk;gk;) bjhHpy;:
jpiug;glj;Jiw Mapuk; ngiuay;y/ Mapuk; FLk;g=;fis thH itf;fpwJ.
258
www.nammakalvi.com Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
nfspf;iffs; epiwe;j ,t;t[yfpy; jpiug;glj;Jiwf;F kl;Lk; fiy+u;fs;/
,irf;fiy+u;fs;/ bjhHpy;El;g ty;Yeu;fs;/ xg;gidf;fhuu;fs;/ Mil my=;fhu
ty;Yeu;/ Mz; bgz; eldf; FGf;fs;/ rz;ilf; fhl;rpfspy; g=;FbgWk; eofu;fs;
vd jk; FLk;g=;fspd; thH;thjhuj;ij ek;gp cs;sdu;.
,j;Jiwapy; ,tu;fs; ehl;lk; bfhz;lhy; kw;w ve;jj; bjhHpiya[k; bra;tjpy;iy.
tHptHpahf mtu;fsJ FLk;gKk; ,j;bjhHpypy; <LgLfpwJ.
brd;idapy; ,j;Jiwr; rhu;e;jtu;fs; thH;fpd;w gFjpahf nfhlk;ghf;fk; vd;w gFjp
cs;sJ.
jpiug;glj;Jiw vd;w epiyiaa[k; jhz;o xU glk; btspapl;L jpiuau=;fpw;F
6
tUfpd;wnghJ m=;Fk; vz;zw;w ngUf;F thH;thjhuk; mspf;fpwJ.
cjhuzkhf Rtbuhl;o Xl;Lgtu;. Projector ,af;Fgtu; of;bfl; tpw;gtu; vd
xt;bthU Jiwr; rhu;e;jtu;f;F tha;g;gspf;fpwJ.
,ay;
,Wjpahf jpiug;glj;Jiw xt;bthU epiyapYk; xt;bthUtiu kl;Lky;yhky;
xt;bthU FLk;gj;ija[k; fhg;ghw;Wk; bjhHpy; vd;W TWtJ rhyr;rpwe;jJ MFk;.
fiyfspd; r=;fkk;:
`fiy fiyf;fhfnt~ vd;W TWk; mstpw;F jpiug;glj;Jiw mjpntf tsu;r;rpg;
bgw;Ws;sJ. jdp kdpjid milahsg;gLj;JtJk;/ jdp kdpj thH;it
bewpg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhft[k; jpiug;glj;Jiw ,d;W tsu;e;Js;sJ.
md;W Mz;ow;F xU glk;/ ,uz;L glk; vd;w epiyiaf; fle;J/ ,d;W g[w;wPry;
nghy; jpiug;glk; btspte;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wJ.
,d;iwaj; jpiug;gl=;fs; rpy tzpf nehf;fpy; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fiyfisa[k;/ r@fj;ija[k; r=;fkpf;Fk; gl=;fs; ,d;W mj;jpg{j;jhw;nghy; tUfpwJ.
,g;gog;gl;l jpiug;gl=;fs;jhd; tpUJk; bgWfpd;wd.
gy jpiug;gl=;fs; gl=;fshf kl;Lky;yhky;/ ghly;fshft[k;/ mkufhtpa=;fshft[k;/
fiyfspd; r=;fkkhft[k; jpfH;fpd;wd.
jpiug;gl=;fs; Vw;gLj;Jk; ghjpg;g[ MHkhdit/ cstpay; hPjpahdit.
rpWif mshtpa TH;

Kot[iu:
jpiug;glj;Jiw vd; ghu;itapy; Mapuk; ngiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk; bjhHpy;jhd;
vd;gjpy; ve;jtpj re;njfKkpy;iy. jpiug;glj;Jiw rpyupd; thH;f;ifapd; Kd;ndhoahfj;
jpfH;fpwJ. kf;fspd; vz;z=;fis vGr;rp bgwr; bra;fpwJ. fiyfspd; r=;fkkhfj;
jpfH;fpwJ vd;gjpy; kpf;f kfpH;r;rpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. rupahdf; Tw;iwf; fz;lwpf.
i) 1895Mk; Mz;L ork;gu; 28Mk; ehs; khiy 5 kzp/ gpuhd;rpd; jiyefuhd ghhPrpy;
fpuhz;l; fng tpLjp Kd; `mjprak; gpwf;fpwJ~ vd;w jiyg;gpy; Kjy; jpiug;glk;
btspaplg;gl;lJ.
259
ii) Y}kpau; rnfhjuu;fns ,j;jpiug;glj;ij cUthf;fpdu;.

iii) ,r;rnfhjuu;fs; btspapl;l gl=;fspy; xd;W ùapypd; tUif~
m) i rup M) ii rup
,) iii kl;Lk; jtW <) @d;Wk; rup [tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup]
2. mira[k; cUt=;fisg; glk;gpof;Fk; fUtpiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jtu;;

m) Y}kpau; rnfhjuu;fs; M) jhk!; My;th vord;
,) $hu;$; kpyp <) ,tu;fspy; vtUkpyu;
[tpil: M) jhk!; My;th vord;]
3. glg;gog;g[f; fUtpnahL jpiuapLk; fUtpiaa[k; nru;j;J jpiug;glk; vd;Dk; tpe;ijia

6 cyFf;F mspj;jtu;fs;
m) Y}kpau; rnfhuhu;fs; M) vord; rnfhjuu;fs;
,ay;
,) $hu;$; rnfhjuu;fs; <) ,tu;fspy; vtUkpyu; [tpil: m) Y}kpau; rnfhuhu;fs;]

4. jpiug;glj;jpy; fija[k; brhy;yyhk; vdf; fz;Lgpoj;jtu;
m) Y}kpau; M) jhk!; My;th vord;
,) $hu;$; kpyp <) ,tu;fspy; vtUkpyu; [tpil: ,) $hu;$; kpyp]
5. rhu;yp rhg;spd; gpwe;j ,lk;
m) jp n\f; M) ,yz;ld;
,) epa{ahu;f; <) ghup!; [tpil: M) ,yz;ld;]
6. rhu;yp rhg;spd; jhahu; xU
m) nkilg;ghlfu; M) eoif
,) tHf;fwp+u; <) kUj;Jtu; [tpil: m) nkilg;ghlfu;]
7. rpWtdhd rhg;spd; nkilnawp Mog;gholf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ
m) nkilapy; ghog; gpiHj;j mk;khtpd; Fuy; bfl;Ltpl;ljhy;
M) ,aw;ifapnyna nkilapy; Mog;ghol ntz;Lk; vd;w rhu;yp rhg;spd; Mirapdhy;
,) ez;gu;fs; nkilnawpna Mf ntz;Lk; vd;W rhg;spid tw;g[Wj;jpajhy;
rpWif mshtpa TH;
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy

[tpil: m) nkilapy; ghog; gpiHj;j mk;khtpd; Fuy; bfl;Ltpl;ljhy;]
8. rhu;yp rhg;spidg; ngrhg; gl ehafdhf cUthf;fpa njhw;wk;

m) ypl;oy; kh!;lu; M) ypl;oy; ouhk;g;
,) ypl;oy; !;lhu; <) kh!;lu; khu;&y; [tpil: M) ypl;oy; ouhk;g];
9. rhu;yp rhg;spd;/ tWikkpf;f jd; ,sik thH;it .................... vd;w btw;wpg; glkhf;fpdhu;.
m) jp fpl; M) rpl;o iyl;!;
,) khlu;d; ilk;!; <) jp. fpnul; of;nll;lu; [tpil: m) jp fpl;]
10. rhu;yp rhg;spd; bjhl=;fpa gl epWtdk;

m) khu;ld; ilk;!; M) rpl;o iyl;!;
,) a[idbll; Mu;o!;l;!; <) a[idbll; @tp!; [tpil: ,) a[idbll; Mu;o!;l;!];
260
11. jp nfhy;L u&;/ jp ru;f;f!; nghd;w fhtpag; gl=;fis cUthf;fpatu;
m) mu;dhy;L M) $hf;fp$hd;
,) rhu;yp rhg;spd; <) $hu;$; kPyp [tpil: ,) rhu;yp rhg;spd;]
12. `rhu;yp rhg;spd;~ vjpupfspd; tha;fis milj;J vLj;j ngRk; jpiug;glk;

m) rpl;o iyl;!; M) rpl;o iel;!;
,) tpy;ny$; iyl;!; <) tpy;ny$; iel;!; [tpil: m) rpl;o iyl;!];
13. rhu;yp rhg;spd; @d;W Mz;L ciHg;gpy; btspapl;l jpiug;glk;

m) rpl;o iyl;!; M) khlu;d; ilk;!;
6
,) jp fpl; <) jp nfhy;L u&; [tpil: M) khlu;d; ilk;!];
14. rhu;yp rhg;spdJ rhjidg; glkhd `jp fpnul; of;nll;lu;~ btspahd Mz;L.
m) 1932 M) 1940
,ay;
,) 1936 <) 1945 [tpil: M) 1940]
15. \pl;yu; g[fnHzpapy; Vwpf; bfhz;oUe;j fhyj;jpy; mtiu tpku;rpj;J te;j Kjy; glk;
m) jp fpl; M) jp nfhy;L u&;
,) jp fpnul; of;nll;lu; <) jp fpnul; yPlu; [tpil: ,) jp fpnul; of;nll;lu;]
16.
`kdpj Fyj;jpw;Fj; njit nghuy;y" ey;Yzu;t[k; md;g[k;jhd;~ vd;gij czu;j;jpa
jpiug;glk;
,) jp fpnul; of;nll;lu; <) jp fpnul; yPlu; [tpil: ,) jp fpnul; of;nll;lu;]
17. rhu;yp rhg;spdJ `khu;ld; ilk;!;~ glk; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk;

i) md;iwa bjhHpy; ka cyfpd; nfLfis tpkuprdk; bra;tjhf ,j;jpiug;glk;
mike;jikahy; rhg;spDf;Fg; bghJt[ilikahsu; vd;Dk; Kj;jpiu tpGe;jJ.
ii) gy Kjyhspa ehLfspy; glk; jil bra;ag;gl;lJ.
iii) ,Ue;jhYk; glk; btw;wp bgw;wJ.
m) i), ii) rup M) ii), iii) rup
rpWif mshtpa TH;

,) iii) kl;Lk; jtW <) @d;Wk; rup [tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup]
18. rhu;yp rhg;spd; ,yz;ld; brd;W bfhz;oUe;jnghJ bghJt[ilikahsuhd mtiu
ehL flj;jpajhf mbkupf;fh mwptpj;j Mz;L
m) 1940 M) 1950
,) 1952 <) 1942 [tpil: ,) 1952]
19.
rhu;yp rhg;spDf;F thH;ehs; rhjidahsu; vd;Dk; tifapy; .................... tpUJ
tH=;fg;gl;lJ.
m) nfhy;ld; Fnshg; M) M!;fhu;
,) gput[ L MBg; mbkupf;fh <) nfhy;ld; ntu;y;L [tpil: M) M!;fhu;]
20. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
m) LONG SHOT ? 1. kP mz;ikf; fhl;rpj;Jzpg;g[
M) MID SHOT ? 2. mz;ikf; fhl;rpj;jpzpg;g[
261
,) CLOSEUP SHOT ? 3. eLf;fhl;rpj;Jzpg;g[

<) EXTREME CLOSEUP SHOT ? 4. nra;ikf;fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
21. kidtpapd; itukhiyia tpw;W/ gpbu+;Rf;fhu; Lghd; vd;gtuplkpUe;J 2500 qgha;f;F
xU g[buh$f;liua[k; rpy Jz;Lg; gl=;fisa[k; th=;fpatu;
m) rhkpf;fz;Q tpd;brd;l; M) jpnahlu; gh!;fud;
,) m$ad; ghyh <) mk;&d; Fkhu;
[tpil: m) rhkpf;fz;Q tpd;brd;l]
6 22. rhkpf;fz;Q tpd;brd;l; Jz;Lg;gl=;fisf; fhl;l Muk;gpj;j ,lk;

m) brd;id M) jpUtde;jg[uk;
,ay;
,) jpUr;rp <) kJiu [tpil: ,) jpUr;rp]

23. rhu;yp rhg;spdJ `khu;ld; ilk;!;~ btspahd Mz;L
m) 1932 M) 1936
,) 1940 <) 1942 [tpil: M) 1936]
24. 1977Mk; Mz;L tiu jpiug;glnk ghu;f;fhky; thH;e;j kf;fspd; Cu;
m) fu;ehlf khepyj;jpy; b\f;nfhL
M) Me;jpuhtpy; fhf;fp ehlh
,) nfusj;jpy; nfhHpf;nfhL
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m) fu;ehlf khepyj;jpy; b\f;nfhL]
25. rhg;spDf;F ey;y trd=;fSld; glk; vLf;fj; bjupahJ vd;W Twpte;j tpku;rfu;fspd;
Tw;iwg; bgha;ahf;Fk; tifapy; vLf;fg;gl;l glk;
,) jp ru;f;f!; <) jp fpnul; of;nll;lu; [tpil: <) jp fpnul; of;nll;lu;]
26.
`jp fpnul; of;nll;lu;~ glj;jpy; \pl;yiu cUtfg;gLj;jpl rhu;yp rhg;spdhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l ghj;jpuk;
m) b\d;wp M) b\d;nfhy;
rpWif mshtpa TH;
,) kPyp <) Mlk;!; [tpil: M) b\d;nfhy;]

27. jpiubkhHp Fwpj;j ghlg;gFjp ................... fl;Liuia mog;gilr; rl;lkhff; bfhz;lJ.
m) m$ad; ghyh M) R$hjh
,) brHpad; <) mk;&d;Fkhu; [tpil: m) m$ad; ghyh]
28. kdpju;fs; ke;ijfs; Mtij czu;j;Jk; jpiug;glk; ...................
,) khlu;d; ilk;!; <) rpl;o iyl;!; [tpil: ,) khlu;d; ilk;!];
29.
khlu;d; ilk;!; jpiug;glj;jpy; bjhHpw;rhiyapy; Kz;oaoj;Jr; bry;Yk; kdpjUf;F
fhl;lg;gl;l ctik ...................
m) bts;shLfs; M) brk;kwpahLfs;
,) khLfs; <) xl;lf=;fs; [tpil: M) brk;kwpahLfs;]
262
FWtpdh
1. jpiug;glj; Jiwapd; njhw;wk; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; bgUk;g=;fhw;wpatu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
jhk!; My;th vord; (glg;gpog;g[f;fUtp)
gpuhd;rpd; Y}kpau; rnfhjuu;fs; (glg;gpog;g[f;fUtp)
$hu;$; kpyp (fij brhy;yyhk; vdf; fz;Lgpoj;jtu;)
2. jpiuf;fij ? tpsf;Ff.
glj;jpd; btw;wpf;Ff; fhuzkhf miktJ jpiuf;fij.
6
jpiuf;fijfs; gyKiw vGjp/ gyKiw goj;Jg; ghu;j;Jj; jpUj;jp cUthf;FtJ.
,j;jifa ciHg;g[ cs;s jpiuf;fij kf;fs; kdjpy; epw;Fk;.
,ay;
3. Kg;gupkhzf;fiy vd;why; vd;d>
jpiug;glj;jpy; eog;gtiu Kd;gpd; nky; vd;W gy nfhz=;fspy; glg;gpog;g[f; fUtpahy;
,lk; khw;wp khw;wpg; glk; gpog;gJ Kg;gupkhzf; fiy vd;gu;.
4. jpiug;glj;jpy; kP nra;ikf; fhl;rpj;Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
flw;fiuapy; epd;W fliyg; ghu;f;Fk; nghJ fz;fs; jhkhfnt mfz;l nfhzj;ijj;
nju;t[ bra;tJ kP nra;ik fhl;rpj;Jzpg;g[ vd;fpnwhk;.
5. nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
ngUe;ijg; gpof;f rhiyiaf; flf;Fk; nghJ rhiyapd; ,U gf;f=;fisg; ghu;f;fpnwhk;.
mg;nghJ ek; fz;fs; ,d;Dk; bfh+;rk; RU=;fp/ bghUs;fs; mirtijj; bjhiytpy;
,Ue;J gjpt[ bra;tJ nra;ikf; fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ MFk;.
6. eLf;fhl;rpj;Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
ngUe;ij tpl;L ,w=;fp ele;J nghFk; nghJ vjpu;g;gLk; Ml;fis ehk; ,Lg;gstpy;
kl;Lk; ftdg;gLj;Jfpnwhk;. fz;/ Mis KGjhfg; ghu;j;jhYk;/ ek; ftdk; ,Lg;g[tiu
kl;Lk; vLj;Jf; bfhs;tJ eLf;fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ MFk;.
7. mz;ikf;fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
tPl;ow;Fs; EiHe;J mk;khtpd; Kfk; kl;Lnk ekf;Fg; gjpthtJ mz;ikf;fhl;rpj;
rpWif mshtpa TH;

Jzpg;g[ MFk;.
8. kPmz;ikf;fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>
brUg;igf; fHw;wp thrypy; tpLk; nghJ fz; fPnH Fdpe;J brUg;ig kl;Lk; ghu;g;gJ
kPmz;ikf;fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[.
9. jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpbkhHp vd;why; vd;d>
xU kzp neug; gazj;ij Ie;nj fhl;rpj; Jzpg;g[fshf ,UgJ behofspy;
ghu;itahsuplk; czu;j;JtJ jpiug;glj;jpd; fhl;rpbkhHp MFk;.
10. jpiug;glf;fiy vd;why; vd;d>
jpiug;glj;jpy; njitahd nfhz=;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mtw;iw btl;o/ xl;o/
glj;bjhFg;g[r; bra;J bts;spj;jpiuapy; xU ey;y fijahfr; brhy;tJ jpiug;glf;fiy
vd;gu;.
263
11. glj;bjhFg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>

njitaw;w fhl;rpfis ePf;fp njitahd fhl;rpfisg; bghUj;jkhd tifapy; nru;g;gJ
glj;bjhFg;g[ vd;gu;.
12. glj;bjhFg;ghsupd; gzp vd;d>
glk; bjhFg;ghy; vy;yhnk jiyfPHhf khWk; 16 kzpneuk; XLk;go vLj;jhYk; mij 2
kzp neuk; XLk; go bra;tJ bjhFg;ghsupd; gzp.
13. xw;iwf;nfhzf; fiy vd;why; vd;d>
xU fhl;rpia xw;iwf;nfhzj;jpy; kl;Lk; neupilahff; fhz;gJ xw;iwf;nfhzf; fiy
vd;gu;.
6 14. nenul;lu; vd;why; vd;d>

nenul;lu; vd;gjd; bghUs; `fij brhy;yp~ vd;gjhFk;. jpiuau=;fpy; kt[dg;gl=;fs;
,ay;
Xof; bfhz;oUf;f jpiuf;F mUnf xUtu; xyp th=;fpiag; gpoj;Jf; fij brhy;Ygtiu
nenul;lu; vd;gu;. mtu; te;J epd;whny midtUk; ifj;jl;Ltu;.
rpWtpdh
1. fhl;rp Mw;wy; vd;gij tpsf;Ff. (my;yJ) fhl;rp efu;t[ cj;jpia tpsf;Ff.
fhl;rp vd;gJ fij efu;t[f;F cjt[tJ.
jpiug;glj;jpy; fhl;rp rpwg;ghdhy; trdk; ,uz;lhk; ,lk;jhd;.
ehlfj;jpy; tpsf;if mizj;Jk;/ jpiuia ,wf;fpa[k; fhz;gpg;gu;.
Kjy; fhl;rp ? fjhehafpaplk; njhHp bjhlu;tz;og; gazr;rPl;ilf; bfhLg;ghs;.
mLj;jf;fhl;rp ? fjhehafp bjhlu;tz;oapy; ,Ug;ghs;.
fhl;rp khWtij czu;j;j rpwpJ rpwpjhf k=;fyhff; fhl;o ,Us; Mf;fpf;fhl;Ltu;.
,ijf; fhl;rp kiwt[ vd;gu;.
bjhl=;Fk; nghJ rpwpJ rpwpjhf btspr;rk; Tl;o KGf;fhl;rp btspg;gLk; ,ij fhl;rp
cjak; vd;gu;.
xU fhl;rp bjhl=;Fk; nghJ mLj;jf;fhl;rp bjhl=;FtJ fyit ' Tl;L vd;gu; (Mix).
rpWif mshtpa TH;
giHa fhl;rpia mHpj;Jf; bfhz;nl mLj;jf; fhl;rpia njhd;Wtij mHpg;g[ (Wipe)

vd;gu;.
,t;thW gy;ntW cj;jpfs; fhl;rpapy; ifahsg; gLfpwJ.
2. Fyn&ht; tpist[ tpsf;Ff.
khlu;d; ilk;!; jpiug;glj;jpy; Kjypy; brk;kwpahLfs; Kz;oaoj;Jr; bry;fpd;wd.
mLj;jf;fhl;rpapy; bjhHpw;rhiyf;Fs; kdpju;fs; Kz;oaoj;Jf; bfhz;L
EiHfpd;wdu;.
r@fj;jpy; kdpju;fs; ke;ijfs; Mtij czu;j;JfpwJ.
fhl;rpfis khw;wp khw;wp itg;gjd; @yk; btt;ntW fhl;rpfis cUthf;fpf; fhl;l
Koa[k;.
,t;thW fhl;Ltijf; `Fyn&ht; tpist[~ vd;gu;.
264
3. ey;y jpiug;glk; vd;gJ vJ ? tpsf;Ff.
Kiwahd fhl;rpbkhHpa[ld; ey;y fiyahf cUthf;Fk; glj;jpy; bgha;fSk; ,Uf;f
KoahJ.
ek; @isia kG=;fr; bra;a[k; ftu;r;rpfSk; ,lk; bgwhJ.
,g;gilg;g[fs; cz;ikiag; ngRk;.
mjd; @yk; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk; thH;tpay;/ ek; mDgtj;ij nkk;gLj;jp thH;f;ifia
tskhf;Fk;.
4. rhkpf;fz;Q tpd;brd;l; rpdpkhj; bjhHpy; tsu;r;rpf;F Mw;wpa g=;fpidf; TWf.
gpbu+;Rf;fhu; Lghd; mtu;fsplk; 2500 qgha;f;F g[buh$f;liua[k;/ rpy Jz;L
gl=;fisa[k; th=;fpdhu;.
jpUr;rp/ jpUtde;jg[uk;/ kJiu/ kjuhR nghd;w ,l=;fspy; Kfhkpl;Lg; glk; fhl;odhu;.
6
,ay;
gpwF yhTu;/ bg&htu;/ yf;ndh nghd;wg; gFjpapy; glk; fhl;odhu;.
1909,y; kjuh!; jpUk;gp m=;nf v!;gpsndl;oy; Tlhuk; nghl;Lr; rydg;gl=;fisj;
jpiuapl;lhu;. g[buh$f;lu;fs; ,wf;Fkjp bra;J tpw;f Muk;gpj;jhu;.
beLtpdh
1. jpiug;glj; Jiwapy; rhu;yp rhg;spdpd; g=;fpid tpsf;Ff.
,sik :
,yz;ldpy; gpwe;j rhg;spd; tWikapd; koapy; tsu;e;jtu;.
,tuJ jha; tWikia kwf;fof;fj; fijfs; brhy;thu;.
mjd; @yk; fiy+dhf brJf;fg;gl;lhu;.
nkilapy; ghoa mk;khtpd; Fuy; bfl;Ltpl ,tnu nkilapy; Mog;gho mrj;jpdhu;.
eofuhfp FLk;gj;ijf; fhf;ff; fdt[ fz;l mtu; mbkupf;fh brd;W jpiu tha;g;igg;
bgw;whu;.
njhw;wk; :
bjhs bjhs fhy; rl;il/ ,Wf;fkhd nfhl;L/ Jz;L kPir/ g[Jtpjkhd nrl;il
rpWif mshtpa TH;

