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CONTENTs vii
2.2 Examining the Effects of Different CHAPTER 4

Map Projections 49
Finding Your Location with the Global
2.3 Converting from Latitude/Longitude
Positioning System
to UTM 53
GPS Origins, Position Measurement, Errors,
2.4 Using the state Plane Coordinate system 56
Accuracy, GNSS around the World, Applications,
Projection and Coordinate System Apps 57 and Geocaching 89
Coordinate Systems and Projections Who Made GpS? 90

in Social Media 57
What Does the Global positioning
System Consist Of? 90
CHAPTER 3 How Does GpS Find Your position? 93
Getting Your Data Why Isn’t GpS perfectly Accurate? 97

to Match the Map How Can You Get Better Accuracy
Reprojecting, Georeferencing, Control from GpS? 100
Points, and Transformations 66
What Other GNSS Are There
How Can You Align Different Geospatial Beyond GpS? 102
Datasets to Work Together? 66 What Are Some Applications of GpS? 103
What Is Georeferencing? 68
Geospatial Lab Application 4.1:
How Can Data Be Georeferenced? 70 GNSS Applications 110
How Is Data Transformed to
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
a Georeferenced Format? 74
4.1 What Happens if GPs stops Working? 106
Geospatial Lab Application 3.1: Hands-on Applications
Georeferencing an Image 80 4.1 Trilateration Concepts 96
4.2 Things to Do Before You Go Geocaching 105
GPS Apps 107
3.1 What Happens When Measurements
Don’t Match Up? 67 GPS and GNSS in Social Media 108
3.2 What Happens When the Georeferencing
Is Wrong? 77 PART 2 Geographic Information
Hands-on Applications Systems 123
3.1 David Rumsey Historical Map Collection 69
3.2 Online Georeferencing Resources 73 CHAPTER 5
3.3 Georeferenced Historic Maps
Working with Digital
and the spyglass 77
Geospatial Data and GIS
3.4 An Overview of the Georeferencing
Process in ArcGIs 78 Geographic Information Systems, Modeling the Real
World, Vector Data and Raster Data, Attribute Data,
Georeferencing Apps 78 Joining Tables, Metadata, Esri, ArcGIS, and QGIS 123
Georeferencing in Social Media 79 How Does GIS Represent Real-World Items? 125
Shellito_3e_FM_Printer.indd 7 13/11/15 3:30 PM

viii CONTENTs
How Can You Represent the Real World Geospatial Lab Application 6.2:
as Continuous Fields? 131 GIS Spatial Analysis: ArcGIS Version 212
How Is Non-Spatial Data Handled Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology

by GIS? 133 6.1 What Are Potential societal or Policy
What Other Kind of Information Do Impacts of GIs Models? 194
You Need to Use GIS Data? 137 Hands-on Applications
What Kinds of GIS Are Available? 138 6.1 Building sQL Queries in GIs 181
Geospatial Lab Application 5.1: 6.2 Working with Buffers in GIs 185
GIS Introduction: QGIS Version 146 6.3 The Land Transformation Model 193
Geospatial Lab Application 5.2: Spatial Analysis Apps 195
GIS Introduction: ArcGIS Version 161
Spatial Analysis in Social Media 195
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology CHAPTER 7

5.1 What Happens When You Don’t Have
Metadata? 137 Using GIS to Make a Map
Scale, Map Elements, Map Layouts, Type,
Hands-on Applications Thematic Maps, Data Classification Methods,
5.1 Using GIs Online 125 Color Choices, and Digital Map Distribution
5.2 GIs Current Events Maps 126 Formats 223
5.3 The National Hydrography Dataset 130
How Does the Scale of the Data Affect
5.4 The National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 132
the Map (and Vice Versa)? 224
5.5 Esri News and 80-second Videos 140
What Are Some Design Elements
GIS Apps 143 Included in Maps? 227
GIS in Social Media 144 How Is Data Displayed on a GIS Map? 230
What Kinds of Colors Are Best to Use
CHAPTER 6
with GIS Maps? 236
Using GIS for Spatial Analysis
How Can GIS Maps Be Exported
Database Query and Selection, Buffers, Overlay
and Distributed? 238
Operations, Geoprocessing Concepts, and
Modeling with GIS 177 Geospatial Lab Application 7.1:
GIS Layouts: QGIS Version 242
How Can Data Be Retrieved from a GIS
for Analysis? 178 Geospatial Lab Application 7.2:
GIS Layouts: ArcGIS Version 260
How Can You perform Basic Spatial
Analysis in GIS? 182 Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
How Can Multiple Types of Spatial 7.1 Why Is Map Design Important? 224
Analysis Operations Be performed Hands-on Applications
in GIS? 189 7.1 Powers of 10—A Demonstration of scale 227
7.2 TypeBrewer Online 229
GIS Spatial Analysis: QGIS Version 197 7.3 Presidential Election Thematic Maps 231

CONTENTs ix
7.4 Interactive Thematic Mapping Online 235 Geocoding and Shortest Path Apps 295
7.5 The Census Data Mapper 236
Geocoding and Shortest Paths
7.6 ColorBrewer Online 238 in Social Media 296
Cartography Apps 240
Cartography in Social Media 240 PART 3 Remote Sensing 309
CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9
Getting There Quicker with Remotely Sensed Images from Above
Geospatial Technology Where Aerial Photography Came From, UAS, Color
Satellite Navigation Systems, Road Maps in Infrared Photos, Orthophotos, Oblique Photos,
a Digital World, Creating a Street Network, Visual Image Interpretation, and Photogrammetric
Geocoding, Shortest Paths, and Street Networks Measurements 309
Online 275
How Did Aircraft photography
How Do You Model a Network Develop? 310
for Geospatial Technology? 277
What Are Unmanned Aircraft Systems? 314
How Is Address Matching
What Are the Different Types of
performed? 281
Aerial photos? 317
How Are Shortest paths Found? 286
How Can You Interpret Objects
How Are Networks Used in an Aerial Image? 323
in Geospatial Technology? 291
How Can You Make Measurements
Geospatial Lab Application 8.1: from an Aerial photo? 327

Geocoding and Shortest path
Analysis 298 Geospatial Lab Application 9.1:
Visual Imagery Interpretation 334
8.1 What Happens When the Maps Are Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
Incorrect? 276 9.1 How Can UAs Be Used for security
8.2 What Kind of Issues Come with Google Purposes? 316
street View? 294
Hands-on Applications
Hands-on Applications 9.1 World War II Aerial Photography Online 313
8.1 The U.s. Census TIGERweb 279 9.2 No-Fly Zones for UAs 316
8.2 Geocoding Using Online Resources 285 9.3 Examining CIR Photos 319
8.3 solve Your Network Problems 9.4 The National Aerial Photography
with Dijkstra 288 Program 320
8.4 Online Mapping and Routing Applications 9.5 NAIP Imagery Online 322
and shortest Paths 289
9.6 Oblique Imagery on Bing Maps 323
8.5 Finding the Best Route For
Multiple stops 291 UAS Apps 331
8.6 Examining Google street View 294 Aerial Imagery in Social Media 331

x CONTENTs
CHAPTER 10 How Do Remote Sensing Satellites

How Remote Sensing Works Collect Data? 374
Electromagnetic Energy, the Remote Sensing What Are the Capabilities

Process, Spectral Reflectance, NDVI, Digital of a Satellite Sensor? 378
Imagery, and Color Composites 340
What Is a Landsat Satellite,
What Is Remote Sensing Actually and What Does It Do? 381
Sensing? 342 What Satellites Have High-Resolution
What Is the Role of the Atmosphere Sensors? 391
in Remote Sensing? 345 How Can Satellites Be Used for
What Happens to Energy When It Hits Monitoring? 396
a Target on the Ground? 347
How Can Spectral Reflectance Landsat 8 Imagery 402
Be Used in Remote Sensing? 349
How Do You Display a Digital 11.1 What Effect Does satellite Remote sensing
Remotely Sensed Image? 352 Have on Political Borders? 378
11.2 What If There Is No Landsat 9? 387
Remotely Sensed Imagery Hands-on Applications
and Color Composites 362 11.1 Examining satellite Orbits in Real Time 375
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology 11.2 seeing What the satellites Can see 381
10.1 How Does Remote sensing Affect 11.3 Live Landsat Imagery 385
Your Privacy? 348 11.4 Viewing Landsat Imagery with GloVis and
LandsatLook 389
11.5 Applications of Landsat Imagery 390
10.1 Viewing Remotely sensed Imagery
Online 342 11.6 Viewing High-Resolution satellite
Imagery 397
10.2 Wavelengths and the scale of the
Universe 345 11.7 Crowdsourcing satellite Imagery 398
10.3 Examining NDVI with NAsA ICE 352 Satellite Imagery Apps 399
10.4 Color Tools Online: Color Mixing 355
Satellite Imagery in Social Media 399
10.5 Comparing True Color and False
Color Composites 358
CHAPTER 12
Remote Sensing Apps 359 Studying Earth’s Climate
Remote Sensing in Social Media 360 and Environment from Space
NASA’s Earth Observing System Program, Terra,
CHAPTER 11 Aqua, Aura, Suomi NPP, Other Earth Observing
Missions, and NOAA Satellites 413
Images from Space
Satellite Remote Sensing, Satellite Orbits, Sensor What Is Terra and What Can It Do? 414
Resolutions, the Landsat Program, High-
What Is Aqua and What Does It Do? 421
Resolution Satellite Sensors, Small Satellites,
and Using Satellites for Monitoring 372 What Is Aura and What Does It Do? 423

CONTENTs xi
What Is Suomi Npp and What Does It Do? 426 What Is a DEM? 456
What Other Earth Observing Satellites How Can Digital Terrain Models
Are Out There? 428 Be Utilized? 459
Geospatial Lab Application 12.1: Geospatial Lab Application 13.1:

Earth Observing Missions Imagery 436 Digital Terrain Analysis 467
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
12.1 How Can EOs Data Be Used in studying and 13.1 If Everything’s Digital, Do We still
Monitoring Climate Change? 428 Need Printed Topographic Maps? 455
Hands-on Applications Hands-on Applications
12.1 MODIs Rapid-Fire Online 420 13.1 Us Topos as GeoPDFs 454
12.2 AsTER Applications 421 13.2 U.s. Elevation Data and The
12.3 Tracking Earth’s Climate National Map 459
and Temperature with AIRs 422 13.3 Terrain and Imagery Examples
12.4 The Earth Observatory and 10 Years in Google Earth 463
of Aqua 423
Terrain and Topography Apps 465
12.5 The Earth Observatory and 10 Years
of Aura 425 Digital Terrain in Social Media 465
12.6 The VIIRs View spinning Marble 428
12.7 NAsA Eyes on the Earth 429 CHAPTER 14
12.8 Using the Earth Observatory to See the World in 3D
Work Interactively with EOs Imagery 431 3D Geovisualization, 3D Modeling and Design,
12.9 Examining NOAA satellite Imagery Prism Maps, SketchUp, and Google Earth in
Applications 431 3D 480
Earth observing Mission Apps 433 What Is 3D Modeling? 481
The Earth observing Missions How Are 3D Maps Made? 485
in Social Media 433
How Can 3D Modeling and Visualization
Be Used with Geospatial Technology? 486
PART 4 Geospatial Applications 449
How Can Geospatial Data Be Visualized
in 3D? 494
CHAPTER 13
Digital Landscaping 3D Modeling and Visualization 500
Topographic Maps, US Topos, Contours, Digital
Terrain Modeling, Digital Elevation Models Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
(DEMs), Lidar, 3DEP, and Applications of Terrain 14.1 What’s the Advantage of Using 3D Design? 484
Data 449
How Can Terrain Be Represented 14.1 Creating Prism Maps Online 486
on Topographic Maps? 450 14.2 Digging into Trimble’s 3D Warehouse 491
How Can Geospatial Technology 14.3 3D Buildings in Google Earth 493
Represent Terrain? 455 14.4 3D CityEngine Web scenes 494

xii CONTENTs
3D Visualization Apps 498 Geospatial Lab Application 15.1:

Creating Web Maps with ArcGIS
3D Visualization in Social Media 498 Online 542
CHAPTER 15 Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology

15.1 Who Owns Geospatial Data? 530
Life in the Geospatial Cloud and
15.2 What’s Next for Geospatial Technologies? 537
Other Current Developments
Using the Cloud with Geospatial Technology, Web Hands-on Applications
Maps, Story Maps, Who’s Involved with Geospatial 15.1 Esri story Maps 526
Technology, Geospatial Technologies in K–12 15.2 More Than a Map—The Google Maps API 529
Education, and College and University Geospatial
15.3 AmericaView and the stateView Programs 532
Educational Programs 520
15.4 Educational Resources and Lesson Plans 533
How Is the Cloud Used with 15.5 Degree Programs and Certificates
Geospatial Technology? 521 for Geospatial Technology 536
Who Is Involved with Geospatial Geospatial Cloud and organizational
Technology? 530 Apps 538
How Is Geospatial Technology Used Geospatial organizations and
in K–12 Educational Efforts? 532 the Geospatial Cloud in Social Media 539
What Types of Educational Opportunities
Are Available with Geospatial Glossary G-1
Technology? 535 Index I-1

Preface
Why I Wrote Introduction to Geospatial Technologies

When people ask me what I teach, I say “geospatial technology.” The usual
response to this statement is a blank stare, a baffled “What?” or a variation
on “I’ve never heard of that.” However, if I say I teach “technologies like GPS,
taking images from satellites, and using online tools like Google Earth or
MapQuest,” the response generally improves to: “GPS is great,” or “Google
Earth is so cool,” or even “Why do I get the wrong directions from that thing
in my car?” Although geospatial technologies are everywhere these days—
from software to Websites to cell phones—it seems that the phrase “geospa-
tial technology” hasn’t really permeated into common parlance.
I hope that this book will help remedy this situation. As its title
implies, the goal of this book is to introduce several aspects of geospatial
technologies—not only what they are and how they operate, but also how
they are used in hands-on applications. In other words, the book covers a
little bit of everything, from theory to application.
In a sense, the book’s goal is to offer students an overview of several dif-
ferent fields and techniques and to provide a solid foundation on which fur-
ther knowledge in more specialized classes can be built, such as those delving
further into geographic information systems (GIS) or remote sensing.
Whether the book is used for a basic introductory course, a class for non-
majors, or as an introduction to widely used geospatial software packages,
this book is aimed at beginners who are just starting out. At Youngstown
State University (YSU), I teach an introductory class titled “Geospatial Foun-
dations,” but similar classes at other universities may have names like “The
Digital Earth,” “Introduction to Geospatial Analysis,” “Survey of Geospatial
Technologies,” “Introduction to GIS,” or “Computer Applications in Geogra-
phy.” All of these courses seem aimed at the audience for which Introduction
to Geospatial Technologies was written.
Organization of the Book

This book is divided into four main parts.
Part 1: Geospatial Data and GPS focuses on geospatial technology as it

relates to spatial measurements and data.
xiii

xiv PREFACE
Chapter 1, “It’s a Geospatial World Out There,” introduces some basic

concepts and provides an overview of jobs, careers, and some key
technologies and applications (such as Google Earth).
Chapter 2, “Where in the Geospatial World Are You?,” explains how
coordinates for location-based data and measurements from a three-
dimensional (3D) world are translated into a two-dimensional (2D) map
on a computer screen.
Chapter 3, “Getting Your Data to Match the Map,” discusses reprojection
and georeferencing, important information when you’re using any sort
of geospatial data.
Chapter 4, “Finding Your Location with the Global Positioning System,”
introduces GPS concepts. Taking a hand-held receiver outside, pressing
a button, and then having the device specify your precise location and
plot it on a map sounds almost like magic. This chapter demystifies GPS
by explaining how the system works, why it’s not always perfectly
accurate, and how to get better location accuracy.
Part 2: Geographic Information Systems focuses on geographic informa-
tion systems (GIS).
Chapter 5, “Working with Digital Geospatial Data and GIS,” serves as an
introduction to GIS, examining how real-world data can be modeled and
how GIS data can be created and used.
Chapter 6, “Using GIS for Spatial Analysis,” covers additional uses of
GIS, including querying a database, creating buffers, and geoprocessing.
Chapter 7, “Using GIS to Make a Map,” offers instruction on how to
classify your data and how to transform GIS data into a professional-
looking map.
Chapter 8, “Getting There Quicker with Geospatial Technology,”
discusses concepts related to road networks, such as: How are streets,
highways, and interstates set up and used in geospatial technology? How
does the computer translate a set of letters and numbers into a map of an
actual street address? How do programs determine the shortest route
from point a to point b?
Part 3: Remote Sensing examines issues related to remote sensing.
Chapter 9, “Remotely Sensed Images from Above,” focuses on aerial
photography. It explains how the field started over 150 years ago with a
man, a balloon, and a camera, and how it continues today with unmanned
aircraft systems flying over Iraq and Afghanistan. This chapter also
describes how to visually interpret features in aerial imagery and how to
make accurate measurements from items present in an image.
Chapter 10, “How Remote Sensing Works,” delves into just what remote
sensing is and how it works, and how exactly that image of a house is acquired

PREFACE xv
by a sensor 500 miles away. This chapter also discusses all of the things that
a remote sensing device can see that are invisible to the human eye.
Chapter 11, “Images from Space,” focuses on the field of satellite remote
sensing and how satellites in orbit around Earth acquire images of the
ground below.
Chapter 12, “Studying Earth’s Climate and Environment from Space,”
discusses the Earth Observing System, a series of environmental
observatories that orbit the planet and continuously transmit data back
to Earth about the land, seas, and atmosphere.
Part 4: Geospatial Applications focuses on individual topics in geospatial
technology that combine GIS and remote sensing themes and applications.
Chapter 13, “Digital Landscaping,” describes how geospatial technologies
model and handle terrain and topographic features. Being able to set up
realistic terrain, landscape features, and surfaces is essential in mapping
and planning.
Chapter 14, “See the World in 3D,” delves into the realm of 3D modeling,
shows how geospatial technologies create 3D structures and objects, and
then explains how to view or interact with them in programs like Google
Earth.
Chapter 15, “Life in the Geospatial Cloud and Other Current
Developments,” wraps things up with a look at the influence and
advantages of the cloud, information regarding organizations and
educational opportunities within geospatial technologies, and a look
ahead to the future of the field.
Geospatial Lab Applications