bfhz;ltu;.
`ypl;oy; ouhk;g;~ vd;W mtu; cUthf;fpf; bfhz;l njhw;wk; mtiug; ngrhg;gl
ehafdhf;fpaJ.
g[fH; :
mtu; Cjpak; nghy; g[fGk; cau;e;jJ.
tWikkpf;f jd; ,sik thH;it `jp fpl;~ vd;w btw;wpg; glkhf;fpdhu;.
à[idbll; Mu;o!;l;!;~ gl epWtdj;ijf; bjhl=;fp tsu;r;rp fz;lhu;.
`jp nfhy;L u&;~/ `jp ru;f;f!;~ nghd;w fhtpa=;fs; cUthfpd.
btw;wpg;gazk; :
kughd fUj;JUthf;f=;fisj; jd; gl=;fspy; moj;J behWf;fpdhu;.
ngrhg;gl=;fspy; nrl;ilfs; @yk; g[fH; bgw;w mtu; ngRk; gl=;fspy; njhw;ghu; vd;W
vjpu;ghu;j;jdu;.
265
vjpu;ghu;g;g[fis Kwpaoj;J `rpl;o iyl;!;~ vd;w glj;jpd; thapyhf vjpupfspd;

tha;fis milj;jhu;.
`khlu;d; ilk;!;~ vd;w glj;jpd; @yk; cyfpd; bjhHpy;ka nfLfis tpku;rdk;
bra;jhu;.
bghJt[ililahsu; vd;w Kj;jpiu tpGe;jJ gy ehLfspy; glk; jil bra;ag;gl;lJ/
,Ue;jhYk; btw;wp bgw;whu;.
1940,y; `jp fpnul; of;nll;lu;~ vd;w jpiug;glk;/ kdpj Fyj;jpw;Fj; njit nghu;
my;y" ey;Yzu;t[k; md;g[k;jhd; vd;W czu;j;jpaJ.
,g;glk; rhjidg; glkhf kl;Lky;yhky; \pl;yiu tpku;rpj;J cUthd Kjy;
6
glkhft[k; tps=;fpaJ.
1952,y; mtiu ehL flj;jpajhf mwptpj;jJ. gpwF rhg;spd; Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy;
Fonawpdhu;.
,ay;
jd; jtiw czu;e;J kPz;Lk; rhg;spid miHj;jJ. mtUk; mbkupf;fh te;jhu;.

thH;ehs; rhjidahsu; vd;Dk; tifapy; M!;fhu; tpUJ tH=;fg;gl;lJ.
,d;Wk; cyfpd; gy gFjpfspy; rhg;spdpd; ouhk; cUtk; FwpaPlhf ,lk; bgw;wpUg;gJ
mtuJ ciHg;g[k; btw;wpa[nk milahsk; MFk;.
2. rhu;yp rhg;spapd; `jp fpnul; of;nll;lu;~ fijiar; RUf;fp tiuf.
1940,y; rhg;spDf;F ey;y trdg;gl=;fs; vLf;fj; bjupahJ vd;w fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;
tpku;ru;fspd; Tw;iwg; bgha;ahf;fp btw;wpf; fz;l glk; `jp fpnul; of;nll;lu;~.
,g;glj;jpy; \pl;yiu cUtfg;gLj;jp b\d;nfhy; vd;w fjhghj;jpuj;ij
cUthf;fpdhu;.
mnj cUtk; bfhz;l ,d;bdhU ghj;jpuj;ijf; fil elj;Jk; a{ju; ,dj;jtuhf
mwpKfk; bra;jhu;.
ru;thjpfhup b\d;nfhy; a{ju;fisf; ifJ bra;J rpiwapy; milj;jdu;.
a{juhd filf;fhuUk; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;. rpiwapypUe;J jg;gpj;J
b&d;nfhypd; cilia jpUo mzpe;J bfhs;fpwhu;.
jg;gpj;j ifjpiaj; njoa fhtyu;fs; tHpapy; tUk; b\d;nfhy; cilazpe;j
filf;fhuUf;F kupahij bra;jdu;.
rpWif mshtpa TH;
rhjhuz cilapy; te;j b\d;nfhiy rpiwapy; milf;fpd;wdu;.

xnu ehspy; ,Utu; thH;f;ifa[k; jiyfPHhf khWfpwJ.
fLikahd murpay; tpku;rd=;fs;.
,Wjpahf/ ru;thjpfhup ntlj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; a{ju; ifJ bra;ag;gl;oUe;j midtiua[k;
tpLjiy bra;a MizapLfpwhu;.
khehl;oy; kdpjFy ngUiu Mw;Wfpwhu;.
,g;ngUiujhd; ,d;W tiu rpwe;j trdkhfg; ngrg;gLfpwJ.
jhk; thGk; fhyj;jpy; \pl;yiuf; fLikahf tpku;rpj;j xnu glk; vd;w bgUika[k;
cz;L.
,ul;il ntl=;fs; vj;jid te;jhYk; mjpy; kpfr; rpwe;j jpiug;glk; `jp fpnul;
of;nll;lu;~.
266 
,ay;
bra;a[s;
6 ftpijfs;
? eFyd;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Mu;g;gupf;Fk; fly;
mjd; moj;jsk;
6
,ay;
bksdk;" kfhbksdk; ? mofs; g[yg;gLj;JtJ
m) ,iur;ry; M) FiwFlk; Tj;jhLk;
,) epiwFlk; ePu;j;jGk;gy; ,y; <) g[w mirt[fs; mfj;jpid mirf;f ,ayhJ
[tpil: ,) epiwFlk; ePu;j;jGk;gy; ,y;]
FWtpdh
1. @r;R epd;Wtpl;lhy;
ngr;Rk; ml=;Fk; ? ftpijf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd gHbkhHp xd;iw vGJf.
``vuptij epWj;jpdhy; bfhjpg;gJ jhnd ml=;Fk;~~.
``rhd;nwhu; bfhs;ifa[k; khz;lhy; ml=;Fk;~~.
rpWtpdh
1. ftpij vd;gJ fz;Kd; epfH;tija[k; kdjpy; epfH;tija[k; bjhlu;g[gLj;jpr; brhw;rpkpHpy;
milf;Fk; Kaw;rpna vd;gij eFyd; ftpijiaf; bfhz;L epWt[f.
1. epue;jukhf ,Uf;f vz;zpndhk;.
epue;jukpy;yhky; brd;WtpLfpnwhk;.
rpWif mshtpa TH;

2. cau;e;j bfhs;iffSk; capu;nghdhy;
cjhrpdg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
3. cz;ikfs; vy;yhk; rpy cz;ikfisj;
jpiukiwt[ bra;tjw;nf.
4. Mu;g;gupg;gpy; ml=;fhj kdk;
mikjpapy; ml=;fptpLk;.
5. flypd; cs;epfH;nt fly; miyfs;
kdjpd; btspg;ghnl g[wr;bray;fs;
eFydpd; ftpijfns ,=;nf ngrg;gl;Ls;sd. eFydpd; ftpijapd; KH=;F
bghUns ,it.
vdnt/ ftp+d; jhd; epidj;jtw;iwr; brhy;totj;jpy; RUf;fpr; brhy;y Kw;gLk;nghJ
cjpu;e;j Kj;Jf;fns ,it. 267
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ek; ghlg;gFjpapYs;s `ftpijfs; ................. vd;Dk; bjhFg;gpypUe;J vLj;jhsg;
gl;Ls;sd.
m) eFyd; ftpijfs; M) fz;zhoahFk; fz;fs;
,) eha;fs; <) thf;F@yk; [tpil: m) eFyd; ftpijfs;]
6
2. ftp+u; eFydpd; ,aw;bgau;
m) o.nf. ePynkfk; M) o.nf. Jiurhkp
,) ,uhnfhghyd; <) fpU&;z@u;j;jp [tpil: M) o.nf. Jiurhkp]
,ay;
3. ftp+u; eFyd; gpwe;j Cu;

m) j+;rht{u; M) Fk;gnfhzk;
,) jpUr;rp <) tpGg;g[uk; [tpil: M) Fk;gnfhzk;]
4. ftp+u; eFyd; thH;e;j Cu;
m) j+;rht{u;
M) fu;ehlf khepyj;jpd; khz;oah
,) nfus khepyj;jpd; jpUtde;jg[uk;
<) Me;jpu khepyj;jpd; flg;gh [tpil: ,) nfus khepyj;jpd; jpUtde;jg[uk;]
5. ftp+u; eFyd; jkpHpYk; M=;fpyj;jpYk; KJfiyg; gl;lk; bgw;w gy;fiyf;fHfk;
m) ghujpjhrd; M) ghujpahu;
,) mz;zhkiy <) jpUts;Stu; [tpil: ,) mz;zhkiy]
6. ftp+u; eFyd; vGjpa[s;s g[jpd=;fs;

m) MW M) VG
,) vl;L <) xd;gJ [tpil: M) VG]
rpWif mshtpa TH;
7. ftp+u; eFyd; ahUila ftpijfis M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHpbgau;j;Js;shu;>

m) ghujpapd; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) thzpjhrd; <) fz;zjhrd; [tpil: m) ghujp]
8. `,Ug;gjw;bfd;Wjhd; tUfpnwhk; ,y;yhky; nghfpnwhk;~ vd;W vGjpatu;

m) ehTu; qkp M) ghujpjhd;
,) eFyd; <) Mj;khehk; [tpil: ,) eFyd;]
268
FWtpdh
1. eFyd; (o.nf. Jiurhkp) gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : eFyd;
gpwg;g[ : Fk;gnfhzj;jpy; gpwe;J/ jpUtde;jg[uj;jpy; thH;e;jtu;
fy;tp : mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf; fHfj;jpy; KJfiy gl;lk;
rpwg;g[ : g[Jf;ftpij @yk; thH;tpaYf;Fj; njitahd fUj;Jfis
eWf;bfd;W TWgtu;. midj;J rpw;wpjH;fspYk; vGjpatu;
gilg;g[fs; : @d;W/ Ie;J/ fz;zhoahFk; fz;fs;/ eha;fs;/ thf;F@yk;/ RUjp
Mfpa g[jpd=;fis vGjpa[s;shu;. ghujpahu; ftpijfis M=;fpyj;jpy;
bkhHp bgau;j;Js;shu;. 6
,ay;
2. g[Jf;ftpij vd;why; vd;d>
g[jpa totk; bfhz;l ftpij vd;w bghUs; kl;Lky;y. g[jpa rpe;jidfisa[k;/ g[jpa
fUj;Jfisa[k;/ g[Jikahfr; brhy;tJ g[Jf;ftpij MFk;.
3. `,Ug;gjw;bfd;Wjhd;
tUfpnwhk;
,y;yhky;
nghfpnwhk;.~ ,f;ftpijf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd gHbkhHpia vGJf.
fhdy; ePu; nghy.
4. `Mu;g;gupf;Fk; fly;
mjd; moj;jsk;
bksdk;.~ ,f;ftpijf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd gHbkhHpia vGJf.
Fiuf;fpw eha; ntl;il gpof;fhJ.
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 136
c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;j g[Jf;ftpijfs; rpytw;iwj; bjhFj;J tFg;giwapy; goj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
rpWif mshtpa TH;

flypy; g[ay; rpd;dk; gfy; KGtJk; ftiyfs; kz;zpd; bksdj;ijf;
kPdtu;f;Ff; ftiy ,ut[ KGtJk; fdt[fs; fiyj;jJ
khztu;f;F kfpH;r;rp kdpjd; kiHr;rhuypd; rj;jk;.

269
rpyg;gjpfhuk; ? g[fhu;f;fhz;lk;
,ay;
bra;a[s;
6 (mu=;nfw;W fhij)
? ,s=;nfhtofs;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
6 1. VH; Mz]L ,aw;wp Xu; <uhW Mz]oy; NH;fHy; kd;dw;Ff; fhl;ly; ................ bjhlu;fspy;
btspg;gLk; bra;jpfs;.
,ay;
1. khjtp VG Mz]Lfs; tiu ehl;oak; gapd;whs;.

2. <uhW tajpy; mu=;nfw;wk; bra;a tpUk;gpdhs;.
m) 1?rup/ 2?jtW M) 1?jtW/ 2?rup
,) 1?jtW/ 2?jtW <) 1?rup/ 2?rup [tpil: <) 1?rup/ 2?rup]
2. bghUj;Jf.
m) Mke;jpupif ? 1. gl;lj;J ahid
M) muR cth ? 2. @=;fpy;
,) fH+;;R ? 3. ,lf;if thj;jpak;
<) fiH ? 4. vil mst[
m) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2]
FWtpdh
1. xUKf vHpdp/ bghUKf vHpdp Fwpg;g[ vGJf.
xUKf vHpdp:
rpWif mshtpa TH;
ehl;oa nkilapd; xU g[wj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU g[wj;jpw;Fr; bry;YkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ

xU Kfj;jpiu
bghUKf vHpdp:
nkilapd; ,Ug[wj;jpypUe;Jk; eLtpy; xd;nwhL xd;W bghUe;JkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ
bghUKfj;jpiu
rpWtpdh
1.
ehl;oa mu=;fpd; mikg;ig ,s=;nfhtofs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; gh=;F Fwpj;J c=;fs;
fUj;ijf; TWf.
rpyk;g[ fhl;Lk; ehl;oa mu=;fj;jpw;fhd ,lk; :
``vz]zpa E}nyhu; ,ay;gpdpy; tHhmJ
270 kz]zfk; xUtHp tFj;jdu;~~
fw;Wzu;e;j rpw;g E}yhrpupauhy; brhy;yg;gl;l ,ay;g[ khwhj ed;dpyj;ij Mly;
mu=;fpw;fhfj; nju;e;bjLj;jdu;.
@=;fpy; bfhzu;jy; :
bghjpifkiy nghd;w kiyfspny ePz]L tsu;e;j @=;fpy;fspy;/ xU rhz] mst[
fQf;fisf; bfhz]l @=;fpy;fisf; bfhz]L te;jdu;.
Mly; mu=;fk; mikj;jy; :
`È}y;bewp kugpd; mu=;fk; msf;Fk;.~~
E}y;fspy; Twg;gl;l Kiwapy; @=;fpy; nfhy; mst[bfhz;L mu=;fk; mikj;jy;.
6
ifg;bgUtpuypy; ,Ugj;J ehd;F mst[ bfhz]ljhf mk;@=;fpiy btl;odu;. mij
mu=;fk; mikf;Fk; nfhyhff; bfhz]ldu;. mjpy; VGnfhy; mfyKk; vl;Lnfhy; ePsKk;/
xUnfhy; cauKk; cilajhf ehl;oa mu=;fk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,ay;
mu=;fpd; cs;nd/ btspna bry;Yk; tHp mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
mu=;fpd; nky;epiy khlj;jpy; Ik;g{j=;fis ahtUk; g[fGk;go rpj;jupj;J itj;jdu;.
J}z;fspd; epHy; mu=;fpy; tpHhjgo mHfhd tpsf;Ffis epWj;jpdu;.
xUKfj;jpiu/ bghUKfj;jpiu mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Kj;Jf;fshy; Md khiy mu=;fpy; bjh=;ftplg;gl;lJ.
,itna ehl;oa mu=;fpd; fhl;rpahf ,s=;nfhtofs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; gh=;F MFk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
bjhy;bewp gz;g[j;bjhif
MlYk; ghlYk; vz;Qk;ik
cWg;gpyf;fzk;
bjhGjdu; = bjhG + j; + md; + mu;

bjhG gFjp
rpWif mshtpa TH;

j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
md; rhupia
mu; glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. jiyf;nfhy; ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg jiyf;nfhy;
jiy + nfhy; kpFk;
271
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYs;s mu=;nfw;Wf; fhij mike;Js;s fhz;lk;
m) g[fhu; M) t+;rp
,) kJiu <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m) g[fhu;]
2. ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpa=;fs; vd miHf;fg;gLgit
6
m) ePynfrp/ Fz;lynfrp M) cjazFkhufhtpak;/ ehfFkhu fhtpak;
,) rpe;jhkzp/ Nshkzp <) rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy
[tpil: <) rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy]
,ay;
3. rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij ,aw;wpatu;
m) ,s=;nfhtofs; M) rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhu;
,) jpUj;jf;fj;njtu; <) ef;fPuu; [tpil: m) ,s=;nfhtofs;]
4. `nrud; jk;gp rpyk;ig ,irj;jJk;~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLgtu;
m) jpU.tp.f. M) ghujp
,) ghujpjhrd; <) k.bgh.rp. [tpil: M) ghujp]
5.
,s=;nfhtofs; jd;idg; gw;wpa Fwpg;igj; jUifapy; jhd; br=;Fl;Ltd; jk;gp
vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;oUf;Fk; fhij
m) k=;fythH;j;J M) mu=;nfw;Wfhij
,) tue;jUfhij <) Cu;NH;tup [tpil: ,) tue;jUfhij]
m) fiH ? 1. ge;jy;
M) tpjhdk; ? 2. g[Jik
,) epj;jpyk; ? 3. @=;fpy;
rpWif mshtpa TH;
<) tpUe;J ? 4. Kj;J

m) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 [tpil: m) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2]
m) ehtyk;bghyk; ? 1. ,irf;fUtpfs; thrpg;nghu;
M) muR cth ? 2. ehlff; fzpifau; bgWk;gl;lk;
,) FapYtkhf;fs; ? 3. gl;lj;J ahid
<) jiyf;nfhy; ? 4. rhk;g{ejk; vd;Dk; cau;e;j tifg; bghd;
m) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2]
m) g[upFHy; ? 1. ,lf;if thj;jpak;
272 M) gy;,ak; ? 2. bja;tg;ghly;
,) thuk; ? 3. ,d;dpirf;fUtp
<) Mke;jpupif ? 4. RUz;l Te;jy;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2
,) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
9. khjtp Mlw;fiyiag; gapd;w Mz;Lfs;
m) 5 M) 7
,) 12 <) 15 [tpil: M) 7]
10. Mly; fw;gjw;fhd rl=;Ffis khjtp bra;jnghJ taJ
m) 5 M) 7
,) 9 <) 12
11. khjtp jdJ Mliy mu=;nfw;w tpUk;gpa taJ
[tpil: m) 5]
6
,ay;
m) 7 M) 9
,) 12 <) 15 [tpil: ,) 12]
12. nkilapd; xU g[wj;jpypUe;J kWg[wj;jpw;Fr; bry;YkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ
m) xU Kfj;jpiu M) bghUKfj;jpiu
,) fue;Jtuy; epiu <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m) xU Kfj;jpiu]
13. nkilapd; ,Ug[wj;jpypUe;Jk; eLtpy; xd;nwhL xd;W bghUe;JkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ
,) fue;Jtuy; jpiu <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: M) bghUKfj;jpiu]
14. nkilapd; nkypUe;J ntz;Lk; nghJ fPnH ,wf;Fk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gLtJ
,) fue;Jtuy; jpiu <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: ,) fue;Jtuy; jpiu]
15. mu=;nfw;wj;ij btw;wpfukhf Kof;Fk; Mly;kfSf;F mspf;fg;gLtJ
m) jiyf;nfhy; M) br=;nfhy;
,) itukzp <) murhl;rp [tpil: m) jiyf;nfhy;]
16. ,e;jpudpd; kfd;
rpWif mshtpa TH;

m) rdfd; M) rae;jd;
,) mgpde;jd; <) khad; [tpil: M) rae;jd;]
17. kd;ddplkpUe;J khjtp bgw;w gupR
m) Mapuj;bjl;Lf; fH+;Rg; bghd;khiy
M) E}w;bwl;Lf; fH+;Rg; bghd;khiy
,) Mapuj;bjl;Lf; fH+;R itukhiy
<) E}w;bwl;Lf; fH+;R itukhiy [tpil: m) Mapuj;bjl;Lf; fH+;Rg; bghd;khiy]
m) ngupahH; ? 1) 7 euk;g[fisf; bfhz;lJ
M) kfuahH; ? 2) 16 euk;g[fisf; bfhz;lJ
,) rnfhlahH; ? 3) 17 euk;g[fisf; bfhz;lJ
<) br=;nfhl;oahH; ? 4) 21 euk;g[fisf; bfhz;lJ
273
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
19. bjhy;bewp/ MlYk; ghlYk; ? ,r;brhw;fSf;Fupa ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;igf; fz;lwpf.
m) tpidj;bjhif/ vz;Qk;ik
M) gz;g[j;bjhif/ vz;Qk;ik
,) bgabur;rk;/ Kw;Wk;ik
<) ctikj;bjhif/ ck;ikj;bjhif [tpil: M) gz;g[j;bjhif/ vz;Qk;ik]
20. ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk; vd;Dk; tpjpf;Fupa brhy;
6
m) bghw;Flk; M) jiyf;nfhy;
,) ngupahH; <) g{=;nfhij [tpil: M) jiyf;nfhy;]
21. jiyf;nfhyp gl;lk; bgw;wts;