Each chapter of Introduction to Geospatial Technologies covers one aspect of
geospatial technology with an accompanying Geospatial Lab Application.
The goal of these lab applications is not to teach software, but to help stu-
dents work directly with the chapter’s concepts. Each lab application uses
freely available software that can be downloaded from the Internet or
accessed through a Web browser. These software packages include:
ArcGIS Online
Google Earth Pro
MapCruncher
MultiSpec
QGIS
SketchUp
Trimble GNSS Planning Online

xvi PREFACE
Three of the chapters in Part 2 (Geographic Information Systems) offer

two versions of the lab application. Instructors can choose to use either the
free QGIS or ArcGIS for Desktop. The labs provide hands-on application of
the concepts and theories covered in each chapter—it’s one thing to read
about how 3D structures can be created and placed into Google Earth, but
it’s another thing entirely to use SketchUp and Google Earth to do exactly
that. Each lab application has integrated questions that students must an-
swer while working through the lab. These questions are designed both to
explore the various topics presented in the lab and also to keep students
moving through the lab application. Note that words or phrases highlighted
in purple text in the labs indicate menu items or icons that are clicked on or
specific items that are typed in during the lab.
Some labs use sample data that comes with the software when it’s in-
stalled; others require students to download sample data for use in the lab.
Each lab provides links to a Website from which you can download the soft-
ware. (The Website will also provide information regarding the necessary
hardware or system requirements. Not all computers or lab facilities work
the same, so be sure to check the software’s Internet resources for help on
installing the software.) The Instructors’ section of this book’s catalog page
also offers a “tech tips” section with some additional information related to
installing or utilizing some of the software.
The lab applications for each chapter are set up as follows:
Chapter 1: This lab introduces the free Google Earth Pro as a tool for
examining many facets of geospatial technology.
Chapter 2: Students continue using Google Earth Pro, investigating some
other functions of the software as they relate to coordinates and
measurements.
Chapter 3: Students use Microsoft’s MapCruncher program to match a
graphic of a campus map with remotely sensed imagery and real-world
coordinates.
Chapter 4: This lab uses Trimble GNSS Planning Online and some other
Web resources to examine GPS planning and locations. It also provides
suggestions for expanding the lab activities if you have access to a GPS
receiver and want to get outside with it.
Chapter 5: This lab introduces basic GIS concepts using QGIS. An
alternate version of the lab uses ArcGIS for Desktop.
Chapter 6: This lab continues investigating the functions of QGIS (or
ArcGIS for Desktop) by using GIS to answer some spatial analysis
questions.
Chapter 7: This lab uses QGIS (or ArcGIS for Desktop) to design and
print a map.
Chapter 8: This lab uses Google Maps and Google Earth Pro to match a
set of addresses and investigate shortest paths between stops on a network.

PREFACE xvii
Chapter 9: This lab tests students’ visual image interpretation skills by

putting them in the role of high-tech detectives who are trying to figure
out just what a set of aerial images are actually showing.
Chapter 10: This lab is an introduction to MultiSpec, which allows users to
examine various aspects of remotely sensed imagery obtained by a satellite.
Chapter 11: This lab continues using MultiSpec by asking students to
work with imagery from the Landsat 8 satellite and investigate its sensors’
capabilities.
Chapter 12: This lab uses NASA data and Google Earth Pro to examine
phenomena such as hurricanes, fires, and pollution on a global scale.
Chapter 13: This lab uses Google Earth Pro to examine how terrain is
used in geospatial technology (and film a video of flying over 3D-style
terrain). It also uses the various terrain functions of Google Earth Pro for
work with several digital terrain modeling features.
Chapter 14: This lab introduces 3D modeling. Starting from an aerial
image of a building, students design a 3D version of it using SketchUp,
and then look at it in Google Earth.
Chapter 15: This lab utilizes Esri’s free ArcGIS Online to stream data
from the cloud, create Web maps, wrap things up, and look at many of
the book’s concepts combined in a single package.
Additional Features
In addition to the lab applications, each chapter contains several Hands-On
Applications, which utilize free Internet resources to help students further
explore the world of geospatial technologies and get directly involved
with some of the chapter concepts. There’s a lot of material out there on the
Internet, ranging from interactive mapmaking to real-time satellite tracking,
and these Hands-On Applications introduce students to it. In the third edi-
tion, each Hands-On Application has a set of Expansion Questions for stu-
dents to answer while working with that Application’s Web resources.
Each chapter also has one or more boxes titled Thinking Critically with
Geospatial Technology. These boxes present questions to consider regarding po-
tential societal, privacy, design, or ethical issues posed by geospatial technologies
and their applications. The questions presented in these boxes are open-ended
and are intended to stimulate discussion about geospatial technologies and how
they affect (or could affect) human beings. For instance, how much privacy do
you really have if anyone, anywhere, can obtain a clear image of your house or
neighborhood and directions to drive there with just a few clicks of a mouse?
Lastly, each chapter ends with two boxes. The first of these, chapter
Apps, presents some representative apps for a mobile device related to the
chapter’s content that you may wish to investigate further. For instance,
Chapter 8’s Geocoding and Shortest Paths Apps box showcases apps for your

xviii PREFACE
phone or your tablet. Note that at the time of writing, all of these apps were
free to obtain and install.
The second section, Social Media, highlights some representative Face-
book, Twitter, and Instagram accounts, as well as YouTube videos and blogs,
that are relevant to the chapter’s topics. For instance, Chapter 11’s Satellite Imag-
ery in Social Media box features Facebook and Twitter accounts from satellite
imagery sources such as DigitalGlobe or the USGS updates on Landsat, as well
as videos of satellite imagery applications. (Note that all of these apps and social
media accounts are examples, not recommended products.)
New to This Edition

The third edition contains multiple key updates. Each chapter has some-
thing new within it, whether it’s a newly added or revised text section,
Hands-On Application, or Lab Application. At the end of each chapter, there
is an updated section on available smartphone and tablet apps as well as
resources for using geospatial technologies in social media. The Lab Appli-
cations have been updated to use current software and techniques, including
all new Lab Applications that utilize ArcGIS Online (Chapter 15), Trimble
GNSS Planning Online (Chapter 4), and the now-free Google Earth Pro
(Chapters 1, 2, 8, 12, and 13). In addition, Landsat 8 imagery is now used
with Multispec (Chapters 10 and 11), and the most recently available version
of QGIS is used for the GIS Lab sections (Chapters 5, 6, and 7).
There are many other updates and revisions throughout each chapter. For
instance, Chapter 1 showcases using geospatial technologies on mobile devic-
es and how geolocation works. The remote sensing focused chapters (9, 10, 11,
and 12) have been expanded to include many topics about the state of remote
sensing today, including UAS, Landsat 8, Sentinel-2, Skysat, Suomi-NPP, small
satellites, cubesats, and using remote sensing for disaster monitoring. Chapter
13 includes more information about US Topos as well as the change from the
National Elevation Dataset to the new 3DEP elevation data used by the USGS.
Chapter 15 has been expanded and revised for a focus on the use of the cloud
with geospatial technologies, including new Hands-On Applications that uti-
lize Esri Story Maps. Also, throughout the book there are new Hands-On
Applications that use new Web resources, including Tomnod, Landsat Live,
Indiemapper, Census Mapping tools, and CityEngine Web Scenes.
Ancillary Materials and Student

and Instructor Resources
The catalog page macmillanhighered.com/shellito/catalog offers a set of
valuable resources for both students and instructors.
For students, the catalog page offers a multiple-choice self-test for each
chapter, as well as an extensive set of references, categorized by topic, to

PREFACE xix
provide further information on a particular topic. There are also a set of

links to the free software packages needed to complete the lab activities, as
well as the datasets required for specific lab applications. A set of world links
is also provided.
For instructors, the catalog page offers an instructor’s manual, which
provides teaching tips for each chapter on presenting the book’s material, a
set of “tech tips” related to software installation and usage, a set of key refer-
ences for the chapter materials, and an answer key for all the lab activities. A
test bank of questions is also provided.
Acknowledgments and Thanks

Books like this don’t just spring out of thin air—I owe a great deal to the
many people who have provided inspiration, help, and support for what
would eventually become this book.
Bill Minick, my editor, has offered invaluable help, advice, patience, and
guidance throughout this entire project. I would also very much like to
thank Abigail Fagan, Sheena Goldstein, Paul Rohloff, and Christine Buese at
Macmillan Education for their extensive “behind the curtain” work that
shaped this book into a finished product.
I want to thank Sean Young for his very helpful comments and feedback
on the previous editions and for his close reading and review of the labs in this
third edition. Neil Salkind and Stacey Czarnowski gave great representation
and advice. The students who contributed to the development of the YSU 3D
Campus Model (Rob Carter, Ginger Cartright, Paul Crabtree, Jason Delisio,
Sherif El Seuofi, Nicole Eve, Paul Gromen, Wook Rak Jung, Colin LaForme,
Sam Mancino, Jeremy Mickler, Eric Ondrasik, Craig Strahler, Jaime Webber,
Sean Welton, and Nate Wood) deserve my sincere thanks. Many of the 3D
examples presented in Chapter 14 wouldn’t have existed without them. Others
who supported this book in various ways include: Jack Daugherty, for tech
support, assistance with the labs, and help with the GeoWall applications; Lisa
Curll, for assistance with the design and formatting of the lab applications;
Grant Wilson, for his insightful technical reviews of the ArcGIS lab applica-
tions; Margaret Pearce, for using an earlier draft of the manuscript with her
students at the University of Kansas and for her extremely useful comments
and feedback; Hal Withrow, for invaluable computer tech assistance; and Mark
Guizlo for assistance with data sources.
I offer very special thanks to all of my professors, instructors, colleagues,
and mentors, past and present (who are too numerous to list), from
Youngstown State University, the Ohio State University, Michigan State Uni-
versity, Old Dominion University, OhioView, and everywhere else, for the
help, knowledge, notes, information, skills, and tools they’ve given me over
the years. I am also deeply indebted to the work of Tom Allen, John Jensen,
Mandy Munro-Stasiuk, and the members of SATELLITES for some meth-
ods used in some of the chapters and labs.

xx PREFACE
Finally, I owe a debt of gratitude to the colleagues who reviewed the

original proposal and various stages of the manuscript for the first, second,
and third editions. Thank you for your insightful and constructive com-
ments, which have helped to shape the final product:
Robbyn Abbitt, Miami University

Amy Ballard, Central New Mexico Community College
Chris Baynard, University of North Florida
Robert Benson, Adams State College
Edward Bevilacqua, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Julie Cidell, University of Illinois
W. B. Clapham Jr., Cleveland State University
Russell G. Congalton, University of New Hampshire
Jamison Conley, West Virginia University
Kevin Czajkowski, University of Toledo
Nathaniel Dede-Bamfo, Texas State University
Adrienne Domas, Michigan State University
Christine Drennon, Trinity University
Charles Emerson, Western Michigan University
Jennifer Fu, Florida International University
Nandhini Gulasingam, DePaul University
Victor Gutzler, Tarrant County College Southeast
Melanie Johnson, Paul Smith’s College
Marilyne Jollineau, Brock University
Jessica K. Kelly, Millersville University
Sara Beth Keough, Saginaw Valley State University
James Kernan, SUNY Geneseo
Kimberley Britt Klinker, University of Richmond
Michael Konvicka, Lone Star College
James Lein, Ohio University
James Leonard, Marshall University
Russane Low, University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Chris Lukinbeal, Arizona State University
Marcos Luna, Salem State University
John McGee, Virginia Tech
George M. McLeod, Old Dominion University
Bradley Miller, Michigan State University
Trent Morrell, Laramie County Community College
Nancy Obermeyer, Indiana State University
Tonny Oyana, The University of Tennessee
Margaret Pearce, University of Kansas
Hugh Semple, Eastern Michigan University
Thomas Sigler, University of Queensland
Anita Simic, Bowling Green State University
Brian Tomaszewski, The Rochester Institute of Technology

PREFACE xxi
Shuang-Ye Wu, University of Dayton

Sean Young, University of Iowa
Donald Zeigler, Old Dominion University
Arthur Zygielbaum, University of Nebraska–Lincoln
A Rapidly Changing Field

As Chapter 15 points out, geospatial technology has become so widespread
and prevalent that no book can cover every concept, program, or online
mapping or visualization tool (as much as I’d like this one to). I hope that the
students who use this book will view the concepts and applications presented
herein as an introduction to the subject—and that this will motivate them to
take more advanced courses on the various aspects of geospatial technology.
One thing to keep in mind: In such a rapidly advancing field as geospa-
tial technology, things can change pretty quickly. New satellites are being
launched and old ones are ending their mission lives. Websites get updated
and new updates for software and tools are released on a regular basis. As of
the writing of this book, all of the Web data, software, and satellites were
current, but if something’s name has changed, a Website works differently,
or if a satellite isn’t producing any more data, there’s probably something
newer and shinier to take its place.
I’d very much like to hear from you regarding any thoughts or suggestions
you might have for the book. You can reach me via email at bashellito@ysu
.edu or follow me on Twitter @GeoBradShellito.
Bradley Shellito
Youngstown State University

xxii PREFACE
Accessing Data Sets for Geospatial Lab Applications

Some of the Geospatial Lab Applications in this book use data that comes
with the software, sample data that gets installed on your computer when
you install the software itself, or data that you’ll create during the course of
the lab. However, the lab applications for Chapters 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12
require you to download a set of data that you’ll use with those labs.
The lab applications will direct you to copy the dataset before beginning
the lab. Each dataset is stored in its own folder online. To download these
folders, please visit macmillanhighered.com/shellito/catalog. Under “Stu-
dent Options,” you’ll find access to student resources, including “Lab Data
Sets.”
This book was not prepared, approved, or endorsed by the owners or

creators of any of the software products discussed herein. The graphical user
interfaces, emblems, trademarks, and associated materials discussed in this
book remain the intellectual property of their respective owners.
ArcGIS 10.3 (Esri), ArcGIS Online (Esri), Google Earth Pro 7.1
(Google), SketchUp Make (Trimble), MapCruncher 3.2 (Microsoft), Multi-
Spec 3.4, QGIS 2.8.1, Trimble GNSS Planning Online.

1
PART 1 GEOSPATIAL DATA AND GPS
1 It’s a Geospatial World Out There
An Introduction to Geospatial Technologies, Geospatial Jobs,

Geospatial Data, Volunteered Geographic Information,
Geolocation, and Google Earth
Have you ever done any of the following?

Used a smartphone, tablet, or other mobile device to find your location, co-
ordinates, or directions, or to look for the nearest restaurant or gas station?
Used an online mapping service like MapQuest, Google Maps, or Bing
Maps to find directions (and the best route) to a destination or to print a
map of an area?
Used an in-car navigation system (say, one from Garmin, Magellan, or
TomTom) to navigate to or from a destination?
Used social media (such as Facebook or Twitter) to add your location
information to a post or tweet?
Used a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver while hiking, jogging,
hunting, fishing, golfing, or geocaching?
Used a Web resource to find a map of your neighborhood so that you can
compare nearby housing values or see exactly where your property ends
and your neighbor’s begins?
Used a virtual globe program (like Google Earth) or an online map to
look at photos or images of your home, street, school, or workplace?
If so, then congratulations—you’ve used geospatial technologies.
Anytime you’re using any sort of technology-assisted information (on a
computer, smartphone, or tablet) concerning maps, locations, directions,
imagery, or analysis, you’re putting geospatial technology applications to use.
1
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2 Chapter 1 IT’S A GEOSPATIAL WORLD OUT THERE
Geospatial technology has become extremely widespread in society, with

a multitude of uses in both the private and public sectors. However,
more often than not, if you tell someone you’re using geospatial technology,
you’ll be asked, “What’s that?”
What Is Geospatial Technology?