,ay;
m) khjtp M) khjup
,) fz;zfp <) kzpnkfiy [tpil: m) khjtp]
22. gpw capupd=;fspypUe;J kdpjidj; jdpj;Jf; fhl;LtJ
m) mwpt[ M) Md;kpfk;
,) fiy <) +hdk; [tpil: ,) fiy]
23. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; fijj; bjhlu;r;rp
m) kzpnkfiy M) rPtf rpe;jhkzp
,) tisahgjp <) Fz;lynfrp [tpil: m) kzpnkfiy]
FWtpdh
1. jiyf;nfhy; gl;lk; bgw;wts; ahu;> Vd;>
jiyf;nfhy; gl;lk; bgw;wts; khjtp.
jd; Mly; mu=;nfw;wj;ij btw;wpfukhf Koj;jjd; fhuzkhfr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. rpyg;gjpfhuk; ? Xu; g[ul;rp fhg;gpak; v=;=dk; tpsf;Ff.
rpWif mshtpa TH;
Kjd; Kjyhfg; bgz;iz Kjd;ikg; ghj;jpukhff; bfhz;L/ mts; murid vjpu;j;J

tHf;fhoaijg; ghoajhy; g[ul;rpf; fhg;gpak; vdg;gLfpwJ.
3. ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpa=;fs; ahit> fhuzk; TWf.
rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; fijj; bjhlu;r;rpa[k;/ kzpnkfiyapy; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,it
,uz;Lk; ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpak; vdg;gLk;.
4. ghujpahu; ,s=;nfhita[k;/ rpyk;iga[k; v=;=dk; g[fH;fpwhu;>
`nrud; jk;gp rpyk;ig ,irj;jJk;~ vd;W ghujp ,s=;nfhita[k;/ rpyk;iga[k; g[fH;fpwhu;.
5. ,s=;nfhtofs; v=;F jd;id mwpKfk; bra;fpwhu;>
tue;jU fhijapy; ,s=;nfhtofs; jd;idg;gw;wp jhd; br=;Fl;Ltd; jk;gp vd;W jd;id
mwpKfk; bra;fpwhu;.
274
6. khjtpapd; ehl;oag; gapw;rp gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
khjtp/ mHfpa njhs;fis cilats;.
njDk; jhJt[k; epiwe;j g{f;fs; mzpe;j Te;jiy cilats;.
Mly;/ ghly;/ mHF vd;Dk; ,k;@d;wpy; xd;Wk; Fiwglhky; fw;wtu;fs;.
VG Mz;Lfs; Mly; fiyiag; gapd;wts;.
gd;dpbuz;lhtJ tajpy; Mliy mu=;nfw;w tpUk;gpdhs;.
7. k=;fy thH;j;Jg; ghlypy; ,irf;fUtpfs; xypj;j Kiwfis tpsf;Ff.
FHypd; tHpna ahHpir epd;wJ.
ahHpirf;F Vw;g jz;Qikahfpa kj;jyk; xypj;jJ.
jz;QiknahL ,iae;J Kot[ xypj;jJ. 6
KHt[ld; ,lf;if thj;jpak; Toepd;W xypj;jJ.
,ay;
8. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ntW bgau;fs;.
Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak;  ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpak;
@nte;ju; fhg;gpak;  bghJikf; fhg;gpak;
g[ul;rpf; fhg;gpak;  tuyhw;Wf; fhg;gpak;
Kj;jkpH; fhg;gpak;  xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak;
ehlff; fhg;gpak;  ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; bra;a[s;.
9. khjtp kd;ddplk; gupR bgw;wikia tptup.
bghd;dhy; bra;ag;gl;l xU g{=;bfho eldkhoaJ nghy; khjtp mu=;fpy; E}ypy;
brhy;yg;gl;l Kiwik jtwhJ ghtk;/ mgpeak; rupahff; filg;gpoj;J mHFw
Modhs;. Tj;Jf;F cupa ,ay;gpdpypUe;J tGthJ Modhs;.
me;j Mliyf; fz;L mfkfpH;e;j kd;dd; `jiyf;nfhyp~ vd;Dk; gl;lk; mspj;jhd;.
nkYk; mu=;nfw;wk; bra;a[k; ehlff;fzpiff;F `gupR ,t;tst[~ vd E}y; tpjpj;j
Kiwg;go `Mapuj;bjl;Lf; fH+;Rg; bghd; khiyia~ mzptpj;jhd;.
10. ahHpd; tiffs; ahit>
rpWif mshtpa TH;

21 euk;g[fisf; bfhz;l ngupahH;.
17 euk;g[fisf; bfhz;l kfuahH;.
16 euk;g[fisf; bfhz;l rnfhlahH;.
7 euk;g[fisf; bfhz;l br=;nfhl;oahH;.
11. Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak; bgau;f;fhuzk; jUf.
murf;Fo my;yhjtu;fisf; fhg;gpaj;jpd; jiykf;fshf itj;Jg; ghoajhy; `Fokf;fs;
fhg;gpak;~ vdg; bgau; bgw;wJ.
12. `,iyg; g{=;nfhij ,ay;gpdpy; tHhikj;
jiyf;nfhy; va;jpj; jiy mu=;F Vwp
tpjpKiwf; bfhs;ifapd; Mapuj;J vz; fH+;R~ ? ,lk; Rl;o bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; :
rpyg;gjpfhuk; ? g[fhu;f;fhz;lk;. mu=;nfw;w fhijapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
275
bghUs; :
khjtp kd;ddplk; gupR bgWjy;.
tpsf;fk; :
bghd;dhy; bra;ag;gl;l g{=;bfho nghy; khjtp eldkhoaJ fz;L mfkfpH;e;j
kd;dd; `jiyf;nfhyp~ vd;w gl;lj;ija[k; `Mapuj;bjl;Lf; fH+;Rg; bghd; khiyia~
guprhft[k; mspj;jhd;.
rpWtpdh
1. ehl;oa mu=;fpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.
6 VGnfhy; mfyKk; vl;Lf;nfhy; ePsKk; xU nfhy; cauk; cila ehl;oa mu=;fk;
mikj;jdu;.
,ay;
mu=;fpy; J}zpw;F nky; itj;j cj;jpug; gyiff;Fk; jsj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; gyiff;F

,ilna ,ilbtsp ehd;F nfhy; mst[ itj;jdu;.
mu=;F cs;ns/ btspna bry;y Vw;w mst[ld; ,Uthapy;fs; mikj;jdu;.
nky;;epiy khlj;jpy; Ik;g{j=;fis ahtUk; g[fGk;go rpj;jupj;J itj;jdu;.
J}zpd; epHy; fPnH tplhjgo tpsf;Ffis epWj;jpdu;.
xU Kfj;jpiu/ bghUKfj;jpiu/ fue;Jtuy; jpiu @d;iwa[k; rpwg;g[ld; mikj;jdu;.
tpjhdk;/ Kj;Jkhiy mu=;fk; KGtJk; bjh=;ftpl;ldu;.
,j;jifa ntiyg;ghLfSld; ehl;oa mu=;fk; mikj;jdu;.
2. jiyf;nfhy; mikjp ? tpsf;Ff.
mu=;nfw;wj;ij btw;wpfukhf Kof;Fk; Mly; k=;iff;F mspf;Fk; gl;lk;.
,j;jiyf;nfhy; g[fH; bfhz;l kd;dDld; nghupl;L mtdplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;l
btz;bfhw;wf; Filapd; fhk;gpy; bra;ag;gLtJ.
fhk;gpd; fQf;fs; KGtJk; etkzpfs; ,Uf;Fk;. mf;fQf;fSf;F rhk;g{ejk; vDk;
bghd;jfl;il tyk;g[upahft[k;/ ,lk;g[upahft[k; Rw;wpf; nfhyhf;FtJ.
kd;ddpd; muz;kidapy; itj;J ,e;jpud; kfd; rae;jd; vd mf;nfhiy epidj;J
rpWif mshtpa TH;
tHpgLtu;.
jiyf;nfhiy g[z;zpa ejp ePiug; bghw;Fl=;fspy; bfhz;L te;J ePuhl;Ltu;.
khiyfs; mzptpj;J/ KuR KH=;f/ thj;jpa=;fs; xypf;f Ik;bgU=;FG/ muru;
NH;e;Jtu/ gl;lj;J ahid njiu tyk; te;J mjd; nky; cs;s ftp+dplk;
mj;jiyf;nfhiyf; bfhLf;Fk;.
midtUk; Cu;tykhf te;jgpd; ftp+d; jiyf;nfhiy Mly; mu=;fpy; itg;ghu;fs;.
3. khjtpapd; ehl;oaj;ij k=;fy thH;j;Jg; ghlyhy; mwpayhFk; bra;jp ahJ>
murd; Kjyhndhu; jj;jk; jFjpf;F Vw;g ,Uf;ifapy; mku;e;jdu;.
,irf;fUtpfis thrpg;nghu; epw;f ntz;oa Kiwg;go epd;wdu;.

ehlff; fdpifahfpa khjtp tyf;fhiy Kd; itj;J Vwp/ bghUKf vHpdpf;F
epiyapldhd tyj;Jld; mUnf epd;whs;.
276
Mlypy; nju;r;rp bgw;w njhupa kfspu; xUKf vHpdpf;F ,lg;gf;fj; J}zpd; mUnf
epd;wdu;.
ed;ik/ bgUft[k;/ jPik eP=;ft[k; ntz;o
`Xbuhw;Wthuk;~/ `<buhw;Wthuk;~ vd;Dk; bja;tg;ghliy Kiwahfg; ghodu;.
,irf;fUtpfs; midj;Jk; Tl;lhf ,irj;jd.
4. `MlYk; ghlYk; mHFk; vd;W ,f;
Twpa @d;wpd; xd;W Fiwglhky;
VG Mz;L ,aw;wp Xu; <u; MW Mz;oy;
NH;fHy; kd;dw;Ff; fhl;ly; ntz;o~ ? ,lk; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
,lk; :
,s=;nfhtofs; vGjpa rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; g[fhu;f;fhz;lj;jpy; mu=;nfw;Wf; fhijapy;
6
,ay;
,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs; :
khjtpapd; ehl;oag; gapw;rp bgw;w Kiwfs;.
tpsf;fk; :
mHfpa njhs;fis cila khjtp/ njDk;/ jhJt[k; epiwe;j g{f;fis mzpe;j
RUz;l Te;jiy cilats;. mts; Mly;/ ghly;/ mHF ,k;@d;wpy; vd;Wk; Fiwglhky;
VG Mz;Lfs; Mly; fiyiaf; fw;W/ jd; gd;dpuz;L tajpy; mu=;nfw;wpdhs;.
5. rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
rpyk;g[ + mjpfhuk; = rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
fz;zfpapd; fhy; rpyk;ghy; cUthd fij.
@d;W fhz;l=;fs; Kg;gJ fhijfs; bfhz;lJ. mit Kiwna: g[fhu; fhz;lk; ? 10"
kJiuf; fhz;lk; ? 13" t+;rpf; fhz;lk; ? 7 vd bkhj;jk; ? 30
ntW bgau;fs; : Kj;jkpH;f; fhg;gpak;/ ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpak;/ @nte;ju; fhg;gpak;/
Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak;/ ehlff; fhg;gpak;/ xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak;/ bghJikf; fhg;gpak;/
tuyhw;Wf; fhg;gpak;.
rpWif mshtpa TH;

cz;ikfs; : murpay; gpiHj;njhu;f;F mwk; Tw;whFk;" ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cau;e;njhu;
Vj;Jtu;" CH;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk;.
6. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,irf;fUtpfs; xypj;j Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
FHypd; tHpna ahHpir epd;wJ.
ahHpd; tHpna kj;jsk; xypj;jJ.
jz;QiknahL KHt[ xypj;jJ.
KHt[ld; ,lf;if thj;jpak; To epd;W xypj;jJ.
,t;thW midj;Jf; fUtpfSk; ,iae;J ,irj;jd.
277
gs;sp tpHhf;fs;/ Cu;j;jpUtpHh/ gl;okd;wk;/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp epfH;t[fSf;fhd mu=;fk;/

muR tpHhf;fSf;fhd nkil nghd;wtw;wpd; mu=;f mikg;g[/ xyp/ xsp mikg;g[/ jpiu
my=;fhuk; Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.
g=;F bgWnthu; : nerd;/ thrd;/ uhrd;
nerd; : hd; new;W vdJ gs;spapd; Mz;L tpHhtpw;Fr; brd;wpUe;njd;. m=;F

e
ehd; fz;l nkil gw;wpf; TWfpnwd;. jiuapypUe;J gj;J mo cau nkil
6 nghlg;gl;oUe;jJ. nkilahdJ ,UgJ mo mfyKk;/ 12 mo cauKk;
bfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jJ. ,Ug[wj;jpypUe;J tUkhWk;/ nkny VWkhWk;
,ay;
jpiur;rPiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;oUe;jd. nkilapd; gpd;gf;fKk; kw;w ,uz;L

gf;f=;fSk; xU bjUt[f;Fs; ele;J bry;tJ nghd;w xU (bjUf;fspd;) Xtpak;
tiuag;gl;oUe;jJ. nkilapd; nky;gf;fj;jpy; tl;l totpyhd Xtpak;
,Ue;jJ. nkilapd; Kd;gf;f Xuj;jpy; ,uz;L Xyp th=;fpfs;/ nkilapd; Kd;
gf;fj;jpy; tz;z tz;z xspfisg; gha;r;Rk; RHy; tpsf;Ffs;/ nkilia
xl;o/ ,U bgUk; xyp bgUf;fpfs; vd mw;g[jkhf nkil mikf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ.
thrd; : ,uz;L ehl;fSf;F Kd; v=;fs; Cu;j;jpUtpHhtpw;Fr; brd;wpUe;njd;. m=;nf
gujehl;oa nkil mikj;jpUe;jhu;fs;. ehd;F mo cauj;jpy; xU nkil.
Kd; gf;fk; jtpu kw;w @d;W gf;f=;fSk; Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;l Jzpfshy;
kiwf;fg;gl;oUe;jd. nkYk; tz;z tpsf;Ffshy; nkil my=;fupf;fg;gl;L
,Ue;jJ. nkilapd; nky; ,Ug[wKk; tha;ghl;L/ kpUj=;fk;/ nkhu;rp=;/ tPiz
thrpg;gtu;fSf;F vdf; fiy+u;fSf;F ,lk; xJf;fg;gl;oUe;jd.
uhrd; : v=;fs; Cupy; gl;okd;w epfH;itg; ghu;f;f new;W brd;wpUe;njd;. kpf caukhd
nkil/ fPnH jiu tpupg;g[/ nkilapd; gpd;gf;fk; milg;gpy; eLtu; kw;Wk;
ngr;rhsu;fspd; bgau;fs; vGjg;gl;oUe;jd. nkilapd; ,Ugf;f=;fspYk; Maj;j
xypth=;fp nkilfs;/ fz;izg; gwpf;Fk; xsp tpsf;Ffs;/ eLtu; mku;tjw;F
kpfg; bgupa mku;t[ ,Uf;if vd;W ghu;f;f mHfhf ,Ue;jJ.
rpWif mshtpa TH;
nerd; : khk; ez;gu;fns- Kw;fhy=;fs; nghy; ,y;yhky; ,d;W nkilfs;

M
my=;fhukhft[k;/ tpsf;fpd; xspapy; gfy; nghyt[k;/ nkilapy; fz;izf; ftUk;
rpy Xtpa=;fSk; bjspthf xyp th=;fpapdpd;W btsptpLk; xypg;bgUf;Fg;
bgl;ofs; vd ,ijg; gw;wpa xU ghu;it ek;ik tpaf;f itf;fpwJ. mJkl;Lkh/
,j;jidiaa[k; mikf;f me;jj; Jiwapy; nju;r;rp bgw;w iftpidf;
fiy+u;fs;/ ,tu;fspd; xj;JiHg;ghnyna ,j;jifa nkilfs; fz;izf;
ftUfpd;wd. bjUf;Tj;jhf ,Ue;j nkil ,d;W jpiug;glj;ij neupy; ghu;f;Fk;
csg;gh=;fpid cz;lhf;Fk; mstpw;F nkilapy; totikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
``Mlj; bjupahjtDf;F bjUf; nfhzy; vd;ghdhk;~~
,e;jg; gHbkhHp bgha;j;Jtpl;lJ ,e;j ehspy;.

278
,ay;
bra;a[s;
6 bka;g;ghl;oay;
? bjhy;fhg;gpau;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdh
1. vz]tif bka;g;ghLfs; ahit>
eif (rpupg;g[)  mGif
6
,ay;
,sptuy; (rpWik)  kUl;if (tpag;g[)
mr;rk; (gak;)  bgUkpjk; (bgUik)
btFsp (rpdk;)  ctif (kfpH;r;rp)
vd;gd vz]tif bka;g;ghLfshFk; ? bjhy;fhg;gpau;.
rpWtpdh
1. VnjDk; ,uz]L bka;g;ghLfs; njhd;Wtjw;fhd NH;epiyiaf; fw;gidahfg; gilf;f.
tpag;g[ :
ePz]l ehshf vdf;F fhy; Kl;oapy; typ jPutpy;iy. vd; cwt[f;fhuu; gf;fj;J
Cu; ju;fhtpy; bksytp xUtu; XJfpwhu;. mtuplk; brd;why; cly; nehbay;yhk; jPu;e;J
tpLfpwJ ngha; ghu; vd;whu;. ek;gpf;ifnahL brd;nwd;. tupirapy; epd;nwd;. vd;
Kiw te;jJ. cs;nsr; brd;nwd; mtu; Xjpa rpy epkpl=;fspy; vd; cly; FzkhfpaJ
vdf;F xnu tpag;g[- mGifa[k; te;jJ. vdf;F vd;d tpag;g[- thg;ghtplk; ,g;gobahU
kfj;Jtkh-
bgUik :
rpWif mshtpa TH;

2004Mk; Mz;L flY}upy; Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L jd; jha; je;ijaiu
,He;J mdhijahf muRf; fhg;gfj;jpy; nru;f;fg;gl;lhs;. me;jg; bgz; FHe;ijia
khupag;gd; vd;w clw;fy;tp Mrpupau; ,d=;fz;L muR cjtpnahL jd; ,y;yj;jpw;F
miHj;Jte;J jd; FHe;ijnghy; tsu;j;jhu;. fy;tpnahL nru;e;J fhy; ge;jpYk; me;jg;
bgz;iz <LgLj;jpdhu;. gl;lk; Koj;j me;jg; bgz; fhy; ge;jpy; KGf; ftdk; brYj;jp
Mrpa mstpy; eilbgw;w fhy;ge;Jg; nghl;oapy; ,e;jpa mzp rhu;gpy; tpisaho btw;wp
bgw;whs;. jd; jha; je;ijaiu ,He;jhYk; tsu;g;g[j; je;ijahy; milahsk; fz;L
mtUf;Fk; flY}u; khtl;lj;jpw;Fk; bgUik nru;j;jhs;.
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[
eif/ mGif/ ,sptuy;/ kUl;if/

bjhHpw;bgau;fs;
mr;rk;/ bgUkpjk;/ btFsp/ ctif
279
cWg;gpyf;fzk;
eif = eF + I kUl;if = kUs; + if

eF gFjp (eif MdJ tpfhuk;) kUs; gFjp (`s;~ `l;~ MdJ tpfhuk;)
I bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp if bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp
btFsp = btFs; + ,
btFs; gFjp
, bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp
6 TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
gyt[s; bjupf
m) eif ? 1. bgUik
M) ,sptuy; ? 2. tpag;g[
,) kUl;if ? 3. rpWik
<) bgUkpjk; ? 4. rpupg;g[
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
2. btFsp/ ctif ? Kjypa brhw;fspd; bghUs; Kiwna ................. vd;gjhFk;.
m) rpdk;/ kfpH;r;rp M) rpWik/ rpupg;g[
,) tpag;g[/ bgUik <) kfpH;r;rp/ rpdk; [tpil: m) rpdk;/ kfpH;r;rp]
3. bjhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLk; bka;g;ghL.

m) MW M) VG
rpWif mshtpa TH;
,) vl;L <) xd;gJ [tpil: ,) vl;L]

4. `brhw;nfl;lhu;f;Fg; bghUs; fz;Tlhjy;~ vd;W Twpa ciuahrpupau;
m) er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; M) nrdhtiuau;
,) nguhrpupau; <) moahu;f;F ey;yhu; [tpil: ,) nguhrpupau;]
5. ftp fz;fhl;Lk; vd;W Twpa ciuahrpupau;

m) er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; M) nrdhtiuau;
,) nguhrpupau; <) moahu;f;F ey;yhu; [tpil: ,) nguhrpupau;]
6. nguhrpupau; vd;ghu; ................. ciuahrpupau; Mthu;.
m) ed;D}y; M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
,) ahg;gU=;fy <) bjhy;fhg;gpa [tpil: <) bjhy;fhg;gpa]
280
7. eif/ mGif/ ,sptuy;/ kUl;if/ mr;rk;/ bgUkpjk;/ btFsp/ ctif ? ,r;brhw;fSf;Fupa
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
m) gz;g[j;bjhiffs; M) tpidj;bjhiffs;
,) bjhHpw;bgau;fs; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: ,) bjhHpw;bgau;fs;]
8. `<l;Lg[fH; ee;jp ghzeP~ ? vd;Dk; ee;jpf;fyk;gf ghlypy; ,lk;bgWk; bka;g;ghL
m) eif M) mGif
,) kUl;if <) btFsp [tpil: m) eif]
9.
ghzdpd; ghliyf; nfl;ltu;fspd; Tw;whfj; jiytp TWtdtw;iwg; bghUj;jpf;
fhl;Lf.
m) jha;
M) njhHp
?
?
1.
2.
ghzd;
eup
6
,ay;
,) gpwu; ? 3. eha;
<) jiytp ? 4. nga;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
,) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 <) 1/ 4/ 2/ 3 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
10. ~Inah vdpd; ahd; g[yp m+;Rtny~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;W mofspy; ,lk;bgWk; bka;g;ghL;
m) eif M) mGif
,) btFsp <) ,sptuy; [tpil: M) mGif]
11. `bjhlu;g;ghL +kypapd; ,lu;g;gLj;J ,hP,a~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;W mofspy; ,lk;bgWk;

nrud; fizf;fhy; ,Uk;bghiw Fwpj;jhd bka;g;ghL
m) eif M) ,sptuy;
,) kUl;if <) rpdk; [tpil: M) ,sptuy;]
12.
`mkuu;f;F murd; jku;te;J <z;o~ vd;W fz;zfp thD}u;jpapy; thDyF brd;w
fhl;rpiaf; fhQk; Fd;wtu;fspd; bka;g;ghL
m) ,sptuy; M) ctif
,) kUl;if <) mr;rk; [tpil: ,) kUl;if]
rpWif mshtpa TH;