Although geospatial technology is being used in numerous fields today, the
term “geospatial technology” doesn’t appear to have seeped into everyday
usage. Words like “satellite images” and “Google Earth” and acronyms like
“GIS” and “GPS” are growing increasingly commonplace, yet the phrase
“geospatial technology” seems relatively unknown, though it incorporates all
geospatial of these things and more. Geospatial technology describes the use of a num-
technology a number ber of different high-tech systems and tools that acquire, analyze, manage,
of different high-tech
store, or visualize various types of location-based data. The field of geospatial
systems that acquire,
analyze, manage, store, or technology encompasses several fields and techniques, including:
visualize various types of
Geographic information system (GIS): Computer-based mapping,
location-based data
analysis, and retrieval of location-based data
Geographic
information system
Remote sensing: Acquisition of data and imagery from the use of
(GIS) computer-based satellites (satellite imagery) or aircraft (aerial photography)
mapping, analysis, Global Positioning System (GPS): Acquisition of real-time location
and retrieval of location-
based data
information from a series of satellites in Earth’s orbit
remote sensing There are numerous related fields that utilize one or more of these types
acquisition of data and of technologies. For instance, an in-car navigation system already contains
imagery from the use of extensive road-network data, mapped out and ready to use, which includes
satellites or aircraft information about address ranges, speed limits, road connections, and spe-
satellite imagery cial features of roads (such as one-way streets). It also requires the mapping
digital images of Earth of points of interest (such as gas stations or restaurants), and should be
acquired by sensors
capable of referencing new user-defined destinations. It also has to be able to
onboard orbiting
spaceborne platforms plot the car’s real-time position in relation to these maps and may even have
a feature that shows a representation of the surrounding landscape as taken
aerial photography
acquisition of imagery of
from an overhead viewpoint. Many of these types of systems combine differ-
the ground taken from an ent geospatial technologies to work together in one application.
airborne platform
Global Positioning
System (GPS)
acquisition of real-time
Who Uses Geospatial Technology?
location information from a
series of satellites in Geospatial technology is used in a wide variety of fields (Figure 1.1), includ-
Earth’s orbit
ing federal, state, and local government, forestry, law enforcement, public
health, biology, and environmental studies (see Hands-On Application 1.1:
Industries Using Geospatial Technology for a look at industries employing
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Another random document with
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contented old gentleman waddled out and showed us also his wife’s
house-pet, an immense white crane, his big crop of peaches, his old
fig-tree, thirty feet in diameter of shade, and to his wish of “bon
voyage” added for each a bouquet of the jessamines we were
admiring. The homes were homes, not settlements on speculation;
the house, sometimes of logs, it is true, but hereditary logs, and
more often of smooth lumber, with deep and spreading galleries on
all sides for the coolest comfort. For form, all ran or tended to run to
a peaked and many-chimneyed centre, with, here and there, a
suggestion of a dormar window. Not all were provided with figs and
jessamines, but each had some inclosure betraying good intentions.
The monotonous landscape did not invite to loitering, and we passed
but three nights in houses by the road. The first was that of an old
Italian-French emigrant, known as “Old Man Corse.” He had a name
of his own, which he recalled for us, but in forty years it had been
lost and superseded by this designation, derived from his birth-place,
the island of Corsica. This mixture of nationalities in language must
be breeding for future antiquaries a good deal of amusing labour.
Next day we were recommended to stop at Jack Bacon’s, and,
although we would have preferred to avoid an American’s, did so
rather than go further, and found our Jack Bacon a Creole, named
Jacques Béguin. This is equal to Tuckapaw and Nakitosh, the
general pronunciation of Attakapas and Nachitoches.
The house of Old Man Corse stood in the shade of oaks, figs, and
cypresses, upon the bank of a little bayou, looking out upon the
broad prairie. It was large and comfortable, with wide galleries and
dormar windows, supported by a negro-hut and a stable. Ornamental
axe-work and rude decorative joinery were abundant. The roof was
of large split shingles, much warped in the sun. As we entered and
took seats by the fire, the room reminded us, with its big fire-place,
and old smoke-stained and time-toned cypress beams and ceiling,
and its rude but comfortable aspect, of the Acadian fireside:
“In doors, warm by the wide-mouthed fire-place,
idly the farmer
Sat in his elbow-chair, and watched how the flames and the smoke-
wreaths
Struggled together, like foes in a burning city. Behind him,
Nodding and mocking along the wall, with gestures fantastic,
Darted his own huge shadow, and vanished away into darkness,
Faces, clumsily carved in oak, on the back of his arm-chair,
Laughed in the flickering light, and the pewter plates on the dresser
Caught and reflected the flame, as shields of armies the sunshine.”
The tall, elderly, busy housewife bustled about with preparations for
supper, while we learned that they had been settled here forty years,
and had never had reason to regret their emigration. The old man
had learnt French, but no English. The woman could speak some
“American,” as she properly termed it. Asking her about musquitoes,
we received a reply in French, that they were more abundant some
years than others; then, as no quantitative adjective of sufficient
force occurred to her, she added, “Three years ago, oh! heaps of
musquitoes, sir, heaps! worse as now.”
She laid the table to the last item, and prepared everything nicely,
but called a negro girl to wait upon us. The girl stood quiet behind us,
the mistress helping us, and practically anticipating all our wants.
The supper was of venison, in ragoût, with a sauce that savoured of
the south of France; there was a side dish of hominy, a jug of sweet
milk, and wheat-bread in loaf—the first since Houston.
In an evening smoke, upon the settle, we learned that there were
many Creoles about here, most of whom learned English, and had
their children taught English at the schools. The Americans would
not take the trouble to learn French. They often intermarried. A
daughter of their own was the wife of an American neighbour. We
asked if they knew of a distinct people here called Acadians. Oh yes,
they knew many settled in the vicinity, descended from some nation
that came here in the last century. They had now no peculiarities.
There were but few free negroes just here, but at Opelousas and
Niggerville there were many, some of whom were rich and owned
slaves, though a part were unmixed black in colour. They kept pretty
much by themselves, not attempting to enter white society.
As we went to look at our horses, two negroes followed us to the
stable.
“Dat horse a Tennessee horse, mass’r,” said one.
“Yes, he was born in Tennessee.”
“Born in Tennessee and raised by a Dutchman,” said the other, sotto
voce, I suppose, quoting a song.
“Why, were you born in Tennessee?” I asked.
“No, sar, I was born in dis State.”
“How comes it you speak English so much better than your master?”
“Ho, ho, my old mass’r, he don’ speak it at all; my missus she speak
it better’n my mass’r do, but you see I war raised on de parara, to
der eastward, whar thar’s heaps of ’Mericans; so I larned it good.”
He spoke it, with a slight accent, while the other, whom he called
Uncle Tom, I observed did not. I asked Uncle Tom if he was born in
the State.
“No, sar! I was born in Varginny! in ole Varginny, mass’r. I was raised
in —— county [in the West]. I was twenty-two year ole when I came
away from thar, and I’ve been in this country, forty year come next
Christmas.”
“Then you are sixty years old.”
“Yes, sar, amos’ sixty. But I’d like to go back to Varginny. Ho, ho! I
’ould like to go back and live in ole Varginny, again.”
“Why so? I thought niggers generally liked this country best—I’ve
been told so—because it is so warm here.”
“Ho, ho! it’s mos’ too warm here, sometime, and I can’t work at my
trade here. Sometimes for three months I don’ go in my shop, on’y
Sundays to work for mysef.”
“What is your trade?”
“I’m a blacksmith, mass’r. I used to work at blacksmithing all the time
in ole Virginny, ironin’ waggons, and shoein’ horses for the folks that
work in the mines. But here, can’t get nothun’ to do. In this here sile,
if you sharpen up a plough in the spring o’ the year, it’ll last all
summer, and horses don’ want shoeing once a year, here on the
parara. I’ve got a good mass’r here, tho’; the ole man ain’t hard on
his niggers.”
“Was your master hard in Virginia?”
“Well, I wos hired to different mass’rs, sar, thar, afore I wos sole off. I
was sole off to a sheriff’s sale, mass’r: I wos sole for fifteen hunerd
an’ fifty dollars; I fetched that on the block, cash, I did, and the man
as bought me he brung me down here, and sole me for two
thousand two hunerd dollars.”
“That was a good price; a very high price in those days.”
“Yes, sar, it was that—ho, ho, ho! It was a man by the name of ——,
from Tennessee, what bought me. He made a business of goin’ roun’
and buyin’ up people, and bringin’ ’em down here, speculatin’ on
’em. Ho, ho! he did well that time. But I’d ’a’ liked it better, for all that,
to have stayed in ole Varginny. ’Tain’t the heat, tho’ it’s too hot here
sometimes; but you know, sar, I was born and raised in Varginny,
and seems like ’twould be pleasanter to live thar. It’s kinder natural to
people to hanker arter the place they wos raised in. Ho, ho! I’d like it
a heap better, tho’ this ole man’s a good mass’r; never had no better
mass’r.”
“I suppose you became a Catholic after you got here?”
“Yes, sar” (hesitatingly).
“I suppose all the people are Catholics here?”
“Here? Oh, no, sar; they was whar I wos first in this here country;
they wos all Catholics there.”
“Well, they are all Catholics here, too—ain’t they?”
“Here, sar? Here, sar? Oh, no, sar!”
“Why, your master is not a Protestant, is he?”
After two deep groans, he replied in a whisper:
“Oh, sar, they don’ have no meetin’ o’ no kind, roun’ here!”
“There are a good many free negroes in this country, ain’t there?”
“What! here, sar? Oh, no, sar; no such good luck as that in this
country.”
“At Opelousas, I understood, there were a good many.”
“Oh, but them wos born free, sar, under old Spain, sar.”
“Yes, those I mean.”
“Oh, yes, there’s lots o’ them; some of ’em rich, and some of ’em—a
good many of ’em—goes to the penitentiary—you know what that is.
White folks goes to the penitenti’ry, too—ho! ho!—sometimes.”
“I have understood many of them were quite rich.”
“Oh, yes, o’ course they is: they started free, and ain’t got nobody to
work for but theirselves; of course they gets rich. Some of ’em owns
slaves—heaps of ’em. That ar ain’t right.”
“Not right! why not?”
“Why, you don’ think it’s right for one nigger to own another nigger!
One nigger’s no business to sarve another. It’s bad enough to have
to sarve a white man without being paid for it, without having to
sarve a black man.”
“Don’t they treat their slaves well?”
“No, sar, they don’t. There ain’t no nations so bad masters to niggers
as them free niggers, though there’s some, I’ve heard, wos very
kind; but—I wouldn’t sarve ’em if they wos—no!—Does you live in
Tennessee, mass’r?”
“No—in New York.”
“There’s heaps of Quakers in New York, ain’t there, mass’r?”
“No—not many.”
“I’ve always heard there was.”
“In Philadelphia there are a good many.”
“Oh, yes! in Philadelphia, and in Winchester, and in New Jarsey. I
know—ho! ho! I’ve been in those countries, and I’ve seen ’em. I wos
raised nigh by Winchester, and I’ve been all about there. Used to
iron waggons and shoe horses in that country. Dar’s a road from
Winchester to Philadelphia—right straight. Quakers all along. Right
good people, dem Quakers—ho! ho!—I know.”[2]
We slept in well-barred beds, and awoke long after sunrise. As soon
as we were stirring, black coffee was sent into us, and at breakfast
we had café au lait in immense bowls in the style of the crêmeries of
Paris. The woman remarked that our dog had slept in their bed-
room. They had taken our saddle-bags and blankets with them for
security, and Judy had insisted on following them. “Dishonest black
people might come here and get into the room,” explained the old
man. “Yes; and some of our own people in the house might come to
them. Such things have happened here, and you never can trust any
of them,” said the woman, her own black girl behind her chair.
At Mr. Béguin’s (Bacon’s) we stopped on a Saturday night: and I was
obliged to feed my own horse in the morning, the negroes having all
gone off before daylight. The proprietor was a Creole farmer, owning
a number of labourers, and living in comfort. The house was of the
ordinary Southern double-cabined style, the people speaking
English, intelligent, lively, and polite, giving us good entertainment at
the usual price. At a rude corn-mill belonging to Mr. Béguin, we had
noticed among the negroes an Indian boy, in negro clothing, and
about the house were two other Indians—an old man and a young
man; the first poorly clad, the other gaily dressed in a showy printed
calico frock, and worked buckskin leggings, with beads and tinsel
ornaments, a great turban of Scotch shawl-stuff on his head. It
appeared they were Choctaws, of whom a good many lived in the
neighbourhood. The two were hired for farm labour at three bits
(37½ cents) a day. The old man had a field of his own, in which
stood handsome corn. Some of them were industrious, but none
were steady at work—often refusing to go on, or absenting
themselves from freaks. I asked about the boy at the mill. He lived
there and did work, getting no wages, but “living there with the
niggers.” They seldom consort; our host knew but one case in which
a negro had an Indian wife.
At Lake Charles we had seen a troop of Alabamas, riding through
the town with baskets and dressed deerskins for sale. They were
decked with feathers, and dressed more showily than the Choctaws,
but in calico: and over their heads, on horseback—curious progress
of manners—all carried open, black cotton umbrellas.
Our last night in this region was spent in a house which we reached
at sundown of a Sunday afternoon. It proved to be a mere cottage, in
a style which has grown to be common along our road. The walls are
low, of timber and mud; the roof, high, and sloping from a short ridge
in all directions; and the chimney of sticks and mud. The space is
divided into one long living-room, having a kitchen at one end and a
bed-room at the other. As we rode up, we found only a little boy, who
answered us in French. His mother was milking, and his father out in
the field.
We rode on to the fence of the field, which enclosed twenty acres,
planted in cotton, corn, and sweet potatoes, and waited until the
proprietor reached us and the end of his furrow. He stopped before
replying, to unhitch his horse, then gave consent to our staying in his
house, and we followed his lead to the yard, where we unsaddled
our horses. He was a tall, stalwart man in figure, with a large
intellectual head, but as uninformed, we afterwards discovered, as
any European peasant; though he wore, as it were, an ill-fitting dress
of rude independence in manner, such as characterises the Western
man.
The field was well cultivated, and showed the best corn we had seen
east of the Brazos. Three negro men and two women were at work,
and continued hoeing until sunset. They were hired, it appeared, by
the proprietor, at four bits (fifty cents) a day. He was in the habit of
making use of the Sundays of the slaves of the neighbourhood in
this way, paying them sometimes seventy-five cents a day.
On entering the house, we were met by two young boys, gentle and
winning in manner, coming up of their own accord to offer us their
hands. They were immediately set to work by their father at grinding
corn, in the steel-mill, for supper. The task seemed their usual one,
yet very much too severe for their strength, as they were slightly
built, and not over ten years old. Taking hold at opposite sides of the
winch, they ground away, outside the door, for more than an hour,
constantly stopping to take breath, and spurred on by the voice of
the papa, if the delay were long.
They spoke only French, though understanding questions in English.
The man and his wife—an energetic but worn woman—spoke
French or English indifferently, even to one another, changing, often,
in a single sentence. He could not tell us which was his mother
tongue; he had always been as much accustomed to the one as to
the other. He said he was not a Frenchman, but a native, American-
born; but afterwards called himself a “Dutch-American,” a phrase he
was unable to explain. He informed us that there were many “Dutch-
French” here, that is, people who were Dutch, but who spoke
French.
The room into which we were ushered, was actually without an
article of furniture. The floor was of boards, while those of the other
two rooms were of trodden clay. The mud-walls had no other relief
than the mantel, on which stood a Connecticut clock, two small
mirrors, three or four cheap cups and saucers, and a paste brooch in
the form of a cross, pinned upon paper, as in a jeweller’s shop.
Chairs were brought in from the kitchen, having deer-hide seats,
from which sprang forth an atrocious number of fresh fleas.
We had two or three hours to wait for our late supper, and thus more
than ample time to converse with our host, who proceeded to twist
and light a shuck cigar. He made, he said, a little cotton, which he
hauled ten miles to be ginned and baled. For this service he paid
seventy-five cents a hundred weight, in which the cost of bagging
was not included. The planter who baled it, also sold it for him,
sending it, with his own, to a factor in New Orleans, by steamboat
from Niggerville, just beyond Opelousas. Beside cotton, he sold
every year some beef cattle. He had a good many cows, but didn’t
exactly know how many. Corn, too, he sometimes sold, but only to
neighbours, who had not raised enough for themselves. It would not
pay to haul it to any market. The same applied to sweet potatoes,
which were considered worth seventy-five cents a barrel.
The “range” was much poorer than formerly. It was crowded, and
people would have to take their stock somewhere else in four or five
years more, or they would starve. He didn’t know what was going to
become of poor folks, rich people were taking up the public land so
fast, induced by the proposed railroad to New Orleans.
More or less stock was always starved in winter. The worst time for
them was when a black gnat, called the “eye-breaker,” comes out.
This insect breeds in the low woodlands, and when a freshet occurs
in winter is driven out in swarms upon the prairies, attacking cattle
terribly. They were worse than all manner of musquitoes, flies, or
other insects. Cattle would herd together then, and wander wildly
about, not looking for the best feed, and many would get killed. But
this did not often happen.
Horses and cattle had degenerated much within his recollection. No
pains were taken to improve breeds. People, now-a-days, had got
proud, and when they had a fine colt would break him for a carriage
or riding-horse, leaving only the common scurvy sort to run with the
mares. This was confirmed by our observation, the horses about
here being wretched in appearance, and the grass short and coarse.
When we asked to wash before supper, a shallow cake-pan was
brought and set upon the window-seat, and a mere rag offered us for
towel. Upon the supper-table, we found two wash-bowls, one filled
with milk, the other with molasses. We asked for water, which was
given us in one battered tin cup. The dishes, besides the bacon and
bread, were fried eggs and sweet potatoes. The bowl of molasses
stood in the centre of the table, and we were pressed to partake of it,
as the family did, by dipping in it bits of bread. But how it was
expected to be used at breakfast, when we had bacon and potatoes,
with spoons, but no bread, I cannot imagine, the family not
breakfasting with us.
The night was warm, and musquitoes swarmed, but we carried with
us a portable tent-shaped bar, which we hung over the feather bed,
upon the floor, and rested soundly amid their mad singing.
The distance to Opelousas, our Frenchman told us, was fifteen miles
by the road, though only ten miles in a direct line. We found it lined
with farms, whose division-fences the road always followed,
frequently changing its course in so doing at a right angle. The
country was very wet and unattractive. About five miles from the
town, begin plantations on an extensive scale, upon better soil, and
here were large gangs of negroes at work upon cotton, with their
hoes.
At the outskirts of the town, we waded the last pool, and entered,
with a good deal of satisfaction, the peaceful shaded streets.
Reaching the hotel, we were not so instantly struck as perhaps we
should have been, with the overwhelming advantages of civilization,
which sat in the form of a landlord, slapping with an agate-headed,
pliable cane, his patent leather boots, poised, at easy height, upon
one of the columns of the gallery. We were suffered to take off our
saddle-bags, and to wait until waiting was no longer a pleasure,
before civilization, wringing his cane against the floor, but not
removing his cigar, brought his patent leathers to our vicinity.
After some conversation, intended as animated upon one side and
ineffably indifferent on the other, our horses obtained notice from that
exquisitely vague eye, but a further introduction was required before
our persons became less than transparent, for the boots walked
away, and became again a subject of contemplation upon the
column, leaving us, with our saddle-bags, upon the steps. After
inquiring, of a bystander if this glossy individual were the actual
landlord, we attacked him in a tone likely to produce either a
revolver-shot or a room, but whose effect was to obtain a removal of
the cigar and a gentle survey, ending in a call for a boy to show the
gentlemen to number thirteen.
After an hour’s delay, we procured water, and were about to enjoy
very necessary ablutions, when we observed that the door of our
room was partly of uncurtained glass. A shirt was pinned to this, and
ceremonies were about beginning, when a step came down the
passage, and a gentleman put his hand through a broken pane, and
lifted the obstruction, wishing “to see what was going on so damn’d
secret in number thirteen.” When I walked toward him hurriedly, in
puris naturalibus, he drew hastily and entered the next room.
On the gallery of the hotel, after dinner, a fine-looking man—who
was on the best of terms with every one—familiar with the judge—
and who had been particularly polite to me, at the dinner-table, said
to another:
“I hear you were very unlucky with that girl you bought of me, last
year?”
“Yes, I was; very unlucky. She died with her first child, and the child
died, too.”
“Well, that was right hard for you. She was a fine girl. I don’t reckon
you lost less than five thousand dollars, when she died.”
“No, sir, not a dollar less.”
“Well, it came right hard upon you—just beginning so.”
“Yes, I was foolish, I suppose, to risk so much on the life of a single
woman; but I’ve got a good start again now, for all that. I’ve got two
right likely girls; one of them’s got a fine boy, four months old, and
the other’s with child—and old Pine Knot’s as hearty as ever.”
“Is he? Hasn’t been sick at all, eh?”
“Yes; he was sick very soon after I bought him of you; but he got well
soon.”
“That’s right. I’d rather a nigger would be sick early, after he comes
into this country; for he’s bound to be acclimated, sooner or later,
and the longer it’s put off, the harder it goes with him.”
The man was a regular negro trader. He told me that he had a
partner in Kentucky, and that they owned a farm there, and another
one here. His partner bought negroes, as opportunity offered to get
them advantageously, and kept them on their Kentucky farm; and he
went on occasionally, and brought the surplus to their Louisiana
plantation—where he held them for sale.
“So-and-so is very hard upon you,” said another man, to him as he
still sat, smoking his cigar, on the gallery, after dinner.
“Why so? He’s no business to complain; I told him just exactly what
the nigger was, before I sold him (laughing, as if there was a
concealed joke). It was all right—all right. I heard that he sold him
again for a thousand dollars; and the people that bought him, gave
him two hundred dollars to let them off from the bargain. I’m sure he
can’t complain of me. It was a fair transaction. He knew just what he
was buying.”
An intelligent man whom I met here, and who had been travelling
most of the time during the last two years in Louisiana, having
business with the planters, described the condition of the new
slaveholders and the poorer planters as being very miserable.
He had sometimes found it difficult to get food, even when he was in
urgent need of it, at their houses. The lowest class live much from
hand to mouth, and are often in extreme destitution. This was more
particularly the case with those who lived on the rivers; those who
resided on the prairies were seldom so much reduced. The former
now live only on those parts of the river to which the back-swamp
approaches nearest; that is, where there is but little valuable land,
that can be appropriated for plantation-purposes. They almost all
reside in communities, very closely housed in poor cabins. If there is
any considerable number of them, there is to be always found,
among the cluster of their cabins, a church, and a billiard and a
gambling-room—and the latter is always occupied, and play going
on.
They almost all appear excessively apathetic, sleepy, and stupid, if
you see them at home; and they are always longing and waiting for
some excitement. They live for excitement, and will not labour,
unless it is violently, for a short time, to gratify some passion.
This was as much the case with the women as the men. The women
were often handsome, stately, and graceful, and, ordinarily,
exceedingly kind; but languid, and incredibly indolent, unless there
was a ball, or some other excitement, to engage them. Under
excitement, they were splendidly animated, impetuous, and
eccentric. One moment they seemed possessed by a devil, and the
next by an angel.
The Creoles[3] are inveterate gamblers—rich and poor alike. The
majority of wealthy Creoles, he said, do nothing to improve their
estate; and are very apt to live beyond their income. They borrow
and play, and keep borrowing to play, as long as they can; but they
will not part with their land, and especially with their home, as long
as they can help it, by any sacrifice.
The men are generally dissolute. They have large families, and a
great deal of family affection. He did not know that they had more
than Anglo-Saxons; but they certainly manifested a great deal more,
and, he thought, had more domestic happiness. If a Creole farmer’s
child marries, he will build a house for the new couple, adjoining his
own; and when another marries, he builds another house—so, often
his whole front on the river is at length occupied. Then he begins to
build others, back of the first—and so, there gradually forms a little
village, wherever there is a large Creole family, owning any
considerable piece of land. The children are poorly educated, and
are not brought up to industry, at all.
The planters living near them, as their needs increase, lend them
money, and get mortgages on their land, or, in some way or other, if
it is of any value, force them to part with it. Thus they are every year
reduced, more and more, to the poorest lands; and the majority now
are able to get but a very poor living, and would not be able to live at
all in a Northern climate. They are nevertheless—even the poorest of
them—habitually gay and careless, as well as kind-hearted,
hospitable, and dissolute—working little, and spending much of their
time at church, or at balls, or the gaming-table.
There are very many wealthy Creole planters, who are as cultivated
and intelligent as the better class of American planters, and usually
more refined. The Creoles, he said, did not work their slaves as hard
as the Americans; but, on the other hand, they did not feed or clothe
them nearly as well, and he had noticed universally, on the Creole
plantations, a large number of “used-up hands”—slaves, sore and
crippled, or invalided for some cause. On all sugar plantations, he
said, they work the negroes excessively, in the grinding season;