13.
ìkay; ntHk; kl=;fypd; vjpu;ju~ vd;Dk; Fwp+;rpg;ghl;L mofspy; ,lk;bgWk;
bka;g;ghL
m) eif M) mGif
,) mr;rk; <) bgUkpjk; [tpil: ,) mr;rk;]
14. `cWRlu; thnshL xUfhy; tpy=;fpd;~ vd;Dk; g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy mofshy;

czu;j;jg;gLk; bka;g;ghL
m) mr;rk; M) bgUkpjk;
,) btFsp <) ctif [tpil: M) bgUkpjk;]
15.
`cWJg;g[ m+;rhJ/ cly;rpdk; brUf;fp~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;W mofshy; ghz;oau;
beL+;brHpadpd; mwpayhFk; bka;g;ghL
,) btFsp <) ctif [tpil: ,) btFsp]
281
16.
`kz;ly kjpakd;d khrW Kfj;jpdhSe; ... ~ vd;w mofspy; btspg;gLk; Fe;jpapd;
btspg;ghL
,) btFsp <) ctif [tpil: <) ctif]
17. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf
m) ghzd; ? 1. ctif
M) fizf;fhypUk;bghiw ? 2. btFsp
,) ghz;oad; beL+;brHpad; ? 3. ,sptuy;
<) Fe;jp ? 4. eif
6 m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2
M)
<)
2/ 3/ 1/ 4
2/ 4/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
,ay;
18. `ca;g;nghd; bra;jJ fhz;nghu;f;F va;Jjy;

bka;g;gh bld;g bka;a[zu;e; njhnu~ ? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
m) bjhy;fhg;gpak; M) ed;D}y;
,) ek;gpf;ifg;bghUs; <) brapw;wpak; [tpil: <) brapw;wpak;]
19. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; bka;g;ghl;oay; ............... mjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
m) vGj;J M) brhy;
,) bghUs; <) ahg;g[ [tpil: ,) bghUs;]
20. jkpHpy; fpilf;fg; bgw;w Kjy; ,yf;fz E}y;
,) bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; <) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy
[tpil: m) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
21.
jkpH;bkhHpapd; mikg;ig tpjpfshf;fp tpsf;FtnjhL jkpH;f; ftpijapaypd;
El;g=;fisa[k; ngRk; E}y;
m) jpUf;Fws; M) ehyoahu;
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) ahg;gU=;fhyf;fhupif [tpil: ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;]
22. bjhy;fhg;gpak; KGikf;Fk; ciu vGjpatu;;
rpWif mshtpa TH;
m) ,sk;g{uzu; M) nrdhtiuau;
,) nguhrpupau; <) er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; [tpil: m) ,sk;g{uzu;]
23. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpid ,aw;wpatu;
m) mfj;jpau; M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
,) rkzKdptu; <) gtze;jp Kdptu; [tpil: M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;]
FWtpdh
1. bka;g;ghL vd;why; vd;d>
,yf;fpaj;ijg; gof;fpd;wnghJ mjd; bghUis MHg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; fhl;lg;gLk;
czu;r;rp btspg;ghl;L Ritna bka;g;ghL vd;gu;.
`brhw;nfl;lhu;f;Fg; bghUs; fz; Tlhjy;
ftp fz; fhl;Lk;~ vd;Wk; bjhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrpupauhd nguhrpupau; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
282
2. bjhy;fhg;gpaiuj; jkpH;r; rhd;nwhu; vt;thW nghw;Wfpwhu;>
bjhy;fhg;gpaiuj; jkpH;r; rhd;nwhu; `xy;fhg; bgUk;g[fH;e;j bjhy;fhg;gpad;~ vd;W
nghw;Wfpwhu;fs;.
3. bjhy;fhg;gpak; KGikf;Fk; ciubaGjpatu; ahu;>
bjhy;fhg;gpak; KGikf;Fk; ciuj;je;jtu; `,sk;g{uzu;~ Mthu;.
beLtpdh
1. vz;tif bka;ghLfis ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
6
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
eif
,ay;
mGif
,sptuy; (rpWik)
kUl;if (tpag;g[)
mr;rk;
bgUkpjk; (bgUik)
btFsp (rpdk;)
ctif (kfpH;r;rp)
Kot[iu
eif :
<l;Lg[fH; ee;jp ghzeP- v=;ifau; jk;
tPl;oUe;J ghl tpotst[k;......
vDk; ghly;fspy; ghzdpd; Fuiy jiytp vs;sp eifahLfpwhs;.
eP ,ut[ KGtJk; ghoaij vd; jha; nga; vd;whs;/ gpwu; eup vd;whu;/ njhHp eha; vd;whs;.
Mdhy; ehndh eP vd;nwd;.
mGif :
rpWif mshtpa TH;

Inah vdpd; ahd; g[yp m+;Rtny
mizj;jdd; bfhspnd mfd; khu;g[.......
vd;w ghlyofspy; fhl;oy; g[ypnahL nghuho ,we;j jiytidg; gw;wp jiytp Jauk;
bfhs;tjhf cs;sJ.
jiytd; cliyg; ghu;j;J Inah vd;W fjwpdhy;/ g[yp te;JtpLnkh vd;W m+;Rfpwhs;.
J}f;fpr; bry;yyhk; vd;why; `cdf;F mfd;w khu;g[ cd;idj; J}f;f ,ayhJ~ vd;W
Jd;g[Wfpwhs;.
,sptuy; (rpWik) :
bjhlu;g;gL +kypapd; ,lu;g;gLj;J ,hP,a
nfsy; nfspu; ntshz; rpWgjk;......
vd;w ghlypy; nruDf;F Vw;gl;l rpWikia vz;zpg; ghLtjhf mikfpwJ.
ehiar; r=;fpypahy; fl;o itj;J Jd;g[Wj;jpaJ nghy vd;idj; Jd;g[Wj;jpdu;.
rpiwapypl;l cd; cjtpahy; te;j jz;zPiu ehd; ,ue;J cz;zkhl;nld;. 283
kUl;if (tpag;g[) :
mkuuu;f;F murd; jku;te;J <z;o mts;
fhjy; bfhGeidf; fhl;o.....
vDk; tUk; ghly; mofspy; fz;zfp nfhtyndhL brd;w fhl;rp tpag;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
,e;jpud; nfhtyndhL te;J gj;jpdpahfpa fz;zfpia tpz;Qf;F miHj;Jr; brd;w
tpag;ghd fhl;rp.
mr;rk; :
ikay; ntHk; kl=;fypd; vjpu;ju
6
ca;t[ ,lk; mwpnak;.....
vDk; ,g;ghlypy; mr;rk; btspg;gLfpwJ.
kjk; gpoj;j ahid ku=;fis Kwpj;jJ" fhu;nkfk; ,og;gJ nghy; KH=;fpaJ. capu;
,ay;
gpiHg;gjw;F ntW ,lk; ,y;yhky; kfspu;jk; if tisay; xypf;f kapy; nghy; eL=;fp
epd;whu;fs;.
bgUkpjk; (bgUik) :
cWRlu; thnshL xUfhy; tpy=;fpd
rpW Rlu; Kw;ngu; ,Ush=; fz;lha;.....
,g;ghlypy; jdpbahU tPud; bgUk; gilia vjpu;j;j bgUikia tpsf;FfpwJ.
xspkpf;f ntypida[k;/ njd; epiwe;j khiya[k; cila nte;jnd- thSld; bgUk;
giliaj; jLg;ngd;. mg;bgUk;gil rpWtpsf;fpd; Kd; ,Us; XLtJ nghy; XLk;.
btFsp (rpdk;) :
cWJg;g[ m+;rhJ/ cly; rpdk; brUf;fpr;
rpWbrhy; brhy;ypa rpd=;bfG nte;jiu
vd;w ghly; mofspy; beL+;brHpadpd; rpdk; Twg;gLfpwJ.
jd;id ,isatd; vd;W vs;spa nte;ju;fis rpjwp Xlr; bra;J Kuira[k; ifg;gw;Wntd;
vd;W brHpad; rpd=;bfhs;fpwhu;.
rpWif mshtpa TH;
ctif (kfpH;r;rp) :
kz;ly kjpakd;d khrW Kfj;jpdhSe;
jpz;owd; kUfd;.....
,g;ghlypy; kiH nkfj;ijf; fz;l kapy; nghy kfpH;r;rp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fe;jp jd; jpwd; kpf;f kUkfd; fz;zidf; fz;l fhl;rp bts;siyfs; epiwe;j ePyf;
flypd; ePiu Kfe;J tUk; nkfj;ijf; fz;l njhif kapy; nghy kfpH;e;J tuntw;whs;.
1. ePtpu; ghu;j;j jpiug;glk; xd;wpy;/ btspg;gl;l bka;ghLfs; Fwpj;J vGJf.

jpiug;gl cyfpy;/ fiy btspg;ghl;ow;fhfnt jahupf;fg;gl;l gl=;fspy;
jpy;yhdh nkhfdhk;ghs; nghd;w xU glj;ijf; fhtpakhfnt kf;fs; ghu;f;fpd;wdu;.
284
,g;glj;jpy; eog;g[f;fiyapy; gpurpj;jpg; bgw;w n$hofshd rpth$p ? gj;kpdp ,iz
eturj;ija[k; btspg;gLj;Jk; fhl;rpfspy; eye;jhdh ghly; fhl;rp bka; kaf;fr;
bra;JtpLk;.
e
ye;jhdh/ eye;jhdh/ clYk; cs;sKk; eye;jhdh vd;w ghly; fhl;rpapy; gj;kpdpapd;
fz;fspy; vz;tif bka;g;ghLfisa[k; jhz;oa xU btspg;ghL/ mtuJ g[Utk;
jtpf;Fk; ghtid vGj;jpy; tptupf;f ,ayhJ.
,e;jg; bgz;gl;l ghl;il ahu; mwpthu; ? vd;w ghly; fhl;rpapy; fz;fspy; gdpf;Fk;
fz;zPu; mGifia ekf;fpilna tutiHf;Fk;.
rpth$papd; g[z;gl;l iffis Jz;L kiwj;jpUf;Fk;. jdJ Ke;jhidahy;
tprpwptpl;Lg; ghu;f;Fk; gj;kpdpapd; ghu;itapy; btspg;gLk; mr;rt[zu;t[ ek;ikr;
rpypu;f;f itf;Fk;. 6
,ay;
jpiug;glk; brhy;yhj fija[kpy;iy
fij brhy;yhj fhjYkpy;iy.
2. vz;tif bka;g;ghLfSf;F Vw;w jpiuapirg; ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[ xd;iw cUthf;Ff.

vz;tif bka;g;ghLfs;:
eif/ mGif/ ,sptuy;/ kUl;if/ mr;rk;/ bgUkpjk;/ btFsp/ ctif
eif rpupg;g[ tUJ rpupg;g[ tUJ
rpupf;f rpupf;f rpupg;g[ tUJ
mGif cd;id epidr;nrd; ghl;L gor;nrd;
j=;fnk- +hdj; j=;fnk-
,sptuy; ghl;&h ghU- ghl;&h ghU-
gil eL=;Fk; ghl;&h ghU-
kUl;if ehd; ghu;j;jjpny mts; xUj;jpiaj;jhd;
ey;y mHfp vd;nwd; ey;y mHfp vd;nwd;
mr;rk; Nufhsp nghy thuhlh
Rj;jp Rj;jp thuhlh
rpWif mshtpa TH;

bgUkpjk; btw;wp kPJ btw;wp te;J vd;idr; nrUk;
mij th=;fpj; je;j bgUikbay;yhk; cd;idr; nrUk;
btFsp Fapiyg; g[or;rp Tz;oy; milr;rp
ghlr; brhy;Yfpw cyfk;
ctif re;njh&k; fhzhj ehs; cz;lh
r=;fPjk; ghlhj ehs; cz;lh

285
6
,ay;
Jizg;ghlk;
eofu; jpyfk;
? ghyr;re;jpud; Rs;spf;fhL
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
6 1. kfheofiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdnthl;lj;ij eaj;Jld; vGJf.

Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
,ay;
Kd;Diu
kdnthl;lk;
fz;bfhs;shj fhl;rpfs;
fk;gPu eil
ahu; ,e;jg; igad;
kdjpy; eP=;fh epd;w trdk;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
jd; fiyj;jpwdhy; fhz;gtiuj; jd; trg;gLj;jpa eog;g[yfpd; rf;futu;j;jp vdg;
nghw;wg;gLgtu; rpth$p fnzrd;. jd; trdj;jpw;F capu; bfhLj;J cly; mirt[fshYk;/
cUl;L tpHpfshYk; kf;fisf; fl;og;nghl;l fiy+u;. czu;t[fisj; jd; Kd;
Fwpg;g[fshYk;/ cly; bkhHpfshYk; btspg;gLj;jpa kfh eofiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd;
kdnthl;lk; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
kdnthl;lk;:
,d;W kjpak; rupahf @d;W kzpf;F uh$h gpf;ru;!; ngy!pd; bts;spj;jpiuapy;
rpWif mshtpa TH;
eog;g[r; rf;futu;j;jp eofu; jpyfk; rpth$p fnzrd; eof;Fk; `j=;fg; gjf;fk;~ vd;W Kg;gJ
Mz;LfSf;F Kd; nfus tPjpapy; Ml;nlh upf;rhtpy; joj;jf; Fuypy; xypj;j ,is+u;
Rs;spf;fhL ghyr;re;jpud; 18 taJ epuk;gpatd;. xU ntis rhg;ghl;ow;fhft[k;/ Ie;J
qgha; Typf;fht[k; khiy tiu Ciur; Rw;wpatd; ,d;W mnj eofu; jpyfk; ,y;yj;jpy;
mtnuhL tpUe;J vd;why; epidj;Jf; Tlg; ghu;f;fKoahj fdnthL Toa epidt[fs;.
fz;bfhs;shj fhl;rpfs;:
rpth$papd; miHg;ig Vw;W mtu; ,y;yk; brd;nwhk;.
ntiyahl;fs; v=;fis cs;ns tUkhW brhd;dhu;.
cs;ns bry;Yk; nghJ fz;bfhs;shf; fhl;rpfs;
fhyk; khWk; vd; fhl;rpfs; khwp midj;Jk; neupilf; fhl;rpfshapd.
vd;dbtd;W brhy;y ,ayhj Vf;fj;njhL cs;ns EiHe;njhk; ehDk;/ uh$pt[k;.
286
,ay;gha; brd;w ehd; xU fl;lj;jpy; eL=;fpg; nghndd;. mJ tPly;y/ muz;kid"
rpw;g ntiyg;ghLfs; epuk;gpa ,y;yk;.
xUg[wk; tPuj;ija[k;/ fk;gPuj;ija[k; giwrhw;Wk; fl;lbghk;kd; g[ifg;glk;.
mLj;J/ cilths; cUtpa rj;ugjp rpth$pahf ek; rpth$p.
ke;jfhr g[d;difnahL ,uh$uh$d; glk;
gpbu+;R muR ghuhl;oa brthypau; tpUJ bgw;w glk;
vy;yhk; ghu;j;J ,urpj;jg;gona cs;nsr; brd;W mku;e;njhk;.
fk;gPu eil:
6
kfpH;thd jUzj;jpy; khk;gHr;rhW Foj;J Koj;jnghJ kidtpa[k; ntiy
Ml;fSk; ,Ug[wk; ele;J tu fk;gPukha; rpth$p fnzrd; v=;fisg; ghu;j;jthnw te;jhu;.
xt;bthU eilapd; moa[k; vLj;J itf;Fk;nghJ jiyepkpu;e;J/ be+;R tpupj;J/
,ay;
,irf;F mirg;gJ nghy; iftPrp/ mirah ,iknahL. njhs;fs; Kd;ndhf;fp rha
rp=;feil ele;J tUtijg; ghu;j;J v=;fis mwpahky; vGe;J tz=;fpndhk;. v=;fis
mkur; brhy;yp mtUk; mku;e;jhu;.
ahu; ,e;jg; igad;>
rpth$p uh$Pt;fhe;jpaplk; ahu; ,e;jg; igad; vd;W nfl;lhu;. clnd mtu; ,td; xU
kiyahsf; ftp+d; vd;whu;.
18 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; xU ntis rhg;ghl;Lf;fhft[k;/ Ie;J qgha; Typf;fhf
ciHj;j ehd; ,d;W ftp+d; vd;W TWk; nghJ vdf;Fs;ns xU kfpH;r;rp.
clnd rpth$pnah ,uz;L iffshy; vd;id tz=;fpdhu;.
ehd; epidj;njd;. vdf;fh tzf;fk;> ,y;iy/ ,y;iy.
vdf;fhd kupahij ,y;iy fhtpaf; fiyaplk; @j;j fiy+Df;F cs;s fdpt[.
kdjpy; eP=;fh epd;w trdk;
rpth$p fnzrid nehf;fp/ tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd; trdk; +hgfk;
,Uf;fpwjh> vd;whu; uh$pt;.
ehd; eL=;fpndd;. clnd mtu; rpwpJ neuk; fz;@o/ eP Vu; gpoj;jhah> fis
btl;odhah> vd;w trdj;ij bfh+;rKk; kwf;fhky; xnu @r;rpy; brhy;yp Koj;jhu;.
rpWif mshtpa TH;

bew;wpapy; cs;s tpau;itia toj;J tpl;L rpth$p mku;e;jhu;.
clnd rpth$p kiyahsj;jpy; rupj;jpu ehlf=;fs; ,y;iyah vd;whu;.
uh$pt; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;whu;.
rpth$p trdk; ,uz;L ngRk; vd;whu;.
rpth$p vjpupy; trdk; ngRtJ ehdh vd;W ngrpndd; ,g;goahf ngrptpl;L
tz=;fp g[wg;gl;nlhk;.
Kot[iu:
ghyre;jpuDk;/ ez;gUk; rpth$p ,y;yj;jpy; ,Ue;J g[wg;gl;ldu;. Fuy; tpw;Wg;
gpiHj;j me;jg; igadpd; rj;jk; ,g;nghJ mtu; kdnthl;lj;jpy;.
`be+;rk; kwg;gjpy;iy
epidt[fs; eP=;Ftjpy;iy
vd;W ghof;bfhz;nl efu;e;J ghyre;jpudpd; kdnthl;l=;fs; mike;Js;sJ.
287
2. c=;fs; Cu;g;gFjpapy; thGk; fiy+u; xUtiu neupy; ghu;j;j mDgtj;ij tptupj;Jf;

fl;Liuahf;Ff.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
thGk; fiy+u;
jpUtprey;Y}u; b$auhkd;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
6 v=;fs; Cupy; thH;e;Jf;bfhz;L v=;fSf;F bgUikr; nru;j;J/ ,irf;Fg; bgUik
nru;j;j jpUitahWf;F mUnfa[s;s jpUtprey;Y}u; ehj!;tu tpj;thd; b$auhkidg;
,ay;
gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.

thGk; fiy+u; :
,d;Wk; ,ir Kk;@u;j;jpfspd; xUtuhd jpahfuh$Uf;F ,ir tpHh j+;ir
khtl;lk; jpUitahw;wpy; epfH;e;J tUfpwJ. j+;ir/ Fk;gnfhzk;/ kapyhLJiwg;
gFjpfspy; ,irapd; gw;gy Jiwfspy; fiy+u;fs; ,d;Wk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. j+;ir
khtl;lk; vd;whny ed;bra; kl;Lky;y. ey;ypirapYk; fiy+u;fs; ,Ug;gJ rpwg;g[.
jpUtprey;Y}u; b$auhkd; :
Fk;gnfhzj;jpd; fpHf;nf 5 fp/kPl;lu; bjhiytpy; cs;s Cu; jpUtprey;Y}u;.
mt;t{upy; vy;yhuhYk; mwpag;gl;l jpU.b$auhkd;. ehj!;tuf; fiy+iug; ghu;f;fr;
brd;nwd;. Xl;L tPL/ tPl;od; Kw;gFjpapy; ,uz]L ehw;fypfs;/ xU ePz]l nkir
mt;tst[jhd;. tPl;od; Kd;g[wr; Rtupy; fhUf;Fwpr;rp mUzhr;ryk;/ kJiu M.P.M.
bghd;Dr;rhkp rnfhjuu;fs;/ uh$uj;jpdk; gps;is ,tu;fspd; g[ifg;gl=;fs;/ ghu;j;Jf;
bfhz]oUf;Fk; nghnj tzf;fk;/ th=;f jk;gp vd;w Fuy;. ehDk; vGe;J tz=;fp
epd;nwd;. vGgJ tajpUf;Fk;. tWikapd; rhay; bjupe;jJ. Iah/ c=;fisg; gw;wpr;
brhy;Y=;fnsd; vd;nwd;. v=;fs; tPl;oy; ehj!;tuk; thrpg;gJ bjhHpyhf ,Ue;jJ. vdJ
jhj;jh fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;nj ehj!;tuj;ijf; ifapy; vLj;J tpl;nld;. vdf;F vd; je;ij
rpWif mshtpa TH;
@r;ir mlf;Fk; gapw;rpia ePUf;Fs; @H;fpf; fw;Wf; bfhLj;jhu;. gY}d;fspy; fhw;iw

xnu @r;rpy; Cjg; gapw;rp mspj;jhu;. ehj!;tuj;ijg; gpof;Fk; Kiwiar; brhd;dhu;. kd
xUikg;ghL gw;wpf; Twpdhu;. fPu;j;jd=;fspy; Vw;w ,wf;fk;/ xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; ,ilbtsp
neuk; brhy;ypf; bfhLj;jhu;.
vdJ je;ij brhy;ypf;bfhLj;j mog;gilg; gapw;rpa[k;/ vdf;Fs; ,Ue;j ,ir
mwpt[k;/ MtYk; vd;id kf;fSf;Fg; gupr;rak; Mf;fpd. tUkhdk; vd;gJ nghJkhdjhf
,Ue;jhYk; njitfis g{u;j;jpr; bra;a gw;whf;Fiwjhd;. ,g;bghGJ vdf;Fs;ns xnu xU
Vf;fk;jhd; vd;dbtd;why; ehd; fw;w bfh+;rk; mjhtJ Fiwthd fiyia ahUf;fhtJ
brhy;ypf; bfhLf;fQk;. mJjhd; vd; $PtDila Mty; vd;whu;. jpy;yhdh nkhfdhk;ghs;
glj;jpd; eyk;jhdh thrpj;Jf;fhl;odhu;. mjprapj;J tpl;nlhk;. mg;gobahU thrpg;g[.
v=;fshyhd xU md;gspg;ig mtUf;F mspj;J tPL jpUk;gpndhk;. me;j ,irnkij ?
ehbky;yhk; gof;fhj xU nkij.
288
Kot[iu:
,irahy; trkhfh ,jankJ-
,iwtnd ,ir totk;jhd;-
ek; jkpHu;fspd; gz;ghl;il ,d;W ngzpf; fhj;Jf;bfhz;oUf;fpd;w b$auhkid

tz=;fp eype;j fiy+iu ehk; vy;nyhUk; xd;WTo cau;j;Jnthk; vd;W Twp
tpilbgw;nwhk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf 6
,ay;
1.
èofu; jpyfk;~ vd;Dk; ghlg;gFjp kiyahsf;ftp+Uk; eofUkhd ghyre;jpud;
Rs;spf;fhL vGjpa ................ vd;Dk; Eypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
m) rpjk;gurpj;j M) rpjk;gu !;kuz
,) ghyr;re;jpu !;kuz <) rpth$p !;kuz [tpil: M) rpjk;gu !;kuz]
2.
ghyr;re;jpud; Rs;spf;fhL vGjpa E}iy ~rpjk;gu epidt[fs;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;
bkhHpbgau;j;jtu;
m) nf.tp. iry$h M) uh$Pt;ehj;
,) $hd;ghy; <) bt._uhk; [tpil: m) nf.tp. iry$h]
3. eog;g[yfpd; rf;futu;j;jp vdg;gLgtu;

m) khu;yd; gpuhz;nlh M) rhu;yp rhg;spd;
,) rpth$p fnzrd; <) mu;dhy;L [tpil: ,) rpth$p fnzrd;]
4. `vd;idg; nghy; rpth$p eog;ghu;. Mdhy; vd;dhy;jhd; rpth$pnghy; eof;f KoahJ~
vd;W Fwpg;gpl;l eofu;
m) khu;yd; gpuhz;nlh M) mkpjhg; gr;rd;
,) mu;dhy;L <) $hf;fprhd; [tpil: m) khu;yd; gpuhz;nlh]
rpWif mshtpa TH;