often cruelly. Under the usual system, to keep the fires burning, and
the works constantly supplied, eighteen hours’ work was required of
every negro, in twenty-four—leaving but six for rest. The work of
most of them, too, was very hard. They were generally, during the
grinding season, liberally supplied with food and coffee, and were
induced, as much as possible, to make a kind of frolic of it; yet, on
the Creole plantations, he thought they did not, even in the grinding
season, often get meat.
I remarked that the law, in Louisiana, required that meat should be
regularly served to the negroes.
“O, those laws are very little regarded.”
“Indeed?”
“Certainly. Suppose you are my neighbour; if you maltreat your
negroes, and tell me of it, or I see it, am I going to prefer charges
against you to the magistrates? I might possibly get you punished
according to law; but if I did, or did not, I should have you, and your
family and friends, far and near, for my mortal enemies. There is a
law of the State that negroes shall not be worked on Sundays; but I
have seen negroes at work almost every Sunday, when I have been
in the country, since I have lived in Louisiana.[4] I spent a Sunday
once with a gentleman, who did not work his hands at all on Sunday,
even in the grinding season; and he had got some of his neighbours
to help him build a school-house, which was used as a church on
Sunday. He said, there was not a plantation on either side of him, as
far as he could see, where the slaves were not generally worked on
Sunday; but that, after the church was started, several of them quit
the practice, and made their negroes go to the meeting. This made
others discontented; and after a year or two, the planters voted new
trustees to the school, and these forbid the house to be used for any
other than school purposes. This was done, he had no doubt, for the
purpose of breaking up the meetings, and to lessen the discontent of
the slaves which were worked on Sunday.”
It was said that the custom of working the negroes on Sunday was
much less common than formerly; if so, he thought that it must have
formerly been universal.
He had lived, when a boy, for several years on a farm in Western
New York, and afterwards, for some time, at Rochester, and was well
acquainted with the people generally, in the valley of the Genesee.
I asked him if he thought, among the intelligent class of farmers and
planters, people of equal property lived more happily in New York or
Louisiana. He replied immediately, as if he had carefully considered
the topic, that, with some rare exceptions, farmers worth forty
thousand dollars lived in far greater comfort, and enjoyed more
refined and elegant leisure, than planters worth three hundred
thousand, and that farmers of the ordinary class, who laboured with
their own hands, and were worth some six thousand dollars, in the
Genesee valley, lived in far greater comfort, and in all respects more
enviably, than planters worth forty thousand dollars in Louisiana. The
contrast was especially favourable to the New York farmer, in respect
to books and newspapers. He might travel several days, and call on
a hundred planters, and hardly see in their houses more than a
single newspaper a-piece, in most cases; perhaps none at all: nor
any books, except a Bible, and some government publications, that
had been franked to them through the post-office, and perhaps a few
religious tracts or school-books.
The most striking difference that he observed between the Anglo-
Americans of Louisiana and New York, was the impulsive and
unreflective habit of the former, in doing business. He mentioned, as
illustrative of this, the almost universal passion among the planters
for increasing their negro-stock. It appeared evident to him, that the
market price of negroes was much higher than the prices of cotton
and sugar warranted; but it seemed as if no planter ever made any
calculation of that kind. The majority of planters, he thought, would
always run in debt to the extent of their credit for negroes, whatever
was asked for them, without making any calculation of the
reasonable prospects of their being able to pay their debts. When
any one made a good crop, he would always expect that his next
one would be better, and make purchases in advance upon such
expectation. When they were dunned, they would attribute their
inability to pay, to accidental short crops, and always were going
ahead risking everything, in confidence that another year of luck
would favour them, and a big crop make all right.
If they had a full crop, probably there would be good crops
everywhere else, and prices would fall, and then they would whine
and complain, as if the merchants were to blame for it, and would
insinuate that no one could be expected to pay his debts when
prices were so low, and that it would be dangerous to press such an
unjust claim. And, if the crops met with any misfortune, from floods,
or rot, or vermin, they would cry about it like children when rain fell
upon a holiday, as if they had never thought of the possibility of such
a thing, and were very hard used.[5]
He had talked with many sugar-planters who were strong Cuba war
and annexation men, and had rarely found that any of these had
given the first thought to the probable effect the annexation of Cuba
would have on their home interests. It was mainly a romantic
excitement and enthusiasm, inflamed by senseless appeals to their
patriotism and their combativeness. They had got the idea, that
patriotism was necessarily associated with hatred and contempt of
any other country but their own, and the only foreigners to be
regarded with favour were those who desired to surrender
themselves to us. They did not reflect that the annexation of Cuba
would necessarily be attended by the removal of the duty on sugar,
and would bring them into competition with the sugar-planters of that
island, where the advantages for growing cane were so much
greater than in Louisiana.
To some of the very wealthy planters who favoured the movement,
and who were understood to have taken some of the Junta[6] stock,
he gave credit for greater sagacity. He thought it was the purpose of
these men, if Cuba could be annexed, to get possession of large
estates there: then, with the advantages of their greater skill in
sugar-making, and better machinery than that which yet was in use
in Cuba, and with much cheaper land and labour, and a far better
climate for cane growing than that of Louisiana, it would be easy for
them to accumulate large fortunes in a few years; but he thought the
sugar-planters who remained in Louisiana would be ruined by it.
The principal subscribers to the Junta stock at the South, he thought,
were land speculators; persons who expected that, by now favouring
the movement, they would be able to obtain from the revolutionary
government large grants of land in the island as gratuities in reward
of their services or at nominal prices, which after annexation would
rise rapidly in value; or persons who now owned wild land in the
States, and who thought that if Cuba were annexed the African
slave-trade would be re-established, either openly or clandestinely,
with the States, and their lands be increased in value, by the greater
cheapness with which they could then be stocked with labourers.
I find these views confirmed in a published letter from a Louisiana
planter, to one of the members of Congress, from that State; and I
insert an extract of that letter, as it is evidently from a sensible and
far-thinking man, to show on how insecure a basis rests the
prosperity of the slave-holding interest in Louisiana. The fact would
seem to be, that, if it were not for the tariff on foreign sugars, sugar
could not be produced at all by slave-labour; and that a
discontinuance of sugar culture would almost desolate the State.
“The question now naturally comes up to you and to me,
Do we Louisianians desire the possession of Cuba? It is
not what the provision dealers of the West, or the
shipowners of the North may wish for, but what the State
of Louisiana, as a State, may deem consistent with her
best interests. My own opinion on the subject is not a new
one. It was long ago expressed to high officers of our
Government, neither of whom ever hesitated to
acknowledge that it was, in the main, correct. That opinion
was and is, that the acquisition of Cuba would prove the
ruin of our State. I found this opinion on the following
reasons: Cuba has already land enough in cultivation to
produce, when directed by American skill, energy, and
capital, twenty millions of tons of sugar. In addition to this
she has virgin soil, only needing roads to bring it, with a
people of the least pretension to enterprise, into active
working, sufficient nearly to double this; all of which would
be soon brought into productiveness were it our own, with
the whole American market free to it. If any man supposes
that the culture of sugar in our State can be sustained in
the face of this, I have only to say that he can suppose
anything. We have very nearly, if not quite, eighty millions
invested in the sugar culture. My idea is that three-fourths
of this would, so far as the State is concerned, be
annihilated at a blow. The planter who is in debt, would
find his negroes and machinery sold and despatched to
Cuba for him, and he who is independent would go there
in self-defence. What will become of the other portion of
the capital? It consists of land, on which I maintain there
can be produced no other crop but sugar, under present
auspices, that will bear the contest with cocoa,[7] and the
expense and risk of levees, as it regards the larger part of
it, and the difficulty of transportation for the remainder. But
supposing that it will be taken up by some other
cultivation, that in any case must be a work of time, and in
this case a very long time for unacclimated men. It is not
unreasonable, then, to suppose that this whole capital will,
for purposes of taxation, be withdrawn from Louisiana.
From whence, then, is to come the revenue for the
support of our State government, for the payment of the
interest on our debt, and the eventual redemption of the
principal? Perhaps repudiation may be recommended; but
you and I, my dear sir, are too old-fashioned to rob in that
manner, or in any other. The only resort, then, is double
taxation on the cotton planter, which will drive him, without
much difficulty, to Texas, to Arkansas, and Mississippi.”
Washington.—The inn, here, when we arrived, was well filled with
guests, and my friend and I were told that we must sleep together. In
the room containing our bed there were three other beds; and
although the outside of the house was pierced with windows,
nowhere more than four feet apart, not one of them opened out of
our room. A door opened into the hall, another into the dining-room,
and at the side of our bed was a window into the dining-room,
through which, betimes in the morning, we could, with our heads on
our pillows, see the girls setting the breakfast-tables. Both the doors
were provided with glass windows, without curtains. Hither, about
eleven o’clock, we “retired.” Soon afterwards, hearing something
moving under the bed, I asked, “Who’s there?” and was answered by
a girl, who was burrowing for eggs; part of the stores of the
establishment being kept in boxes, in this convenient locality. Later, I
was awakened by a stranger attempting to enter my bed. I
expostulated, and he replied that it was his bed, and nobody else
had a right to his place in it. Who was I, he asked, angrily, and where
was his partner? “Here I am,” answered a voice from another bed;
and without another word, he left us. I slept but little, and woke
feverish, and with a headache, caused by the want of ventilation.
While at the dinner-table, a man asked, as one might at the North, if
the steamer had arrived, if there had been “any fights to-day?” After
dinner, while we were sitting on the gallery, loud cursing, and
threatening voices were heard in the direction of the bar-room,
which, as at Nachitoches, was detached, and at a little distance from
the hotel. The company, except myself and the other New-Yorker,
immediately ran towards it. After ten minutes, one returned, and said
—
“I don’t believe there’ll be any fight; they are both cowards.”
“Are they preparing for a fight?”
“O, yes; they are loading pistols in the coffee-room, and there’s a
man outside, in the street, who has a revolver and a knife, and who
is challenging another to come out. He swears he’ll wait there till he
does come out; but in my opinion he’ll think better of it, when he
finds that the other feller’s got pistols, too.”
“What’s the occasion of the quarrel?”
“Why, the man in the street says the other one insulted him this
morning, and that he had his hand on his knife, at the very moment
he did so, so he couldn’t reply. And now he says he’s ready to talk
with him, and he wants to have him come out, and as many of his
friends as are a mind to, may come with him; he’s got enough for all
of ’em, he says. He’s got two revolvers, I believe.”
We did not hear how it ended; but, about an hour afterwards, I saw
three men, with pistols in their hands, coming from the bar-room.
The next day, I saw, in the streets of the same town, two boys
running from another, who was pursuing them with a large, open
dirk-knife in his hand, and every appearance of ungovernable rage in
his face.
The boat, for which I was waiting, not arriving, I asked the landlady—
who appeared to be a German Jewess—if I could not have a better
sleeping-room. She showed me one, which she said I might use for
a single night; but, if I remained another, I must not refuse to give it
up. It had been occupied by another gentleman, and she thought he
might return the next day, and would want it again; and, if I remained
in it, he would be very angry that they had not reserved it for him,
although they were under no obligation to him. “He is a dangerous
man,” she observed, “and my husband, he’s a quick-tempered man,
and, if they get to quarrelling about it, ther’ll be knives about, sure. It
always frightens me to see knives drawn.”
A Texas drover, who stayed over night at the hotel, being asked, as
he was about to leave in the morning, if he was not going to have his
horse shod, replied:
“No sir! it’ll be a damn’d long spell ’fore I pay for having a horse
shod. I reckon, if God Almighty had thought it right hosses should
have iron on thar feet, he’d a put it thar himself. I don’t pretend to be
a pious man myself; but I a’nt a-goin’ to run agin the will of God
Almighty, though thar’s some, that calls themselves ministers of
Christ, that does it.”