5. rpth$p fnzrDf;Fr; brthypau; tpUjspj;j muR
m) M=;fpy muR M) gpbu+;R muR
,) ,e;jpa muR <) ,y=;if muR [tpil: M) gpbu+;R muR]
m) CHpj;jhz;ltk; ? 1. ghujp
M) ftr Fz;lyk; ? 2. fhspjhrd;
,) fhsnkfk; ? 3. fu;zd;
<) cd;djf;ftp ? 4. Uj;ud;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
,) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
289
7. rpth$p fnzrd; gpwe;j Cu;

m) j+;rht{u; M) tpGg;g[uk;
,) mupaY}u; <) tlY}u; [tpil: M) tpGg;g[uk;]
8. rpth$p fnzrdpd; fy;tpj; jFjp
m) gs;spf;Tlj;jpy; goj;jnjapy;iy
M) ,s=;fiy gl;lk;
,) Kidtu; gl;lk;
<) @d;whk; tFg;g[ [tpil: m) gs;spf;Tlj;jpy; goj;jnjapy;iy]
6
9. rpth$p fnzrd; FLk;gj;ijf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf ehlff; fk;bgdpapy; nru;e;j nghJ taJ
m) ehd;F M) Ie;J
,) MW <) vl;L [tpil: M) Ie;J]
,ay;
10. mz;zhJiuapd; ehlfj;jpy; rj;ugjp rpth$pahf ntlnkw;W eoj;jtu;

m) vk;.$p.Mu;. M) rpd;idah fnzrd;
,) b$kpdp fnzrd; <) vk;.Mu;.,uhjh [tpil: M) rpd;idah fnzrd;]
11. tp.rp. fnzrDf;F ~rpth$p fnzrd;~ vd;W bgaupl;ltu;

m) mwp+u; mz;zh M) F.fhkuhru;
,) je;ij bgupahu; <) K. fUzhepjp [tpil: ,) je;ij bgupahu;]
12. rpth$p fnzrd; eoj;j Kjy; jpiug;glk;

m) j=;fg;gjf;fk; M) tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd;
,) guhrf;jp <) ghrkyu; [tpil: ,) guhrf;jp]
13. rpth$p fnzrid cyf gpurpj;jp bgw;w eofdha; khw;wpa jpiug;glk;

m) guhrf;jp M) +hdxsp
,) uh$ghl; u=;fJiu <) tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd;
[tpil: <) tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd;]
14. (bfa;nuh) Mg;gpupf;f?Mrpaj; jpiug;gl tpHhtpy; rpth$p fnzrDf;F tH=;fg;gl;l tpUJ

rpWif mshtpa TH;
m) rpwe;j eofUf;fhd tpUJ M) brthypau;

,) jhjhrhbfg; <) M!;fhu; [tpil: m) rpwe;j eofUf;fhd tpUJ]
1.
guhrf;jp/ tPughz;oa fl;lbghk;kd;/ fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHd;/ jpUtpisahly; nghd;w
jpiug;gl=;fspy; ,lk; bgw;w rpth$pfnzrdpd; trd=;fis cupa cr;rupg;g[ld; ngrp
tFg;giwapy; eoj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
290
guhrf;jp ? trdk; : tPughz;oa fl;lg;bghk;kd; ? trdk; :
nfhtpypny FHg;gk; tpistpj;njd; fp!;jp/ jpiw/ tup/ tl;o
g{rhupiaj; jhf;fpndd; thdk; bghHpfpwJ/ g{kp tpisfpwJ
Fw;w+;rhl;lg;gl;oUf;fpnwd; ,g;go cdf;F Vd; bfhLg;gJ fp!;jp
vy;yhk; v=;fnshL taYf;F te;jhah
eP=;fs; vjpu;ghu;g;gPu;fs; Vw;wk; ,iwj;jhah
,ijbay;yhk; kWf;fg; nghfpnwd; vd;W ePu;g;gha;r;rpdhah
,y;iy ,y;ynt ,y;iy epr;rakhf ehw;W el;lhah
,y;iy.
6
fis gwpj;jhah
nfhtpypy; FHg;gk; tpistpj;njd; fHdp thH;cHtUf;Ff;
nfhtpy; TlhJ vd;gjw;fhf my;y f+;rpf;fyak; J}f;fpdhah
,ay;
nfhtpy; bfhoatupd; Tlhukhf m=;F bfh+;rp tpisahLk;
,Uf;ff;TlhJ vd;gjw;fhf. vk;Fy k=;ifau;f;F k+;rs; miuj;Jf;
bfhLj;jhah
my;yJ khkdh kr;rhdh
khd=;bfl;ltnd......
fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHd; ? trdk; :
tp+;r;Jiu : beUg;igf; ff;Fk; vupkiy eP=;fs;. eP=;f ele;jh g{kpna elf;FJ. ngrpdh
g[ul;rpna tUJ. vGjpdh fyfk; tUJ. ke;jputhjp=;f khjpup $d=;fs
Ml;oitf;fpwP=;f. vd;dhnkd; vd;d> ehd;b!d;!;.
t.c.rp : mg;go ehd; vd;da;ah ngrpndd;> ve;ehl;L kf;fs; Rnjrp gf;jp bfhs;sr;
brhd;ndd;.
tp+;r;Jiu : brhd;nd nkd;. brhd;nd. Rnjrp bghUis btWf;fr; brhd;nd.
t.c.rp : Mk;. tpahjpf;F kUe;bjhd;W brhd;ndd;.
tp+;r;Jiu : Rk;khfple;j $d=;fs J}z;otpl;l nkd;. J}z;otpl;l nkd;.
t.c.rp : ,y;y. gabkd;Dk; gs;sj;ij jhz;lr; brhd;d.
rpWif mshtpa TH;

tp+;r;Jiu : mjpfhuj;ij mtkhdg;gLj;Jd.
t.c.rp : ,y;y. mfk;ghtj;ij mHpf;fr;brhd;d.
jpUtpisahly; ? trdk;
Tj;jd; : nfs;tpfis eP nfl;fpwhah......> my;yJ ehd; nfl;fl;Lkh.....>
jUkp : eP nff;fhnj. ehd; nff;fpnwd;. vdf;F nff;fj;jhd; bjupa[k;.
Tj;jd; : nfSk;....
jUkp : rw;W bghWk;.
Tj;jd; : k;k;k;..... nfSk;....
jUkp : gpupf;fKoahjJ vd;dnth...>
Tj;jd; : jkpGk; Rita[k;.
jUkp : gpupaf;TlhjJ...>
291
Tj;jd; : vJifa[k; nkhida[k;.

jUkp : nru;e;nj ,Ug;gJ...>
Tj;jd; : tWika[k; g[yika[k;.
2. c=;fs; gFjpapy; thH;e;J tUk; fiy+u; xUtiu neupy; fz;l mDgtj;ij vGJf.
fiyfis tsu;j;j bgUikf;F cupa Cu; Fk;gnfhzk;. mt;t{upy; gujk;/ ,ir/
fUtp ,ir Kjyhd fiyfs; ,d;wst[k; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Cupy;jhd;
khbgUk; fiy+u;fs; nf.Mu;. ,uhkrhkp/ vk;.$p.,uhkr;re;jpud;/ fhsp.vd;. ,uj;jpdk;
nghd;wtu;fs; thH;e;jhu;fs;. ,J Fk;gnfhzj;jpw;nf bgUik juf;Toa xd;W.
6
Fk;gnfhzk; gf;jnfhoj; bjUtpy; trpf;Fk; gujehl;oa fiy+u; xUtiu re;jpf;Fk;
tha;g;g[ vdf;Ff; fpl;oaJ. mtu; bgau; khyh (bgau; khw;wk; bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ). mg;gh
,y;iy" mk;kh kl;Lk; cz;L. Fk;gnfhzk; gs;spfspy; gof;fpd;w gps;isfSf;F gujk;
,ay;
fw;Wf;bfhLj;J tUfpwhu;.
vdJ kfSf;Ff; gujk; fw;Wj;ju mDkjp nfl;L/ mtuplk; brd;wpUe;njd;.
xj;Jf;bfhz;l mtu; jhd; ehl;oak; MoabghGJ vLj;Jf;bfhz;l g[ifg;gl=;fis
vd;dplk; fhl;odhu;.
vz;tif bka;g;ghLfisa[k; btspf;bfhzu;e;J mtu; gujk; Moa mHF
ghuhl;Ljw;FupaJ. mgpeak;/ ghtid/ g[Ut tist[fs;/ iftpuypd; mirt[fs;
Kjyhdtw;iwg; ghu;g;gjw;F mw;g[jkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;gobahU ey;y fiy+u; rhjhuz
tPl;oy; thH;fpwhuh vd;w nfs;tp v=;fSf;Fs; vGe;jJ.
jpy;yhdh nkhfdhk;khs; vd;w jpiug;glj;jpy; fjhehafp gj;kpdp Moa
`kiwe;jpUe;J ghu;f;Fk; kUkk; vd;d~ vd;w ghly; v=;fSf;F kpft[k; gpof;Fk; vd;nwhk;.
xU gj;Jepkplk; v=;fis mkur; brhy;yptpl;L me;j miwapnyna mgpeak; gpoj;J
mHfhf Modhu;. mj;jifa Ml;lj;ij eh=;fs; ,Jtiu ghu;j;jnjapy;iy.
thGk; fiy+u; mtu;. ,tu; nghd;w fiy+u;fis thH itf;f ekJ muR xU
mwf;fl;lis mikf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vdJ tpUg;gk;. ,j;jifa fiy+u;fSf;F
Xa;t{jpak; tH=;fntz;Lk; vd;gJ vdJ ntz;LnfhSk; Tl. muR ehl;oag; gs;spfs;
rpWif mshtpa TH;
bjhl=;f ntz;Lk;. fiyiaa[k;/ fiy+iua[k; nghw;w ntz;Lk;.

,Wjpahf/ me;jf; fiy +hdp bfhLj;j Fk;gnfhzk; ofpup fhgpnahL tPL
jpUk;gpndhk;.

292
6
,ay;
,yf;fzk;
fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk;
,yf;fzj; nju;r;rp bfhs; gf;fk;: 151
1. Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; brhw;bwhliuj; jk; ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;ltu;

m) rpt+hd Kdptu;
,) MWKf ehtyu;
M) kapiy ehju;
<) ,sk;g{uzu; [tpil: M) kapiy ehju;]
6
,ay;
2. Tw;W 1 : fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; brhy; fhg;g[ + ,ak; vdg; gpupe;J kuigf; fhg;gJ/ ,ak;g[tJ/
btspg;gLj;JtJ/ bkhHpiar; rpijahky; fhg;gJ vd;bwy;yhk; bghUs;
jUfpwJ.
Tw;W 2 : Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fSs; xd;W ePynfrp.
m) Tw;W 1 rup/ Tw;W 2 jtW M) Tw;W 2 rup/ Tw;W 1 jtW
,) ,uz]Lk; rup <) ,uz]Lk; jtW [tpil: m) Tw;W 1 rup/ Tw;W 2 jtW]
3. rupahdtw;iwg; bghUj;jpj; nju;f :
m) fhij ? 1. fe;jg[uhzk;
M) rUf;fk; ? 2. rPtfrpe;jhkzp
,) ,yk;gfk; ? 3. Nshkzp
<) glyk; ? 4. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
4. jtwhd ,iziaj; nju;f :
ghtif ,yf;fpak;
rpWif mshtpa TH;

m) tpUj;jg;gh ? ehyoahu;
M) Mrpupag;gh ? mfehD}W
,) fypbtz]gh ? J}J
<) Fws; btz]gh ? jpUf;Fws; [tpil: m) tpUj;jg;gh ? ehyoahu;]
FWtpdh
5. fhg;gpak; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit >
fhg;gpak; ,U tifg;gLk;. mit/ Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpak;/ I+;rpWfhg;gpak;.
Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; :
rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ tisahgjp/ Fz]lynfrp/ rPtfrpe;jhkzp.
I+;rpWfhg;gpa=;fs; :
ePynfrp/ Nshkzp/ cjazFkhu fhtpak;/ anrhju fhtpak;/ ehfFkhu fhtpak;.
293
6. fhg;gpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gpw bgau;fs; ahit>

bghUl;blhlu;epiyr; bra;a[s;/ fijr;bra;a[s;/ mfyf;ftp/ bjhlu;eilr; bra;a[s;/
tpUj;jr;bra;a[s;/ ciuapilapl;lghl;Lilr; bra;a[s;/ kfhfhtpak;.
7. fhg;gpar; rpw;WWg;g[fs; rpytw;iw vGJf.
fhij/ rUf;fk;/ ,yk;gfk;/ glyk; Kjyhdit fhg;gpaj;jpd; rpw;WWg;g[fs; MFk;.
8. ghtpfk; ? tpsf;Ff.
fhg;gpaj;jpd; gz]ghfg; ghtpfk; vd;gijj; jz]oay=;fhuk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
fhg;gpaf; ftp+d; typa[Wj;j tpUk;g[k; mog;gilf; fUj;ijg; ghtpfk; vd;gu;.
6
v.fh: gpwdpy; tpiHnthu; fpisbahL=; bfLg vd;gJ fk;guhkhazj;jpd; ghtpfk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
gyt[s; bjupf
m) fhij ? 1. rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ fk;guhkhazk;
M) rUf;fk; ? 2. fe;jg[uhzk;/ fk;guhkhazk;
,) ,yk;gfk; ? 3. rPtf rpe;jhkzp
<) glyk; ? 4. Nshkzp/ ghujk;
c) fhz;lk; ? 5. rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy
m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4/ 5
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1/ 5 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1/ 5 [tpil: m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
2. EPOS vd;Dk; fpnuf;fr; brhy;ypd; bghUs;;

m) brhy; my;yJ ghly; M) vGj;J my;yJ ftpij
,) thf;fpak; my;yJ tuyhW <) gf;jp my;yJ gz;ghL
[tpil: m) brhy; my;yJ ghly;]
rpWif mshtpa TH;
3. ed;D}Yf;F ciu vGjpatu;

m) kapiyehju; M) rp.it. jhnkhjudhu;
,) nrdhtiuau; <) ,sk;g{uzu; [tpil: m) kapiyehju;]
4. `g+;rfhg;gpak;;~ vd;Dk; brhw;bwhlu; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l E}y;
m) ed;D}y; M) jkpH;tpLJ}J
,) bghUs;bjhif epfz;L <) jpUj;jzpif cyh [tpil: M) jkpH;tpLJ}J]
5. rpWfhg;gpa=;fs; Ie;J vd;W tH=;Fk; tHf;fk; rp.it.jhnkhjudhu; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ng

,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gd mwpa bra;tJ
m) kapiyehjupd; ed;D}y; ciu
M) rp.it. jhnkhjudhupd; Nshkzp gjpg;g[iu
,) bghUs;bjhif epfz;L
<) jpUj;jzpif cyh [tpil: M) rp.it. jhnkhjudhupd; Nshkzp gjpg;g[iu]
294
6. tlbkhHpapy; `fht;ajuprk;~ vd;w E}iyj; jGtpj; jkpHpy; vGjg;gl;l mzpapyf;fz E}y;
m) jz;oay=;fhuk; M) khwdy=;fhuk;
,) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; <) bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; [tpil: m) jz;oay=;fhuk;]
7. jz;oay=;fhuk; fhg;gpa tif ................ gFf;fpd;wJ.

m) ,uz;lhf M) @d;whf
,) ehd;fhf <) Ie;jhf [tpil: m) ,uz;lhf]
8. `ghtpfk; vd;gJ fhg;gpa gz;ng~ vd;W TWk; E}y;
6
,) jz;oay=;fhuk; <) khwdy=;fhuk; [tpil: ,) jz;oay=;fhuk;]
9. bgU=;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fupa ehd;Ftif cWjpg;bghUs;fSk; gpw cWg;g[fSk; KGikahf
mikag;bgw;W tps=;Fk; fhg;gpak;
,ay;
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) kzpnkfiy
,) rPtfrpe;jhkzp <) tisahgjp [tpil: ,) rPtfrpe;jhkzp]
10. `gpwdpy; tpiHnthu; fpisbahL=; bfLg~ vd;gJ ................ ghtpfk;.

m) fk;guhkazj;jpd; M) rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd;
,) rPtfrpe;jhkzpapd; <) Fz;lynfrpapd; [tpil: m) fk;guhkazj;jpd;]
11. jz;oay=;fhuk; TWk; `bjhlu;epiy~ vd;Dk; bra;a[s; tif ................ Fwpg;gjhFk;.

m) rpw;wpyf;fpaj;ij M) mf ,yf;fj;ij
,) fhg;gpaj;ij <) g[w ,yf;fpaj;ij [tpil: ,) fhg;gpaj;ij]
12. bghUs;bjhlu;epiyf;fhd E}y;fs;

m) rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ fk;guhkhazk;
M) me;jhjp ,yf;fpa=;fs;
,) rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fs;
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m) rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ fk;guhkhazk;]
13. tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; xnutifr; mbra;a[spy; mike;jit
rpWif mshtpa TH;

m) rPtfrpe;jhkzp/ fk;guhkhazk;
M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy
,) Fz;lynfrp/ tisahgjp
<) ,uhtzfhtpak; [tpil: m) rPtfrpe;jhkzp/ fk;guhkhazk;]
14. ghl;Lk; ciueila[k; fye;J gy;tifr; bra;a[s;fspy; mike;jJ

m) fk;guhkhazk; M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
,) Fz;lynfrp <) tisahgjp [tpil: M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;]
15. `me;jhjp ,yf;fpa=;fs;~/ bra;a[s; tiffspy; ................ rhd;whf mikfpd;wd.