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2.2 Examining the Effects of Different CHAPTER 4

Coordinate Systems and Projections Who Made GpS? 90

CHAPTER 3 How Does GpS Find Your position? 93

Getting Your Data Why Isn’t GpS perfectly Accurate? 97

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How Is Non-Spatial Data Handled Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology

Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology CHAPTER 7

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Geospatial Lab Application 8.1: from an Aerial photo? 327

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CHAPTER 10 How Do Remote Sensing Satellites

Electromagnetic Energy, the Remote Sensing What Are the Capabilities

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Geospatial Lab Application 12.1: Geospatial Lab Application 13.1:

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3D Visualization Apps 498 Geospatial Lab Application 15.1:

CHAPTER 15 Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology

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Why I Wrote Introduction to Geospatial Technologies

Organization of the Book

Part 1: Geospatial Data and GPS focuses on geospatial technology as it

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Chapter 1, “It’s a Geospatial World Out There,” introduces some basic

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Geospatial Lab Applications

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Three of the chapters in Part 2 (Geographic Information Systems) offer

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Chapter 9: This lab tests students’ visual image interpretation skills by

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New to This Edition

Ancillary Materials and Student

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provide further information on a particular topic. There are also a set of

Acknowledgments and Thanks

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Finally, I owe a debt of gratitude to the colleagues who reviewed the

Robbyn Abbitt, Miami University

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Shuang-Ye Wu, University of Dayton

A Rapidly Changing Field

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Accessing Data Sets for Geospatial Lab Applications

This book was not prepared, approved, or endorsed by the owners or

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PART 1 GEOSPATIAL DATA AND GPS

1 It’s a Geospatial World Out There