m) bghUs;bjhlu;epiyf;F M) brhy;bjhlu;epiyf;F
,) bjhifepiyf;F <) Kj;jfj;Jf;F [tpil: M) brhy;bjhlu;epiyf;F]
295

m) ghujpahu; ? 1. gh+;rhyp rgjk;
M) ghujpjhrd; ? 2. kUkf;fs; tHp khd;kpak;
,) ftpkzp ? 3. ghz;oad; gupR
<) fz;zjhrd; ? 4. kh=;fdp
m) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 [tpil: m) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4]

m) ftpnahfp Rj;jhde;j ghujpahu; ? 1. VRfhtpak;
6 M) g[ytu; FHe;ij
,) ghujpjhrd;
?
?
2.
3.
guhrf;jp kfhftpak;
,uhtz fhtpak;
,ay;
<) fz;zjhrd; ? 4. ,Uz;ltPL

m) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 <) 1/ 4/ 2/ 3 [tpil: m) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1]
18. `Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp~ vd;Dk; FW=;fhg;gpaj;ij ,aw;wpatu;
m) ghujpjhrd; M) fz;zjhrd;
,) ftpkzp <) g[ytu; FHe;ij [tpil: M) fz;zjhrd;]
FWtpdh
1. fhg;gpak; ? bgau;f;fhuzk; TWf.
M=;fpyj;jpy; EPIC vd;gu;.
EPOS vd;w fpnuf;fr; brhy;. EPOS vd;gjw;Fr; brhy; my;yJ ghly; vd;gu;.
tlbkhHpapy; fhtpak; vd;gu;.
fhg;g[ + ,ak; vdg; gpupj;J kuigf; fhg;gJ ,ak;g[tJ.
bkhHpiar; rpijahJ fhg;gJk; vd;gu;.
2. fhg;gpa mikg;g[ Kiwia tpsf;fpg; gl;oay; ,Lf.
rpWif mshtpa TH;
fhg;gpaj;jpd; rpw;WWg;g[fs; :
fhij/ rUf;fk;/ ,yk;gfk;/ glyk; gy rpw;WWg;g[fs; bjhFjp fhz;lk; vd;gu;.
fhij ? rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy
rUf;fk; ? Nshkzp/ ghujk;
,yk;gfk; ? fe;jg[uhzk;/ fk;guhkhazk;
fhz;lk; ? rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ fk;guhkhazk;
3. jz;oay=;fhuk; TWk; fhg;gpa ,yf;fzj;ij tpsf;Ff.
tlbkhHpapy; `fht;ajuprk;~ vd;w E}iyj; jGtpj; jkpHpy; vGjg;gl;l mzp ,yf;fz E}y;.
,e;E}ypy; bgU=;fhg;gpak;/ rpWfhg;gpak; vdg; gpupf;fg;gl;L ,yf;fzk; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhg;gpa=;fs; :
`xnu tifr; bra;a[shYk;
296 gy tifr; bra;a[shYk;~ MFk;.
4. rpWfhg;gpaj;jpw;Fupa ,yf;fzk; jUf.
mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk;/ tPL ehd;fDs; xd;nwh ,uz;nlh Fiwe;J tUtJ rpW fhg;gpak;
MFk;.
5. ghtpfk; vd;why; vd;d>
fhg;gpaj;jpy; ftp+d; typa[Wj;j tpUk;g[k; mog;gilf; fUj;nj ghtpfk; MFk;.
6. fk;guhkhzj;jpd; ghtpfk; ahJ>
`gpwdpy; tpiHnthu; fpisbahL=; bfLg~ vd;gnj MFk;.
7. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; ghtpfk; TWf.
6
murpay; gpiHj;njhu;f;F mwk; Tw;whFk;
ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cau;e;njhu; Vj;Jtu;
CH;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;Lk; ? vd;gnjahFk;.
,ay;
8. fhg;gpak; vd;gJ ahJ>
xU bkhHpapd; tsj;ijf; fhg;gpa=;fns g[yg;gLj;Jk;.
vspa eil/ ,dpa fij/ mHfpay;/ fw;gid Mfpa xU nru mike;j ,yf;fpa totnk
fhg;gpakhFk;.
9. bjhlu;epiy vd;gJ ahJ>
xU ghliya[k; kw;bwhU ghliya[k; brhy;yhYk; bghUshYk; bjhlu;g[ Vw;gLj;Jk;
bra;a[s; tif bjhlu;epiy MFk;.
10. bjhlu;epiy vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit> rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: bghUs; bjhlu;epiy/ brhy; bjhlu;epiy.
bghUs; bjhlu;epiy : rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ fk;guhkhazk;.
brhy; bjhlu;epiy : me;jhjp/ ,yf;fpa=;fs;.
11. jz;oay=;fhuk; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
mzp ,yf;fzj;ijf; TWk; E}y;. tlbkhHpapy; `fht;ajuprk;~ vd;w E}iyj; jGtp
vGjg;gl;lJ.
rpWif mshtpa TH;

,e;E}y; Kj;jfk;/ Fsfk;/ bjhifepiy/ bjhlu;epiy vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
bjhlu;epiy vd;Dk; tif fhg;gpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
rpWtpdh
1. bgU=;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fz;lhd ,yf;fzk; jUf.

thH;j;Jjy; bja;tj;ij tz=;Fjy;/ tUbghUs; ciuj;jy;/ @d;wpy; xd;nwh/
,uz;nlh my;yJ @d;nwh tUjy; ntz;Lk;.
mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk;/ tPL ehd;Fk; jpuz;l bghUshf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
jd;dpfu; ,y;yhj jd;ikf; bfhz;ltdhfj; jiytd; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
18 cWg;g[fSk;/ ,aw;if tUzidfs; mikjy; ntz;Lk;.
jpUkzk;/ kf;fl;ngW/ KoNly; epfH;t[ ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
mikr;ru;fSld; fye;Jiuahly;/ J}J/ nghu; btw;wp epfH;t[fs; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
297
fijg;nghf;F tupirg;go mikjy; ntz;Lk;.

cl;gpupt[fSs; rUf;fk;/ ,yk;gfk;/ fhij/ gupr;nrjk; vd;w bgau;fspy; VnjDk; xd;W
mikjy; ntz;Lk;.
vz; tifr;Rit bka;g;ghl;Lf; Fwpg;g[fs; miljy; ntz;Lk;.
,itna bgU=;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fupa ,yf;fzk; MFk;.
rpyg;gjpfhug; ghlg;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s fhg;gpa ,yf;fzf;TWfisf; fl;Liuahf
6
vGJf.
tpag;g[:
mu=;nfw;w fhij epfH;t[fspd; nghf;F:
,ay;
khjtp mu=;fpy; njhd;wp ehl;oa E}ypy; brhy;yg;gl;l Kiwikj; jtwhJ/

ghtk;/ mgpeak; ,tw;iwr; rupahff; filgpoj;J ed;ik bgWft[k; jPik eP=;ft[k; ntz;o
`Xbuhw;Wthuk;~ `<buhw;W thuk;~ vd;Dk; bja;tg; ghliy Kiwahfg; ghl ghlYf;F
Vw;g ,ir mikf;f khjtp Moaijf; fz;L midtUk; tpae;jdu;.
bfhil:
kd;dd; gl;lKk; gupRk; khjtpf;F mspj;jJ:
khjtpapd; Mly; fz;L mfkfpH;e;jhd; kd;dd;.
khjtpf;F `jiyf;nfhy; mupit~ vd;Dk; gl;lj;ij tH=;fpdhd;.
Mapuj;bjl;Lf; fH+;Rg; bghd; khiyia kd;dd; guprhf tH=;fpdhd;.
ghlg;gFjpf;Fk; fhg;gpa ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fk; cs;s bghUj;jk;
bgUkpjk;:
mu=;nfw;Wfhijapy; jiykfshf cs;s khjtpapd; ehl;oak;/ mu=;nfw;wk;
nghd;wtw;iwf;; fz;L gupR bgWjy;/ ,d;gk; fhQjy; Mfpaitf; fhg;gpa ,yf;fzj;jpw;F
bghUj;jkhf cs;sJ.
kd;ddpd; nghu;:
rpWif mshtpa TH;
nrhH kd;dd; gifkd;dDld; epfH;j;jpa nghupy; gwpj;j btz;bfhw;wf;

bfhilapd; fhk;gpy; bra;ag;gLtJ jiyf;nfhy;. ,t;tplj;jpy; nghu; btw;wpr; bra;jp
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,t;btw;wpr; bra;jp fhg;gpa ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fg; bghUj;jkhdJ.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 153
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;
it.K. nfhijehafp (1901?1960)
Ie;jiu tajpy; jpUkzk; bra;J bfhLf;fg;gl;l bgz] xUtu;. jd; FLk;gj;jhuplnk
fy;tp fw;whu;. fij TWtjpy; Mu;tk; bfhz]oUe;j mtu; jd; fw;gid Mw;wyhy;
298 njhHpau;fSf;F g[jpa fijfis cUthf;fpf; Twpdhu;. mijf; fz]l mtuJ fztu;
mg;bgz]zpd; gilg;ghw;wiy Cf;Ftpf;fg; gy ehlf=;fSf;F miHj;Jr; brd;whu;.
mg;bgz]Qf;F ehlfk; vGj ntz]Lk; vd;w Mu;tk; Vw;gl;lJ. Mdhy; Xust[ kl;Lk;
vGjj; bjupe;j jd;dhy; ehlfk; vGj Koa[k; vd;W mtu; tUe;jpa nghJ/ mtuJ njhHp/
ehlfj;ij mtu; brhy;yr; brhy;yj; jhd; vGJtjhff; Twp Cf;fg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,g;goj;jhd;
mg;bgz] jd;Dila Kjy; E}yhd `,e;jpu nkhfdh~ vd;w ehlf E}iy btspapl;lhu;.
mtu;jhd; èhty; uhzp~/ `fjh nkhfpdp~/ `Vf murp~ vd;bwy;yhk; jk; rkfhy vGj;jhsu;fshy;
miHf;fg;gl;l it.K.nfh. (ìtj;jkhepjp KLk;ig nfhijehafp mk;khs;~) Mthu;.
,tu; `$fd; nkhfpdp~ vd;w ,jiH Kg;gj;ije;J Mz]Lfs;
bjhlu;e;J elj;jpdhu;. bgz] vGj;jhsu;fisa[k;/ thrfu; tl;lj;ija[k;
6
cUthf;fpdhu;. fhe;jpaj;jpd; kPJ gw;Wk; cWjpa[k; bfhz]oUe;j
,tu; jk; vGj;Jfshy; kl;Lkd;wp nkilg;ngr;rpd; @yKk; fhe;jpaf;
bfhs;iffisg; gug;g[iu bra;jnjhL tpLjiyg; nghuhl;lj;jpy;
,ay;
g=;nfw;Wr; rpiwf;Fk; brd;whu;. jkpHfg; bgz] tuyhw;wpy; jdpj;J
milahsk; fhl;lg;gl ntz]oa rpwg;g[f;Fupatuhd it.K.nfh.
mtu;fs; 115 ehty;fs; vGjpa[s;shu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
`FLk;gnk cyfk;~ vd;W bgz]fs; thH;e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;/ tPl;ow;F btspna cyfk;
cz]L vd;gijg; bgz]fSf;Fj; jd; thH;tpd; @yk; ,dk; fhl;oa bgUikf;F cupatu;
it.K.nfh. mk;ikahu;.
mtUila vGj;jhw;wYf;bfhU rhd;W :
``vd;d ntof;if- mof;fo ghl;o `cyfhDgtk;//// cyfk; gytpjk;//// nyhnfh
gpd;dUrp~/// vd;bwy;yhk; brhd;dijf; nfl;lnghJ vdf;F xz;Qnk g[upahJ
tpHpj;njnd /// ghl;o brhy;ypa trd=;fis tplf; foj=;fs; gytw;iwg; goj;jhy; mJnt
kfj;jhd nyhfhDgt=;fis cz]lhf;fptpLk; nghypUf;fpwnj- ghtk;- ngRtJ nghynt
jd;Dila kdj;jpDs;sijf; bfhl;o mse;Jtpl;lhs;///// ehd; fpuhkj;ij btWj;Jr;
rz]ilapl;L tPzhf mtu; kdij nehtof;fpnwd;. ,ts; gl;lzj;ij btWj;Jj; jd;
bfhr;ir ghi&apy; mjd; cz]ik !;tqgj;ij glk; gpoj;Jf; fhl;o tpl;lhns- /// vd;d
cyf tprpj;jpuk;-/// vd;W fl;LkPwpa tpag;gpy; rpj;uh @H;fpdhs;.~~
(`jghy; tpndhjk;~ FWehtypy; ,Ue;J)
rpWif mshtpa TH;

tpdhf;fs; :
1. it. K. nfhijehafpapd; Kjy; E}y; vJ>
2. cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf: bjhlu;e;J
3. ,g;gFjpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ctk cUgpid vLj;J vGJf.
4. gpupj;bjGJf: g=;nfw;W
5. g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf: jd;Dila
tpilfs; :
1. ,e;jpu nkhfdh
2. bjhlu;e;J ? bjhlu; + j;(e;) + j; + c
bjhlu; ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp (e; MdJ tpfhuk;)/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
3. nghynt (nghy)
299
4. g=;nfw;W ? g=;F + Vw;W

5. jd;Dila ? jd; + cila
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xd;W capu;tupd; xw;W ,ul;Lk; vd;w tpjpg;go/ jd;d; + cila
vd;whdJ.
cly; nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng vd;w tpjpg;go/ (d;+c=D) jd;Dila
vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
Popular as the ‘Cultural Capital’ of India, Tamil Nadu is extremely well-known for its
6 marvellous temples and other architectural gems. The state rose to prominence primarily because
of its well-known and outstanding Tanjore Paintings that flourished at the time of Chola dynasty in
ancient Tanjavoor. In this traditional art form, the paintings showcase the embellished form of the
,ay;
sacred deities of the region. The deities in the paintings are festooned with glass pieces, pearls,
semi-precious stones, and gold and other vibrant colours. In the modern times, Tanjore paintings look
up to human figures, animals, floral motifs and birds as muses.
jkpHhf;fk;:
,e;jpahtpy; jkpHfk; fyhr;rhuj; jiyefukhfj; jpfH;fpwJ. jkpH;ehL
gpuk;khz;lkhd nfhtpy;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; fl;llf;fiyfSf;Fk; g[fH;bgw;wJ. Fwpg;ghf/
j+;rht{u; Xtpa=;fs; nrhH tk;rj;jpd; fyhr;rhu=;fisa[k; gz;ila j+;rht{upd; ghuk;gupa
fiy/ Xtpa=;fs; kw;Wk; g[dpj bja;t=;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; bgau; bgw;wJ. bja;t=;fspd;
cUt=;fs; fz;zhoj; Jz;Lfs; Xtpa=;fs;/ Kj;Jf;fs;/ tpiy cau;e;j fw;fs; kw;Wk;
j=;fk; Mfpatw;wpy; gy tz;z=;fspy; bghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. etPd fhyj;jpy; j+;rht{u;
Xtpa=;fs; kdpj cUt=;fs;/ tpy=;Ffs;/ jhtu=;fs; kw;Wk; gwitfs; ? cUt=;fs;
bfhz;ljhfg; g[jpa gupzhkk; bgw;Ws;sd.
fPH;f;fhQk; bjhlu;fspy; milg;g[f;Fs; cs;s bgau;r; brhy;iyj; bjhlu;fSf;F
Vw;wthW khw;wp vGJf.
v.fh: fgpyd; jpwikahdtu; vd;W .............. (Fkud;) bjupa[k;.
rpWif mshtpa TH;
fgpyd; jpwikahdtu; vd;W FkuDf;Fj; bjupa[k;.

1. new;W Kjy; ............... (miz) ePu;kl;lk; cau;e;J tUfpwJ. tpil: mizapd;
2. c=;fSf;F ............... (ahu;) ed;ik vd epidf;fpwPu;fs;. tpil: ahuhy;
3. KUfd; ............... (ntfk;) brd;Wk; ngUe;ijg; gpof;f ,aytpy;iy. tpil: ntfkhfr;
4. ek;Kila ............... (njit) mst[ Fiwe;jhy; kfpH;r;rp bgUFk;. tpil: njitapd;
bghUs; ntWghL mwpe;J bjhlu; mikf;f.
v.fh: fsk; ? fyk; : nghu;f;fsj;jpy; g[z]gl;l tPuu;fSf;Ff; fyj;jpy; ePu; jug;gl;lJ.
tyk;/ tsk; : Mw;wpd; tyg;g[wk; cs;s tay;fs; ePu;tsj;jhy; brHpj;jpUe;jd.
1. g[y; ? g[s;
g[y; jiuapy; g[l;fs; (g[s;fs;) Tl;lk; mku;e;J tpisahod.
300
2. ciH ? cis
jdJ Kjyhspf;fhf ciHf;Fk; Fjpiuapd; cis (gplup kapu;) kpft[k; mHfhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
3. fhd; ? fhz]
fhdfj;jpy; thGk; tpy=;Ffisf; fhz]gJ kfpH;r;rp juf;ToaJ.
4. Cz] ? Cd;
Cz] (khkprk;) czit cz]L Cid (cliy) tsu;g;gJ ghtk;.
5. jpd;ik ? jpz]ik
jpz]ik (typik) bfhz]l xUtd; vspatUf;F jpd;ik (jPik) bra;jy; kwkhfhJ.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 154 6
,ay;
vz;z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff.
cd;id ePna cw;Wg;ghu;

eP xU epyh/
Tu;ikahd Kl;fs;
@oapUf;fpd;wJ cd;id
mitfis tpyf;fp tpl;Lg;ghu;
cd;id Rthrk; bra;a
ee;jtdkha; ehd;
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Ljy;

me;jpapUshw; fUFk; cyfk; fz]nld;
mt;thnw thd; fz]nld;/ jpirfs; fz]nld;
gpe;jpae;jf; fhupUs;jhd; rpupj;j Jz]nlh >
bgU+;rpupg;gpd; xspKj;njh epynt ePjhd;
rpWif mshtpa TH;

rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; mHif bay;yhk;
nrfupj;Jf; Fspnuw;wp xspa[k; Cl;o
,e;jhbtd; nw,aw;if md;id thdpy;
vHpy;thH;itr; rpj;jupj;j tz]ze; jhndh > ? ghujpjhrd;
jiyg;g[ : btz]zpyt[.
Mrpupau; Fwpg;g[ :
bgau; : ghuhjpjhrd; (fdfRg;g[uj;jpdk;)
bgw;nwhu; : fdfrig ? ,yf;Fkp
gpwg;g[ : 29?4?1891
rpwg;g[ : g[ul;rpf;ftp
E}y;fs; : FLk;gtpsf;F/ ,Uz]l tPL/ ghz]oad; gupR/ nrujhz]ltk;/ mHfpd;
rpupg;g[... ,d;Dk; gy.
301
jpuz;lf; fUj;J:
khiy ,Uspdhy; fUikahFk; cyfpidf; fz]nld;. mJnghy thdKk;
,Ushtijf; fz]nld;. jpirfs; vl;Lk; ,Uspy; kiwtijf; fz]nld;. gpd;du;
fUikahd ,Us; rpupg;gjpy;iy. bgU+;rpupg;g[ xspapd; Kj;Jf;fshfpa KG epynt ePjhd;
mHbfy;yhk; xd;W nru;j;Jf; fhl;rp jUfpwha;. cyfpw;Ff; Fspu; Vw;wp/ xspa[k; Cl;Lfpwha;.
,aw;ifahfpa md;id jdJ vHpy;thH;itr; rpj;jupf;Fk; mHnfh eP epynt ? vd;fpwhu;
ghujpjhrd;.
bjhilaw;w ghf;fs;" eilaw;Wg; nghFk;.
bjhil
6
nkhid/ vJif/ ,iag[/ Kuz;/ msbgil.
KjbyGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhidahFk;.

nkhid
,ay;
fhl;Lf;F ahid" ghl;Lf;F nkhid

rhd;W me;jpapUshy; mt;thnw gpe;jpae;j bgU+;rpupg;gpd;
,uz]lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJifahFk;.

vJif
kJiuf;F itif" bra;a[Sf;F vJif
rhd;W me;jpapUshy; gpe;jpae;j rpe;jhky; rpe;jhbtd;W
Fsj;Jf;F jhkiu mHF

fz;Qf;F ik mHF
bra;a[Sf;F mzp mHF
mzp
,aw;if md;idj; jdJ vHpy; thH;itf; fhl;lnt epythfr;
rpj;jupj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhs; vd;Dk; mofspy; ,aw;ifia cau;thfg;
ghoapUg;gjhy; cau;t[ etpw;rp mzp ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
re;jk; jkpGf;Fr; brhe;jk;

re;jk;
,dpa XirfnshLk; ahg;g[ fl;LfnshLk; ghLtJ.
rpWif mshtpa TH;
eh czUk; Rit MW" kdk; czUk; Rit vl;L

Rit
bgUkpjr; Rit gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
Kot[iu:
fw;whUf;Fk;/ fy;yhUf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[ ,iae;njhl/
fw;gid fhl;rpaspf;f/ re;jk; jhskpl/ Rit cz;lhfp/ eh Vf;fKw/ mzpnahL mHFbgWk;
tifapy; ,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ.
302
ehd;fiur; rf;fu totk; cupa ,lj;jpy; vGJf.
nkdp jplnk tpLnk- njL njdPnah yhtnj
nkL tpisah Ltnk- njt yhbkd ehLnj -
nkt Lnthl rhUnk- njL ehea khLnj -
nkU rhJJ} jpdpnk- njL khepiy njLnj -
bk yh nj
d t t
6
kh L nj t yh
ep L ngh
,ay;
y nj dP
tpsf;fk; : tpsf;fk; :
fhL nkL vd;W ghuhky; ed;whf g{f;fs; njhWk; njidj; njo
tpisahLnthk;. mjdhy;/ ek; clk;g[ miyfpd;w njdPiag; nghy/ RW
(nkdp) jplkhFk;. nktptUk; neha;fSk; RWg;ghFk; epiyjhd; rpwe;jbjd;W
(tL) Xl/ ,kakiy (nkU) nghd;w ehl ntz]Lk;. vtuplKk; eaj;njhL
rhd;nwhu; ghuhl;Lk;goahd bra;jpa[k; (J}J) ngr ntz]Lk;.
,dp nktptUk;. vtuplKk; eaj;njhL ngr ntz]Lk;.
,t;thwpUe;jhy; cau;e;njhu; ek;ikj;
njotUtu;.
fijiaj; bjhlu;e;J epiwt[ bra;f
ntg;gkuj;jhy; Md kug;ghr;rp bghk;ik xd;W vd; tPl;oy; beL=;fhykhf ,Ue;jJ.
kpFe;j md;nghL mjw;F vd; bgaiu itj;jpUe;njd;. vj;jidnah thridfis mjd;
kPJ g{rpndd;. MdhYk; me;jf; frg;gpd; thrk; nghftpy;iy. ,utpy; mjd; bky;ypa
tpk;ky; Xir nfl;Fk; .....
rpWif mshtpa TH;

xU ehs; tpk;knyhirf; nfl;lt[ld; ehd; vGe;J ghhu;j;njd; nkupia. vd; gLf;if
miwapd; xU @iyapy; fple;jhs; nkup. bkJthf nkupapd; mUfpy; brd;nwd;. vd;
tUifiar; rw;Wk; vjpu;ghuhj nkup mGifia epWj;jpf; bfhz]lJ. Kjypy; ehd;jhd;
nkupaplk; ngr;Rf; bfhLj;njd;. cdf;Fk; ngrj; bjupa[kh/ mHf;Tlj; bjupa[kh vd;nwd;.
vdf;Fk; czu;t[fs; cz]L. ehDk; ngRntd; vd;wJ nkup. eP kdpjuhf ,Ug;gjhy; cdf;F
vy;yhk; fpilf;fpwJ. kukhf ehd; ,Ug;gjhy; nfl;ghuw;Wf; fplf;fpnwd; vd;wJ nkup.
cdf;F vd;d ntz]Lk;> vd;dplk; eP vd;d vjpu;ghu;f;fpwha; vd;W nkupaplk; nfl;nld;.
Kjypy; v=;fs; bgw;nwhuplkpUe;J v=;fisg; gpupf;fhjPu;fs;. eh=;fs; kdpju; thH ey;y
fhw;wpidj; jUfpnwhk;. v=;fsplkpUe;J fpilf;Fk; vz]bza; ey;y ehl;L kUe;J MFk;.
mg;goapUf;f v=;fis btl;l kdpjUf;F muf;ff; Fzk; vg;go te;jJ vd;W nfl;lJ
nkup. ,dpnky; v=;fis btl;lkhl;nlhk; vd;W cWjp mspj;jhy;jhd; mGifia
epWj;Jntd; vd;wJ nkup. nkYk; vdJ ghuhk;gupa frg;g[ thridiag; nghf;f vd; kPJ
Vnjnjh jlt[fpwha;. vd;dplkpUe;J vdJ kzj;ijg; gpupf;fkhl;nld; vd;W cj;jputhjk; 303
bfhL vd;wJ nkup. mj;jidf;Fk; xg;g[f; bfhz]l ehd; nkupaplk; thf;FWjp mspj;njd;.
,jw;fpilna vd;id ahnuh miHg;gJ nghy; ,Ue;jJ. tpHpj;Jg; ghu;j;njd;. mk;kh
miHj;jpUe;jhs;. fdthf ,Ue;jhYk; nkupf;F ehd; bfhLj;j thf;iff; fhg;ghw;Wntd;.
ntk;g[ jUk; ew;fhw;W
ntk;g[f;Fj; jUnthk; ghJfhg;g[.
mz]ikapy; eP=;fs; ghu;j;j r@ff; fUj;Js;s jpiug;glk; xd;wpd; jpiu tpku;rdj;ij

mg;glj;jpd; ,af;FeUf;F fojkhf vGJf.
20?6?2020
6 cau;jpU ,af;Feu; mtu;fSf;F/

jpUbey;ntyp.
,ay;
tzf;fk;.
mz;ikapy; ehd; ghu;j;j jpiug;glk; `Vl;Lr; Riuf;fha;~. mg;glj;jpd; ,af;Feu;
ghujpaplk; ehd; vGjpa jpiutpku;rdk;.
tzf;fk;.
tzpf nehf;fpy; tyk; tUk; jpiug;gl=;fspd; eLnt khztr; rKjhaj;ija[k;/
Mrpupa rKjhaj;ija[k; bgUikg;gLj;Jk; jpiug;glkhf btspte;J tpUJ bgw;wjpy;
kfpH;fpnwd;.
bjhHpy;El;g tsu;r;rpahy; rPuHpa[k; khztu;fs; rpyu;/ tWikapd; fhuzkhf
gs;spr; bry;y ,ayhj epiyapy; rpy khztu;fis milahs=; fz;L bewpg;gLj;Jk;.
muRg;gs;sp Mrpupau;fis bgUikg;gLj;JfpwJ ,j;jpiug;glk;.
nrhjid jPutpy;iy/ brhy;yp mH ahUkpy;iy vd;w epiyapy; jha; je;ijaiu
,He;j khztd; gs;sp tuhky; rPuHpfpwhd;. xUehs; jiyikahrpupau; mtidg;
ghu;j;J tpLfpwhu;. clnd gs;sp te;J rf Mrpupau;fis miHj;J mtdJ braiy
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;. clnd kw;w Mrpupau;fs; vg;goahtJ mtid miHj;J te;J
ey;tHpgLj;j ntz;Lk; vd;W epidf;fpd;wdu;.
mjd;go xt;bthU MrpupaUk; xt;bthU ehSk; mtDf;F njitahdtw;iw
rpWif mshtpa TH;
bfhLj;J gof;fitf;fpd;wdu;. mtDk; ey;yKiwapy; fw;W neu;ikahdtdhf jd;

thH;itj; bjhl=;Ffpwhd;.
fhyk;khWk; fhl;rpfs; khWk; vd;gjw;F Vw;g I.V.v!;. nju;tpy; btw;wp bgw;W jhd;
gapd;w gs;sp ,Uf;Fk; CUf;nf khtl;l Ml;rpauhf epakpf;fg;gLfpwhd;. jd; neu;ikahy;
gy rhjidfisa[k;/ g[fiHa[k; rk;ghjpf;Fk; neuj;jpy; vjpupfisa[k; rk;ghjpf;f ntz;oa
jUzj;jpy; vjpupfshy; Mgj;J Vw;gl;L capUf;F nghuhof; bhz;oUf;fpwhd;. ,ijawpe;j
bra;jpahsu;fs; mtidg; ngl;o vLf;fpd;wdu;.
mg;nghJ mtu;fsplk; ehd; ,e;j mst[f;F Kd;ndWtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jtu;fs; vd; Mrpupau;fs; jhd; vd;whd;. ,Jnghd;w Mrpupau;fSk;/ ,af;Fedu;fSk;
cs;stiu khztr; rKjhak; cau;t[ bgWk;.
Vl;Lr; Riuf;fha; fwpf;F cjthJ vd;w gHbkhHpia khw;wp mUikahd jpiuf;fij
mike;jjpy; bgUikailfpnwd;.
304
fPH;f;fhQk; ehd;F brhw;fisf; bfhz;L bjhlu; vGJf.
v.fh: thdk; / gw/ epyt[/ bjhL ? thdj;jpy; gwg;nghk;. gwe;J epyitj; bjhLnthk;.
1. rUF/ tpG/ kz]/ miy rUF tpGe;jJk; kz;zpy; cs;s J}Rfs; miyahf
?
te;jJ.
2. tpz]kPd;/ xspu;/ vup/ tpG tpz]kPdf
? ; s; thdj;jpy; xspu;e;J bfhz;oUe;jnghJ
vup fw;fs; tpGe;jJ.
3. Fjpiu/ ntfk; XL/ jht[ Fjpiu nghy; thH;f;if ntfkhf XL" Mdhy;
?
Fu=;Fnghy kuf;fpisapy; jhtpj;jhtp Xlhnj.
6
4. FHe;ij/ el/ jspu;eil/ tpG ? FHe;ij elg;gJ jspu;eil" tpGtjw;FKd; bgupnahu;
ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
5. jpiu/ fhz]/ ifjl;ly;/ kf;fs; ?
jpiug;glk; fhz;ifapy; ifj;jl;ly;fs;
,ay;
kf;fsplkpUe;J te;jJ.
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
Fwpg;ngLfs; cUthf;Fjy;/ nrfupg;g[/ VnjDk; fiy gapyy; :
fiyfspy; c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;j tot=;fs; rpiy totk; gpof;Fk;. capu;g;g[s;sjhf
vit> fhuzk; vd;d> ,Ug;gjhy;.
eP=;fs; ve;jf; fiyapy; ty;ytu;> ngr;Rf;fiy.
VnjDk; fiy gapy epidj;jhy; c=;fs; nju;t[ \hu;nkhdpak;.
vJthf ,Uf;Fk;>
bghGJnghf;fhfg; bghUs;fisr; nrfupg;gjpy; cz]L. cs;ehl;L/ btspehl;Lg; giHa
Mu;tk; cz]lh> Mk; vdpy; vitbait vdf; g[jpa ehza=;fs;.
Fwpg;gpLf. (v.fh) m+;ry; jiy/ ehza=;fs;.
bghd;bkhHpfs;/ Fwpg;gf
[ s; Mfpatw;iwj; bghd;bkhHp Fwpg;ngL cz]L.
nju;eb
; jLj;J vGjpf; Fwpg;ngL jahupf;Fk; ``,Ul;liwapy; cs;sjlh cyfk;. rhjp
rpWif mshtpa TH;

tHf;fk; cz]lh> Mk; vdpy; mit ,Uf;fpd;w bjd;ghDk; ,Uf;fpd;whnd
vj;jifait vdf; Fwpg;gpLf. (r@f ePjp).
ehl;Fwpg;g[ vGJtPu;fsh> vdpy; vj;jif ehl;Fwpg;g[ vGJntd;. vd; be+;irj;
Fwpg;g[fis vGJtPu;fs;> bjhl;l epfH;t[fis vGJntd;.
gog;nghk; gad;gLj;Jnthk; (jpiuj;Jiw)

Artist ftpd; fiy+u;
Cinematography xspg;gjpt[
Animation ,a=;Fglk;
Sound-Effect xyp tpist[
Newsreel bra;jpg;glk;
Multiplex complex xU=;fpize;j jpiuau=;f tshfk;
 305
6
,ay;
thH;tpay;
jpUf;Fws;
? jpUts;Stu;
1.
glj;jpw;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz]Lgpof;f.
6 m) vz]zpa vz]zpah=;F va;Jg vz]zpahu;
jpz]zpau; Mfg; bgwpd;.
,ay;
M) cUt[fz]L vs;shik ntz]Lk; cUs;bgUe;nju;f;F

mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J.
,) tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xUtd; kdj;jpl;gk;
kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw.
tpil : M) cUt[fz]L vs;shik ntz]Lk; cUs;bgUe;nju;f;F
mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J.
2. ftpijf;Fg; bghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwisf; fz]lwpf.

kdnkh khl;Ltz]o m) vt;tJ ciwtJ cyfk; cyfj;njhL
ghijbahG=;fpy; nghf epidf;Fk; khL mt;tJ ciwtJ mwpt[.
,g;go ,Ue;jhy; vg;go efUk; M) brd;w ,lj;jhy; brytplh jPJxhP,
thH;f;ifr; rf;fuk; ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpt[.
Cu; nghFk; ghijapy; ,) mwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp brWthu;f;Fk;
rf;fuk; cUz]lhy; cs;sHpf;fy; Mfh muz].
mJnt mwpt[" mJnt bjspt[.
tpil : M) brd;w ,lj;jhy; brytplh jPJxhP,
rpWif mshtpa TH;
ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpt[.
3.
gpd;tUk; ehyoahu; ghlypd; bghUSf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz]lwpf.
rPupahu; nfz]ik rpwe;j rpwg;gpw;wha; m) giHak; vdf;fUjpg; gz]g[ my;y bra;a[k;
khupnghy; khz]l gaj;jjhk; ? khup bfGjifik nfL jUk;.
twe;jf;fhy; nghYnk thyUtp ehl- M) vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F ,y;iy
rpwe;jf;fhy; rPupahu; el;g[. mjpu tUtnjhu; neha;.
,) ey;ypdj;jpd; C=;Fk; Jizapy;iy jPapdj;jpd;
my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;.
tpil : ,) ey;ypdj;jpd; C=;Fk; Jizapy;iy jPapdj;jpd;
my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;
306
4. my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y; ? vtnuhL gHfpdhy;>
m) ths;nghy; giftu; M) bka;g;bghUs; fhz]gtu;
,) vz]zpah=;F va;Jgtu; <) jPapdj;jhu; [tpil: <) jPapdj;jhu;]
5. jpz]zpau; vd;gjd; bghUs;

m) mwpt[ilatu; M) kd cWjpa[ilatu;
,) jPf;fha;thu; <) mwptpdhu; [tpil: M) kd cWjpa[ilatu;]
6. Muha;e;J brhy;fpwtu;
m) muru; M) brhy;ypago bra;gtu;
,) J}Jtu; <) cwtpdu; [tpil: ,) J}Jtu;]
7. bghUj;Jf. 6
m) ghk;nghL cld; ciwe;jw;W ? (i) jPf;fha;thu;
,ay;
M) brj;jhu; ? (ii) rPu; mHpf;Fk; NJ
,) tWik jUtJ ? (iii) fs; cz]gtu;
<) ,fy; nte;ju; nru;e;J xGFthu; ? (iv) cld;ghL ,y;yhjtu;
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 [tpil: <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
8. eL=;Fk;goahd Jd;gk; ,y;yhjtu;>
m) tug;nghtij Kd;dnu mwpe;J fhj;Jf; bfhs;sf; Toatu;
M) kdj;jpl;gk; cilatu;
,) muriur; rhu;e;J thH;fpd;wtu;
<) NjhLkplj;jpy; fhyk; fHpg;gtu;
[tpil: m) tug;nghtij Kd;dnu mwpe;J fhj;Jf; bfhs;sf; Toatu;]
9. vspaJ/ mupaJ vd;gd

m) jPapdj;jpd; Jiz ? ey;ypdj;jpd; Jiz
M) brhy;tJ ? brhy;ypago bra;tJ
,) rpWik gy bra;tJ ? giftu; bjhlu;g[
rpWif mshtpa TH;

<) bka;g;bghUs; fhz]gJ ? cUt[fz]L vs;shjJ
[tpil: M) brhy;tJ ? brhy;ypago bra;tJ]
FWtpdh
1. kdj;ij mjd; nghf;fpy; bry;ytplf;TlhJ vd;W ts;Stk; TWtJ Vd;>
``brd;w ,lj;jhy; brytplh jPJ xhP,~~ ///////////
kdj;ij/ mJ nghFk; nghf;fpy; bry;ytplf; TlhJ.
nkYk; kdj;jpidj; jPik tHpapypUe;J tpyf;fp ey;y tHpapy; brYj;JtJ mwpthFk;.
2. cUt[ fz]L vs;shik ntz]Lk; cUs;bgUe;nju;f;F
mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; ctikiag; bghUnshL bghUj;Jf.
ctik : xUtupd; vspa njhw;wj;ijf; fz]L ,fHf; TlhJ.
ctnkak; : bgupa njUf;Fr; rpwpa mr;rhzp ,d;wpaikahjJ.
307
bghUj;jk; : rpwpa mr;rhzpjhd; vd;W vspikahf vz]zf; TlhJ. mJnghy xUtupd;

njhw;wj;ij itj;J vspikahf vz]zf;TlhJ.
3. kd cWjpapd; njit gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; ahJ TWfpwJ>
``tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xUtd; kdj;jpl;gk;~~ ///
ey;y bray;ghl;ow;F kd cWjpna ntz]Lk;.
kw;wit vy;yhk; gad;glhJ.
4. e+;Rz]gtu; vd ts;Stu; ahiu ,oj;Jiuf;fpwhu;>
`è+;R cz]ghu; fs; cz]gtu;~~
fs; cz]gtu; e+;R cz]gtnu vd ts;Stu; fs;Sz]gtiu ,oj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.
6 5. murnuhL el;g[g; ghuhl;odhYk; bra;aj;jfhjd ahit>

``giHak; vdf; fUjp gz]g[ my;y bra;a[k;~~ ehd; murUld; gHikahd el;g[
,ay;
ciltuha; cs;nsd;.
,j;jifa vz]zj;Jld; jFjp my;yhjtw;iwr; bra;jhy; me;j cupikahdJ
Jd;gj;ijj; jUk;.
6. m+;rj; jFe;jd/ m+;rj; jfhjd vd ts;Stk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ>
m+;rj;jfhjd :
thisg; nghy btspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; bra;a[k; giftUf;F m+;rj; njitapy;iy.
m+;rj;jFe;jd :
mwpt[ilahu; nghy; eoj;J cl;gif bfhz]ltupd; bjhlu;g[f;F m+;r ntz]Lk;.
7. tWika[k; rpWika[k; jUtJ vJ>
xUtUf;F Jd;gk; gy cz]lhf;fp mtUila g[fiHa[k; bfLf;fpd;w NJjhd; tWika[k;
rpWika[k; MFk;.
8. eP=;fs; goj;jjpy; gpoj;j Fwis vGjp/ fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gplt[k;.
``ve;ed;wp bfhd;whu;f;Fk; ca;t[z]lhk; ca;tpy;iy
bra;e;ed;wp bfhd;w kfw;F.~~
rpWif mshtpa TH;
gpoj;jw;Ff; fhuzk; :
xUtDf;F @d;W fhyj;jpYk; cjtf;Toa fy;tpapid bra;e;ed;wp vd;w
tpidj;bjhifahy; Fwpg;gpl;L/ kwe;jtDf;F jg;gpg;gpiHf;f tHpapy;iy vd;W
ts;Std; thu;j;j totk; mjpraj;jf;fJ.
9. cyfj;jpy; rpwe;j Jizahft[k;/ gifahft[k; ts;Stu; vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
ey;y ,dj;ijtplr; rpwe;j Jiz cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy.
jPa ,dj;ijtplj; Jd;gj;ijj; jUk; gifa[k; ,y;iy.
10. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf.
xhP, ? brhy;ypir msbgil
gLg;gJ}ck; ? ,d;dpir msbgil
brhy;Yjy; ? bjhHpw;bgau;
308
11. fPH;ePu;f; Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JhP, aw;W ? bghUs; TWf.
ePupy; @H;fpatidj; jPg;ge;jk; bfhz;L njLtJ nghd;wJ.
12. bgUe;nju; ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf
bgUe;nju; = bgUik + nju;
<Wnghjy; vd;w tpjpg;go/ ik tpFjp bfl;L bgU + nju; vd;whdJ.
,dkpfy; vd;w tpjpg;go/ bgUe;nju; vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
rpWtpdh
6
1. mfyhJ mQfhJ jPf;fha;thu; nghy;f
,fy;nte;ju;r; nru;e;J xGFthu; ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp bjhHpy; ctik mzp MFk;.
,ay;
mzp tpsf;fk; :
xU bghUspd; bjhHpy; my;yJ bray; fhuzkhf mika[k; ctik bjhHpy; ctik
vdg;gLk;.
ctik : jPapy; Fspu; fha;gtu; nghy.
ctnkak; : muridr; rhu;e;jpUg;gtu; tpyfhkYk; beU=;fhkYk; ele;Jbfhs;s ntz]Lk;.
cUg[ : nghy
mzpg;bghUj;jk;:
muridr; rhu;e;J ,Ug;gtu; Fspu;fha;gtu;fisg; nghy jPapypUe;J mfyhJ mQfhJ
,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; mfYjy;/ mQFjy; nghd;w bjhHpy; xg;g[ik vjpu;kiwapy;
te;Js;sjhy; bjhHpy; ctik vdg;gLk;.
2. mwptpd; nkd;ik gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; tHp ePtpu; fUJtd ahit>
``mwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp brWthUf;F
cs;mHpf;fy; Mfh muz;.~~
mwpt[ xUtDf;F mHpt[ tuhky; fhf;Fk; fUtp.
rpWif mshtpa TH;

nkYk; giftuhy; mHpf;f Koahj ghJfhg;g[ muQk; MFk;.
``brd;w ,lj;jhy; brytplh jPJxhP,
ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpt[.~~
kdj;jpid/ mJ nghFk; nghf;fpy; bry;y tplhky; jLg;gJ mwpt[.
nkYk; jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp ey;tHpapy; brYj;JtJk; mwpt[.
``vg;bghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; nfl;gpDk; mg;bghUs;
bka;g;bghUs; fhz]g jwpt[~~
xU bghUisg; gw;wp ahu; brhy;yf; nfl;lhYk; mg;bghUspd; cz]ikj; jd;ikiaf;
fz]lwptnj mwpthFk;. ,itaht[k; ts;Std; tFj;j mwptpd; nkd;ikfs; MFk;.
309
3. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpia tpsf;fpf; fPH;f;fhQk; FwSf;F ,t;tzpiag; bghUj;jp

vGJf.
J+;rpdhu; brj;jhupd; ntWmy;yu; v+;+hd;Wk;
e+;Rcz]ghu; fs;cz] gtu;.
mzptpsf;fk; :
ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k; ctnkak; xU thf;fpakhft[k; ctk cUg[ kiwe;J tUtjhy;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp vdg;gLk;.
ctik : J+;rpdhu; brj;jhupd; ntW
ctnkak; : e+;Rcz]ghu; fs;cz] gtu;
6 cUg[
bghUj;jk;:
: kiwe;Js;sJ. (nghy)
,ay;
cw=;fpatu;/ ,we;jtiutpl ntWgl;ltu; my;yu;. mJnghy fs; cz;gtUk; e+;R

cz;gtUf;Fr; rknk vd;gij tpsf;Ftjhy; ,g;ghly; vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp
MFk;.
4. kdj;jpl;gk; mtrpakhd gz]g[ vd;gijf; Fws;bewp epd;W tpsf;Ff.
``tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;gJ xUtd; kdj;jpl;gk;
kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw.~~
kdtypik :
braypdJ typik vd;gJ mjidr; bra;gtdpd; kdtypikna MFk;. Vida
typikfs; vy;yhk; kdtypikapypUe;J ntWgl;lit.
~`brhy;Yjy; ahu;f;Fk; vspa mwpathk;
brhy;ypa tz;zk; bray;~~
vspJ ? mupJ : xU braiy ,t;thW bra;ayhk; vd;W brhy;tJ vspJ. Mdhy;/
brhy;ypagor; bra;J Kog;gJ mupJ.
``vz]zpa vz]zpah=;F va;Jg vz;zpahu;
jpz;zpau; Mfg; bgupd;~~
rpWif mshtpa TH;
vz]zj;jpy; typik :
xU braiy vz]zpatu; vz]zj;jpy; typik cilatuhf ,Ue;jhy;/ vz]zpaij
vz]zpagona bra;J Kog;gu;.
``cUt[fz]L vs;shik ntz]Lk; cUs;bgUe;nju;f;F
mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J.~~
cUtk; bghUl;ly;y :
xUtuJ cUtj;ijg; ghu;j;J ,fH;e;Jiuf;ff; TlhJ. cUz]L XLk; bgupa njUf;Fr;
rpwpa mr;rhzp nghy ,d;wpaikahjtuhf mtu; ,Uf;fyhk;.
5.
rpw;wpdk; nruhika[k; ey;ypdj;jpd; Jiza[khf ts;Stu; ciug;gd gw;wp ePtpu;
mwptdtw;iw vGJf.
``kdj;jhd;Mk; khe;ju;f;F czu;r;rp ,dj;jhd;Mk;
,d;dhd; vdg;gLk; brhy;~~
310
,dj;jhy;jhd; jFjp :
kf;fSf;F ,aw;ifawpt[ kdj;jpd; tHp cz]lhFk;. ,td; ,g;gog;gl;ltd; vd;W mtd;
rhu;e;jpUf;Fk; ,dj;ij itj;nj cyfk; brhy;Yk;.
`èy;ypdj;jpd; C=;Fk; Jizapy;iy jPapdj;jpd;
my;yy; gLg;gJ}ck; ,y;.~~
ey;ytu; jPatu; el;g[ :
ey;ytu; el;g[ nghy rpwe;j Jiz ,y;iy" jPatu; el;g[nghy; Jd;gk; jUtJk; ,y;iy.
6. thisa[k; ghk;iga[k; vt;tifg; giff;Fr; rhd;whf ts;Stu; TWfpwhu;>
``ths;nghy; giftiu m+;rw;f" m+;Rf
nfs;nghy; giftu; bjhlu;g[~~
ths;nghYk; ghk;g[ nghYk; gif :
6
,ay;
thspidg; nghy; btspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; bra;a[k; giftuplk; m+;r ntz]oaJ
,y;iy. Mdhy; cwtpdu; nghyg; gHFk; giftUf;Fg; gag;gl ntz]Lk;.
7. NJk; fs;Sk; nfL jUk; ? jpUf;Fws; tHp tptupf;f.
``rpWik gy bra;J rPuHpf;Fk; Njpd;
tWik jUtJxd;W ,y;~~
Njpd; rpWik :
xUtUf;Fj; Jd;gk; gytw;iw cz;lhf;fp mtUila g[fiH bfLf;fpd;w Nijg;nghy
tWik jUtJ ntW xd;Wk; ,y;iy.
``gHfpa bry;tKk; gz]g[k; bfLf;Fk;
fHfj;Jf; fhiy g[fpd;~~
Njhy; bry;tk; mHpa[k; :
NjhLkplj;jpy; xUtDila fhyk; fHpa[khdhy; mtdJ bry;tKk;/ gz;g[k; bfLk;.
fs;Sk; tp&Kk; xd;nw :
cw=;fpatu; ,we;jtiu tpl ntWgl;ltu; my;yu;. mJnghy vg;nghJk; fs; cz]gtu;
tp&k; cz]gtu; Mthu;.
rpWif mshtpa TH;

jpUj;jKoahJ :
fs;Sz]L ka=;fpatid ey;yd brhy;ypj; jpUj;j Kay;tJ/ ePupy; @H;fpa xUtidj;
jPg;ge;jk; bfhz]L njLtJ nghyhFk;.
beLtpdh
1. ``mwpt[ilik thH;tpd; cau;t[f;Fj; Jiz epw;Fk;~~ vd;gij ts;Stk; tHpepd;W epWt[f.
mwpt[ilik thH;tpd; cau;tpw;F Jiz epw;Fk; :
muz;:
``mwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp brWthu;f;Fk;
cs;mHpf;fy; Mfh muz;.~~
mwpthdJ capu;f;F mHpt[ tuhky; ghJfhf;Fk; fUtpahFk;. nkYk; mwpthdJ/
giftuhy; mHpf;f Koahj ghJfhg;g[ muQk; mJnt MFk;.
311
mwpt[ :
``brd;w ,lj;jhy; brytplh jPJxhP,
ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpt[.~~
kdj;jpid/ mJ nghFk; nghf;fpy; nghftplf; TlhJ. jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp
ey;y tHpapy; brYj;Jtnj mwpthFk;.
cz;ikg;bghUs; :
``vg;bghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; nfl;gpDk; mg;bghUs;
bka;g;bghUs; fhz]g jwpt[~~
ve;jg; bghUis ahu; thapyhff; nfl;lhYk; me;jg; bghUspd; cz]ikj;
6 jd;ikiaf; fz]lwptnj mwpt[ MFk;.

``vt;tJ ciwtJ cyfk; cyfj;njhL
,ay;
mt;tJ ciwtJ mwpt[~~

cyfk; vj;jifa cau;e;j bewpapy; bry;fpwnjh me;bewpapy; jhKk; cyfj;jhL
,ize;J bry;tnj mwpthFk;.
``vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F ,y;iy
mjpu tUtnjhu; neha;~~
gpd;dhy; tug;nghtij Kd;ng mwpe;J fhj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; ty;yik bfhz]l
mwpt[ilatu;f;F/ mtu; eL=;Fk;goahf tuf;Toa Jd;gk; xd;wpy;iy.
,Wjpahf/ mwpt[ ghJfhg;g[j; jUk; fUtp/ ey;tHpapy; brYj;jf;ToaJ mwpt[/ cz]
ikiaf; fz]lwpa cjt[k; mwpt[/ tUKd; fhg;gJ mwpt[ vd;W kdpj thH;tpd; xt;bthU
epiyapYk; thH;f;ifapd; cau;t[f;Fj; Jizaha; epw;gJ mwpnt vd;gij ts;Std;
tHpapy; fz]nlhk;.
2. jpUf;Fws; xU thH;tpay; ,yf;fpak; ? epWt[f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu mwk;
thH;tpay; gjpt[ Md;kPf mwk;
rpWif mshtpa TH;
Kjd;ik gad; <jy; mwk;

kug[fisj; jfu;jy; fhjy; mwk;
tha;ik Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
jpUf;Fws; ePjp E}y; kl;Lky;y. mJ xU thH;tpay; E}y;. ,uz;lhapuk;
Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjDf;fhf kl;Lky;y ,Ugj;njhuhk; E}w;whz;od; g[jpa
jiyKiwapdu;f;Fk; tHpfhl;Lk; g[ul;rp E}y;. g[jpa g[jpa fUj;Jf;fisj; je;J ,dk;/
bkhHp/ ehL vd;Dk; vy;iyfisf; fle;J kdpj thH;f;ifia nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
thH;tpay; gjpt[:
ts;Stk; njhd;wpa fhyj;njhL epy;yhky; ,d;iwaf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpw;Fk;/
,dptUk; fhyj;jpw;F ghlj;ijf; fw;Wf; bfhLf;fpwJ.
ts;Stk; ,yf;fpak; vd;w epiyapy; epd;Wtplhky; kdpj thH;tpay; TWfisg;
gjpt[ bra;fpwJ.
312
Kjd;ik gad;:
capupdj;jpd; cr;rpapy; thGk; kdpj thH;f;ifiag; gFj;J nehf;fp mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk;
vd;w Kjd;ikg; gaid czu itj;Jg; gaDilajhf thH ts;Stk; tHpfhl;LfpwJ.
kug[fisj; jfu;jy;:
kJ mUe;Jjy;/ g[yhy; cz;Qjy; nghd;wtw;iw khw;wp kdpj kdj;jpid/
thH;tpd; gaidj; jlkhw;Wk; jtWfs; vd ts;Stk; Rl;LfpwJ.
tha;ik:
tha;ik vd;gJ jiyaha mwk; vd;fpwJ. md;g[/ gz;g[/ ,d;brhy;/ ed;wpawpjy;
nghd;w kdpj khz;g[fis tpsf;FfpwJ. ,tw;iw gpd;gw;Wnthu; g[fiHa[k;/ xJf;fpatu;
mila[k; ,Hpita[k; Rl;LfpwJ.
mwk;:
6
,ay;
kdpju;fspd; thH;f;if bewpia cau;j;jp nfhl;ghlhf ts;Stk; @d;W mw=;fis
tpsf;FfpwJ. Md;kPf mwk;/ <jy; mwk;/ fhjy; mwk; Mfpad.
Md;kPf mwk;:
ts;Stk; flt[is ek;g[fpwJ. Mdhy; mJ MQk; my;y bgz;Qk; my;y
vd;fpwJ. ts;Stk; fhl;Lk; flt[Sf;F nfhl;il nfhg[u=;fs; ,y;iy.
mJ nguwpt[/ J}a;ikahd mwpt[/ Fz=;fspd; jpUt[U/ ,d;gj;jpd; jpUt[U/
md;gpd; jpUt[U/ mwj;jpd; milahsk; vd;fpwJ.
<jy; mwk;:
kdpj thH;tpay; gz;gpid czu;j;Jk; bewp <if.
<if ,irgl thH;jy; vd;fpwJ.
bfhLj;Jg; g[fHila[k; thH;f;ifna gaDilaJ vd;fpwJ.
fhjy; mwk;:
fhkj;Jg;ghy; tHpahf mwtHpg;gl;l fhjiy vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. Mz;/ bgz;
cwit bewpg;gLj;JfpwJ. fsita[k;/ fw;iga[k; tifg;gLj;jp `kdpjk;~ mila[k;
thH;f;ifia bewpg;gLj;jpaJ.
Kot[iu:
rpWif mshtpa TH;

ts;Stu; ,uz;lofshy; ,jaj;ijj; bjhl;L khDlj;jpy; thH;tpay; kyu;r;rpia
cUthf;fpdhu;. kug[fisj; jfu;j;J g[Jikfis g[Fj;jpajhy; jpUf;Fws; thH;tpay;
,yf;fpak; vd;gJ bghUj;jkhf mikfpwJ.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
ahu; ahu; mLf;Fj;bjhlu;

brhy;Yjy; bjhHpw;bgau;
m+;Rf tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
xhP, brhy;ypir msbgil
jPj;JhP, brhy;ypir msbgil
bry;tKk; gz]g[k; vz]Qk;ik
gLg;gJ}ck; ,d;dpir msbgil
313
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
brd;w ? bry;(d;) + w; + m cz]ghu; ? cz] + g; + Mu;

bry; gFjp/ (d; MdJ tpfhuk;) cz] gFjp
w; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy g; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
m bgabur;r tpFjp Mu; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

6 1. Jizapy;iy
Jiz +

,<I tHpat;t[k; Jiz+a;+,y;iy
cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng Jizapy;iy
,ay;
,y;iy vd;w tpjpg;go/ (a; + , = ap)

2. ciwe;jw;W capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk; ciwe;j; + mw;W
ciwe;J + cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng ciwe;jw;W
mw;W vd;w tpjpg;go/ (j; + m = j)
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `vg;bghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; nfl;gpDk; mg;bghUs;
bka;g;bghUs; fhz;gJ mwpt[~ ? vd;Dk; Fwl;ghtpy; ,lk;bgWk; mzp
m) brhy;gpd;tUepiyazp
M) bghUs;gpd;tUepiyazp
,) brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUk;epiyazp
<) ctikazp [tpil: ,) brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUk;epiyazp]
2. `vz;zpa vz;zpah=;F va;Jg vz;zpahu;
jpz;zpau; Mfg; bgwpd;~ ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ,lk;bgWk; mzp
m) brhy;gpd;tUepiyazp
rpWif mshtpa TH;
M) bghUs;gpd;tUepiyazp
,) brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUk;epiyazp
<) ctikazp [tpil: ,) brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUk;epiyazp]
3. `mfyhJ mQfhJ jPf;fha;thu; nghy;f
,fy;nte;ju;r; nru;e;J xGFthu;~ ? vd;Dk; Fwl;ghtpy; ,lk;bgWk; mzp
m) ,y;bghUs; ctikazp M) bjhHpy; ctikazp
,) vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp <) cUtf mzp [tpil: M) bjhHpy; ctikazp]
4. `clk;ghL ,yhjtu; thH;f;if Fl=;fUs;
ghk;nghL cld;ciwe; jw;W~ ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ,lk;bgWk; mzp
m) ctik mzp M) cUtf mzp
,) ntw;Wik mzp <) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp [tpil: m) ctik mzp]
5. fs; cz;gtu; ............... cz;gtu; vd;fpwhu; ts;Stu;.
314 m) mKJ M) e+;R ,) gH=;f+;rp <) Cd; [tpil: M) e+;R]
rpWtpdh
1. brhw;bghUs; gpd;tU epiyazpia rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
mzp tpsf;fk; :
bra;a[spy; Kd;du; te;jr; brhy; mnjg; bghUspy; gpd;du; gyKiw tUtJ brhw;bghUs;
gpd;tU epiyazpahFk;.
rhd;W :
vg;bghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; nfl;gpDk; mg;bghUs;
bka;bghUs; fhz;gJ mwpt[

tpsf;fk; :
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; bghUs; vd;w brhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xnu bghUisj;
6
,ay;
jUtjhy; brhy;bghUs; gpd;tUk; epiyazp MFk;. ve;j xU bghUs; gw;wp vtu;
TwpdhYk; mjid mg;gona Vw;Wf; bfhs;shky;/ me;jg; bghUspy; cs;s cz;ikia
Muha;e;J vLj;Jf; bfhs;tnj mwpt[ilik MFk;.
2. vz;zpa vz;zpah=;F va;Jg vz;zpahw;
jpz;zpau; Mfg; bgwpd;. ? ,g;ghlypy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUk; epiyazp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
mzp tpsf;fk; :
bra;a[spy; Kd;du; te;j brhy; mnj bghUspy; gpd;du; gyKiw tUtJ brhw;bghUs;
gpd;tU epiyazp MFk;.
tpsf;fk; :
,g;ghlypy; `vz;zpa~ vd;wr; brhy; èpidg;gJ~ vd;w bghUspy; gyKiwapy;
te;Js;sJ. vz;zpatu; kdt[Wjpa[ilatuhf ,Ue;jhy; vz;zpaij vz;zpathnw
miltu; vd;W MFk;.
3. ctikazpia rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
rpWif mshtpa TH;

ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctnkak; xU thf;fpakhft[k; cUk cUg[ btspg;gilahft[k;
te;jhy; ctikazp MFk;.
rhd;W :
clk;ghL ,yhjtu; thH;f;if Fl=;fUs;
ghk;nghL cld;ciwe; jw;W
ctik : clk;ghL ,yhjtu; thH;f;if
ctnkak; : Fl=;fSs; ghk;nghL
cUg[ : mw;W (btspg;gil)
bghUj;jk; :
cs;sj;jpy; cld;ghL ,y;yhjtUld; To thGk; thH;f;if xU Foirapy; ghk;g[ld;
thH;tJ nghd;wjhFk;.
 315

Unit - 6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit - 6

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit - 6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.nammakalvi.

com Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH

rpWif mshtpa TH;

rpWif mshtpa TH;

6 Mf;fpf; fhl;Ltu;. ,ijf; fhl;rp kiwt[ vd;gu;.

KGf;fhl;rpa[k; bjupa[k; ,ijf; fhl;rp kiwt[ vd;gu;.

rpWif mshtpa TH;

ii) Y}kpau; rnfhjuu;fns ,j;jpiug;glj;ij cUthf;fpdu;.

2. mira[k; cUt=;fisg; glk;gpof;Fk; fUtpiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jtu;;

3. glg;gog;g[f; fUtpnahL jpiuapLk; fUtpiaa[k; nru;j;J jpiug;glk; vd;Dk; tpe;ijia

,) $hu;$; rnfhjuu;fs; <) ,tu;fspy; vtUkpyu; [tpil: m) Y}kpau; rnfhuhu;fs;]

<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy

8. rhu;yp rhg;spidg; ngrhg; gl ehafdhf cUthf;fpa njhw;wk;

10. rhu;yp rhg;spd; bjhl=;fpa gl epWtdk;

12. `rhu;yp rhg;spd;~ vjpupfspd; tha;fis milj;J vLj;j ngRk; jpiug;glk;

13. rhu;yp rhg;spd; @d;W Mz;L ciHg;gpy; btspapl;l jpiug;glk;

17. rhu;yp rhg;spdJ `khu;ld; ilk;!;~ glk; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk;

rpWif mshtpa TH;

,) CLOSEUP SHOT ? 3. eLf;fhl;rpj;Jzpg;g[

6 22. rhkpf;fz;Q tpd;brd;l; Jz;Lg;gl=;fisf; fhl;l Muk;gpj;j ,lk;

,) jpUr;rp <) kJiu [tpil: ,) jpUr;rp]

,) kPyp <) Mlk;!; [tpil: M) b\d;nfhy;]

rpWif mshtpa TH;

11. glj;bjhFg;g[ vd;why; vd;d>

6 14. nenul;lu; vd;why; vd;d>

 giHa fhl;rpia mHpj;Jf; bfhz;nl mLj;jf; fhl;rpia njhd;Wtij mHpg;g[ (Wipe)

rpWif mshtpa TH;

 vjpu;ghu;g;g[fis Kwpaoj;J `rpl;o iyl;!;~ vd;w glj;jpd; thapyhf vjpupfspd;

 jd; jtiw czu;e;J kPz;Lk; rhg;spid miHj;jJ. mtUk; mbkupf;fh te;jhu;.

 rhjhuz cilapy; te;j b\d;nfhiy rpiwapy; milf;fpd;wdu;.

rpWif mshtpa TH;

3. ftp+u; eFyd; gpwe;j Cu;

6. ftp+u; eFyd; vGjpa[s;s g[jpd=;fs;

7. ftp+u; eFyd; ahUila ftpijfis M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHpbgau;j;Js;shu;>

8. `,Ug;gjw;bfd;Wjhd; tUfpnwhk; ,y;yhky; nghfpnwhk;~ vd;W vGjpatu;

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 136

c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;j g[Jf;ftpijfs; rpytw;iwj; bjhFj;J tFg;giwapy; goj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

rpWif mshtpa TH;

1. khjtp VG Mz]Lfs; tiu ehl;oak; gapd;whs;.

ehl;oa nkilapd; xU g[wj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU g[wj;jpw;Fr; bry;YkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ

bjhGjdu; = bjhG + j; + md; + mu;

rpWif mshtpa TH;

tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

<) tpUe;J ? 4. Kj;J

16. ,e;jpudpd; kfd;

rpWif mshtpa TH;

21. jiyf;nfhyp gl;lk; bgw;wts;

Kjd; Kjyhfg; bgz;iz Kjd;ikg; ghj;jpukhff; bfhz;L/ mts; murid vjpu;j;J

rpWif mshtpa TH;

 mu=;fpy; J}zpw;F nky; itj;j cj;jpug; gyiff;Fk; jsj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; gyiff;F

rpWif mshtpa TH;

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 140

gs;sp tpHhf;fs;/ Cu;j;jpUtpHh/ gl;okd;wk;/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp epfH;t[fSf;fhd mu=;fk;/

nerd; : hd; new;W vdJ gs;spapd; Mz;L tpHhtpw;Fr; brd;wpUe;njd;. m=;F

jpiur;rPiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;oUe;jd. nkilapd; gpd;gf;fKk; kw;w ,uz;L

nerd; : khk; ez;gu;fns- Kw;fhy=;fs; nghy; ,y;yhky; ,d;W nkilfs;

rpWif mshtpa TH;

eif/ mGif/ ,sptuy;/ kUl;if/

eif = eF + I kUl;if = kUs; + if

2. mira[k; cUt=;fisg; glk;gpof;Fk; fUtpiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jtu;;

3. glg;gog;g[f; fUtpnahL jpiuapLk; fUtpiaa[k; nru;j;J jpiug;glk; vd;Dk; tpe;ijia

,) $hu;$; rnfhjuu;fs; <) ,tu;fspy; vtUkpyu; [tpil: m) Y}kpau; rnfhuhu;fs;]

8. rhu;yp rhg;spidg; ngrhg; gl ehafdhf cUthf;fpa njhw;wk;

10. rhu;yp rhg;spd; bjhl=;fpa gl epWtdk;

12. `rhu;yp rhg;spd;~ vjpupfspd; tha;fis milj;J vLj;j ngRk; jpiug;glk;

13. rhu;yp rhg;spd; @d;W Mz;L ciHg;gpy; btspapl;l jpiug;glk;

6 22. rhkpf;fz;Q tpd;brd;l; Jz;Lg;gl=;fisf; fhl;l Muk;gpj;j ,lk;

giHa fhl;rpia mHpj;Jf; bfhz;nl mLj;jf; fhl;rpia njhd;Wtij mHpg;g[ (Wipe)

vjpu;ghu;g;g[fis Kwpaoj;J `rpl;o iyl;!;~ vd;w glj;jpd; thapyhf vjpupfspd;

jd; jtiw czu;e;J kPz;Lk; rhg;spid miHj;jJ. mtUk; mbkupf;fh te;jhu;.

rhjhuz cilapy; te;j b\d;nfhiy rpiwapy; milf;fpd;wdu;.

3. ftp+u; eFyd; gpwe;j Cu;

ehl;oa nkilapd; xU g[wj;jpypUe;J kw;bwhU g[wj;jpw;Fr; bry;YkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ

16. ,e;jpudpd; kfd;

mu=;fpy; J}zpw;F nky; itj;j cj;jpug; gyiff;Fk; jsj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; gyiff;F

gs;sp tpHhf;fs;/ Cu;j;jpUtpHh/ gl;okd;wk;/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp epfH;t[fSf;fhd mu=;fk;/

nerd; : hd; new;W vdJ gs;spapd; Mz;L tpHhtpw;Fr; brd;wpUe;njd;. m=;F

nerd; : khk; ez;gu;fns- Kw;fhy=;fs; nghy; ,y;yhky; ,d;W nkilfs;

3. bjhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLk; bka;g;ghL.

5. ftp fz;fhl;Lk; vd;W Twpa ciuahrpupau;

11. `bjhlu;g;ghL +kypapd; ,lu;g;gLj;J ,hP,a~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;W mofspy; ,lk;bgWk;

14. `cWRlu; thnshL xUfhy; tpy=;fpd;~ vd;Dk; g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy mofshy;

18. `ca;g;nghd; bra;jJ fhz;nghu;f;F va;Jjy;

2. c=;fs; Cu;g;gFjpapy; thGk; fiy+u; xUtiu neupy; ghu;j;j mDgtj;ij tptupj;Jf;

7. rpth$p fnzrd; gpwe;j Cu;

10. mz;zhJiuapd; ehlfj;jpy; rj;ugjp rpth$pahf ntlnkw;W eoj;jtu;

11. tp.rp. fnzrDf;F ~rpth$p fnzrd;~ vd;W bgaupl;ltu;

12. rpth$p fnzrd; eoj;j Kjy; jpiug;glk;

13. rpth$p fnzrid cyf gpurpj;jp bgw;w eofdha; khw;wpa jpiug;glk;

14. (bfa;nuh) Mg;gpupf;f?Mrpaj; jpiug;gl tpHhtpy; rpth$p fnzrDf;F tH=;fg;gl;l tpUJ

5. rpWfhg;gpa=;fs; Ie;J vd;W tH=;Fk; tHf;fk; rp.it.jhnkhjudhu; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ng

7. jz;oay=;fhuk; fhg;gpa tif ................ gFf;fpd;wJ.

10. `gpwdpy; tpiHnthu; fpisbahL=; bfLg~ vd;gJ ................ ghtpfk;.

11. jz;oay=;fhuk; TWk; `bjhlu;epiy~ vd;Dk; bra;a[s; tif ................ Fwpg;gjhFk;.

12. bghUs;bjhlu;epiyf;fhd E}y;fs;

14. ghl;Lk; ciueila[k; fye;J gy;tifr; bra;a[s;fspy; mike;jJ

15. `me;jhjp ,yf;fpa=;fs;~/ bra;a[s; tiffspy; ................ rhd;whf mikfpd;wd.

16. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

17. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

fijg;nghf;F tupirg;go mikjy; ntz;Lk;.